Professional Documents
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ISSN: 0889-3144
Natural and
Wood Fibre
Reinforcement in
Polymers
A.K. Bledzki, V.E. Sperber and O. Faruk
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Macromolecules
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GOODRICH B.F.
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ISBN 1-85957-359-2
Contents
1.
2.
2.2
2.3
3.
3.2
4.
4.2
5.
Thermoplastics .............................................................................................................................. 19
4.1.1 Extrusion ........................................................................................................................... 19
4.1.2 Injection Moulding ........................................................................................................... 20
4.1.3 Compression Moulding .................................................................................................... 20
4.1.4 Express Process ................................................................................................................ 20
4.1.5 Mixing .............................................................................................................................. 21
Thermosets .................................................................................................................................... 21
4.2.1 Resin Transfer Moulding (RTM) ...................................................................................... 21
4.2.2 Sheet Moulding Compound (SMC) ................................................................................. 22
5.2
5.3
6.
7.
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
Others ............................................................................................................................................ 29
8.
9.
Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 30
The views and opinions expressed by authors in Rapra Review Reports do not necessarily reflect those of
Rapra Technology Limited or the editor. The series is published on the basis that no responsibility or
liability of any nature shall attach to Rapra Technology Limited arising out of or in connection with any
utilisation in any form of any material contained therein.
1996
1999
2000
2005
2010
Flax
2,100
15,900
20,000
1,700
3,500
Jute
1,100
2,100
1,700
Sisal
1,100
500
100
Kenaf
1,100
2,000
Coir
1,000
Total
4,300
21,300
28,300
50,000-70,000
> 100,000
Hemp
Figure 1
Classification of fibres
2.1.1.3 Jute
2.1.1.2 Hemp
The production of hemp is relatively limited and its
infrastructure remains undeveloped. Hemp is currently
the subject of a European Union subsidy for non food
agriculture, and a considerable initiative has been
underway for further development in Europe.
Lear Corp. (265, 283), Johnson controls (266) and Ford
(411) are using hemp fibre for reinforcing plastics in a
number of automotive components.
2.1.1.4 Sisal
Sisal is commercially produced in Brazil and East
Africa (Tanzania, Kenya and Madagascar) from the
agave plant. It is a prominent cordage fibre and is
used in decorative carpeting. It is also used specially
in papermaking. Joseph and Mattoso have reviewed
the use of sisal in polymer composites (240) and state
that the composites have relatively high impact
strength, with moderate tensile and flexural properties.
Thomas and co-workers have experimented widely
(220, 274, 287, 342, 442) on sisal/plastic composites
measuring the thermal properties, melt rheological
behaviour, morphology, processing variables, effect
of fibre length, distribution, orientation, concentration
and bonding agent on physico-mechanical properties.
Many other studies have been carried out on sisal fibre
reinforced polymer composites regarding
mercerisation and acetylation (232), NMR studies
(242), the effect of coupling agent (267), crystallinity
(271), the effect of fibre length (237) and impact
properties (230).
Li and co-workers (276) have reviewed developments
in sisal fibre and its composites. The properties of
the sisal fibre itself, the modification of the interface
between sisal fibre and matrix and the properties of
sisal fibre reinforced composites and their hybrid
composites are reviewed.
2.1.1.6 Kenaf
Kenaf has the benefit of extensive research and
development during the past 30 years, much of it
underwritten by government agencies in the USA and
the European Union. However, it remains a relatively
insignificant fibre crop with very limited infrastructure.
Kafus Environmental industries (375) have developed
applications for materials reinforced with kenaf fibres,
particularly in the automotive industry. Kenaf
composites have good impact strengths, are 20-30%
lighter in weight than glass reinforced plastics (GRPs),
are less likely to warp under extreme heat and humidity,
and can be recycled. The long outer fibres of kenaf can
be combined with polymers such as polypropylene to
2.1.1.7 Ramie
Ramies popularity as a textile fibre has been limited
largely by regions of production and a chemical
composition that has required more extensive
pretreatment than is required of the other commercially
important bast fibres.
Structural analysis (405), reinforcement possibility
(407, 431) and the crystallinity (437) of ramie fibres
have all been investigated.
Hard wood
Principal constituent
Percentage (mass)
Cellulose I
40-45
45-5 0
15-20
10
glucuronoxylan
20-30
glucomannan
1-5
26-34
22-3 0
0-5
0-1 0
Hemicellulose
galactoglucomannan
arabinoglucuronoxylan
Lignin
Extractives
2.2.1 Cellulose
2.1.4 Nanofibres
The lignocellulosic materials are mainly made of a
complex network of three polymers namely cellulose,
hemicellulose and lignin. Cellulosic nanofibres can be
separated from raw natural fibres by a process such as
steam explosion. Nanofibres consist of monocrystalline
cellulose domains with the microfibril axis parallel to
the cellulose chains. The definition of nanocomposite
material has broadened significantly to encompass a
large variety of systems such as one-dimensional, twodimensional, three-dimensional and amorphous
materials, made of distinctly dissimilar components and
mixed at the nanometer scale.
The general class of nanocomposite organic/inorganic
materials is a fast growing area of research. Significant
effort is being focused on the ability to obtain control of
44.4%
6.2%
49.4%
Table 3 Chemical composition of some common natural and wood fibres (%)
Type of fibre
Cellulose
Lignin
Pentosan
Ash
Silica
Rice
28-48
12-16
23-28
15-20
9-14
Wheat
29-51
16-21
26-32
2.5-9
3-7
Barley
31-45
14-15
24-29
5-7
3-6
Oat
31-48
16-19
27-38
6-8
4-6.5
Rye
33-50
16-19
27-30
2-5
0.5-4
Bagasse
32-48
19-24
27-32
1.5-5
0.7-3.5
Bamboo
26-43
21-31
15-26
1.7-5
0.7
33-38
17-19
27-32
6-8
22
24
44-46
22-24
20
Seed flax
43-47
21-23
24-26
Kenaf
44-57
15-19
22-23
2-5
Jute
45-63
21-26
18-21
0.5-2
Hemp
57-77
9-13
14-17
0.8
Ramie
87-91
5-8
Kenaf
37-49
15-21
18-24
2-4
Jute
41-48
21-24
18-22
0.8
Abaca (Manila)
56-63
7-9
15-17
1-3
Sisal (agave)
43-62
7-9
21-24
0.6-1
85-96
0.7-1.6
1-3
0.8-2
Coniferous
40-45
26-34
7-14
<1
Deciduous
38-49
23-30
19-26
<1
Stalk fibre
Cane fibre
Grass fibre
Esparto
Sabai
Reed fibre
Phragmites communis
Bast fibre
Core fibre
Leaf fibre
Reproduced from R.M. Rowell, J.S. Han and J.S. Rowell in Natural Polymers and Agrofibers Based Composites,
Eds., E. Frollini, A.L. Leo and L.H. Mattoso, Emprapa, 2000, 115, with permission.
10
OH
CH2OH
HO
HO
HO
HO
CH2OH
CH2OH
OH
2
OH
HO
OH
CH2OH
OH
Figure 2
Chemical structure of cellulose (X = single unit) (a.6)
H2COH
H2COH
HC
HCOH
CH2
H2COH
P
H2COH
CH3O
H2COH
C
HC
OCH3
H2COH
OCH3
O
HC
CH
CH
HC
CH2
H2COH
HC
CH
HC
OCH3
A
O
OH
H2COH
CH3O
1/2
HC O
H2COH
HC
HC
HC
HC
O
H2COH
HC
H2COH
OCH3
CH2
O
H 2C
CH
HC
CH
O(C6H10O5)nH
HC
HC
N
OCH3
OCH3
O
OH
CH2
CH
CH
HCOH
CH
HC
O
H2COH
HC
OCH3
H2COH
E
O
HCOH
CH3O
HC
O
OH
CH
OH
OCH3
(OCH3)1/2
CH
OCH3
1/2
H2COH
CH3O
OCH3
CHOH
HC
HC
O
O
F
CH3O
O
G
OCH3
OH
Figure 3
Part of a lignin molecule
11
2.2.2 Lignin
Lignins are amorphous, highly complex, mainly
aromatic, polymers of phenyl-propane units
(Figure 3). Lignins can be classified in several ways
but they are usually divided according to their
structural elements (a.7). Lignin is distributed
throughout the secondary cell wall with the highest
concentration in the middle lamella. The function of
lignin in plants is as an encrusting agent in the
cellulose/hemicellulose matrix. It is often referred to
as the plant cell wall adhesive.
2.3 Characteristics
A single natural or wood fibre is a three dimensional,
biopolymer composite composed mainly of cellulose,
hemicelluloses, and lignin with minor amounts of free
sugars, starch, protein, extractives and inorganics. The
performance of a given fibre used in a given application
depends on several factors including chemical
composition, physical properties, mechanical
properties, the interaction of a fibre with the composite
matrix, and how that fibre or fibre/matrix performs
under a given set of environmental conditions. In order
to expand the use of natural and wood fibre for
composites, it is essential that information is available
about fibre characteristics and the factors which affect
the performance of that fibre. It is also necessary to
know the factors which affect the performance of a
given fibre in a given application.
2.3.1 Mechanical
The range of characteristic values, as one of the
drawbacks for all natural products, is considerable,
which can be explained by differences in fibre structure
due to the overall environmental conditions during
growth. Natural and wood fibres can be processed in
different ways to yield reinforcing elements having
different mechanical properties. Hydrophilic nature is
a major problem for all cellulose fibres if used as
reinforcement in plastics. The moisture content of the
fibres is dependent on the content of non-crystalline
parts and the void content of the fibre. The hydrophilic
nature of natural fibres influences the overall
mechanical properties.
2.3.2 Physical
The inorganic content of a plant is usually referred to
as its ash content, which is an approximate measure of
the mineral salts and other inorganic matter in the fibre
after combustion at a temperature of 575 25 C. The
inorganic content can be quite high in plants containing
large amounts of silica.
12
Common name
Average
Range
Average
Range
Ramie
120
60-250
50
11-80
Flax
33
9-70
19
5-38
Hemp
25
5-55
25
10-51
Kapok
19
8-30
19
10-30
Cotton lint
18
10-40
20
12-38
Paper-mulberry
10
6-20
30
2.5-35
Sunn hemp
4-12
30
25-50
Abaca
2-12
24
16-32
Kenaf
2-6
21
14-33
Sisal
1-8
20
8-41
Bamboo
2. 7
1.5-4.4
14
7-27
Raphia
2.4
30
17-46
Sabai
2. 1
0.5-4.9
4-28
Common reed
1-3
16
10-20
Jute
2-5
20
10-25
Papyrus
1. 8
1-4
12
8-25
Sugar cane
1. 7
0.8-2.8
20
10-34
Corn
1. 5
0.5-2.9
18
14-24
Rice
1. 4
0.4-3.4
4-16
Wheat
1.4
0.4-3.2
15
8-34
Esparto
1. 2
0.2-3.3
13
6-22
Albardine
1.1
0.2-3.1
12
6-21
Reproduced from R.M. Rowell, J.S. Han and J.S. Rowell in Natural Polymers and Agrofibers Based Composites, Eds.,
E. Frollini, A.L. Leo and L.H. Mattoso, Emprapa, 2000, 115, with permission.
13
Density
(g/cm3)
Elongation
(%)
Tensile strength
(MPa)
Youngs modulus
(GPa)
Cotton
1.5-1.6
7.0-8.0
287-597
5.5-12.6
Jute
1.3
1.5-1.8
393-773
26.5
Flax
1. 5
2.7-3.2
345-1035
27.6
Hemp
1.6
690
Ramie
3.6-3.8
400-938
61.4-128
Sisal
1.5
2.0-2.5
511-635
9.4-22.0
Coir
1.2
30.0
175
4.0-6.0
Viscose (cord)
11.4
593
11.0
1.5
1000
40.0
E-glass
2. 5
2.5
2000-3500
70.0
Aramid (standard)
1.4
3.3-3.7
3000-3150
63.0-67.0
Carbon (standard)
1.4
1.4-1.8
4000
230.0-240.0
14
Figure 4
SEM micrographs of a single jute fibre at different
magnifications
2.3.3 Chemical
The major chemical component of a living tree is water,
but, on a dry weight basis, all plant cell walls consist
mainly of sugar based polymers combined with lignin
with lesser amounts of extractives, protein, starch, and
inorganics as described in Section 2.2.
Chemical composition varies from plant to plant, and
within different parts of the same plant. It also varies
with plants from different geographic regions, ages,
climate and soil conditions.
Chemical properties are influenced by fibre growth
time (days after planting), botanical classification of
fibre and stalk height. Chemical composition can also
vary within the same part of a plant. Both root and
stalk core have high lignin content.
15
3.2.3 Mercerisation
16
Figure 5a
Plot of adhesion and pull-out load of sisal versus soaking time (452)
Figure 5b
The effect of soaking time on the debonding stress (453)
17
sisal (218),
bamboo (391),
kenaf (426),
HO
HO
C
C
CH2
C
H
PP chain
CH2
C
H
PP chain
Figure 6
Treatment of cellulose fibres with hot MAH-PP
18
H2O
4.1 Thermoplastics
Mishra and co-workers (288, 324, 399, 402) examined
the influence of MAH-PP on banana, hemp and sisal
fibre reinforced composites. Treated fibres showed that
the absorption of steam and water, thickness swelling
is less than the untreated respective fibre composites.
The shore-D hardness was generally higher for
composites based on maleic anhydride-treated fibres.
Gassan and co-workers (338) demonstrated that fibre
pull-out is reduced after modification with MAH-PP
for jute reinforced composites. This improved fibrematrix adhesion further leads to a lower creep strain in
the outer fibres.
Matuana and co-workers (400) observed that the
effectiveness of maleated polypropylene in improving
the mechanical properties of wood fibre reinforced
composites could be attributed to the compatibilisation
effect which was accomplished by reducing the total
wood fibre surface energy, improving the polymer
matrix impregnation, improving fibre dispersion and
orientation and enhancing the interfacial adhesion
through mechanical interlocking.
Aranguren and co-workers (384) treated wood fibres
with MAH-PP and alkali. No improvement in the
mechanical behaviour of polyester-wood fibres
composites occurred with only alkali-treatment, while
the composites treated with MAH-PP exhibited better
performance under compressive load.
Gassan and co-workers (410) investigated the influence
of MAH-PP treatment conditions on the modulus of
jute fibre reinforced PP. This treatment improves
wetting, resulting in better fibre-PP matrix adhesion
compared to that of unmodified fibre matrix systems.
4.1.1 Extrusion
The extrusion process involves two types of extruder.
Twin-screw extruders dominate todays market due
to their compounding capability and functional
versatility. Twin-screw extruders continuously mix
and devolatilise wood fibres and other natural
cellulosic materials with plastics. High-speed twinscrew extruders have been used to produce pellets,
which are then processed in a separate operation on a
single-screw extruder to make an extruded part. A
suitable combination of process variables was
required to limit the thermal degradation of the wood
and natural fibres.
Twin-screw extruders have been widely used for
wood/plastic composites (149, 176, 187, 246, 262,
293, 317, 318, 360, 366. Yeh Wang and co-workers
(152) experimented with the influence of processing
parameters on the properties of wood flour filled
polyethylene using co-rotating twin-screw extruders.
A suitable combination of processing variables
including screw speed, screw configuration,
throughput rate and barrel temperatures were
necessary to limit thermal degradation and darkening
of the filler. Similar investigations have been carried
out for flax fibre (183, 300, 362), rice hulls (207) and
bamboo fibre (358) reinforced composites.
19
20
Figure 7
Tensile strength of different types of fibre reinforced composites, produced by express processing (380)
4.1.5 Mixing
Mixing is of key importance for obtaining materials
with appropriate processing characteristics. Before a
natural or wood fibre-plastic composite can be
processed into a final product, it will usually have to
undergo mixing or compounding. It is not merely the
base materials, but also the choice of additives that will
determine the properties of the finished product. Mixing
is the process of imparting the desired distribution to
two or more components that may be present in solid
or liquid form. For mixing or compounding,
thermokinetic mixers are divided into two types
depending on the mixing system: continuous mixers
and batch mixers.
Balatinecz and co-workers (418) studied the feasibility
of developing a continuous compounding process for
wood fibre/thermoplastic composites using a Szego
mill in comparison with a thermokinetic Gelimat mixer.
Composites with 30 wt% wood fibre were prepared by
both compounding processes and their mechanical
properties were evaluated.
4.2 Thermosets
Thermoset polymers form the matrix in filled plastics
and fibre-reinforced composites used in a diversity of
products. These range from consumer items and
automotive body panels to advanced composites for
printed circuit boards, aerospace structural components
and expensive, high-performance sports equipment.
The economically most attractive glass-fibre reinforced
plastics for special technical uses are produced by resin
transfer moulding (RTM) and winding technology, etc.,
while semi-finished products are made from sheet
moulding compound (SMC) and bulk moulding
compound (BMC) systems.
21
The RTM process has also been tested for flax fibre (209,
341), hemp (215) and sisal (238) plastic composites and
the physico-mechanical properties evaluated.
Figure 8
Characteristic values of glass fibre and flax fibre SMC moulded plastics
(absolute values and in reference to density)
22
wood/sisal (235),
jute (178),
Figure 9
Dependence of tensile strength on the test length, flax fibres compared to textile glass fibres (a.12)
23
Figure 10
Influence of fibre treatment on force-deflection behaviour of hard wood-polypropylene composites comparing
untreated and MAH-PP treated fibres (impact energy = 1.69 J, fibre content = 30 vol.%, thickness of
specimens = 2 mm)
24
Figure 11
Influence of fibre surface treatment on the loss energy and damping of hard wood fibre-polypropylene
composites (impact energy = 1.69 J, thickness of specimens = 2 mm)
5.2.2 Swelling
The hydroxyl groups (-OH) in cellulose, hemicellulose
and lignin build a large amount of hydrogen bonds
between the macromolecules of wood polymers.
Exposing the wood to humidity, causes these bonds to
be broken. The hydroxyl groups then form new
hydrogen bonds with water molecules which induce
the swelling illustrated in Figure 12 (378).
25
OH
OH
WOOD
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
WOOD
OH
OH
OH
nH2O
OH
OH
WOOD
OH
OH
OH
O
H
OH
HO
WOOD
OH
Figure 12
Schematic illustration of wood swelling process on
exposure to water
Table 6 Equilibrium moisture content of some natural and wood fibres (%)
Equilibrium moisture content at 27 C
Fibre
30%RH
65%RH
90%RH
Bamboo
4.5
8.9
14.7
Bagasse
4.4
8.8
15.8
Jute
4.6
9.9
16.3
Aspen
4.9
11.1
21.5
Southern pine
5.8
12.0
21.7
Water hyacinth
6.2
16.7
36.2
Pennywort
6.6
18.3
56.8
Reproduced from R.M. Rowell, J.S. Han and J.S. Rowell in Natural Polymers and Agrofibers Based Composites,
Eds., E. Frollini, A.L. Leo and L.H. Mattoso, Emprapa, 2000, 115, with permission.
26
5.3.1 Fungi
Natural fibre and wood rotting fungi need a suitable
temperature, oxygen and water supply for their growth.
Water is the key parameter in decay mechanisms and
in controlling durability of decay (a.16).
Wood/plastic composites are relatively immune to
fungal attacks since the plastic matrix largely
encapsulates the wood particles. There are recent
reports describing fungal attacks on wood and natural
fibre filled materials (304, a.17). The decay happens
at far lower rates than those found for natural wood.
Traditional methods of evaluating biological durability
such as weight loss and visual inspection seem not to
be sufficient to adequately describe the extent of decay.
Inconsistency in the different reports suggest that
methods of manufacturing may be the reason for
different fungal decay results. Decay susceptibility
increases with wood loading (a.18).
5.3.2 Bacteria
Bacteria tend to colonise natural fibres and wood with
high moisture content. They can affect wood
permeability, attack the structure and work together
with other bacteria or fungi. Lignocellulose is degraded
in a very slow process (a.19).
27
28
7.5 Others
Natural fibre composites are being used in benches,
dog kennels, sheds, flower pots, partitions and fences
on the Japanese market along with decks, pavements
and balcony boards.
Another Japanese development is weather resistant and
effective noise protection walls along the highways
which is a project supported by the Ministry of
Transport (a.24).
Flooring products replacing hardwood materials are
offered by SWH Technologies of Canada (284).
Pallets made of composite fibre reinforced polyolefin
composite are the subject of a US patent (386).
29
30
9 Conclusion
Over 100 years of development, scientific work and
technical application into combining natural fibres
with both thermosets and thermoplastics, has
culminated in growing new markets and industries.
Worldwide activities can be encountered,
industrialised countries are always looking for new
materials, agriculture and plant producing regions
hoping for new fibre opportunities.
The advantages of natural fibres over traditional
reinforcing materials such as glass are lower cost,
lower density, high toughness and environmentally
friendly processes.
Figure 13 shows the mechanical properties of natural
and wood fibre reinforced composites compared to
glass fibre mat thermoplastic (GMT) reinforced
composites. Due to the improving mechanical
properties (tensile strength, charpy impact strength)
of natural and wood fibre reinforced composites,
which are increasing day by day, these composites
are taking their place in the world market with a good
reputation.
Much work has been done to optimise the interfacial
adhesion between fibre and matrix. Various surface
modifications of natural fibres such as alkali
treatment, acetylation, bleaching, isocyanate
treatment, vinyl grafting and treatment with coupling
agents have been assessed. However, the success of
natural fibre/plastic composites for industrial
applications depends on both economically viable
production and mechanical and physical
performance. The automotive industry is a sensitive
indicator of those requirements. The increasing
acceptance by car makers demonstrates that natural
fibre reinforced plastics have become mature
materials. The growing number of publications in
the scientific literature proves the field of research
and development to be more active than ever. Also,
the mushrooming number of international and
regional conferences on natural and wood fibre
plastics indicates the importance of the field of
investigation.
With efforts being made to introduce biodegradable
polymers and their composites on an industrial scale,
a new chapter of development has been opened.
Figure 13
Potential properties of natural and wood fibre reinforced composites
Additional References
a.1
a.2
a.8
a.9
a.10
a.11
a.3
a.4
a.13
a.14
a.15
a.16
a.5
a.6
a.7
31
a.17
a.32
a.18
a.33
a.19
CCA
DDA
Dampfdruckaufschluss (steam
explosion)
GMT
GRP
HDPE
MAH-PP
maleic anhydride-polypropylene
copolymer
MDF
NMT
PCL
polycaprolactone
PE
polyethylene
PGA
polyglycolide
PHA
polyhydroxyalkanoate
PLA
polylactic acid
PP
polypropylene
PS
polystyrene
PU
polyurethane
PVC
polyvinyl chloride
PVOH
polyvinyl alcohol
RTM
SBR
styrene-butadiene rubber
SEM
a.30
SMC
UP
a.31
UPVC
a.20
a.21
a.22
a.23
a.24
a.25
a.26
a.27
a.28
a.29
32
Accession no.862926
Item 2
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
41, No.3, 2002, p.435-51
PHYSICO-MECHANICAL STUDIES OF WOOD
FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITES
Bledzki A K; Faruk O; Huque M
Kassel,Universitat; Bangladesh,University of
Engineering & Technology
Wood-PP composites containing 30, 40 or 50% wood
fibres were prepared using a maleic anhydride grafted PP
copolymer (MAH-PP) coupling agent (5 or 10% of the
wood fibre content). Hard wood fibre-PP composites
showed a better performance than soft wood-PP fibre
composites. The mechanical properties of the composites
increased when the coupling agent was added. The tensile
strength increased by about 50% maximum with the
addition of MAH-PP (5%) at a hard wood fibre content
of 50%. The Charpy impact strength increased up to 20%
with the addition of MAH-PP (5%) at a hard wood fibre
content of 30%. The damping index decreased by 60%
with the addition of MAH-PP (10%) at a hard wood fibre
content of 50%. 16 refs.
Accession no.862925
Item 3
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
41, No.3, 2002, p.419-33
WATER ABSORPTION BEHAVIOR AND ITS
EFFECT ON TENSILE PROPERTIES OF
ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE-DIENETERPOLYMER/POLYPROPYLENE/FILLER
TERNARY COMPOSITES: A PRELIMINARY
STUDY
Siriwardena S; Ismail H; Ishiaku U S
Universiti Sains Malaysia
The water absorption behaviour of white rice husk ash
(WRHA) and silica filled EPDM/PP ternary composites
and its effect on the tensile properties of the composites
were studied. The effects of filler type, sample preparation
(die cut or moulded) and dynamic vulcanisation of the
elastomer phase on the rate of water absorption and final
water uptake were investigated. Silica-filled composites
showed more water uptake at a higher rate than did
WRHA-filled composites and die cut samples absorbed
more water at a faster rate than die moulded samples. All
vulcanised composites showed a lower water uptake than
the unvulcanised ones. After immersion in water, the
tensile properties of the unvulcanised composites were
almost unaffected, whereas the vulcanised composites
showed increased tensile properties. None of the
composites reached the equilibrium state within the 40
day immersion period. The results were discussed. 16 refs.
MALAYSIA
Accession no.862924
Item 4
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
85, No.9, 29th Aug.2002, p.1961-9
KUDZU FIBER-REINFORCED
POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITE
Luo X; Benson R S; Kit K M; Dever M
Tennessee,University
Polypropylene composites which are fibre-reinforced
with Kudzu were prepared, and their mechanical and
thermal properties determined. Kudzu is a legume that
is native to Japan and China, but is a major invasive
post in the USA. It has been suggested as a source of
reinforcing fibres. In the composite, maleic anhydridegrafted polypropylene (MAPP) was used as a
compatibiliser to improve the adhesion between the fibre
and the polypropylene. Up to a concentration of 35
weight percent of MAPP a continuous improvement was
seen in the tensile properties. The tensile modulus
33
Accession no.862884
BRAINED IDEA?
Pierce J
Researchers at the University of Delaware have developed
wafers using chicken feather fibres and soybean resin.
These wafers are claimed to have outperformed silicon
microchips.
DELAWARE,UNIVERSITY
USA
Item 5
Composite Interfaces
9, No.4, 2002, p.335-53
EFFECT OF FIBER SURFACE TREATMENTS
ON THE FIBER-MATRIX INTERACTION IN
BANANA FIBER REINFORCED POLYESTER
COMPOSITES
Pothan L A; George J; Thomas S
Bishop Moore College; Eindhoven,University of
Technology; Mahatma Gandhi,University
The surfaces of banana fibre were treated with various
silanes and alkali (sodium hydroxide) and characterised
by means of scanning electron microscopy and FTIR
spectroscopy. The effects of surface treatment on the
tensile, flexural and impact properties and interfacial
adhesion of composites made from the treated fibres and
a polyester resin were investigated and the influence of
fibre-matrix adhesion on the mechanical properties of
the composites examined. Changes in the surface
morphology and polarity of the treated fibres were also
analysed and the effectiveness of the various treatments
compared. 25 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.862465
Item 6
Kunststoffe Plast Europe
92, No.7, July 2002, p.34-6
NATURAL FIBRE REINFORCED
POLYPROPYLENE. DIRECT PROCESSING OF
NATURAL LONG FIBRES BY THE
PLASTICISING COMPRESSION PROCESS
Reussman T; Miack K-P; Brussel R
Chemnitz,Technical University; Dieffenbacher AG
Refer to Kunststoffe, 92, No.7, 2002, p.86-9 for graphs
and tables. Brief details are given of the potential
properties of natural fibre-reinforced PP using long and
short fibre reinforcement. Changes in fibre content on
changes in mechanical properties are discussed.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.862422
Item 7
Engineer
291, No.7609, 9th-29th Aug. 2002, p.10
CHICKEN-FIBRE WAFERS: A FEATHER-
34
Accession no.862255
Item 8
Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials
15, No.4, July 2002, p.337-53
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF
DIFFERENT FIBERS ON THE PROCESSING
AND PROPERTIES OF POLYPROPYLENE
MATRIX COMPOSITES
Lopez-Manchado M A; Biagiotti J; Kenny J M
Madrid,Instituto de Ciencia y Tec.de Polim.;
Perugia,Universita
The effects of different fibres on the processing and
physical and mechanical properties of PP composites
based thereon were investigated. Fibres employed were
aramid fibres, PETP fibres, glass fibres and sisal and
properties evaluated included flow, tensile properties,
flexural properties, impact resistance and morphological
properties. The morphology of the composites was
analysed by scanning electron microscopy and the
relationship between the morphology and properties of
the composites examined. 25 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.860578
Item 9
Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials
15, No.4, July 2002, p.281-300
DEVELOPMENT OF A FLAX/POLYPROPYLENE
COMPOSITE WITH OPTIMAL MECHANICAL
CHARACTERISTICS BY FIBER AND MATRIX
MODIFICATION
Van de Velde K; Kiekens P
Ghent,University
Long flax fibres were treated with propyltrimethoxysilane,
phenyl isocyanate and maleic acid anhydride modified
PP and the sorption characteristics, tensile properties and
roughness of the treated fibres determined. Composites
were produced from treated fibres expected to exhibit
good properties and subjected to flexural, interlaminar
shear strength and sorption tests. Composites containing
fibres treated with the maleic acid anhydride modified
PP or with a maleic acid anhydride modified PP matrix
were found to have the best properties. 11 refs.
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.860575
Item 10
Polymer Composites
23, No.3, June 2002, p.383-94
SURFACE MODIFICATION OF FIQUE FIBRES.
EFFECTS ON THEIR PHYSICO-MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
Ganan P; Mondragon I
Medellin,Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana; Pais
Vasco,Universidad
BRAZIL; COLOMBIA
Accession no.860533
Item 11
Polymer Composites
23, No.3, June 2002, p.319-28
STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES AND
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF INJECTION
MOULDED COMPOSITES OF
POLYPROPYLENE AND SISAL FIBRE
Xie X L; Li R K Y; Tjong S C; Mai Y W
Hong Kong,City University; Huazhong,University of
Science & Technology; Sydney,University
Composites based on isotactic PP and sisal fibre (SF) are
prepared by melt mixing and injection moulding. The melt
mixing characteristics, thermal properties, morphology,
crystalline structure and mechanical behaviour of the PP/
SF composites are systematically investigated. The results
show that the PP/SF composites can be melt mixed and
injection moulded under similar conditions as the PP
homopolymer. For the composites with low sisal fibre
content, the fibres act as sites for the nucleation of PP
spherulites, and accelerate the crystallisation rate and
enhance the degree of crystallinity of PP. On the other
hand, when the sisal fibre content is high, the fibres hinder
the molecular chain motion of PP, and retard the
crystallization. The inclusion of sisal fibre induces the
formation of B-form PP crystals in the PP/SF composites
and produces little change in the inter-planar spacing
corresponding to the various diffraction peaks of PP. The
apparent crystal size as indicated by the several diffraction
peaks such as L(, L((.,()_ and L(300)B of the (v and B-
Accession no.860527
Item 12
Plastics in Building Construction
25, No.10, 2001, p.8-9
EXTRUSION SYSTEM FOR POLYMER/WOODFIBRE COMPOSITES
Murdock D
Davis-Standard Corp.
The development of the Davis-Standards Woodtruder
extrusion system for the processing of wood fibre and
polymers is described, as are the techniques that are
critical for good efficiency with this fully intermeshing
counter-rotating, twin-screw extruder system that is
suitable for wood fibre with an initial moisture content
of less than 8%. Aspects covered include extruder design
and processing.
USA
Accession no.860469
Item 13
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
16, No.8, 2002, p.999-1015
ENGINEERED NATURAL FIBER REINFORCED
POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES: INFLUENCE
OF SURFACE MODIFICATIONS AND NOVEL
POWDER IMPREGNATION PROCESSING
Mohanty A K; Drzal L T; Misra M
Michigan,State University
Biocomposites were produced from chopped natural
fibres of Kenaf and henequen and PP powder by powder
impregnation processing. The fibres were surface
modified by alkali treatment or treatment with maleated
polyolefins and the effect of these surface treatments on
the physicomechanical properties, such as tensile and
impact properties, of the composites investigated. It was
found that engineered natural fibres could be produced
from a blend of these surface treated fibres, which
provided composites with superior physicomechanical
properties. 15 refs.
USA
Accession no.860336
Item 14
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
16, No.6, 2002, p.703-27
35
Accession no.860034
Item 15
GPEC 2002: Plastics Impact on the Environment.
Proceedings of a conference held Detroit, MI, 13th14th Feb. 2002.
Brookfield, CT, SPE, Paper 46, p.383-398, CD-ROM, 012
NATURAL/BIO-FIBER REINFORCED
POLYOLEFIN COMPOSITES: BIO-BASED
OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES IN THE
MATERIALS WORLD
Misra M; Mohanty A K; Drzal L T
Michigan,State University
(SPE,Environmental Div.)
The development and commercialisation of new bio-based
products is discussed with particular reference to natural
fibre reinforced thermoplastic polyolefin biocomposites.
These materials are claimed to have the largest application
potential. The choice of the coupling agent is reported to
govern the overall physico-mechanical properties of the
biocomposite, and attention is given to the use of maleated
polyolefins as effective coupling agents in the
compatibilisation of natural fibre-polyolefin composite
systems. Choice of fibre and matrix materials are examined,
and details are given of material properties, commercial
process and applications to review current developments.
Also discussed is a new environmentally benign powder
impregnation processing technique, which is said to show
significant advantages for the manufacture of commercially
attractive high volume biocomposites. 12 refs.
USA
Accession no.859627
36
Item 16
GPEC 2002: Plastics Impact on the Environment.
Proceedings of a conference held Detroit, MI, 13th14th Feb. 2002.
Brookfield, CT, SPE, Paper 25, p.217-228, CD-ROM,
012
USE OF FUNCTIONALIZED POLYOLEFINS IN
ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY PLASTIC
COMPOSITES
Sigworth W; Roberts D H
Crompton Corp.
(SPE,Environmental Div.)
The use is described of maleic anhydride grafted HDPE
and PP in plastic composites containing natural products
such as wood flour. Data are presented to show the effects
that the functionalised additives have on processing and
mechanical properties. Polybond maleic anhydride
functionalised polyolefins are evaluated as chemical
coupling agents. These chemical coupling agents have
functions in respect of wetting the wood fibre and
dispersing it in the polyolefin resin. They also bond the
wood to the plastic matrix, providing stronger interfacial
adhesion. The effect of these functionalised products on
40% wood-filled HDPE and PP is found to increase the
breaking strengths, impact properties and heat deflection
temperatures, in addition to reducing water absorption.
USA
Accession no.859610
Item 17
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
85, No.10, 6th Sept.2002, p.2145-54
FUNCTIONALIZATION OF SISAL FIBERS AND
HIGH-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE BY COLD
PLASMA TREATMENT
Martin A R; Manolache S; Denes F S; Mattoso L H C
Sao Carlos,Universidade Federal; Wisconsin,University
Chopped sisal fibres and HDPE were surface
functionalised using dichlorosilane under radio frequency
plasma conditions and characterised by ESCA and
fluorescence labelling techniques. A three-factor fractional
experimental design was used to evaluate the effect of
radio frequency power, pressure, and reaction time on the
atomic composition of plasma-treated samples. 39 refs.
BRAZIL; USA
Accession no.859439
Item 18
Additives for Polymers
May 2002, p.3
COUPLING AGENTS FROM CROMPTON OPEN
NEW MARKETS FOR WOOD-FILLED
COMPOUNDS
In the USA, Crompton Corp. has created new Polybond
coupling agents for improving the processing and
performance of both PE and PP compounds filled with
Accession no.858945
Item 19
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
85, No.7, 15th Aug.2002, p.1465-8
SOLID-STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC
RESONANCE STUDY OF POLYURETHANE/
NATURAL FIBRES COMPOSITES
Tavares M I B; Mothe c G; Araujo C R
Rio de Janeiro,Cidade Universitaria
Fibre-reinforced plastics (FRP) are prepared with sisal
and sugarcane waste material. Composites of these fibres
with PUs are obtained by processing these materials in a
Haake plastograph, and their homogeneity is characterised
by nuclear magnetic resonance measurements. The results
are discussed in terms of composites interaction,
homogeneity and compatibility. 10 refs.
BRAZIL
Accession no.858753
Item 20
Composites Part A: Applied Science and
Manufacturing
33A, No.6, 2002, p.763-77
WATER SORPTION IN OIL PALM FIBER
REINFORCED PHENOL FORMALDEHYDE
COMPOSITES
Sreekala M S; Kumaran M G; Thomas S
Rubber Research Institute of India; Mahatma
Gandhi,University
Kinetics of sorption of water in oil palm fibre-reinforced
phenol-formaldehyde(PF) composites and oil palm/glass
hybrid fibre-reinforced PF composites were investigated.
The effects of fibre loading, relative volume fractions of
fibres in hybrid composites and fibre surface
modifications on the kinetic and thermodynamic
parameters of water sorption by the composites were also
studied. Water sorption at four different temps. was
analysed and compared. The composite with 10 wt % fibre
loading exhibited maximum water uptake. Hybridisation
of the oil palm fibre with glass markedly decreased the
water sorption by the composite. The concentration
dependence of the diffusion constant was analysed and
discussed. 15 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.858459
Item 21
Advanced Composites Letters
10, No.6, 2001, p.299-303
DETERMINATION OF INTERFACIAL SHEAR
Accession no.858411
Item 22
Advanced Composites Letters
10, No.6, 2001, p.293-7
INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF
PROCESSING CONDITIONS ON THE
INTERFACE OF FLAX/POLYPROPYLENE
COMPOSITES
Zafeiropoulos N E; Baillie C A; Matthews F L
London,Imperial College of Science,Technol.& Med.
The effect of cooling rates upon the interface in flax fibre/
isotactic PP composites was investigated by means of
fragmentation tests. It was found that slower cooling led
to a stronger interface for two different grades of flax
fibres, i.e. dew retted and green flax. The interfacial stress
transfer ability in these composites could thus be improved
simply by controlling the processing conditions, thus
avoiding the application of surface treatments that are
environmentally hazardous. 12 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.858410
Item 23
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
85, No.1, 5th July 2002, p.169-76
INTERFACE MODIFICATION ON THE
PROPERTIES OF SISAL FIBER-REINFORCED
POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES
Fung K L; Li R K Y; Tjong S C
Hong Kong,University
Melt blend with subsequent injection moulding were used
to prepare short sisal fibre (SF)-reinforced polypropylene
(PP). In order to increase the interfacial bond strength
between the SSF and PP, the PP matrix was maleated by
blending PP and maleic anhydride-grafted PP (MAPP) in
9:1 wt. ratio. The SF/MAPP composites had lower melt
viscosities (as indicated by torque rheometer
measurements) than the SF/PP composites at the
respective sisal fibre contents. The tensile strength was
37
Accession no.857043
CHINA
Accession no.857107
Item 24
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
85, No.1, 5th July 2002, p.129-38
BIODEGRADABLE POLYESTER COMPOSITES
REINFORCED WITH SHORT ABACA FIBER
Mitsuhiro Shibata; Kei-ichiro Takachiyo; Koichi
Ozawa; Ryutoku Yosomiya; Hiroyuku Takeishi
Chiba,Institute of Technology
The mechanical properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-cohydroxyvalerate)(PHVB) composites reinforced with
short abaca fibres, obtained by melt mixing followed by
injection moulding, were compared with those of PHVB
reinforced with glass fibre (GF). The effects of fibre
length, fibre content, and surface treatment of the natural
abaca fibre on its mechanical properties were assessed.
Tensile tests showed that the tensile strength of the fibres
reached a maximum at a fibre length of about 5 mm.
Surface treatment of abaca fibres with butyric anhydride
and pyridine over 5 hours improved the flexural properties
of the PHVP/composite because of the increase in
interfacial adhesion between the matrix polyester and the
surface-esterified fibre, as was obvious from the SEM
micrographs. The flexural and tensile properties of the
PHVP/treated abaca composite were comparable with
those of PHVP/GF composite. 19 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.857103
Item 25
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
84, No.13, 24th June 2002, p.2358-65
MORPHOLOGY AND MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF UNIDIRECTIONAL SISALEPOXY COMPOSITES
Oksman K; Wallstrom L; Berglund L A; Toledo Filho R D
SICOMP AB; Lulea,University of Technology; Rio de
Janeiro,Universidade Federal
The longitudinal stiffness and strength were studied, together
with the morphology, in unidirectional sisal-epoxy
composites manufactured by resin transfer moulding.
Horseshoe-shaped sisal fibre bundles (technical fibres) were
non-uniformly distributed in the matrix. In contrast to many
wood composites, the lumen was not filled by polymer
matrix. Technical sisal fibres showed a higher effective
modulus when included in the composite, compared with a
technical fibre test (40 GPa compared with 24 GPa). In
contrast, the effective technical fibre strength in the
composites was estimated to be about 400 MPa compared
38
Item 26
Polymer Preprints. Volume 43, Number 1. Spring 2002.
Papers presented at the ACS meeting held Orlando, Fl.,
7th-11th April 2002.
Washington D.C., ACS, Div.of Polymer Chemistry,
2002, p.482-3, 28 cm, 012
INFLUENCE OF SURFACE MODIFICATION
AND COMPATIBILIZATION ON THE
PERFORMANCE OF NATURAL FIBER
REINFORCED BIODEGRADABLE
THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITE
Hokens D; Mohanty A K; Misra M; Drzal L T
Michigan,State University
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
The advantages of using natural fibres rather than glass
fibres to fill and reinforce thermoplastics were discussed.
The effect of alkali treatment and the use of maleated PS
as a compatibiliser to improve the properties of
composites fabricated from hemp fibre and the
biodegradable thermoplastic Bionolle (polybutylene
succinate or butylene succinate-butylene adipate
copolymer) were studied. The tensile strength and tensile
modulus of the virgin Bionolle polymer were enhanced
by about 135% and 700% respectively when it was
reinforced with 35 wt% of alkali-treated hemp fibre in
the presence of the maleated PS compatibiliser. 2 refs.
USA
Accession no.857010
Item 27
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition
40, No.12, 15th June 2002, p.1214-22
STRUCTURAL AND MECHANICAL
BEHAVIOUR OF POLYPROPYLENE/
MALEATED STYRENE-ETHYLENE-COBUTYLENE-STYRENE/SISAL FIBER
COMPOSITES PREPARED BY INJECTION
MOLDING
Xie X L; Fung K L; Li R K Y; Tjong S C; Mai Y-W
Hong Kong,City University; Huazhong,University of
Science & Technology; Sydney,University
Details are given of the use of maleic anhydride grafted
styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene copolymer as
compatibiliser to improve the interfacial bonding between
PP and sisal fibre. The composites were prepared by melt
compounding followed by injection moulding. The meltcompounding torque behaviour, thermal properties,
morphology, crystal structure and mechanical behaviour
of the composites were systematically investigated. 27 refs.
AUSTRALIA; CHINA
Accession no.856773
Item 28
Composites Science & Technology
62, Nos.7-8, 2002, p.911-7
DYNAMIC MECHANICAL AND THERMAL
ANALYSIS OF VINYL ESTER-RESIN-MATRIX
COMPOSITES REINFORCED WITH
UNTREATED AND ALKALI-TREATED JUTE
FIBRES
Ray D; Sarkar B K; Das S; Rana A K
Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science;
Indian Jute Industries Research Assn.
Vinyl ester resin-matrix composites reinforced with
untreated and 5% NaOH treated jute fibres for 4 and 8 h
with different fibre loading are subjected to dynamic
mechanical and thermal analysis to determine their
dynamic properties as a function of temperature. For all
the composites, the storage modulus, E, decreases with
increase in temperature, with a significant fall in the
temperature range 110-170 deg. C. For the treated
composites, the rate of fall, dE/dT, has an inverse
relationship with the defect concentrations in the
composites. The lowest defect concentrations in the 4 h
treated composites correspond to the highest rate of fall.
The glass transition temperature, Tg, of the unreinforced
resin, corresponding to the loss modulus peak, is 101.2
deg.C, whereas that of the composites increases by nearly
28 deg.C on account of the restricted mobility of the resin
molecules in the presence of the fibres. In the case of the
treated composites, the Tg value shows a decreasing trend
(128 to 25 deg.C). Unlike the plain resin, a tiny hump is
observed in the loss modulus, E2, curves of all the
composites around 166 deg.C, which become broader and
more prominent with increase in the jute fibre content.
The very high tan delta value of the resin decreases in the
composites, indicating that the addition of the fibres
lowers the damping capacity of the composites. 17 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.856483
Item 29
Plastics Technology
48, No.4, April 2002, p.20
IMPROVED WOOD FIBERS
We are informed in this little item that Rayonier of the
USA has developed a high-purity cellulose fibre derived
from local hard and soft woods, with a high content of
pure alpha-cellulose. Brief details are given of the new
material, which is known as TerraCel.
RAYONIER
EUROPE-GENERAL; USA
Accession no.855910
Item 30
Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe
10, No.1, 2002, p.22-6
BIODEGRADATION OF LIGNIN BASED RESINS
Accession no.855152
Item 31
Plast 21
No.107, Dec.2001, p.63
Spanish
INJECTION MOULDING OF NATURAL FIBREREINFORCED PLASTICS
The advantages of natural fibres such as hemp and flax
as replacements for glass fibres in plastics composites
are discussed, and applications of such composites are
reviewed with particular reference to components for
automotive and other transport applications.
Developments by Demag Ergotech in processes and
machinery for the injection moulding of natural fibrereinforced plastics are examined.
DEMAG ERGOTECH; FRAUNHOFER-INSTITUT
FUER CHEMISCHE TECHNOLOGIE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.854894
Item 32
Kunststoffe Plast Europe
92, No.5, May 2002, p.35-7
POLYPROPYLENE-CELLULOSE COMPOUNDS
Weigel P; Ganster J; Fink H-P; Gassan J; Uihlein K
Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Polymer Research;
Faurecia-SAI Automotive SAL GmbH
A propylene block copolymer was compounded with high
strength renewable cellulose fibres (Cordenka 700) by
pultrusion and the density and mechanical properties of
the resulting composites determined. The performance
of these cellulose fibre reinforced PP composites was
compared with that of PP composites containing other
types of fibres, particularly glass fibres. It was found that,
under certain conditions, the high strength cellulose fibres
were promising as replacements for glass fibres.
(Kunststoffe, 92, No.5, 2002, p.95-7)
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.854550
39
Item 33
Kunststoffe Plast Europe
92, No.5, May 2002, p.34-5
POLYPROPYLENE-FLAX COMPOUNDS ...
INCLUDING FLAME RETARDANTS
Schwartz U; Pflug G; Reinemann S
Ostthueringische Materialpruefgesellschaft mbH; TITK e.V
The suitability of expandable graphite as a flame retardant
in PP/flax composites is examined and the mechanical
properties of PP/flax composites containing expandable
graphite or ammonium polyphosphate, as flame
retardants, compared. A potential application of these
composites is considered to be vehicle trim and building
applications. (Kunststoffe, 92, No.5, 2002, p.93-4)
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.854549
Item 34
Polymer Engineering and Science
42, No.4, April 2002, p.790-7
OXYGEN PLASMA TREATMENT OF SISAL
FIBERS AND POLYPROPYLENE: EFFECTS ON
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITES
Couto E; Tan I H; Demarquette N; Caraschi J C; Leao
A
Sao Paulo,Escola Politecnico; Paulista,Universidade
Estadual
Oxygen plasma treatment of polypropylene is an efficient
method for functionalising surface polar groups and
improving adhesion to cellulose-based materials, provided
that care is taken in preventing degradation and chain
scission. To this end, PP powder and sisal fibres were
oxygen plasma-treated in selected plasma conditions in
order to functionalise oxygen polar groups in the PP and
to induce chain scission and low-molecular weight
fragments in both PP and sisal fibres. These treatments
were tested for their effectiveness in improving
mechanical properties of sisal/PP composites. 17 refs.
Accession no.854508
Item 36
Materials for Lean Weight Vehicles IV. Proceedings of
a conference held Gaydon, UK, 30th.-31st. Oct. 2001.
London, Institute of Materials, 2001, Paper 2, pp.10,
012
TOWARD A NEW PARADIGM IN CAR DESIGN
De Kanter J L C G; Viot A; Kandachar P; Kaveline K
Delft,University of Technology
(Institute of Materials)
The University of Delfts new concept car, the DutchEVO
uses an integrated approach to resolve the many inherent
conflicts in car design, especially relating to safety and
weight reduction, fuel efficiency and use of sustainable
materials. In particular, the use is discussed of natural
fibre composites based on low cost thermoplastics.
Current applications are indicated, and the future for
natural fibre composites is considered.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.853960
BRAZIL
Accession no.854514
Item 35
Polymer Engineering and Science
42, No.4, April 2002, p.733-42
THERMAL AND DYNAMIC MECHANICAL
CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYPROPYLENEWOODFLOUR COMPOSITES
Nunez A J; Kenny J M; Reboredo M M; Aranguren M
I; Marcovich N E
Mar del Plata,Universidad Nacional
The performance of wood particle/PP composites with
modified capabilities was compared. Wood flour
modification was performed by esterification with maleic
anhydride, and a non-commercial maleic anhydridepolypropylene copolymer was selected as compatibilising
40
Item 37
Polymer Composites
23, No.2, April 2002, p.182-92
INTERFACIAL INTERACTION IN SISAL/
EPOXY COMPOSITES AND ITS INFLUENCE ON
IMPACT PERFORMANCE
Rong M Z; Zhang M Q; Liu Y; Yan H M; Yang G C;
Zeng H M
Zhongshan,University
Sisal fibre was surface treated using various methods,
including alkali treatment, acetylation, cyanoethylation,
treatment with a silane coupling agent, heat treatment or
a combination of these techniques, and then incorporated
into an epoxy matrix. Interfacial interactions in the
resulting composites were investigated using a surface
tensiometer and dynamic mechanical analysis and the
Accession no.853505
Item 38
Polymer Composites
23, No.2, April 2002, p.164-70
INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL MODIFICATION
ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SISALPOLYESTER BIOCOMPOSITES
Mishra S; Misra M; Tripathy S S; Nayak S K;
Mohanty A K
Ravenshaw College; Michigan,State University
Sisal-polyester composites were prepared by hand lay-up
and their mechanical properties, including tensile, flexural
and impact properties, investigated. The effects of fibre
loading and surface modification of the fibres on mechanical
properties were examined and fibre-matrix adhesion of the
surface modified fibre reinforced composites analysed by
scanning electron microscopy. Surface modification methods
employed included cyanoethylation, grafting with
acrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate, bleaching,
mercerisation and dewaxing. 21 refs.
Item 40
Polymers & Polymer Composites
10, No.4, 2002, p.281-90
POLYPROPYLENE AND ALIPHATIC
POLYESTER FLAX FIBRE COMPOSITES
Hodzic A; Shanks R A; Leorke M
RMIT University
Polypropylene and aliphatic polyester flax fibre
composites were prepared from hydrophobic and
hydrophilic PP with and without silane surface treated
flax fibres. Other comparable biodegradable composites
have been prepared from poly(lactic acid) and
poly(ethylene succinate). The polar polymers were found
to provide better wetting of the surface of the flax,
regardless of the surface treatment. DSC was used to study
the crystallisation and melting of the composites
compared with the pure polymers. Surface wetting of the
fibres and morphology of the composites was studied by
SEM and optical microscopy, and mechanical properties
were studied using dynamic mechanical analysis. It was
found that the relatively low density flax fibres provided
efficient reinforcement compared with that expected from
analogous glass fibre composites and the influence of the
transcrystalline interphase on the dynamic storage
modulus was found to be important. 17 refs.
AUSTRALIA
Accession no.853058
INDIA; USA
Accession no.853503
Item 39
International Polymer Science and Technology
29, No.4, 2002, p.T/82-6
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF WOOD
POLYMER COMPOSITES
Sangalov Y A; Krasulina N A; Ilyasova A I
The modification of wood flour for use in wood polymer
composites is studied with the aim of developing a method
of modification envisaging the chemical change of the
surface and a complex improvement in the properties of
the wood materials. The reactive modifier selected was
oligoethoxysiloxane or ethylsilicate-40 (ES-40). The
polymer component consisted of polypropylene,
polyisobutylene, and butyl rubber. Transesterification of
the ES-40 by alcohols and modification of the wood flour
using the ES-40 were carried out by mixing the components
and subsequent heating in a stream of nitrogen or in air,
and the liquid products of transesterification of ES-40 were
characterised in terms of their solubility, the molecular mass
values, and IR spectra. Typical properties of the initial and
modified powders of wood flour were also determined, and
the properties of the resultant composite are described. 13
refs.(Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.7,
2001, pp.39).
RUSSIA
Accession no.853076
Item 41
Composite Interfaces
9, No.2, 2002, p.171-205
SHORT SISAL FIBRE REINFORCED
POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES: THE ROLE
OF THE INTERFACE MODIFICATION ON
ULTIMATE PROPERTIES
Josph P V; Josph K; Thomas S
Kerala,St Berchmans College; Mahatma
Gandhi,University
Sisal fibres have been used for the reinforcement of PP
matrix. Compatibility between the hydrophilic cellulose
fibre and hydrophobic PP is achieved through treatment
of cellulose fibres with sodium hydroxide, isocyanates,
maleic anhydride modified PP (MAPP), benzyl chloride
and by using permanganate. Various fibre treatments
enhance the tensile properties of the composites
considerably, but to varying degrees. SEM
photomicrographs of fracture surfaces of the treated
composites clearly indicate the extent of fibre-matrix
interface adhesion, fibre pullout and fibre surface
topography. Surface fibrillation is found to occur during
alkali treatment, which improves interfacial adhesion
between the fibre and PP matrix. The grafting of the fibres
by MAPP enhances the tensile strength of the resulting
composite. It is found that the urethane derivative of
polypropylene glycol and cardanol treatments reduces the
hydrophilic nature of sisal fibre and thereby enhances the
tensile properties of the sisal-PP composites, as evident
41
Accession no.852988
Item 42
PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedings
of a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.
London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 13,
p.151-6, 21cm, 012
EXTRUSION OF WOOD-PVC COMPOSITE
MATERIALS
Sehnal E
Cincinnati Extrusion
(Institute of Materials)
The extrusion of woodlike, wood-filled and wood profiles
based upon wood fibres and PVC is discussed and the
extruders employed are described. The characteristics and
benefits of the products are also considered.
AUSTRIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.852749
Item 43
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
84, No.12, 20th June 2002, p.2222-34
CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF HEMP, SISAL,
JUTE, AND KAPOK FIBRES BY
ALKALIZATION
Mwaikambo L Y; Ansell M P
Bath,University
Hemp, sisal, jute and kapok fibres were soaked in sodium
hydroxide solutions of various concentrations, and the
alkalinisation studied using differential scanning
calorimetry, wide angle X-ray diffraction, Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron
microscopy. Rapid degradation of the cellulose was
observed in solutions containing 0.8-8% sodium
hydroxide, further degradation at higher concentrations
being negligible. Solution concentrations of 0.8-30%
caused a marginal drop in the hemp crystallinity, and a
slight increase in the sisal, jute and kapok crystallinities.
42
Accession no.852686
Item 44
International Journal of Polymeric Materials
49, No.3, 2001, p.311-22
OIL PALM WOOD FLOUR FILLED NATURAL
RUBBER COMPOSITES: EFFECTS OF VARIOUS
BONDING AGENTS
Ismail H; Jaffri R M; Rozman H D
Universiti Sains Malaysia
The effects of various bonding agents on curing
characteristics and mechanical properties of oil palm
wood flour (OPWF) filled NR composites are examined.
Compared to control compound, the presence of various
bonding agents increase the curing time, t90, maximum
torque (except phenol formaldehyde (PF) and resorcinol
formaldehyde (RF)/silica(Sil)), tensile strength, tensile
modulus (except PF and RF/Sil), and hardness (except
PF) but decrease the elongation at break and fatigue life
of the composites. Swelling test results indicate that the
presence of various bonding agents leads to stronger
adhesion at the OPWF-rubber interface. Overall results
indicate that RF/Sil/Hexa (Hexamethylene tetramine) is
the most suitable bonding system for OPWF filled NR
composites. 15 refs.
MALAYSIA
Accession no.851827
Item 45
Materie Plastiche ed Elastomeri
66, No.6, June 2001, p.386-8
Italian
GROWING INTEREST IN FIBRE-REINFORCED
PLASTICS
Calato F
A review is presented of German developments in
composites technology. Some innovative processing
methods are examined, and the use by Audi of natural
fibre-reinforced PU composites (Bayers Baypreg F) in
automotive components is described. Consideration is also
given to trends in the European composites market.
AVK-TV; DARMSTADT,TECHNICAL
UNIVERSITY; BRAUNSCHWEIG,DLR-INSTITUT
FUER STRUKTURMECHANIK; BAYER AG;
HENNECKE; AUDI AG
EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN
UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.851797
Item 46
Journal of Materials Science
37, No.8, 15th April 2002, p.1683-92
TENSILE AND COMPRESSIVE PROPERTIES OF
FLAX FIBRES FOR NATURAL FIBRE
REINFORCED COMPOSITES
Bos H L; van den Oever M J A; Peters O C J J
ATO
Mechanical properties of flax fibres were determined in
tension and compression. The effect of clamping length
on tensile properties of fibre bundles was examined. The
tensile strength of elementary flax fibres was found to
range between 1500 MPa and 1800 MPa depending on
the isolation procedure. An examination of kink bands in
the fibres is discussed. 22 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.851680
Item 47
Journal of Reinforced Plastics & Composites
21, No.1, 2002, p.55-70
NOVEL ECO-FRIENDLY BIOCOMPOSITES:
BIOFIBER REINFORCED BIODEGRADABLE
POLYESTER AMIDE COMPOSITES FABRICATION AND PROPERTIES
EVALUATION
Mishra S; Tripathy S S; Misra M; Mohanty A K;
Nayak S K
Ravenshaw College; Michigan,State University;
India,Central Institute of Plastics Engng.& Tech.
The effect of various surface modifications of sisal fibres,
including mercerisation, cyanoethylation, acetylation,
bleaching and vinyl monomer (acrylonitrile) grafting, on
the mechanical performance (tensile strength and flexural
strength) of sisal fibre-reinforced polyester-amide (BAK
1095 from Bayer) biocomposite was studied. The
biodegradability of the composite was also evaluated. A
pineapple leaf fibre-BAK 1095 biocomposite was
fabricated for comparison. SEM studies provided clear
pictures of compatibility between various surfacemodified fibres and matrix in the composites. 18 refs.
BAYER AG
INDIA; USA
Accession no.851495
Item 48
Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials
15, No.3, May 2002, p.253-65
INFLUENCE OF THE FIBER CONTENT AND
THE PROCESSING CONDITIONS ON THE
FLEXURAL CREEP BEHAVIOR OF SISAL-PCLSTARCH COMPOSITES
Cyras V P; Martucci J F; Iannace S; Vazquez A
INTEMA; CNR
Flexural creep tests were performed on sisal fibre/
polycaprolactone/starch composites at different temps.
Accession no.851490
Item 49
Kunststoffe Plast Europe
92, No.2, Feb. 2002, p.11-4
INNOVATIVE DIRECT PROCESSING OF
NATURAL FIBRES
Ruch J; Fritz H-G; Buerkle E; Zimmet R
Stuttgart,Institut fur Kunststofftechnologie;
Stuttgart,University; Krauss-Maffei Kunststofftechnik
GmbH
The three phases involved in the development of a
single-stage compounding and moulding process for the
manufacture of natural fibre-reinforced PP composites
and shaping them into thin-walled interior door trim
parts in a single heating step are described. These phases
involved (i) the investigation of a multi-stage
compounding/compression method, (ii) combining
matrix functionalisation and natural fibre (flax)
incorporation into a single-step process and scale-up of
the process to a larger compounding unit and (iii)
collaboration with Krauss-Maffei to transfer the process
to an injection moulding compounder. (Kunststoffe, 92,
No.2, 2002, p.28-34)
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.850987
Item 50
European Polymer Journal
38, No.1, Jan.2002, p.39-47
EFFECTS OF A SILANE COUPLING AGENT ON
CURING CHARACTERISTICS AND
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BAMBOO
FIBRE FILLED NATURAL RUBBER
COMPOSITES
Ismail H; Shuhelmy S; Edyham M R
Malaysia,Science University
The scorch time and cure time of bamboo fibre-filled
natural rubber decreased with increased filler loading in
the presence of a silane coupling agent. The Mooney
viscosity increased with increasing filler content, but for
a given filler loading was reduced by the addition of the
coupling agent. The tensile strength and modulus, tear
strength, and hardness also increased on the addition of
43
Accession no.850821
Item 51
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
84, No.11, 13th June 2002, p.1971-80
PREPARATION AND MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE OF FIBROUS
CELLULOSE AND MALEATED
POLYETHYLENE
Farao Zhang; Endo T; Wulin Qiu; Liqun Yang; Hirotsu
T
Japan,National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science
& Technology
The maleation of PE was studied, together with the
compounding of the resultant maleated PE(MPE) with
cellulose under melt mixing to prepare composites of
fibrous cellulose(FC) and MPE with FC contents of 5
to 60 wt %. The mechanical properties of the FC-MPE
composite were studied in relation to the content of
maleic anhydride groups in the MPE and the content
of FC in the composite. With an increase in the FC
content to 60 wt %, the TS of the FC-MPE composite
increased significantly and reached 125% of that of
pure PE. Furthermore, the larger Youngs modulus,
larger bending elastic modulus and smaller elongation
of the FC-MPE composite strongly indicated effective
transfer of the high TS and elasticity of FC to the MPE
matrix through the strong adhesion between FC and
MPE. 23 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.850794
Item 52
Composites International
No.50-51, March/June 2002, p.38-46
French; English
FIBRE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES, A
STRONG MARKET POTENTIAL
Nair N G; Jayakumar Y J
India,Fibre Reinforced Plastics Institute
Indias fibre-reinforced composites industry is discussed,
which from a modest beginning in 1966, has today grown
to be a 212 million US dollar industry. An overview is
presented of the industry, with information relating to
glass fibre manufacturers and their capacities; growth
of fibre-reinforced composites; leading manufacturers
of polymeric matrix materials; manufacturing
technologies; and consumption trends in the aerospace,
manufacturing, land transport, marine, building and civil
engineering, chemical industry, electrical/electronic
telecommunications sectors.
INDIA
Accession no.850511
44
Item 53
Composites International
No.50-51, March/June 2002, p.30-2
French; English
NATURAL FIBRES: MATERIALS OF THE
FUTURE?
Harris T
Kline & Co.Inc.
The trend towards increased interest in natural fibrereinforced plastics is discussed, with reference to the
North American market, and in particular, the automotive
and construction industries. Current estimates are reported
to place the North American market for natural fibres in
plastic composites at over 150 million US dollars, and a
recent market study by Kline & Co. shows demand for
both wood and agricultural fibres is forecast to increase
over 20% per year in automotive applications and 50%
annually in selected building products.
NORTH AMERICA
Accession no.850509
Item 54
Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials
15, No.2, March 2002, p.89-114
MELT RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR OF SHORT
SISAL FIBRE REINFORCED POLYPROPYLENE
COMPOSITES
Joseph P V; Oommen Z; Joseph K; Thomas S
St.Berchmans College; Kottayam,CMS College;
Mahatma Gandhi,University
The melt rheological properties of short sisal fibrereinforced PP composites were investigated by capillary
rheometry. The effects of shear rate, fibre loading, aspect
ratio and fibre treatment, such as alkali, TDI, maleic
anhydride and permanganate treatment, on the melt
viscosity of the composites were examined and a
comparison made between two techniques for making the
composites, namely melt mixing in a Haake Rheocord
and solution mixing in toluene and xylene. Optical
microscopy was employed to analyse fibre breakage
during extrusion and optical microscopy and scanning
electron microscopy were used to study extrudate
morphology. 38 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.850426
Item 55
Plasticheskie Massy
No.7, 2001, p.39-41
Russian
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF WOODPOLYMER COMPOSITES
Sangalov Yu A; Krasulina N A; Ilyasova A I
The preparation and physical properties such as moisture
absorption, acid resistance and heat resistance of
composites based on wood flour and polypropylene,
Accession no.849551
Item 57
Plast 21
No.105, Oct.2001, p.164-5
Spanish
OPENING DOORS TO REINFORCED PLASTICS
Trends in the European market for reinforced plastics in
1999 are reviewed, and some developments in composites
processing and applications are examined. These include
processes for the production of glass and carbon fibrereinforced thermoplastic pipes and tubes and of large
composite structures, and the use of natural fibrereinforced PU composites in car construction.
DARMSTADT,TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY; AUDI
AG; DAIMLERCHRYSLER AG
EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN
UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.849038
Item 58
Composites Science & Technology
62, No.3, 2002, p.339-53
MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF HYBRID
PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE-BASED
COMPOSITES REINFORCED WITH GLASS
AND OIL PALM FIBRES
Sreekala M S; George J; Kumaran M G; Thomas S
Accession no.848943
Item 59
Plastics Technology
48, No.3, March 2002, p.15
KENAF NATURAL FIBER STIFFENS LUMBER
PROFILES
Kenaf natural plant fibre is used as a filling in the latest
version of TexDek PP synthetic wood decking planks
from Kenaf Industries of the USA, we are informed in
this concise article. Brief details of the reasons for the
selection of kenaf are given.
KENAF INDUSTRIES; DAVIS-STANDARD CORP.;
COLORTRONIC INC.
USA
Accession no.848839
Item 60
Composites Science & Technology
62, No.5, 2002, p.669-78
THERMOELASTIC ANISOTROPY OF A
NATURAL FIBRE
Cichocki F R; Thomason J L
Owens-Corning Science & Technology Center
45
Accession no.848803
Item 61
Modern Plastics International
32, No.3, March 2002, p.40-1
EQUIPMENT OVERCOMES SOME KNOTTY
PROBLEMS
Rose J
New feeders and blenders for processing wood flour for
the manufacture of wood composites are described.
Machinery from Colortronic Inc., K-Tron and Conair is
covered and includes a high-intensity spray tank for
cooling extruded wood composite parts and loss-in-weight
gravimetric blenders.
COLORTRONIC INC.; K-TRON; CONAIR
USA
Accession no.848709
Item 62
Iranian Polymer Journal
10, No.6, Nov./Dec.2001, p.377-83
DYNAMIC PROPERTIES AND SWELLING
BEHAVIOUR OF BAMBOO FILLED NATURAL
RUBBER COMPOSITES: EFFECT OF BONDING
AGENT
Ismail H; Edyham M R; Wirjosentono B
Sains Malaysia,University; Medan,Universitas
Sumatera Utara
The effect of filler loading and bonding agent on the
dynamic properties and swelling behaviour of bamboo
fibre-filled NR composites was studied. Bamboo fibre
was used as a filler and the loading range was 0 to 50 phr.
Dynamic properties were determined using a Monsanto
moving die rheometer at 150C. The results obtained
showed that the maximum elastic torque and minimum
elastic torque increased with increasing filler loading and
the addition of bonding agent. The viscous torque and
tan delta, however, decreased with addition of bonding
agent. For swelling behaviour, the water absorption of
the composites increased with increasing filler loading
but decreased with the addition of bonding agent. The
presence of bonding agent was found to improve the
adhesion between bamboo fibre and NR matrix, as
46
Accession no.848610
Item 63
Composites Science & Technology
62, No.1, 2002, p.17-27
PERFORMANCE OF COMPOSITE CONES
UNDER AXIAL COMPRESSION LOADING
Khalid A A; SAhiri B B; Khalid Y A
Malaysia,International Islamic University;
Putra,University
The load/displacement response and the energy absorption
of cotton- and glass fibre-reinforced epoxy composite
cones under axial compression was studied. Composite
cones with semi-vertex angles of 5, 10 and 20 degrees
and with fibre orientation angles of 90 or 80 degrees were
used. A finite element analysis for cones of the same
dimensions and materials was also carried out. The load
required and the specific energy absorption for glass/
epoxy cones were higher than those for cotton/epoxy
cones for all the cases studied. For both glass/epoxy and
cotton/epoxy cones, there was a slight increase in the load
capability and the energy absorption when the fibre
orientation angle was 80 degrees rather than 90 degrees.
When the cone angle was increased from 5 to 20 degrees,
all the composite cones tested could withstand higher
loads and the specific energy absorption was improved.
Reasons for the differences observed between the
experimental and finite element analysis results were
discussed. 18 refs.
MALAYSIA
Accession no.848130
Item 64
Polymer Preprints. Volume 42. Number 2. Fall 2001.
Proceedings of a conference held Chicago, Il., 7th-11th
April 2002.
Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry,
2001, p.73-4
NATURAL FIBRE REINFORCED THERMOSET
COMPOSITES: STUDIES ON FIBRE-MATRIX
ADHESION OF ALIGNED HENEQUEN FIBRE
EPOXY COMPOSITES
Belcher L K; Drzal L T; Misra M; MohantyA K
Michigan,State University
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
Natural/bio-fibre composites (biocomposites) are mainly
price-driven commodity composites that have useable
structural properties at relatively low cost. Biocomposites,
derived from natural fibres and traditional thermoplastics
or thermosets, are not fully environmentally friendly as
the matrix resins are non-biogradable. However, these
types of biocomposites can maintain a balance between
economics and the environment allowing them to be
Accession no.847977
Item 65
Polymer Preprints. Volume 42. Number 2. Fall 2001.
Proceedings of a conference held Chicago, Il., 7th-11th
April 2002.
Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry,
2001, p.31-2
ENVIRONMENTALLY BENIGN POWDER
IMPREGNATION PROCESSING AND ROLE OF
NOVEL WATER BASED COUPLING AGENTS IN
NATURAL FIBRE-REINFORCED
THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITES
Drzal L T; Mohanty A-K; Misra M
Michigan,State University
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
The usual extrusion and injection moulding processing
techniques most widely accepted for the production of
natural fibre thermoplastic composites require an
environmentally benign manufacturing alternative, as the
fibres are damaged during the usual accepted processing
techniques. Powder impregnation technology is an
environmentally benign manufacturing processing and is
gaining ground as a novel processing in composite field.
This process markedly reduces/eliminates volatile organic
compounds, and is thus an eco-friendly processing.
Besides the processing side, an attempt is made to replace
E-glass fibres with biofibres. However the selection of a
petro-based matrix, i.e. PP, under this research programme
is based on the fact that the development of commercial
product ecology-economy-technology should be
balanced. On a cost/performance basis, natural fibrereinforced PP composites are competing well with existing
E-glass fibre based composites in many applications. As
natural fibres are hydrophilic and PP is hydrophobic,
suitable surface treatment is needed to improve fibrematrix adhesion so as to obtain superior composites.
Water-based surface treatment is a realistic and costeffective way to achieve biocomposites of commercial
value. Through the suitable blending of surface treated
bast and leaf fibres, mechanical properties, such as
Accession no.847955
Item 66
Polymer Preprints. Volume 42. Number 2. Fall 2001.
Proceedings of a conference held Chicago, Il., 7th-11th
April 2002.
Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry,
2001, p.23-4
NATURAL FIBRE REINFORCEMENT OF
POLYMERIC COMPOSITES BY REACTIONINDUCED PHASE SEPARATION
Prieto A; Jana S C
Akron,University
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
In recent years, many natural fibre-filled polymer
composites have been reported. Thermosetting polymers
such as polyesters, epoxy, cyanate esters and
thermoplastic polymers such as PP, PE, PVC and PS have
been compounded with wood flour, wood pulp and
cellulose fibres to form composites. Despite of ongoing
research activities, many issues need to be resolved to
expand the use of natural fillers in polymer products for
diverse applications in automotive, aerospace and building
industries. One such issue is poor polymer-fibre bonding
in the final composites, mainly due to hydrophobic nature
of the polymers. Another issue is low decomposition
temperatures of natural fibres which seldom exceed 200220 deg.C. This precludes many engineering polymers,
whose processing temperatures often exceed 250 deg.C,
from consideration. New technologies, therefore, are
needed to reduce the gap between processing temperatures
of engineering polymers and decomposition temperatures
of natural fibres. A novel methodology is developed for
combining wood flour particles with a high temperature
thermoplastic polymer PPE with the aid of liquid epoxy.
The epoxy coating layers around wood flour particles
provide good adhesion and stronger interfaces with the
PPE phase. The composite material performs better than
many engineering polymer composites in terms of
mechanical properties. 11 refs.
USA
Accession no.847951
Item 67
Emerging Technologies for the New Millennium. SPE
Topical Conference held Montreal, Canada, 20th-21st.
Sept. 2001.
47
Accession no.847426
Item 68
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
83, No.2, 10th Jan.2002, p.323-31
NOVEL APPLICATIONS OF LIGNIN IN
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Thielemans W; Can E; Morve S S; Wool R P
Delaware,University
Novel uses of lignin as a filler or comonomer in
thermosetting unsaturated polyesters and vinyl esters were
investigated. The easiest way to introduce a new
component to an existing resin is by adding the
unmodified component as a filler, however the high
styrene content in commercially available thermosets
showed incompatibility with lignin. For this reason,
soybean oil based resins were used, as this gave the ability
to vary the styrene content. The use of lignin increased
the glass transition temperature, and the modulus at 20
degree C decreased due to the plasticising effect of lignin.
The lignin was modified to improve its effect on the matrix
properties by adding double bond functionality, making
it possible to incorporate the lignin in the resin through
free radical polymerisation. Lignin was used to treat the
surfaces of natural hemp fibres, as lignin has a natural
affinity for cellulosic fibres. The lignin bonds to the
surface of natural fibres and the irregular shape of the
lignin particles provides mechanical interlocking with the
matrix in composites. This improves the fibre-matrix
48
Accession no.846618
Item 69
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
83, No.12, 2002, p.2634-43
THERMAL DEGRADATION OF FLAX: THE
DETERMINATION OF KINETIC PARAMETERS
WITH THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS
Van de Velde K; Kiekens P
Ghent,University
Thermogravimetric analysis was used to study the thermal
degradation of flax that had either been retted to varying
degrees or boiled. The most retted flax was also treated
chemically to obtain elementary fibres. Thermograms were
obtained for samples of each flax preparation and used to
calculate the kinetics of cellulose degradation. TGA could
not be used to quantify the different components of flax
because the degradation is spread over a wide temperature
range. However, the mass loss around peak 2 of the TGA
curves proved to be proportional to the amount of cellulose
present in the flax. Both the fully retted and boiled fibres
showed the best thermal stability. The boiled fibres are most
promising for use in composites, as ecological alternatives
to traditional reinforcing fibres, because they provide better
adhesion with a thermoplastic matrix. 9 refs.
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.846599
Item 70
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
83, No.12, 2002, p.2505-21
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD
FLAKE-POLYETHYLENE COMPOSITES. II.
INTERFACE MODIFICATION
Balasuriya P W; Ye L; Mai Y-W; Wu J
Sydney,University; Hong Kong,University of Science
& Technology
The modification of composites made from wood flakes
and HDPE was studied. An HDPE matrix was treated with
maleic anhydride (MA) in a twin-screw extruder then
compounded with wood flakes. The wood flakes were
treated with a silane coupling agent before the preparation
of the composite. DSC and FTIR showed that a
polyethylene-silane-grafted wood structure was formed.
The MA treated composites contained esters formed by
maleated HDPE reacting with wood. Both of these effects
compatibilise the wood flakes with the HDPE: the treated
composites have improved tensile strength, ductility and
Izod impact strength. It was reported that the best
properties were achieved with 1-2% MA by weight of
HDPE and 1-3% silane by weight of wood. 25 refs.
AUSTRALIA; HONG KONG
Accession no.846586
Item 71
Polyurethanes Expo 2001. Creating Opportunity
through Innovation. Proceedings of a conference held
Columbus, Oh., 30th. Sept. - 3rd. Oct. 2001..
Arlington, Va., Alliance for the Polyurethanes Industry,
2001, Paper 29, p.239-244
NANO- AND MICRO-FILLERS FOR
POLYURETHANE FOAMS: EFFECT ON
DENSITY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Krishnamurthi B; Bharadwaj-Somaskandan S; Shutov F
Tennessee,Technological University
(American Plastics Council; Alliance for the
Polyurethanes Industry)
Item 73
Polymer Testing
21, No.2, 2002, p.139-44
BAMBOO FIBRE FILLED NATURAL RUBBER
COMPOSITES: EFFECTS OF FILLER LOADING
AND BONDING AGENT
Ismail H; Edyham M R; Wirjosentono B
Sains Malaysia,University; Indonesia,Universitas
Sumatera Utara
Bamboo fibre-reinforced NR(SMR L) composites were
prepared by incorporation of different loadings of bamboo
fibre (0-50 phr). Two series of composites were studied,
i.e. composites with and without the presence of a bonding
agent (phenol formaldehyde and hexamethylene
tetramine). The curing characteristics of the composites
were determined and the composites were vulcanised at
150C using a hot press. The properties of the composites,
such as TS, tensile modulus, tear strength, EB and
hardness, were studied. The adhesion between the bamboo
fibre and the NR was enhanced by the addition of bonding
agent as exhibited by the tensile fracture surfaces of the
composites using SEM. The presence of bonding agent
also gave shorter curing time and enhanced mechanical
properties. 18 refs.
INDONESIA; MALAYSIA
USA
Accession no.845964
Accession no.846298
Item 72
Composites Part A: Applied Science and
Manufacturing
33A, No.2, 2002, p.233-41
IMPACT FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF
VINYLESTER RESIN MATRIX COMPOSITES
REINFORCED WITH ALKALI TREATED JUTE
FIBRES
Ray D; Sarkar B K; Bose N R
Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science;
India,Central Glass & Ceramic Res.Inst.
An impact fatigue study was conducted on 35% jute/vinyl
ester resin composites containing both untreated and alkalitreated fibres. Longer alkali treatment removed the
hemicellulose and improved the crystallinity and gave
better fibre dispersion. The flexural strength properties of
the composites made from treated fibre were superior. Jute
fibres treated with alkali for four hours gave the optimum
combination of improved interfacial bonding and fibre
strength properties. This was not, however, reflected in their
impact fatigue behaviour. The composites reinforced with
jute fibres treated with alkali for eight hours, on the other
hand, exhibited superior impact fatigue properties. The
fibres in the latter case suffered catastrophic fracture with
microfibrillar pull-out at some places and improved the
fatigue resistance properties of the composites as evident
from SEM micrographs. 24 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.846111
Item 74
Plastics Additives & Compounding
4, No.2, Feb. 2002, p.8
COUPLING AGENT IMPROVES PROCESSING
AND PERFORMANCE OF WOOD-FILLED
COMPOUNDS
Crompton Corp.
This coupling agent, called Polybond, has been designed
for use in PE and PP wood/natural fibre filled compounds
and is available from Crompton Corp.
USA
Accession no.845230
Item 75
Polymer Composites
23, No.1, Feb. 2002, p.49-60
PRODUCTION OF LEATHER-LIKE
COMPOSITES USING CHEMICALLY
MODIFIED SHORT LEATHER FIBRES. I.
CHEMICAL MODIFICATION BY EMULSION
POLYMERISATION
Madera-Santana T J; Aguilar-Vega M J; MarquezLucero A; Vazquez-Moreno F
Yucatan,Universidad; Mexico,Centro de Investigacion
en Materiales Avanzados; Mexico,Universidad
Autonoma del Estado
Short chrome-tanned leather fibres were chemically
modified by in-situ emulsion polymerisation of methyl
methacrylate in order to increase their compatibility with
49
Accession no.845120
Item 76
Vinyltec 2001. Pushing Profitability. Conference
proceedings.
Iselin, N.J., 11th-12th Sept.2001, p.163-76
FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF WOOD AS A
COMPONENT OF THERMOPLASTIC
COMPOSITES
Stokke D D; Gardner D J
Iowa State University; Maine,University
(SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,Palisades Section)
Wood is a good cellular biopolymer. To effectively utilise
wood-based particles and fibres as fillers or
reinforcements in thermoplastic composites, a
fundamental understanding of the structural and chemical
characteristics of wood is required. An overview of these
topics is presented. Its basic characteristics of anatomy
and structure combine to impart variations in permeability,
bulk chemistry and surface chemistry. Characterisation
of particle size and shape, as well as surface tension
characteristics as indicators of wettability, become
important when trying to understand how these
biopolymeric materials behave when introduced into
synthetic polymer systems. Some recent work on the use
of contact angle analysis and inverse phase gas
chromatography as means to characterise these
interesting, variable and useful wood materials is
described. 14 refs.
USA
Accession no.845043
Item 77
Composites Part A: Applied Science and
Manufacturing
33A, No.3, 2002, p.369-74
STUDY OF FIBRE AND INTERFACE
PARAMETERS AFFECTING THE FATIGUE
BEHAVIOUR OF NATURAL FIBRE
COMPOSITES
Gassan J
Kassel,Universitat
The tension-tension fatigue behaviour of different
natural fibre reinforced plastics is investigated. The
composites used are made of flax and jute yarns and
wovens as reinforcements for epoxy resins, polyester
resins and PP. Fibre type, textile architecture, interphase
properties, fibre properties and content are found to
50
Accession no.844842
Item 78
Journal of Reinforced Plastics & Composites
20, No.16, 2001, p.1414-29
EFFECT OF VINYL AND SILICONE
MONOMERS ON MECHANICAL AND
DEGRADATION PROPERTIES OF
BIODEGRADABLE JUTE-BIOPOL COMPOSITE
Khan M A; Kopp C; Hinrichsen G
Berlin,Technical University
Composites of jute fabrics (Hessian cloth) and Biopol
are prepared by compression moulding. Three types of
Biopol (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) such
as D300G, D400G and D600G, depending on the
concentration of 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) in 3hydroxybutyrate (3HB) are used for this purpose.
Mechanical properties such as tensile strength (TS),
bending strength (BS), elongation at break (Eb) and
impact strength (IS) of the jute-Biopol composites are
studied. It is found that the composite with D400G
produces higher mechanical properties compared with
the other two types of Biopol. To increase mechanical
properties as well as interfacial adhesion between fibre
and matrix, 2-ethyl hydroxyacrylate (EHA), vinyl
trimethoxysilane (VMS) and 3-methacryloxypropyl
trimethoxysilane (MPS) are taken as coupling agents.
Enhanced mechanical properties of the composites are
obtained by using these coupling agents. Biopol D400G
composites show the highest mechanical properties.
Among the coupling agents EHA depicts the highest
increase of mechanical properties such as tensile strength
(80%), bending strength (81%), elongation at break
(33%) and impact strength (130%) compared with pure
Biopol. SEM investigations demonstrate that the
coupling agents improve interfacial adhesion between
fibre and matrix. The surface of the silanised jute is
characterised by FTIR and finds the deposition of silane
on jute fibre is observed. Soil degradation testing proves
that the composite prepared with EHA treated jute
exhibits better degradation properties in comparison to
pure Biopol. 24 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.844774
Item 79
Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials
14, No.5, Sept. 2001, p.421-32
INFLUENCE OF MOISTURE ABSORPTION ON
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD
FLOUR-POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES
Stark N
USDA Forest Products Laboratory
Composites were produced by filling a PP with 20 or 40
wt.% of wood flour and the influence of moisture
absorption on the mechanical properties of these
composites examined. Some specimens were placed in a
water bath at room temperature and their mechanical
properties tested periodically after removal from the water
bath. Mechanical properties investigated were flexural,
tensile and impact properties. It was found that more
moisture was absorbed by the wood flour at the higher
filler level, which, in turn, affected the mechanical
properties of the composites. 8 refs.
USA
Accession no.843943
Item 80
Composites Science & Technology
61, No.16, 2001, p.2519-29
THERMAL AND DYNAMIC MECHANICAL
ANALYSIS OF POLYSTYRENE COMPOSITES
REINFORCED WITH SHORT SISAL FIBRES
Nair K C M; Thomas S; Groenineckx G
Mahatma Gandhi,University; Leuven,Catholic
University
The thermal behaviour of PS composites reinforced with
short sisal fibres is studied by means of thermogravimetric
and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The thermal
stability of the composites is found to be higher than that
of sisal fibre and the PS matrix. The effects of fibre loading,
fibre length, fibre orientation and fibre modification on the
dynamic mechanical properties of the composites are
evaluated. Fibre modifications are carried out by
benzoylation, polystyrene maleic anhydride coating and
acetylation of the fibre and the treatments improve fibrematrix adhesion. PS/sisal composites are thermally more
stable than unreinforced PS and sisal fibre. The addition of
10% fibre considerably increases the modulus but the
increase is found to level off at higher fibre loadings. The
Tg values of the composites are lower than that of
unreinforced PS and may be attributed to the presence of
some residual solvents in the composites entrapped during
the composite preparation. The treated-fibre composites
show better properties than those of untreated-fibre
composites. The Arrhenius relationship is used to calculate
the activation energy of the glass transition of the
composites. A master curve is constructed based on timetemperature superposition principle. 23 refs.
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
INDIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.843446
Item 81
Composites Science & Technology
61, No.16, 2001, p.2405-11
NATURAL-FIBRE-REINFORCED
POLYURETHANE MICROFOAMS
Bledrzej A K; Zhang W; Chate A
Kassel,Universitat; Riga,Technical University
PU-based composites reinforced with woven flax and jute
fabrics are prepared with an evenly distributed microvoid
foam structure. The relationship between the resin-filled
grade and the microvoid content and the density is
described. The influence of the type of reinforcing fibre,
fibre and microvoid content on the mechanical properties
is studied. The investigation results for the static
mechanical properties of the composites are described by
approximate formulae. It is found that the specific data
are only slightly dependent on microvoid content.
Increasing the fibre content induces an increase in the
shear modulus and impact strength. However increasing
the microvoid content in the matrix results in decreased
shear modulus and impact strength. The woven flax fibre
results in composites with better mechanical strength than
the woven jute fibre composites. 23 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
LATVIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.843435
Item 82
Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials
13, No.6, April 2001, p.481-96
INSTRUMENTED PERFORATION IMPACT
RESPONSE OF POLYPROPYLENE
COMPOSITES WITH HYBRID
REINFORCEMENT FLAX/GLASS AND FLAX/
CELLULOSE FIBRES
Benevolenski O I; Karger-Kocsis J; Mieck K-P;
Reussmann T
Institut fuer Verbundwerkstoffe GmbH; Thueringisches
Institut fuer Textil- & Kunststoff-Forschung eV
The effect of partially replacing flax with discontinuous
cellulose (Lyocell) and discontinuous glass fibre on the
impact properties of flax mat-reinforced PP composites
was investigated by means of dynamic mechanical
thermal analysis and standard Charpy impact strength and
biaxial penetration impact tests. An attempt was made to
correlate instrumented falling weight impact and Charpy
impact results and the mode of failure of the composites,
as determined by scanning electron microscopy,
considered. 12 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.842900
Item 83
Revista de Plasticos Modernos
81, No.538, April 2001, p.467-75
Spanish
51
POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES
REINFORCED WITH VEGETABLE FIBRES: AN
ECOLOGICAL ALTERNATIVE FOR THE
AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
Arribas J M; Navarro J M; Perea J M; Rial C
Repsol-YPF
A comparative study was made of the mechanical and
thermal properties of PP composites reinforced with short
sisal and glass fibres, and the effects of fibre content and
coupling agents on these properties were investigated. The
results suggested sisal fibres as an effective replacement
for glass fibres in PP composites for automotive
applications. 39 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.842574
Item 84
Advanced Composites Letters
10, No.5, 2001, p.229-36
EFFECT OF TRANSCRYSTALLINITY ON THE
INTERFACE OF GREEN FLAX/
POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Zafeiropoulos N E; Baillie C A; Mathews F L
London,Imperial College of Science,Technol.& Med.
In recent years there has been an increasing interest in
using natural fibres as potential reinforcements for
polymers. The introduction of fibres such as flax in a
semicrystalline thermoplastic matrix such as isotactic PP
(iPP) has been shown to lead to the development of
transcrystallinity. The presence of an anisotropic layer
such as transcrystallinity in the composite material may
in turn have a profound effect on the mechanical behaviour
of the interface. The role of transcrystallinity is
investigated in green flax/iPP by means of fragmentation.
The results are discussed in terms of previously reported
results for treated flax fibres (dew retted)/iPP.
Transcrystallinity leads to a stronger interface in green
flax/iPP, and its thickness affects the interfacial strength,
with thinner transcrystalline layers giving a stronger
interface. Examination of the mode of failure at the
interface after the fragmentation test also supports the
conclusion that the transcrystalline interface is stronger
than the spherulitic interface in green flax/iPP composites.
24 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.842051
Item 85
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
83, No.4, 24th Jan.2002, p.880-8
SUGARCANE BAGASSE REINFORCED
PHENOLIC AND LIGNOPHENOLIC
COMPOSITES
Paiva J M F; Frollini E
Sao Paulo,University
52
Accession no.842043
Item 86
British Plastics and Rubber
Oct. 2001, p.14-5
THE NATURAL ALTERNATIVE TO GLASS
Research being conducted at Demag Ergotech into the
reinforcement of plastics with natural fibres, mainly hemp
and flax fibres, for injection moulding is briefly discussed.
The advantages and limitations of these natural fibre
reinforced plastics are briefly considered and other
research and development projects being conducted at the
company are indicated.
DEMAG ERGOTECH
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.841712
Item 87
Journal of Elastomers & Plastics
33, No.1, Jan. 2001, p.34-46
POTENTIAL OF RUBBERWOOD AS A FILLER
IN EPOXIDIZED NATURAL RUBBER
COMPOUNDS
Ismail H
Sains Malaysia,University
This study is concerned with evaluating the potential
of using rubber wood as a filler in epoxidised natural
rubber compounds. Loading ranges of 0 to 50 phr were
investigated with respect to the influence on curing
characteristics and mechanical properties. Results
indicated that the scorch and cure times decreased with
an increasing rubber wood loading. Tensile modulus
and hardness of the composites increased with rubber
wood loading, whereas tensile strength and tear
strength decreased. The failure mechanism of the
Accession no.840559
Item 88
Polymer Composites
22, No.6, Dec. 2001, p.815-22
INTERFACIAL ADHESION IN JUTEPOLYOLEFIN COMPOSITES
Tripathy S S; Levita G; Di Landro L
Ravenshaw College; Pisa,University; Milan,Politecnico
The interfacial adhesion is studied between four different
forms of jute fibres used as reinforcement in polyolefin
matrices. Mercerised, silver, bleached and untreated jute
in LDPE and PP matrices were investigated in terms of
mechanical performance. The fibre-matrix adhesion was
estimated by means of the critical fibre length, and the
stress transfer ability parameter, with such parameters
being obtained by single fibre composite tests. Tests were
carried out to evaluate the mean tensile strength of the
fibres, the mean critical fibre lengths, and the stress
transfer ability parameter for every fibre-matrix
combination according to Weibulls statistical method.
Thermal-mechanical characterisation of the fibres was
also carried out to evaluate the resistance to processing
conditions. 29 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; INDIA;
ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.840491
Item 89
Polymer Composites
22, No.6, Dec. 2001, p.770-8
NOVEL ECO-FRIENDLY BIODEGRADABLE
COIR-POLYESTER AMIDE BIOCOMPOSITES:
FABRICATION AND PROPERTIES
EVALUATION
Rout J; Misra M; Tripathy S S; Nayak S K;
Mohanty A K
Ravenshaw College; Michigan,State University;
India,Central Institute of Plastics Engng.& Tech.
The results are discussed of different chemical surface
modifications carried out on coir fibres in order to improve
its efficiency as a reinforcement in polyesteramide. The
fibres were surface modified through alkali treatment,
cyanoethylation, bleaching and vinyl grafting. The effects
of different fibre surface treatments and the influence of
differing fibre amounts on the mechanical performance
of the resultant composites is examined. 13 refs.
Item 90
Polymer Recycling
6, No.2-3, 2001, p.109-18
MODIFICATION OF RECYCLATES OF
POLYETHYLENE AND POLY(VINYL
CHLORIDE) WITH SCRAP PAPER CELLULOSE
FIBRES
Kowakska E; Pelka J
Poland,Industrial Chemistry Research Institute
Compositions of secondary LDPE and PVC filled with
scrap paper cellulose fibres as a filler were evaluated
to establish the formulation and to determine an
optimum filler content. To evaluate the resulting
compositions, and to optimise the formulations,
physico-mechanical studies, biodegradability and
processing of the compositions was carried out.
Resultant thermoplastics are reported to exhibit high
rigidity and hardness with a good surface finish and
good mechanical property data sufficient for intended
end-uses such as flower pots, rubbish bins, buckets,
curbs and fence elements, etc. Preliminary economic
analysis indicated that the most suitable cellulose filler
was in the form of scrap newspapers or office waste.
34 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.840464
Item 91
Polymer Preprints. Volume 41. Number 2. Conference
proceedings.
Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.1792-3
CHARACTERISATION OF PLANT FIBRES BY
INFRA-RED SPECTROSCOPY
Garside P; Wyeth P
Southampton,University
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
The application of IR spectroscopy with respect to
the characterisation of cellulosic (plant) fibres is
demonstrated. The ability to characterise fibres is of
importance to textile conservators, as this information
aids in the determination of the age and origin of the
artefact from which they are taken, and may influence
the choice of treatment. The fibres under examination
are taken largely from the bast group (flax, hemp, jute
and ramie); in addition, sisal and cotton are compared.
FT-IR microspectroscopy and ATR techniques are
employed. To complement the conventional use of
these methods, the inherent polarisation effects of the
equipment are exploited to record polarised IR
spectra. Jute, sisal and cotton are readily
differentiated, but flax, hemp and ramie prove more
difficult to distinguish. Peak ratio techniques are
applied in the latter case. 2 refs.
INDIA; USA
Accession no.840487
Accession no.840045
53
Item 92
Journal of Materials Science Letters
20, No.18, 15th Sept.2001, p.1711-3
INFLUENCE OF NOVEL COUPLING AGENTS
ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF JUTE
REINFORCED POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITE
Khan M A; Hinrichsen G; Drzal L T
Berlin,Technical University; Michigan,State University
Modern technology relies heavily on the development of
new materials having superior properties, such as
mechanical and thermal properties along with toughness.
Fibre-reinforced composites have successfully proven
their versatile qualities due to their specific properties,
e.g. high mechanical properties, stiffness, light weight,
etc. The potential of natural fibre-based composites
prepared mainly from jute as reinforcing fibre in polymer
matrix has received much attention. Jute fibres are polar
and of hydrophilic nature due to the presence of several
hydroxyl groups in their cellulosic backbone. However,
this is the most important disadvantage of using natural
fibre in non-polar polymer like PP. Selection of proper
coupling agents is important to improve the fibre-matrix
interaction. The effects of two monomers, HEMA and
EHA, used as coupling agents on the performance of jute
fabric (hessian cloth) PP composite, are reported. 7 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.839846
Item 93
Japan Chemical Week
42, No.2150, 6th Dec.2001, p.4
SEKISUI CHEMICAL IN SYNTHETIC LUMBER
ALLIANCE WITH U.S. FIRM
Sekisui Chemical of Japan and the US technology
development venture Strandics have signed an agreement
concerning the production of synthetic wood using a
thermoplastic resin (HDPE or PVC) and a vegetable fibre.
Brief details are given.
SEKISUI CHEMICAL; STRANDICS
JAPAN; USA
Accession no.839028
Item 94
Kunststoffe Plast Europe
91, No.12, Dec.2001, p.29-33
English; German
ECOLOGICAL BENEFICIAL COMPOSITES
Hieber G; Kohler R; Alex R
Schock & Co.GmbH; Reutlingen,Fachhochschule
We are told that world-wide interest in the use of natural
fibres in engineering applications is increasing, and the
environmental and engineering advantages of the
materials are explained. This article then looks at
reinforcing PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate)
thermosetting resins with flax fibres under the section
54
Accession no.838991
Item 95
Journal of Materials Science
36, No.20, 15th Oct. 2001, p.4903-9
PREPARATION, PROCESSING AND
CHARACTERIZATION OF BIODEGRADABLE
WOOD FLOUR/STARCH-CELLULOSE
ACETATE COMPOUNDS
Cunha A M; Liu Z Q; Feng Y; Yi X-S; Bernardo C A
Minho,Universidade; Hangzhou,Zhejiang University
Details are given of the compounding of wood flour and
a starch-cellulose acetate blend of a configurable corotating twin screw extruder. The compounds were
injection moulded and the mechanical and rheological
properties of the mouldings were determined. The effect
of the wood flour content on shear viscosity is discussed.
13 refs.
CHINA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
PORTUGAL; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.838729
Item 96
Materials World
9, No.8, Suppl., Aug.2001, p.2
EUROPEAN NETWORK FOR SUSTAINABLE
COMPOSITES
A new network has been launched in the UK to promote
the development of sustainable composite materials,
which are composites manufactured from renewable and
sustainable resources such as natural fibres, which employ
environmentally-sensitive fabrication processes and
biodegrade at the end of their lives. Full details are
provided of the new network, called the Sustainable
Composites Network, and its proposed strategy.
WARWICK MANUFACTURING GROUP;
WARWICK,UNIVERSITY; WALES,UNIVERSITY;
UK,SUSTAINABLE COMPOSITES NETWORK;
EUROPEAN SCIENCE FOUNDATION
EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN
UNION; GERMANY; SPAIN; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.838619
Item 97
Rubber and Plastics News 2
23, No.4, 19th Nov.2001, p.3
NEW TIRE FEATURES STARCH DERIVATIVE
Accession no.838586
Item 98
Polymer Composites
22, No.5, Oct.2001, p.680-9
FLOW-INDUCED FIBER ORIENTATION IN
INJECTION MOLDED FLAX FIBER
REINFORCED POLYPROPYLENE
Aurich T; Mennig G
Chemnitz,Technical University
A thorough experimental study of flax fibre orientation
in a plate processed by injection moulding was conducted.
The material used was PP containing 30 wt % flax fibres
and 2 wt % maleic anhydride-grafted PP as coupling
agent. The state of orientation was described by
orientation tensors and partly by frequency distribution
diagrams. Composite stiffness was predicted by use of a
modified classical laminate theory including
unidirectional models and orientation averaging.
Comparison of the measured and calculated modulus in
tension showed good agreement. 23 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.838269
Item 99
Journal of Reinforced Plastics & Composites
20, No.4, 2001, p.335-40
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE AND TENSILE
PROPERTIES OF EPOXY/POLYCARBONATE
BLEND COATED BAMBOO FIBRES
Rajulu A V; Rao G B; Reddy R L; Sanjeevi R
Sri Krishnadevaraya University; India,Central Leather
Research Institute
The resistance of the above coated fibres to acids, alkalis
and solvents and their tensile properties were investigated.
It was found that the coated fibres exhibited higher tensile
strength than uncoated fibres and were resistant to acids
and alkalis but their solvent resistance was minimal. 13
refs.
INDIA
Accession no.838108
Item 100
Journal of Reinforced Plastics & Composites
20, No.4, 2001, p.321-34
Accession no.838107
Item 101
International Polymer Science and Technology
28, No.11, 2001, p.T/55-6
STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF ACYLATED
LIGNIN ON THE PHYSICOMECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF WOOD BASED COMPOSITES
Efanov M V
Altai,State University; Russia,Scientific Research
Institute of Wood-Filled Thermoplastics
Experiments are carried out to determine the properties
of acylated lignin and cellulose and mixtures thereof,
when used as thermoplastic binders in wood composites
for the production of wood-based boards. The study
involves the identification of the dependence of certain
physicomechanical properties of wood-based composite
on the quantitative ratio of binder and filler when acylated
lignin and cellulose are used as the thermoplastic binders
5 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.3,
2001, pp.29).
RUSSIA
Accession no.838064
Item 102
Plastics News(USA)
13, No.40, 3rd Dec.2001, p.13
ONAGA OFFERS WOOD-FLOUR PE, PP
Esposito F
Onaga Composites in Kansas is a new compounder that
will begin producing wood-flour-filled PE and PP
compounds in January. The firm will operate a twin-screw
extrusion line with 15 million pounds of annual capacity
and wood-flour loadings of up to 60%. Onaga expects to
have 30 employees by Q1 2002 and could add a second
similar-sized twin-screw extruder in Q1 as well. First-
55
Accession no.837966
Item 103
Additives for Polymers
Dec.2001, p.9
SHORT SISAL FIBRES AS A REINFORCEMENT
FOR BIODEGRADABLE POLYESTER PBS
Details are provided in this article about investigations
carried out at the Chiba Institute of Technology in Japan
into the reinforcement of polybutylene succinate (PBS),
a biodegradable polyester, with natural sisal fibres, with
the aim of developing a fully degradable composite with
superior mechanical properties. Materials used and
method are detailed, and the Institutes results are
presented.
CHIBA,INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; JAPAN; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.836384
Accession no.836813
Item 104
Polymers & Polymer Composites
9, No.8, 2001, p.549-60
EFFECT OF KENAF FIBRES ON THE
PROPERTIES OF NATURAL RUBBER
VULCANIZATES
El-Sabbagh S H; El-Hariri D M; El-Ghaffar M A A
Cairo,National Research Centre
The mechanical properties and swelling behaviour of
natural rubber vulcanisates loaded with kenaf fibres were
studied using hydrated silica, resorcinol and
hexamethylene tetramine as the adhesion system, and are
compared with those of NR composites loaded wit
synthetic polyester short fibres. The effect of fibre content
on these mechanical properties were also studied before
and after ageing, and scanning electron microscopy was
used to investigate the surface texture of unreinforced and
reinforced vulcanisates. 23 refs.
EGYPT
Accession no.836554
Item 105
Journal of Macromolecular Science B
40, No.3-4, 2001, p.529-38
THERMAL CHARACTERIZATIONS OF WOOD
FLOUR/STARCH CELLULOSE ACETATE
COMPOUNDS
Liu Z Q; Cunha A M; Yi X S; Bernardo C A
Minho,Universidade; China,National Key Laboratory
of Advanced Composites
56
Item 106
Polymer Engineering and Science
41, No.9, Sept.2001, p.1471-85
REVIEW ON INTERFACE MODIFICATION AND
CHARACTERIZATION OF NATURAL FIBER
REINFORCED PLASTIC COMPOSITES
George J; Sreekala M S; Thomas S
Eindhoven,University of Technology; Mahatma
Gandhi,University
A critical review is presented of the literature on physical
and chemical treatment methods that improve fibre-matrix
adhesion in natural fibre-reinforced plastic composites
and on their characterisation methods. The chemical
modification methods include silane treatments,
isocyanate treatment, graft copolymerisation and
impregnation of fibres. The characterisation methods
include inverse gas chromatography, X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy, environmental SEM, energy-dispersive Xray analysis, solid-state carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy,
atomic force microscopy and micromechanical studies.
Biodegradation of these composites is also discussed. 102
refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; INDIA;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.836147
Item 107
Composites Part A: Applied Science and
Manufacturing
33A, No.1, 2002, p.43-52
EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AGEING ON
Accession no.835056
Item 108
Composite Interfaces
8, No.5, 2001, p.313-43
SURFACE MODIFICATIONS OF NATURAL
FIBRES AND PERFORMANCE OF THE
RESULTING BIOCOMPOSITES: AN OVERVIEW
Mohanty A K; Misra M; Drzal L T
Michigan,State University
A review of biocomposite highlighting recent studies and
developments, in natural fibres, biopolymers and various
surface modifications of natural fibres to improve fibre
matrix adhesion is presented. One of the most important
factors determining the final performance of the
composite materials is the quality of the fibre matrix
interface. A sufficient degree of adhesion between the
surface of hydrophilic ligno-cellulosic natural fibres and
the polymer matrix resin is usually desired to optimum
performance of the biocomposite. Dewaxing, alkali
treatment, isocyanate treatment, peroxide treatment, vinyl
grafting, bleaching, acetylation and treatment with
coupling agents are useful ways to improve fibre-matrix
adhesion in natural fibre composites. Two major areas of
biocomposites are discussed. One is the most predominant
biocomposite currently being commercialised for semistructural use in the durable goods industries, i.e. natural
fibre PP composites. The second type is the biocomposites
Accession no.835049
Item 109
European Plastics News
28, No.9, Oct.2001, p.69-70
LONG STORY
Vink D
An increasing number of long-fibre reinforced
thermoplastics and processes are available. Compounding
extruder manufacturer Coperion Werner & Pfleiderer and
injection moulding machinery maker Husky introduced
an in-line compounding process last year in a technical
joint venture. Now Krauss-Maffei is presenting its
injection moulding compounder (IMC) at K2001. Shot
weights can exceed 40kg and PP, ABS or PA can be
processed with long glass or natural fibres. An IMC would
cost about 2.5 times more than a standard injection
moulding machine, but the material savings should give
a payback within two years, the company claims. Press
manufacturer Dieffenbacher has supplied its presses for
ten direct LFT systems, including its complete LFT-D
lines. Customers include Menzolit-Fibron which
introduced the LFT development to replace a GMT frontend application for Volkswagen.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.834686
Item 110
Materials World
9, No.5, May 2001, p.24
BIOMASS GRASS MAKES FOR COMPOSTABLE
CARS
Thomas S M
Researchers at the University of Warwick are currently
developing innovative new applications for Miscanthus,
or elephant grass, namely biodegradable plastic car parts.
As a construction material, Miscanthus can be used in
fibreboards, such as MDF. For plastic wheel trims, short
fibres of the grass are used, which are blended by hand
mixing and then injection moulded to create the part. By
using Miscanthus as a structural filler, strength is given
to biodegradable plastics that were previously too weak
to be used in many car parts. Car parts made using
Miscanthus can be composted at the end of their life
instead of being put into a landfill.
WARWICK,UNIVERSITY
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.834608
57
Item 111
Plastics and Rubber Weekly
26th Oct.2001, p.24
INDUSTRY LISTENS TO THE SOUND OF
NATURAL FIBRES
Item 114
Composite Structures
54, No. 2-3, Nov./Dec. 2001, p.207-14
POLYPROPYLENE/WOOD FLOUR
COMPOSITES: TREATMENTS AND
PROPERTIES
Ichazo M N; Albano C; Gonzalez J; Perera R; Candal
MV
Simon Bolivar,Universidad; Venezuela,Universidad
Central
Accession no.834566
Item 112
Plastics and Rubber Weekly
26th Oct.2001, p.1
FORD/BMW ROLL OUT CORN TYRES
Ford had introduced tyres partly strengthened with a
modified cornstarch on its new Fiesta. BMW is about to
begin using them on a version of its 3-Series saloon. Both
OEMs have signed supply contracts to use Goodyears
energy-saving GT3 BioTred tyres, which include the
starch as a reinforcing filler. Goodyear developed the
system with Italian biomaterials firm Novamont. It
replaces some of the carbon black and silica reinforcement
in the tyre formulation. Goodyear claims the tyre cuts
fuel consumption by 5%, reduces rolling noise by 50%
and improves wet braking performance by 10% compared
with its GT2 tyre range. This abstract includes all the
information contained in the original article.
GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER CO.
USA
Accession no.834561
Item 113
Composite Structures
54, No. 2-3, Nov./Dec. 2001, p.355-60
THERMOPLASTIC PULTRUSION OF NATURAL
FIBRE REINFORCED COMPOSITES
Van de Velde K; Kiekens P
Ghent,University
The results are reported of an investigation into the use
of flax as reinforcement in thermoplastic pultruded
composites. The pultrusion line used in the experiments
is briefly described and candidate thermoplastic materials
are evaluated. The properties of flax fibre are described
and compared with those of glass fibres and the flexural
and tensile properties of flax/PP composites are compared
58
Accession no.832824
Item 115
Plastics Technology
47, No.7, July 2001, p.58/65
FOAMING EXPANDS POSSIBILITIES FOR
WOOD-FIBER COMPOSITES
Schut J H
It is explained that wood-filled plastic profiles are growing
quickly in non-structural wood-replacement applications
such as decking. But now processors of wood composites
are evaluating the newer alternative of foamed
composites, which are lighter in weight and feel more
like real wood. This article examines all the advantages
of foaming, the process and its difficulties, and extrusion
equipment and dies. It also presents a comprehensive list
of new foamed wood composite products.
AMERICAN WOOD FIBERS; ACCEL COLOR; BP
AMOCO POLYMERS; CLARIANT ADDITIVE
MASTERBATCHES; DAVIS-STANDARD CORP.;
EXTRUSIONTEK MILACRON; EXTRUTECH
INTERNATIONAL INC.; REEDY
INTERNATIONAL CORP.; SOLVAY POLYMERS
INC.; STRANDEX CORP.; ISO-TECK; US,NAVY;
WASHINGTON STATE,UNIVERSITY; MARLEY
MOULDINGS; EMPIRE CO.; SANDFORD CORP.;
MIKRON INDUSTRIES; CORRECT BUILDING
PRODUCTS; COUNTERTOPS INC.; LOUISIANA-
Accession no.832601
Item 116
Macplas International
May 2001, p.77-9
ALOE FIBRES FOR REINFORCEMENT OF
COMPOSITES
Carrino L
In this article the use of natural fibres from the aloe plant
as reinforcement for composite material is examined
fully. The article looks at figures for the annual
production of aloe fibre, at the types of fibre that the
aloe plant generates, and in depth at the mechanical
characteristics of aloe fibre. It also discusses the use of
aloe fibres in composites, and mentions hybrid
composites which can be achieved by coupling aloe
fibres within the same matrix to other fibres such as those
of glass, carbon, or aramide.
SYDNEY,UNIVERSITY
AUSTRALIA; BRAZIL; NORTH AMERICA; SOUTH AMERICA;
TANZANIA
Accession no.832550
Item 117
Composites International
No.46, July/Aug.2001, p.67-9
English; French
AGRICULTURAL WASTE-BASED COMPOSITES
Durafibre Inc. is a joint venture company owned by
Cargill Ltd., the Government of Saskatchewan, and SaskCan Fibre Inc., which is a farmer-owned co-operative.
The company produces Durafibre and Durafill which
are natural fibres derived from agricultural waste such as
oilseed-flax straw, most of which would otherwise be
burned as the only means of disposal. This article explains
the benefit of this alternative, and of the materials
themselves.
DURAFIBRE INC.; CARGILL LTD.;
SASKATCHEWAN,GOVERNMENT; SASK-CAN
FIBRE INC.
CANADA; NORTH AMERICA; WORLD
Accession no.832528
Item 118
Composites International
No.46, July/Aug.2001, p.64-6
English; French
NATURAL FIBRES
This article discusses the use of natural fibre-reinforced
composite materials in automotive applications, reporting
that up until now they have been used exclusively for
interior components. The article highlights current
developments where researchers and designers are
working on using them in exterior components too. It
concludes that natural fibres as reinforcement material in
these applications are just beginning a very promising
career.
DAIMLERCHRYSLER CORP.; AUDI AG; BAYER
AG
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.832527
Item 119
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
82, No.9 28th Nov.2001, p.2150-4
SOLID-STATE CARBON-13 NMR STUDY OF
MATERIAL COMPOSITES BASED ON
SUGARCANE BAGASSE AND
THERMOPLASTICS POLYMERS
Stael G C; Tavares M I B
Rio de Janeiro,Universidade Federal
Dried sugarcane fibre was ground to a length of 5 mm
and melt blended with poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate),
polypropylene and polyethylene. The blends were studied
using magic angle spinning (MAS) and cross-polarisation
MAS carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance
spectroscopy. The proton spin-lattice relaxation time in
the rotating frame indicated compatibility at the molecular
level. 25 refs.
BRAZIL
Accession no.832434
Item 120
Macromolecular Symposia
170, June 2001, p.157-64
POLY(ETHYLENE-CO-METHACRYLIC ACID)
COPOLYMER AS AN EFFECTIVE
COMPATIBILIZER OF LDPE/WOOD FLOUR
COMPOSITE
Sedlackova M; Lacik I; Chodak I
Bratislava,Polymer Institute
The mechanical properties of a ternary system
comprising low density polyethylene (LDPE),
poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) copolymer
(EMAA), and wood flour (WF) were studied. To
obtain better understanding of the mutual interactions
between the components, binary LDPE/EMAA and
EMAA/WF blends were also studied, and the results
59
Accession no.831765
Item 121
Journal of Materials Science Letters
20, No.12, 15th June 2001, p.1125-6
EFFECTS OF THE REMOVAL OF MATRIX
SUBSTANCES AS A PRETREATMENT IN THE
PRODUCTION OF HIGH STRENGTH RESIN
IMPREGNATED WOOD BASED MATERIALS
Yano H; Hirose A; Collins P J; Yasaki Y
Kyoto,University; Sekisui House Ltd.; CSIRO;
Monash,University
The strength of resin-impregnated wood can be improved
by the removal of the weaker consituents of the wood
matrix, mainly lignin and hemicellulose, prior to resin
impregnation. Hoop pine veneers were treated with 1%
sodium chlorite solution alone, sodium hydroxide solution
alone, or sodium chlorite solution followed by sodium
hydroxide, before impregnation with phenol
formaldehyde resin. The mechanical properties of the
resulting materials were determined. It was found that
improvements of Youngs modulus and bending strength
in the final materials were in the order of 40% for sodium
chlorite alone, 20% for sodium hydroxide alone, and 48%
for both. The use of 2% sodium chlorite solution caused
the wood veneers to become too fragile for impregnation.
5 refs.
AUSTRALIA; JAPAN
Accession no.831673
Item 122
Gummibereifung
77, No.3, March 2001, p.124-5
REVOLUTIONARY ENVIRONMENTAL
CONCEPT
Mutz K
Engineers at the worlds largest tyre producer are reported
to have made a sensational breakthrough: the first efficient
tyre with integrated ecological materials is on the market.
The natural product corn starch mostly replaces the
additive carbon black in the tread compound of the new
summer tyre GT-3. Thus Goodyear has succeeded in
contributing significantly to reducing CO2 emissions,
60
Accession no.831589
Item 123
International Polymer Science and Technology
28, No.9, 2001, p.T/70-7
MODIFICATION OF THERMOPLASTIC
POLYMERS WITH WASTEPAPER CELLULOSE
FIBRES. PART 1- PVC COMPOSITIONS FILLED
WITH WASTEPAPER CELLULOSE FIBRES
Pelka J; Kowalska E
The use is examined of used cellulose from waste paper
as a filler in compositions based on primary PVC as well
as recycled PVC. Using this method, new compositions
are obtained that are cheaper than the virgin polymer, but
with altered and improved properties for particular
applications. The use of coupling agents, processing aids,
and compatibilisers is discussed in order to increase the
interaction between the cellulose and the polymer matrix.
Mechanical and processing properties of PVC filled with
a cellulose filler can be controlled by suitable selection
of their composition. 17 refs. (Article translated from
Polymery, No.3, 2001, p.201)
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.831547
Item 124
Chemical Marketing Reporter
260, No.10a, 10th Sept.2001, p.6
DOW SEEKS TO BOOST SALES OF WHEAT
STRAW AND PU MATERIALS
Brown R
Dow Chemical is hoping to build its current niche in the
wood composites market by advancing the use of
composites made from wheat straw and PU resin.
Although sales are small, the company is seeking to build
the business to 100m US dollars over the next five to 10
years. Earlier this year, the company purchased Canadabased Isobord Enterprises, a manufacturer of composite
panels made from wheat straw and PU resin. Dow is
marketing the building panels under the name Woodstalk.
Leading applications for the product will be in
construction, ready-to-assemble furniture and floor
underlay.
DOW CHEMICAL CO.
NORTH AMERICA
Accession no.831470
Item 125
Plastics and Rubber Weekly
21st Sept.2001, p.10
Accession no.831464
Item 126
European Plastics News
28, No.5, May 2001, p.38
RECYCLING ACCOMPLISHED IN THREE
STEPS
Lear, one of Europes two main producers of natural fibre
composites, has developed a technique to recycle natural
fibres so that they can be used again for automotive parts.
The three-step process involves reducing the flax-PP carrier
part to small pieces; the second is the separation of the
flax-PP from fabric foam granules; the final one is the
injection moulding of granulated flax-PP with additives to
improve mechanical properties and reduce odour.
LEAR CORP.
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.831396
Item 127
European Plastics News
28, No.5, May 2001, p.37-8
NATURAL SELECTION
The renewability and environmentally friendly qualities
of natural fibres have led to their increased use in composite
applications, particularly in the European automotive
industry. Only a small fraction of composite waste can be
recycled, the rest must be incinerated. Incorporating natural
fibres in the composites can reduce the impact of
incineration, because they only release as much CO2 as
the plant absorbed when it was growing. Natural fibres
can also be chemically recycled back to raw materials.
However, European environmental legislation is
threatening the use of natural fibres in composites. The
ELV directive sets recycling quotas of 80% by 2007 and
85% by 2015, allowing feedstock recycling to raw materials
only in exceptional cases. AKV has asked the German
federal environment ministry to interpret the directive to
allow feedstock recycling and energy recovery as
equivalent to recycling for renewable materials.
WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.831395
Item 128
Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe
54, No.9, 2001, p.474-6
RICE HUSK ASH IN POLYSILOXANE
COMPOUNDS
Sereda L; Pereira H L; Reis Nunes R C; Visconte L L
Y; Guimaraes Furtado C R
Rio de Janeiro,Universidade Federal; Rio de
Janeiro,Universidade do Estado
Black rice husk ash was used as an alternative filler to
silica in silicone rubber and the physicomechanical
properties (tensile strength, tear strength, elongation at
break, hardness and density) of the filled rubber
investigated. Scanning electron microscopy was used to
examine fracture surfaces of the filled rubber. It was found
that the black rice husk ash filled rubber exhibited a tensile
strength similar to silica filled rubber although tear
strength was lower. 12 refs.
BRAZIL
Accession no.830511
Item 129
Iranian Journal of Polymer Science & Technology
14, No.1, May 2001, p.31-8
Persian
EFFECT OF ALPHA-CELLULOSE FIBRE ON
THE PROPERTIES OF MELAMINEFORMALDEHYDE MOULDING COMPOUNDS
Khatibi M A; Beheshti M A; Morshedian J
Iran,Polymer Institute
The effect of alpha-cellulose fibre on the mechanical
properties, wettability and gloss of the above moulding
compounds was investigated. It was found that alphacellulose had no effect on mechanical properties but a
significant effect on the wettability and gloss of the
moulding compounds. 14 refs.
IRAN
Accession no.830310
Item 130
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
81, No.6, 8th August 2001, p.1420-8
IMPACT BEHAVIOR OF SAWDUST/RECYCLEDPP COMPOSITES
Li TQ; Ng CN; Li RKY
Hong Kong,University
A fracture mechanics study was conducted using
instrumented Izod and Charpy tests to characterise the
dynamic impact fracture behaviour of various percentages
of sawdust wood flour reinforced polypropylene
composites. Two batches of recycled polypropylene were
used as the matrix, one with maleated propylene (MAPP)
compatibiliser grafted by melt extrusion. It was found
that the notched Izod strength and fracture energy of the
MAPP containing composites increased with filler content
in contrast with the unmodified polypropylene
61
Accession no.830238
Item 131
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
81, No.6, 8th August 2001, p.1333-40
PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON THE USE OF
MODIFIED ALCELL LIGNIN AS A COUPLING
AGENT IN THE BIOFIBER COMPOSITES
Rozman H D; Tan K W; Kumar R N; Abubakar A
Sains Malaysia,University
The compatibility and interfacial bond strength between
naturally hydrophilic lignocellulosic materials and
hydrophobic thermoplastics is inherently poor. Toluene
diisocyanate (TDI) modified lignin was used as a
coupling agent between oil palm empty fruit bunch fibres
and polypropylene. As a control, unmodified lignin/PP
was also evaluated. The materials were mixed and then
hot pressed into sheet for the production of cut tensile
and flexural test specimens. Scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) was used to study the morphology
of both modified and unmodified compounds. Test
results demonstrated that the mechanical properties of
TDI modified compounds were superior to the
unmodified equivalent and SEM showed that the
modification also resulted in better blending and
compatibility between the lignin and polypropylene
matrix. Full compounding and test procedures are given
with detailed results. 13 refs.
MALAYSIA
Accession no.830229
Item 132
Polymer Testing
20, No.7, 2001, p.819-23
DYNAMIC VULCANIZATION OF
RUBBERWOOD-FILLED POLYPROPYLENE/
NATURAL RUBBER BLENDS
Ismail H; Salmah; Nasir M
Penang,Universiti Sains Malaysia
The effect of increasing sulphur content, and from this
the degree of vulcanisation, in a dynamically vulcanised
thermoplastic elastomer of polypropylene and natural
rubber with a filler of rubber wood fibre was investigated.
Mixing was carried out in a miniature twin rotor mixer,
and the tensile properties, water absorption and
morphology of the resultant compounds were examined.
A reduction in water absorption and increase in Youngs
modulus and flexural modulus with increasing degree of
vulcanisation and crosslink density were reported.
Compared to a blend that did not contain sulphur, all
62
Accession no.830223
Item 133
Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.
Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 609
FOAMING OF RIGID PVC/WOOD-FLOUR
COMPOSITES THROUGH A CONTINUOUS
EXTRUSION PROCESS
Mengeloglu F; Matuana L M
Michigan,Technological University
(SPE)
The influence of chemical foaming agent (CFA) type
and concentration, and the use of an all-acrylic
processing aid, on the density and cell morphology of
extrusion foamed poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/wood flour
composites was investigated. The foaming agents were
modified azodicarbonamide (exothermic) and sodium
bicarbonate (endothermic). The foamed materials were
characterised by density and cell size measurement. The
density was not influenced by the CFA content, whilst
the cell size was dependent upon the CFA type, the
exothermic CFA giving smaller average cell sizes
compared with the endothermic agent. Addition of the
processing aid gave foams with densities comparable to
those of neat rigid PVC, and offered the possibility of
producing rigid PVC/wood-flour composite foams
without the use of CFA. 19 refs.
USA
Accession no.830041
Item 134
Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.
Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 608
STUDIES ON THE FOAMABILITY OF RIGID
PVC/WOOD-FLOUR COMPOSITES
Matuana L M; Mengeloglu F
Michigan,Technological University
(SPE)
The influence of crosslinked acrylic and un-crosslinked
chlorinated polyethylene impact modifiers on the
foamability of rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and
rigid PVC/wood flour composites was investigated.
The materials were dry-blended, extruded using a
single-screw extruder, and compression moulded into
panels. Samples were placed in a CO2 atmosphere at
5.52 MPa, and sorption and desorption determined
gravimetrically. Microcellular foamed samples were
prepared by saturating the materials with CO2 at 5.52
MPa for 2 d, then rapidly reducing the pressure and
simultaneously increasing the temperature. The cellular
materials were characterised by density measurement,
and cell size determination by scanning electron
microscopy. The presence of impact modifiers
Accession no.830040
Item 135
Polymers & Polymer Composites
9, No.5, 2001, p.333-8
POLY(BUTYLENE SUCCINATE) COMPOSITES
REINFORCED WITH SHORT SISAL FIBRES
Shibata M; Makino R; Yosomiya R; Takeishi H
Chiba,Institute of Technology
This report describes an investigation into polybutylene
succinate reinforced with sisal fibres for the development
of a fully biodegradable composite with superior
mechanical properties. The influence of fibre length, fibre
content and surface treatment of the fibres on the
mechanical properties of the composite were evaluated.
18 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.829664
Item 136
Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology
7, No.3, Sept.2001, p.142-8
FOAMING OF RIGID PVC/WOOD-FLOUR
COMPOSITES THROUGH A CONTINUOUS
EXTRUSION PROCESS
Mengeloglu F; Matuana L M
Michigan,Technological University
The effects of chemical foaming agent(CFA) type
(endothermic versus exothermic) and concentrations as
well as the influence of an all-acrylic processing aid on
the density and cell morphology of extrusion-foamed neat
rigid PVC and rigid PVC/wood flour composites were
studied. Regardless of CFA type, the density reduction of
foamed rigid PVC/wood flour composites was not
influenced by the CFA content. The cell size, however,
was affected by the CFA type, independent of CFA
content. Exothermic foaming agent produced foamed
samples with smaller average cell sizes compared with
those of endothermic counterparts. The experimental
results indicated that the addition of an all-acrylic
processing aid in the formulation of rigid PVC/wood flour
composite foams provided not only the ability to achieve
density comparable with that achieved in the neat rigid
PVC foams but also the potential to produce rigid PVC/
wood flour composite foams without using any chemical
foaming agents. 19 refs.
USA
Accession no.829657
Item 137
Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology
7, No.3, Sept.2001, p.138-41
Accession no.829656
Item 138
Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology
7, No.3, Sept.2001, p.134-7
PVC WOOD: A NEW LOOK IN CONSTRUCTION
Chetanachan W; Sookkho D; Sutthitavil W;
Chantasatrasamy N; Sinsermsuksakul R
Thai Plastic & Chemicals
The use of PVC wood, which includes PVC foam and
PVC/wood flour composite, as an alternative to wood
and wood-like products is discussed. Compared with
traditional products, the PVC wood is shown to exhibit
improved termite resistance and weathering resistance,
lower moisture absorption and ease of installation. It is
demonstrated that PVC wood can be nailed, screwed,
sawed, cut and bonded like wood by conventional tools
without any special skills being required. The bending
strength of PVC wood is lower, but it can still be used
for decorative applications, i.e. cornices, doors and
siding. 5 refs.
THAILAND
Accession no.829655
Item 139
Polymer Testing
20, No.8, 2001, p.885-93
THERMOPLASTIC POLYMERS: OVERVIEW
OF SEVERAL PROPERTIES AND THEIR
CONSEQUENCES IN FLAX FIBRE
REINFORCED COMPOSITES
Van de Velde K; Kiekens P
Ghent,University
An overview is given of the properties, particularly the
mechanical, physical and thermal properties, of a range
of thermoplastics polymers, the aim being to provide
guidance on selection of a suitable polymer for a specific
application. Many of the properties are shown to be
63
Accession no.829640
Item 140
Polymer Testing
20, No.8, 2001, p.869-72
IMPACT BEHAVIOR OF SUGARCANE
BAGASSE WASTE-EVA COMPOSITES
Stael G C; Tavares M I B; dAlmeida J R M
Rio de Janeiro,Universidade Federal; Rio de
Janeiro,Pontificia Universidade Catolica
The impact properties of chopped bagasse-EVA matrix
composites were evaluated and compared with the
behaviour of bagasse-filled PP and PE matrix composites
and wood-based materials. The volume fraction (0.13,
0.30, 0.48, 0.59) and size (less than 3 mm, 3-5 mm and
20-30 mm) of the chopped bagasse used as filler was
varied. The results obtained showed that the incorporation
of bagasse strongly reduced the deformation capacity of
EVA polymer. The reduction of the deformation capacity
of the composites was also inferred by solid-state NMR
relaxation analysis. The impact strength was independent
of the bagasse size, but varied with the volume fraction.
It was shown that the mechanical performance of bagasseEVA composites could be tailored, as a function of the
volume fraction, to reproduce the behaviour of woodbased particle boards. 13 refs.
BRAZIL
Accession no.829637
Item 141
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
81, No.8, 22nd August 2001, p.1971-84
REACTIVE EXTRUSION OF
POLYCAPROLACTONE COMPOUNDS
CONTAINING WOOD FLOUR AND LIGNIN
Nitz H; Semke H; Landers R; Mulhaupt R
Albert-Ludwigs,University
Woodflour and lignin were added to biodegradable
polycaprolactone by melt compounding in a Werner &
Pfleiderer twin-screw extruder. Maleic anhydride-grafted
polycaprolactone was used as a compatibiliser. Size
exclusion chromatography and titration were used to
characterise the graft copolymers formed. Mechanical and
biodegradation properties were examined. Some
retardation of the latter was found. 19 refs.
64
Accession no.829463
Item 142
Composites Part A: Applied Science and
Manufacturing
32A, No.9, 2001, p.1271-9
NATURAL FIBRE REINFORCED SHEET
MOULDING COMPOUND
Van Voorn B; Smit H H G; Sinke R J; de Klerk B
Wageningen,University
A newly developed system enabling utilisation of short
flax fibres for SMC production is described. It is shown
that by using an evenly-distributed layer of short dried
flax fibres, after controlled impregnation and maturation,
a homogeneous flow of the prepreg in the mould is
obtained, and accordingly a flax fibre-reinforced SMC
can be produced. Mechanical data indicate that for
applications designed with respect to stiffness, flax fibrereinforced SMC materials compete with glass fibre SMC,
especially when fibre length exceeds 25 mm. 12 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.829091
Item 143
European Design Engineer
Oct.2001, p.17-9
FINDING A NATURAL SOLUTION TO THE
PROBLEM OF VEHICLE DISPOSAL
Stevens P
For many years, automotive manufacturers have followed
routes that have led to significant weight reductions, but
now they are having to rethink their strategies due to the
additional requirement to consider the vehicles eventual
disposal. It is reported that natural fibres are looking
extremely promising as a replacement for many
engineering materials.
AUSTRALIA; WORLD
Accession no.828967
Item 144
Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.
Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 545
NATURAL FIBER REINFORCED
POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES - AN
APPROACH ON THERMOFORMING
PROCESSING
Neto O P R; Giacomini N P
Mercedes-Benz do Brasil; Sao Paulo,University
(SPE)
Jute fibre-reinforced polypropylene (PP) sheet was
produced by calendering a non-woven jute mat of 6 mm
thickness between two sheets of PP of 9 mm thickness.
Composite and pure PP sheets were compared by
Accession no.828870
Item 145
Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.
Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 507
CPI IN-LINE COMPOUNDING SYSTEMS
Voelker M J; Weber C D
Composite Products Inc.
(SPE)
A patented in-line compounding system, based on the use
of two screw extruders, for the preparation of long fibre
(glass, carbon or natural fibre) reinforced thermoplastics
is described. One extruder blends the thermoplastic with
other additives and brings the material up to the required
melt temperature, feeding it to the second extruder. This
extruder is fed with the chopped fibre, and has a gentle
screw action to warm the fibre and disperse it in the melt,
minimising fibre size reduction. The second extruder feeds
an accumulator which supplies preforms to the
compression moulding machine. The process offers
advantages of: reduced screw wear; reduced thermal
degradation, as the polymer is only heated once; ability
to use custom formulations; in-line recycling; ability to
produce custom colours; just in time compounding;
reduced inventories; reduced packaging (raw materials
delivered in bulk, using return double packaging); uniform
fibre content; reduced energy consumption; process
versatility; and cost reduction. 7 refs.
USA
Accession no.828832
Item 146
Plastiques Flash
No.316, Feb./March 2001, p.38/43
French
EXTRUDING WOOD
Developments in the extrusion of plastics profiles
containing up to 80% or more of wood fibres are reviewed
on the basis of a symposium organised in Vienna by
Cincinnati Extrusion in the summer of 2000. Extruders
developed by Cincinnati Extrusion and Davis-Standard
for the processing of these materials are described.
FASALEX; JRS; PROPOLYTECH; DAVISSTANDARD; CINCINNATI EXTRUSION GMBH
AUSTRIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.828691
Item 147
Polymer Composites
22, No.4, Aug.2001, p.568-78
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND
MORPHOLOGY OF FLAX FIBER REINFORCED
MELAMINE-FORMALDEHYDE COMPOSITES
Hagstrand P O; Oksman K
Chalmers,University of Technology; Swedish Institute
of Composites
Non-woven flax fibre mat-reinforced and particulatefilled melamine-formaldehyde(MF) composites
processed by compression moulding were studied and
compared with a similar MF composite reinforced with
glass fibres. Using flax instead of glass fibres had a rather
negative effect on tensile performance. The difference
was, however, relatively small and, if density and
material cost were taken into account, flax fibres became
competitive. Tensile damage was quantified from the
stiffness reduction during cyclic straining. Compared
with glass fibres, flax fibres generated a material with a
significantly lower damage rate. From SEM, it was found
that microcracking took place mainly in the fibre cell
walls and not at the fibre-matrix interface. This indicated
that the fibre-matrix adhesion was high. The materials
were also compared using dynamic mechanical thermal
analysis and water absorption measurements. 37 refs.
EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.827668
Item 148
Polymer Composites
22, No.4, Aug.2001, p.518-27
JUTE FELT COMPOSITE FROM LIGNIN
MODIFIED PHENOLIC RESIN
Sarkar S; Adhikari B
Indian Institute of Technology
Raw and dewaxed jute felt composites were prepared with
resol- and lignin-modified phenol-formaldehyde resin. Four
different types of lignin-modified resins were used by
replacing phenol with lignin. The lignin-modified resins were
prepared from purified lignin obtained from paper industry
waste black liquor. IR spectroscopic studies of jute felts and
composites were carried out to investigate the bonding
between jute and resin. The thermal stability of the
composites was studied by DSC and TGA. It was found that
the lignin resin jute composite was thermally more stable
than the resol composite. X-ray diffraction of jute felt and
composite showed that the crystallinity of the jute fibre
increased after composite preparation. The lignin resin
composites were tested for water absorption and thickness
swelling and it was found that the results were comparable
with those of resol jute composite. Composites prepared from
lignin phenol-formaldehyde resin with up to 50% phenol
replacement showed 75% TS retention. 73 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.827664
65
Item 149
International Polymer Processing
16, No.2, June 2001, p.100-7
TWIN SCREW COMPOUNDING OF PE-HD
WOOD FLOUR COMPOSITES
Wang Y; Chan H C; Lai S M; Shen H F
Tunghai,University; Chinese Culture University;
Taichung,Plastics Industry Development Centre
The compounding of wood flour-filled PE was
examined with reference to co-rotating twin-screw
extruders from two manufacturers. An acrylic acidgrafted PE copolymer was used as the compatibiliser
in HDPE-wood flour composite system. Particular
attention was paid to the compounding of the heat- and
shear-sensitive wood flour. The relevant screw
configuration was found to consist of short mixing
length with low intensity of shearing. A suitable
combination of process variables was necessary for
limiting the thermal degradation of the wood filler, but
tensile properties of the composites were not much
affected. Furthermore, the allowable range of
processing temp. was limited and there was an upper
limit of rotating speed and a lower limit of throughput
rate within which the darkening of wood filler in the
composites was acceptable. The processing window
was also experimentally constructed in terms of the
degree of darkening of wood composites. 24 refs.
TAIWAN
Accession no.827621
Item 150
Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.
Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 492
WOOD FILLED HIGH CRYSTALLINITY
POLYPROPYLENE
Jacoby P; Sullivan R; Crostic W
BP Amoco Polymers
(SPE)
The properties of wood flour-filled polyethylenes (PE)
and polypropylenes (PP) were compared. The materials
tested were: PP homopolymer, high crystallinity PP, an
impact propylene copolymer, high density PE, and low
density PE, containing 20-60% pine wood flour. Maleated
PP or maleated PE were evaluated as compatibilisers in
some blends. Test samples were prepared by injection
moulding, and tensile strength measured at 23 C and 60
C, and flexural and impact strengths measured at ambient
temperatures. Tensile creep was measured at 23 C and 7
MPa, and at 60 C and 3.5 MPa. Samples were also tested
following immersion in water for various times up to 30
days. The PPs exhibited significantly higher stiffness,
strength and high temperature performance compared
with the PE-based materials, the high crystallinity PP
having the best performance. 2 refs.
USA
Accession no.827222
66
Item 151
Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.
Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 491
EFFECTIVENESS OF FUNCTIONALIZED
POLYOLEFINS AS COMPATIBILIZERS FOR
POLYETHYLENE/WOOD FLOUR COMPOSITES
Lai S-M; Yeh F-C; Yeh Wang; Chan H-C; Shen H-F;
Hsiao Y-K
Tunghai,University; Chinese Culture University;
Taichung,Plastics Industry Development Centre
(SPE)
High density polyethylene was compounded with wood
flour using a self-wiping, co-rotating twin-screw extruder,
and various maleic anhydride (MA)-grafted polyolefins
were evaluated as compatibilisers. The MA-grafted
polymers were: linear low density polyethylene (LLDPEg-MA), styrene-ethylene butylene-styrene block
copolymer (SEBS-g-MA), and polypropylene (PP-gMA). Tensile and impact test samples were prepared by
injection moulding, and the morphology of the fracture
surfaces was studied by scanning electron microscopy.
The highest tensile and impact strengths were achieved
using LLDPE-g-MA, with lower strength gains coming
from the use of SEBS-g-MA. Enhanced compatibility was
attributed to the compatibility between the HDPE matrix
and the LLDPE backbone of the compatibiliser, and with
enhanced interfacial bonding resulting from the chemical
reaction between MA and hydroxyl groups of the wood
flour. The notched impact strength decreased with
increasing PP-g-MA content. 10 refs.
TAIWAN
Accession no.827221
Item 152
Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.
Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 490
EFFECT OF COMPOUNDING CONDITIONS ON
THE WOOD FLOUR/POLYETHYLENE
COMPOSITES IN TWIN-SCREW EXTRUDERS
Yeh Wang; Chan H-C; Lai S-M; Shen H-F; Hsiao Y-K
Tunghai,University; Chinese Culture University;
Taichung,Plastics Industry Development Centre
(SPE)
The influence of processing parameters on the properties
of wood flour-filled polyethylene, compounded using corotating twin-screw extruders was investigated. Polymer
pellets and poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) compatibiliser
were blended prior to feeding into the extruder. The wood
flour was introduced at the mid-extruder position to
minimise thermal and shear degradation. Two extruders
were used, the experimental variables being: screw
configuration, throughput rate, screw speed, and barrel
temperature profile. The prepared materials were
characterised by measurement of tensile strength and
tensile modulus, determination of fibre length reduction,
assessment of bonding by scanning electron microscopy,
and determination of darkening due to thermal
Accession no.827220
Item 153
Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.
Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 460
DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXTRUSION SYSTEM
FOR FINE-CELLED FOAMING OF WOODFIBER COMPOSITES USING A PHYSICAL
BLOWING AGENT
Zhang H; Rizvi G M; Lin W S; Guo G; Park C B
Toronto,University
(SPE)
The use of wood fibre filler, combined with a cellular
structure, to reduce cost and increase the mechanical
properties of thermoplastics was investigated. An
extrusion system was developed for material preparation,
consisting of two extruders working in tandem. In the
first extruder the plastic and wood fibre were
compounded, moisture being vented in vapour form at
the junction between the two extruders. In the second
extruder the dry material was blended with a physical
blowing agent, passed through a static mixer, then
homogeneously cooled to enhanced melt strength, before
extrusion through a nucleation die with cooling to freeze
the surface layer of the extrudate. Trials were conducted
using high density polyethylene, softwood fibre (50% less
than 125 micrometre, with an addition of 0-40 wt%),
modified polyethylene coupling agent, CO2 physical
blowing agent (0-4 wt%) and talc as the nucleating agent.
The system operated successfully, attributed to the
combination of uniform mixing, improved bonding and
effective moisture removal. The cell morphology was
dependent upon the system configuration, and was
strongly influenced by the coupling agent. Increasing the
CO2 content had little effect on the cell morphology, but
increased the volume expansion ratio and decreased the
minimum foaming temperature. Reducing the fibre
content enhanced the cell morphology. 58 refs.
CANADA
Accession no.827190
Item 154
Composites Science & Technology
61, No.10, 2001, p.1437-47
EFFECT OF FIBER TREATMENT ON THE
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
UNIDIRECTIONAL SISAL-REINFORCED
EPOXY COMPOSITES
Accession no.826932
Item 155
Composites International
No.45, May/June 2001, p.24
French; English
NATURAL-FIBRE-REINFORCED PU FOR SOFT
TRIM PARTS
Using natural fibre mats as reinforcement for PUR
systems makes it possible to reduce both the weight of
parts and the cost of manufacturing. In the automotive
industry, side doors along with their soft trim
components are considered as safety parts. For these
trim parts, Bayer has developed new PU systems that
are marketed under the Baypreg brand name. Hennecke
provides complete custom-built production facilities
under the name NafpurTec.
BAYER AG; HENNECKE GMBH
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.826731
Item 156
Composites International
No.45, May/June 2001, p.22-3
French; English
SIGNIFICANT PENETRATION INTO THE
AUTOMOTIVE MARKET
Today, several types of plant fibre are in use in the
automotive industry including flax, hemp, jute, sisal,
kenaf, wood or grain-based products. The most
commonly used thermoplastic binder is PP, although
many PU applications are emerging. Natural materials
offer several advantages such as no net carbon dioxide
release, 40% less weight compared with glass fibre and
production consumes one-fifth the energy of glass fibre
production. DaimlerChrysler will fit the new MercedesBenz Travego travel coach with a natural fibrereinforced engine and transmission casing as standard
equipment, the first natural fibre-reinforced vehicle
exterior component to go into series production.
WORLD
Accession no.826730
67
Item 157
BLOWING AGENTS AND FOAMING PROCESSES
CONFERENCE 2001. Proceedings from a conference
held Frankfurt, 13th-14th March 2001.
Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2001, Paper 2. 012
ADVANTAGES OF THE USE OF CHEMICAL
FOAMING AGENTS IN WOOD-PLASTIC
COMPOSITES
Luebke G
Clariant Masterbatch GmbH & Co.OHG
(Rapra Technology Ltd.)
The growing market for wood-plastic composites is
discussed with some statistics for the North American
market. The benefits in using chemical foaming agents in
wood-plastic composites are examined, with particular
reference to the following points: material and cost savings,
consistent process control, nucleating effects which can
solve the moisture problems, improvement of mechanical
properties, and improved compatibility between
hydrophilic wood and hydrophobic plastics. 12 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
NORTH AMERICA; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.826073
Item 158
Journal of Materials Science Letters
20, No.11, 1st June 2001, p.1017-9
FLEXURAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
PIASSAVA FIBERS (ATTALEA FUNIFERA) RESIN MATRIX COMPOSITES
Aquino R C M P; DAlmeida J R M; Monteiro S N
Norte Fluminense,Universidade Estadual; Rio de
Janeiro,Pontificia Universidade Catolica
Fibres from the piassava palm (attalea funifera) were
evaluated as suitable reinforcement for orthophthalic ester
resin. Waste fibres from broom production were collected
and composites fabricated by moulding and curing. Fibre
loading varied from 30-50% by mass. The samples were
subjected to flexural testing and their stress at rupture
shown to increase with fibre loading. The flexural strength
was comparable to other natural fibre-reinforced
composites. 24 refs.
Accession no.825349
Item 160
Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology
7, No.2, June 2001, p.67-75
MICROCELLULAR FOAMING OF IMPACTMODIFIED RIGID PVC/WOOD-FLOUR
COMPOSITES
Matuana L M; Mengeloglu F
Michigan,Technological University
Solid-state microcellular foaming technology was used
to investigate the influence of impact modification on the
foamability of neat rigid PVC and rigid PVC/wood flour
composite samples. The effects of impact modifier types
(crosslinked versus uncrosslinked) and concentrations on
the void fraction of foamed samples were examined. The
influence of impact modification on the sorption
behaviour of carbon dioxide in the samples was also
studied. The experimental results indicated that impact
modification accelerated the rate of gas loss during the
foaming process, which impeded the growth of nucleated
cells, independent of modifier type. As a result of this
accelerated gas loss, impact modification inhibited the
potential of producing foamed samples with void fractions
similar to those achieved in unmodified samples. 26 refs.
USA
Accession no.825288
BRAZIL
Accession no.825922
Item 159
Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.
Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 253
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION INTO THE
USE OF WOOD FIBERS AS A FILLER IN THE
ROTATIONAL MOLDING OF POLYETHYLENE
McDowell G W G; Orr J F; Kissick J; Crawford R J
Belfast,Queens University; Auckland,University
(SPE)
The rotational moulding of polyethylene reinforced with
2.5-60 wt% wood fibre (waste sawdust and very fine wood
68
Item 161
International Journal of Polymeric Materials
48, No.4, 2001, p.461-75
WHITE RICE HUSK ASH FILLED NATURAL
RUBBER/LINEAR LOW DENSITY
POLYETHYLENE BLENDS
Ismail H; Nizam J M; Khalil H P S A
Universiti Sains Malaysia
NR/LLDPE blends were prepared using an internal mixer
at 150C and a rotor speed of 55 rpm. The TS, tensile
modulus and hardness increased with increasing LLDPE
content, while EB and mass swelling showed decreasing
trend. With 30/70 w/w NR/LLDPE blends, the increasing
Accession no.825028
Item 162
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
40, No.4, 2001, p.519-38
WHITE RICE HUSK ASH FILLED ETHYLENEPROPYLENE-DIENE TERPOLYMER/
POLYPROPYLENE BLENDS: EFFECT OF
DYNAMIC VULCANIZATION AND FILLER
LOADING
Siriwardena S; Ismail H; Ishiaku U S
Universiti Sains Malaysia
White rusk husk ash was incorporated into elastomer-rich
EPDM/PP blends and the effect of filler loading (0 to 60
pph) and dynamic vulcanisation were investigated using
mechanical properties and processability as indicators.
Mixing rheology of the blends based on Brabender torque
was also studied. The results obtained are presented and
discussed with particular reference to mixing torque,
stress-strain properties, TS, EB, stress at yield, moduli at
different strains, tear strength, compression set, hardness,
hysteresis, processability and recyclability. 26 refs.
MALAYSIA
Accession no.825002
Item 163
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
40, No.4, 2001, p.463-78
EFFECTS OF A COMPATIBILIZER AND A
SILANE COUPLING AGENT ON THE
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WHITE RICE
HUSK ASH FILLED POLYPROPYLENE/
NATURAL RUBBER BLEND
Ismail H; Mega L
Universiti Sains Malaysia
The effects of a compatibiliser, poly(propylene-ethylene
acrylic acid)(PPEAA), and a silane coupling agent, 3aminopropyltriethoxysilane(3-APE), on the properties of
white rice husk ash(WRHA)-filled PP/NR blends were
investigated. The incorporation of WRHA into PP/NR
blends improved tensile modulus but decreased TS, EB
and stress at yield. The improvement was due to better
filler dispersion and better filler-matrix interaction
through the surface modification of filler and matrix.
Water absorption increased with increasing filler loading,
but the presence of 3-APE and PPEAA affected the water
resistance of the composites. 18 refs.
MALAYSIA
Accession no.824998
Item 164
UTECH 2000. Proceedings of a conference held The
Hague, Netherlands, 28th-30th March 2000.
London, 2000, Automotive Session, Paper 3, pp.6, 012
INTERIOR TRIM PARTS FROM NATURAL
FIBRE MAT AND GLASS FIBRE
TECHNOLOGIES
Kleinholz R
Johnson Controls
(Crain Communications Ltd.; European Isocyanate
Producers Association)
Two new materials and processes for the manufacture of
door panels for the Daimler Chrysler class S and class
CLK cars are evaluated and compared. The materials are
Fibropur, a natural fibre mat with a PU binder, produced
by compression moulding, and LFI (Long Fibre Injection),
a PU rigid foam with cut glass fibres made by a foaming
technique. Reasons for the development of these materials
are outlined, the processes are described and the properties
of the two materials compared.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.824804
Item 165
Molecular Crystals & Liquid Crystals
Vol.353, 2000, p.95-108
COMPOSITES MADE FROM
LIGNOCELLULOSICS AND THERMOSET
POLYMERS
Aramguren M I; Marcovich N E; Reboredo M M
INTEMA
Preparation and testing of composites from a styrene/
unsaturated polyester thermoset matrix and wood flours
from different wood species was carried out. Studies were
carried out on Pine (Pino Eliottis), eucaliptus (Eucaliptus
Saligna) and marmelero (Ruprechia Laviflora), a softwood
and two semi-hard woods, respectively. The particles were
used untreated and chemically modified with maleic
anhydride. For the characterisation of untreated and treated
flours, thermogravimetric analysis and analytical
techniques were utilised. Dispersion of the fibrous particles,
in addition to maximum fibre concentration (accompanied
by complete wetting of the wood fibres) was dependent on
the treatment and on the wood species utilised. Bending
and compression tests suggested some improvement in the
performance of the composites, if the wood flour was
previously esterified. Changes in the fracture surfaces due
to maleic anhydride treatment of the fibres were observed
using scanning electron microscopy. 12 refs.
ARGENTINA
Accession no.824162
Item 166
Molecular Crystals & Liquid Crystals
Vol.353, 2000, p.85-94
69
Accession no.824161
Item 167
Molecular Crystals & Liquid Crystals
Vol.354, 2001, p.373-80
FLAMMABILITY OF COMPOSITES BASED ON
POLYPROPYLENE AND FLAX FIBERS
Helwig M; Paukszta D
Poznan,University of Technology
Details are given of the flammability of PP composites
with long flax fibres obtained by compression moulding.
Heat release rate and mass loss rate curves were
determined. Mechanisms of thermal decomposition and
combustion are discussed. 11 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.823855
70
Item 168
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
15, No.6, 2001, p.633-52
INTERFACIAL ADHESION IN SISAL FIBRE/SBR
COMPOSITES: INVESTIGATION BY THE
RESTRICTED EQUILIBRIUM SWELLING
TECHNIQUE
Kumar R P; Thomas S
Mahatma Gandhi,University
The degree of interfacial adhesion at the fibre-matrix
interface of short sisal fibre-reinforced SBR composites
was investigated using the restricted equilibrium swelling
method. The swelling behaviour of untreated composites
and composites treated with a two-component dry bonding
agent consisting of hexamethylene tetramine and
resorcinol was examined in a series of aromatic solvents,
including benzene, toluene and xylene. The influence of
fibre loading on the swelling behaviour of the composites
and the effects of fibre orientation, fibre loading, bonding
agent and variations in dimensions were evaluated and
the mechanical properties of the composites determined.
30 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.823098
Item 169
Composites Part A: Applied Science and
Manufacturing
32A, No.8, 2001, p.1105-15
EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
ON MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES OF FLAX FIBRES
Stamboulis A; Baillie C A; Peijs T
Imperial College of Science,Technology & Medicine;
London,University,Queen Mary & Westfield College
The environmental degradation behaviour and mechanical
properties of Duralin treated flax fibres were investigated
by moisture absorption measurements and tensile testing
and the results compared with those for untreated fibres.
Electrochemical experiments were also carried out to
evaluate the effect of Duralin treatment on the moisture
uptake of the flax fibres. The effects of moisture
absorption on mechanical properties and zeta potential
measurements are discussed as is the pH dependence of
the zeta potential measurements. 22 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.823014
Item 170
Composites Science & Technology
61, No.9, 2001, p.1303-10
INFLUENCE OF FIBRE TREATMENT ON THE
PERFORMANCE OF COIR-POLYESTER
COMPOSITES
Rout J; Misra M; Tripathy S S; Nayak S K; Mohanty A K
Accession no.822965
Item 171
Composites Science & Technology
61, No.9, 2001, p.1175-88
STRESS-RELAXATION BEHAVIOUR IN
COMPOSITES BASED ON SHORT OIL-PALM
FIBRES AND PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE
RESIN
Sreekala M S; Kumaran M G; Joseph R; Thomas S
India,Rubber Research Institute; Mahatma
Gandhi,University
A study was made of the stress relaxation of phenolformaldehyde resins reinforced with short oil-palm empty
fruit bunch fibres and hybrid composites composed of
oil-palm fibres and glass fibres. The effects of fibre
loading, fibre treatment, hybridisation with glass fibres,
physical ageing and strain level on stress relaxation
behaviour were examined and the rate of relaxation at
different time intervals was calculated in order to explain
gradual changes in relaxation mechanisms. 32 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.822959
Item 172
Macromolecular Symposia
Vol. 169, May 2001, p.211-22
NEW WATERBORNE EPOXY COATINGS
BASED ON CELLULOSE NANOFILLERS
Ruiz M M; Cavaille J Y; Dufresne A; Graillat C;
Gerard J-F
CNRS-INSA; Fourier J.,Universite; LCPP-CNRS;
laboratoire des Materiaux Macromoleculaires
Nanocomposites based on a waterborne epoxy emulsion
and a suspension of cellulose crystallites were prepared
by film casting in order to obtain coatings which displayed
both flexibility and stiffness. Typical processing problems
associated with this type of composite are related to high
viscosity values of filled polymers in the molten state,
the incompatibility between hydrophobic matrices and
hydrophilic cellulose, and the formation of hydrogen
bonds between cellulose of this type in an epoxy matrix.
Accession no.822664
Item 173
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
81, No.3, 18th July 2001, p.742-53
HYGROTHERMAL AGING AND TENSILE
BEHAVIOR OF INJECTION MOLDED RICE
HUSK-FILLED POLYPROPYLENE
COMPOSITES
Ishak Z A M; Yow B N; Ng B L; Khalil H P S A;
Rozman L C
Sains Malaysia,University
Rice husks are a widely available low cost waste product
of rice production and their potential suitability for
reinforcing polypropylene was studied. The effect of filler
volume fraction on tensile properties and kinetics of
hygrothermal ageing were evaluated using injection
moulded test pieces. It was found that the rice hush/
polypropylene compounds had improved tensile modulus
and strength but lower elongation and energy to break.
Moisture adsorption increased with filler volume and
ageing temperature and physical properties decreased
permanently with ageing time. Scanning electron
microscopy, used to investigate the failure mode, indicated
that reinforcement agglomeration had a detrimental
influence on the ultimate performance. Complete details
of the test procedures and results are given and the results
fully discussed. 24 refs.
MALAYSIA
Accession no.821957
Item 174
Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe
54, No.5, 2001, p.242-9
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND SWELLING OF
NATURAL RUBBER COMPOUNDS
CONTAINING RICE HUSK ASH
da Costa H M; Nunes R C R; Visconte L L Y;
Furtado C R G
Rio de Janeiro,Universidade Federal; Rio de
Janeiro,Universidade do Estado
The use of rice husk ash, as-received (RHA) or milled
(MHA), as a new type of filler for NR was investigated.
The physical properties of the NR vulcanisates involved
tensile, tear and abrasion resistance, hardness and resilience
were tested. The interaction between RHA and NR was
investigated by swelling in an organic solvent. The effect
71
Accession no.820511
Item 175
New Scientist
169, No.2274, 20th Jan.2001, p.1-4(insert)
PERFECT PARTNERSHIPS
Matthams T
Cambridge,University
This detailed article provides us with an in-depth
introduction to the world of composites, explaining how
materials which are weak and brittle can be turned into
tough, strong ones by selecting the right combination of
metals, fibres, plastics, and ceramics. Section headings
include: making the most of composites, controlling the
composite, ceramics take the heat, and learning from
nature. Two smaller insert articles are also included,
entitled The right stuff which discusses all kinds of
fibres, and Its a tough old world which points out
composites in the natural world.
BOEING; NASA; DAIMLERCHRYSLER
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SOUTH EAST
ASIA; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.818337
Item 176
British Plastics and Rubber
Nov.2000, p.13
PLASTIC WOOD EXTRUSION DIRECT FROM
THE COMPOUNDER
This small article highlights a new direct compounding
extrusion line for synthetic wood, from B&P of America,
which consists of a feeder for the wood, a twin-screw
compounder, a melt extruder with degassing unit, a melt
pump or discharge extruder, and die and downstream
equipment. Brief details are given.
B & P OF AMERICA; UNIPLEX MACHINERY
SALES; WTL INTERNATIONAL
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.818300
Item 177
Macromolecular Materials and Engineering
Vol.286, No.4, 30th April 2001, p.237-42
INFLUENCE OF FIBRE AND MATRIX
MODIFICATIONS ON MECHANICAL AND
72
Accession no.817757
Item 178
Journal of Materials Science Letters
20, No.5, 28th Feb.2001, p.477-9
IMPACT DAMAGE CLASSIFICATION ON JUTE
REINFORCED COMPOSITES
Santulli C; Cantwell WJ
Liverpool,University
Woven jute fibre-reinforced polyester resin laminates were
subjected to impact testing with energy up to 20J and impact
velocity up to 2 m/s. Some samples were then subjected to
tensile testing to failure, which occurred by matrix cracking
at the impact point but not delamination. Other damaged
samples were subjected to fatigue testing and the damaged
zones examined by optical microscopy. 7 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.817307
Item 179
Cellular Polymers
20, No.2, 2001, p.115-30
FACTORIAL DESIGN APPLIED TO THE
EXTRUSION FOAMING OF POLYPROPYLENE/
WOOD-FLOUR COMPOSITES
Matuana L; Li Q
Michigan,Technological University
A factorial design was performed to determine the
statistical effects of material compositions and extrusion
processing variables on the foamability of PP/wood flour
composites. The effect of variables on the void fraction
of foamed composite samples were analysed using Design
Expert software. 25 refs.
USA
Accession no.817289
Item 180
Popular Plastics and Packaging
46, No.5, May 2001, p.25-6
ALL STRENGTH NO BULK: NEW PROCESSES
AND FIBRES FOR REINFORCED PLASTICS
The European market for GRP increased by nearly 6% in
1999 to some 950,000 tonnes. It is estimated that
production volume for 2000 will have reached well over
one million tonnes for the first time. The TCP centrifugal
casting process has been shown to deliver end products
that meet narrow tolerance specifications at high fibre
volume fractions. Trial runs to date have used PP and
polyamide as the matrix, plus glass and carbon fibres as
the reinforcing materials. A fibre volume fraction of 5060% and non-porous laminates were achieved. The SLI
(single line injection) process is primarily a combination
of the RTM method and select elements of prepreg
technology. The use of natural fibres as a reinforcing
material in composite structures is discussed. Vehicle door
panels have been produced using a combination of natural
fibres and PU.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.816591
Item 181
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
40, No.2, 2001, p.205-15
ANALYSIS OF COST AND FLEXURAL
STRENGTH PERFORMANCE OF NATURAL
FIBRE-POLYESTER COMPOSITES
dAlmeida J R M
Rio de Janeiro,Pontificia Universidade Catolica
Natural fibre reinforced polyester matrix composite
materials are evaluated both for strength performance and
cost. The flexural strength of composites fabricated with
untreated chopped natural fibres is comparable only to
the performance of low-strength wooden agglomerates
and plywood. Nevertheless, it is shown that on a cost basis
the composites fabricated with high-strength natural fibres
can even compete with glass fibre-mat polyester matrix
composites. The primary constraint is to maintain
consistently low cost of the fibres. 28 refs.
BRAZIL
Accession no.816115
Item 182
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
40, No.2, 2001, p.103-15
EFFECT OF OIL EXTRACTION OF THE OIL
PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH ON THE
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
POLYPROPYLENE-OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT
BUNCH-GLASS FIBRE HYBRID COMPOSITES
Rozman H D; Tay G S; Kumar R N; Abusainah A;
Ismail H; Ishak Z A M
Accession no.816108
Item 183
Kunststoffe Plast Europe
91, No.4, April 2001, p.23-4
REPLACING ESTABLISHED PLASTICS .... BY
PP/FLAX COMPOUNDS IMPACT-MODIFIED
WITH PET FIBRES
Pflug G; Reinemann S
Thueringisches Institut fuer Textil- & KunststoffForschung eV
Research undertaken at the Thuringian Institute for Textile
and Polymer Research (TITK) into the production of PP/
flax compounds impact modified with PETP fibres, is
described. The toughness of PP/flax and PP/flax/
wollastonite composites can be increased using a hybrid
construction involving ductile high-strength PETP fibres.
The flax and the PETP component serving as the impact
modifier were incorporated in the form of chopped fibres.
Studies were performed using a co-rotating twin-screw
extruder. (Article translated from Kunststoffe 91 (2001)
4, pp.71-2)
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.815265
Item 184
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
80, No.11, 13th June 2001, p.1943-50
PHOTOAGING AND STABILIZATION OF RIGID
PVC/WOOD-FIBER COMPOSITES
Matuana L M; Kamdem D P; Jun Zhang
Michigan,Technological University; Michigan,State
University
Composite samples were prepared by dry blending
poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), wood fibre and other
processing additives in a high-intensity mixer, followed
by extrusion and compression moulding. Both
unpigmented and rutile-pigmented samples were
73
Accession no.814346
Item 185
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
80, No.14, 28th June 2001, p.2833-41
CONIFER FIBERS AS REINFORCING
MATERIALS FOR POLYPROPYLENE-BASED
COMPOSITES
Chengzhi Chuai; Almdal K; Poulsen L; Plackett D
Tianjin,Institute of Light Industry; Riso National
Laboratory; Lyngby,Technical University
The thermal and mechanical properties of polypropylene
(PP), reinforced with conifer fibres (waste from bleached
wood pulp board) were investigated. The fibre
compatibility was enhanced by either grafting with
maleated PP (MAPP), treatment by MAPP additions, or
by mixing with ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM)
terpolymer. MAPP grafting and MAPP treating gave
greater improvements in thermal properties,
processability, and tensile strength compared with EPDM
treatment, whilst EPDM gave greater improvements in
impact and tensile properties. 12 refs.
CHINA; DENMARK; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN
UNION; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.813725
Item 186
Materials Today
3, No.3, 2000, p.9
AEROSPACE APPROVALS SOON FOR
NATURAL FIBRE COMPOSITES
Natural fibre composites of thermoplastics and
thermosets, which have already been embraced by car
manufacturers, are shortly to be approved by the US
Federal Aviation Authority and the UK Civil Aviation
Authority for aerospace applications, it is announced in
this short article. Brief details are given.
US,FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION;
UK,CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY; KAFUS
BIOCOMPOSITES INC.; OWENS CORNING
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.813376
Item 187
Composites Part A: Applied Science and
Manufacturing
32A, No.5, 2001, p.619-29
74
Accession no.811183
Item 188
Composites Part A: Applied Science and
Manufacturing
32A, Nos.3-4, 2001, p.525-43
STUDY OF TRANSCRYSTALLINITY AND ITS
EFFECT ON THE INTERFACE IN FLAX FIBRE
REINFORCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Zafeiropoulos N E; Baillie C A; Matthews F L
London,University,Imperial College
Four different types of flax fibres, green flax, dew-retted
flax, Duralin-treated flax and stearic acid-treated flax,
were used with two different isotactic PP matrices. The
effect of various conditions, such as the crystallisation
temp., time and cooling rates, on the formation of
transcrystallinity was investigated using hot stage optical
microscopy. DSC was used to investigate the inner
morphology of the transcrystalline layer. SEM and Xray diffraction were used in an attempt to identify the
origin of the transcrystalline layer in relation to the
structural characteristics of the fibres. Finally, the effect
of the transcrystalline layer on the mechanical properties
of the interface was studied using the single fibre
fragmentation test. It was found that the interfacial
Item 191
Plastics and Rubber Weekly
20th April 2001, p.12
WOOD YOU BELIEVE IT?
Accession no.810864
Item 189
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
40, No.1, 2001, p.1-21
FRACTURE MECHANICS STUDY OF
POLYPROPYLENE-WOOD FLOURS BLENDS
Li T Q; Li R K Y
Guangdong,University of Technology; Hong
Kong,University
PP/wood blends were prepared from various resins and
wood flours by extrusion compounding and injection
moulding. It was observed that the notched Izod strength
of the blends with a relatively brittle resin matrix exceeded
that of the neat resin at higher filler loading when the
compounds contained the maleic anhydride-PP(MAPP)
copolymer. The Izod strength of the blends with a tough
matrix increased with the content of the interfacial
modifier MAPP and was higher in blends with coarser
fillers. Fracture mechanics analyses of the instrumented
drop-weight Charpy test results were then performed to
study the nature of these increases in impact fracture
resistance. It was found that both the fracture
toughness(Kc) and the critical strain release energy(Gc)
increased with filler content in blends containing MAPP.
In blends without MAPP, however, Gc decreased slightly
with filler content, while Kc increased less significantly.
The increases of Gc with MAPP and with increasing filler
particle size were also observed for the blends with a
tougher PP as matrix. 28 refs.
CHINA; HONG KONG
Accession no.810599
Item 190
Plastics and Rubber Weekly
20th April 2001, p.12
US LEADS THE WAY
It is briefly reported that wood polymer composites
account for a 300,000 t/y market in the US for building
and garden products. Allchem International is marketing
a wood fibre product suitable for producing a range of
wood polymer composites. Lignocel is a 100% wood fibre
product suitable for producing a variety of materials. It
can be supplied as granules or a fine powder fibre. The
granular product has a higher density which improves its
mixing performance and allows fill levels of up to 85%
to be achieved.
ALLCHEM INTERNATIONAL
USA
Accession no.810054
Accession no.810053
Item 192
Patent Number: US 6133348 A1 20001017 2000
FLAX SHIVES REINFORCED
THERMOPLASTIC RESIN COMPOSITION
Kolla F A; Balatinecz J J
Cargill Inc.
The present invention is directed to flax shives reinforced
thermoplastic compositions and a method for reinforcing
thermoplastic resins. The present invention provides a use
for flax shives, which is the portion left over after
processing plant materials to separate plant fibres (bast
fibres) from the shives.
USA
Accession no.809061
Item 193
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
79, No.6, 7th Feb.2001, p.1084-91
EFFECT OF PROCESSING CONDITIONS ON
DIMENSIONS OF SISAL FIBRES IN
THERMOPLASTIC BIODEGRADABLE
COMPOSITES
Iannace S; Ali R; Nicolais L
Naples,University
Composites of sisal fibre, both untreated and alkaline
treated, with a biodegradable material, mater Bi-Z, were
produced in a miniature batch mixer. Degradation of sisal
fibre with mixing conditions was studied using both
optical and scanning electron microscopy. Both fibre
length and diameter were reduced, but aspect ratio was
increased, with mixing time, decrease in mixer
temperature and increase in mixer rotor speed, and a semiempirical model was developed to predict fibre
dimensions against time of mixing. Alkaline treatment of
75
Accession no.808783
Item 194
Macromolecular Materials and Engineering
Vols.284-5, Dec.2000, p.25-9
CHARACTERISATION OF THE FIBRE/MATRIX
ADHESION WITH DIFFERENT MICROSCOPIC
ANALYSING METHODS ON NATURAL FIBREREINFORCED THERMOSETS
Michaeli W; Muenker M; Krumpholz T
IKV; Aachen,University of Technology; RWTH
The addition of butyl titanate as a coupling agent
improved the mechanical properties of natural fibrereinforced (flax fibre-reinforced) unsaturated polyester
resins. SEM/energy dispersive X-ray analysis, TEM and
atomic force microscopy were used to study the
mechanism by which the mechanical properties were
improved. The butyl titanate seemed to cause a stiffening
of the matrix, which had a stiffening effect on the
mechanical properties of the natural fibre-reinforced
laminate. Further studies with different resin systems are
necessary to clarify the mechanism involved. 8 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.807871
Item 195
Plastics News(USA)
12, No.51, 19th Feb.2001, p.31
ENTREPRENEUR INVESTS IN WOOD-FLOUR
MARKET
Renstrom R
It is briefly reported that hardwood flooring entrepreneur
Bert Thompson has invested about 3m US dollars for a
new Macon, Ga., mill to transform wood flour into filler
for plastics and chemical processing. Operations at the
newly formed Southern Wood Services will start in March.
SOUTHERN WOOD SERVICES LLC
USA
Accession no.807032
Item 196
Plastics News(USA)
12, No.51, 19th Feb.2001, p.1/31
COMPOSITES GET ALL DECKED OUT
Bregar B
North American demand for wood/plastic composites,
pegged at 700 million pounds in 2000, should more than
double by 2005. Decking accounts for about 60% of the
total. The driver for composite decks is the demand for
lower-maintenance exterior products that look good. The
76
Accession no.807006
Item 197
Kunststoffe Plast Europe
91, No.1, Jan.2001, p.25-7
INJECTION MOULDING OF NATURAL FIBRE
REINFORCED THERMOPLASTICS
Marek A; Widdecke H
The results are reported of a study of the mechanical
properties of natural fibre (sisal) reinforced plastics
(cellulose acetate) produced by injection moulding. The
effect of fibre content on composite properties is discussed
and the mechanical properties of the reinforced
composites compared with those of unreinforced cellulose
acetate. (Kunststoffe, 91, No.1, 2001, p.60-2)
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.806695
Item 198
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
79, No.7, 14th Feb. 2001, p.1169-77
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY STUDY
OF CHEMICALLY MODIFIED COIR FIBRES
Rout J; Tripathy S S; Nayak S K; Misra M; Mohanty A K
Ravenshaw College; India,Central Institute of Plastics
Engng.& Tech.; Berlin,Technical University
Coir fibres were subjected to various surface treatments,
including dewaxing, grafting with methyl methacrylate,
mercerisation and cyanoethylation, and analysed by
means of SEM and FTIR spectroscopy. Changes in the
surface topology of the treated fibres were evaluated and
measurements of the maximum stress at break carried out
to corroborate the results of scanning electron microscopy.
18 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.805879
Item 199
Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.
Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 724
WOOD FLOUR REINFORCED POLYSTYRENE
COMPOSITE USING SEBS-G-MA AS
COMPATIBILIZER
Chen-Jui Hung; Jenn-Fong Kuan; Jaine-Ming Huang
Taichung,Plastics Industry Development Centre
(SPE)
A functionalised thermoplastic elastomer, poly(styreneblock-ethylene-block-butadiene)-graft-poly(maleic
Accession no.805732
Item 200
Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.
Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 660
EFFECTS OF IMPACT MODIFIERS ON THE
PROPERTIES OF RIGID PVC/WOOD-FIBER
COMPOSITES
Mengeloglu F; Matuana L M; King J A
Michigan,Technological University
(SPE)
Composites consisting of rigid poly(vinyl chloride) and
wood fibre, modified by the addition of crosslinked
(acrylic and methacrylate butadiene styrene) and uncrosslinked (chlorinated polyethylene) impact modifiers,
were prepared by dry mixing followed by extrusion and
compression moulding. The composites were
characterised by measurement of tensile and impact
properties. The tensile strength and modulus were
significantly decreased by the impact modified additions,
whilst the elongation at break was not affected. The impact
resistance was strongly dependent upon the type and
content of impact modifier, increasing significantly with
modifier concentration. The crosslinked modifiers were
more effective than the chlorinated polyethylene. 27 refs.
USA
Accession no.805668
Item 201
Asian Plastics News
Oct.2000, p.12-3
WOOD ENTERS THE FRAME
We are told in this article that markets for extruded wood
fibre composite profiles are growing rapidly in the USA,
and are now starting to take off in Europe and Asia. This
article examines the new technologies which are on offer
in detail, as well as explaining the advantages of wood
composites over traditional timber.
DAVIS-STANDARD; CINCINNATI EXTRUSION;
PROPOLYTECH; APPLIED MARKET
INFORMATION
ASIA; AUSTRIA; EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN
COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; JAPAN;
KOREA; NORTH AMERICA; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.804704
Item 202
Automotive Engineering International
108, No.10, Oct.2000, p.120
NATURAL FIBERS IN AUTOMOTIVE
COMPONENTS
Broge J L
It is announced in this short article that DaimlerChrysler
Corp. is to equip the new Mercedes-Benz Travego travel
coach with a natural fibre-reinforced engine and
transmission cover - the first natural fibre-reinforced
exterior vehicle component to go into series production.
Brief details are presented.
DAIMLERCHRYSLER CORP.; MERCEDES-BENZ;
CHRYSLER GROUP
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
SOUTH AFRICA; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.804699
Item 203
Plastics Technology
46, No.11, Nov.2000, p.27
GREEN DOOR-TRIM PANELS USE PP AND
NATURAL FIBERS
Johnson Controls Inc. is reported to have begun production
of door-trim panels for DaimlerChrysler, using its new
Eco-Cor material and process, which is based on PP
reinforced with natural fibres kenaf and hemp. Brief details
of this composite, and the benefits of its use, are given.
JOHNSON CONTROLS INC.;
DAIMLERCHRYSLER; INDIANA BIOCOMPOSITES; KAFUS BIO-COMPOSITES INC.
USA
Accession no.804686
Item 204
Patent Number: US 6136415 A1 20001024 2000
VEHICLE INTERIOR TRIM PANEL WITH A
SOFT-TOUCH FOAM LAYER, AND A METHOD
AND APPARATUS FOR MAKING THE SAME
Spengler G
RS Technik GmbH
An interior trim component such as a vehicle dashboard
includes a substantially rigid and form-stable substrate of
polypropylene and natural fibres, a supporting halo skeleton
and other frame components heat fused onto the backside
of the substrate, and a polyolefin foam layer as well as a
decorative polyolefin cover film laminated onto the front
side of the substrate. The foam layer has an increased
thickness and a decreased foam density at sharply contoured
or curved areas of the trim component, in comparison to
the flat surfacial areas. As a result, the trim component has
a desirable soft-touch characteristic and impact absorbing
properties at all areas including protruding curves and
edges. A method for forming such a trim component
involves steps of pre-moulding the foam layer and cover
film by vacuum thermoforming, pre-moulding the substrate
77
Accession no.804658
Item 205
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
79, No.3, 18th Jan.2001, p.418-25
CREEP RESISTANCE OF WOOD-FILLED
POLYSTYRENE/HIGH DENSITY
POLYETHYLENE BLENDS
Xu B; Simonsen J; Rochefort W E
Oregon,State University
Wood-filled polymer composites have given poor
performance in some applications because of creep, i.e.
deformation of a material under stress with time. The
advantages of blending a plastic of lower creep
polystyrene (PS) with high density polyethylene (HDPE)
at the ratios: 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100
respectively were studied. The blends were melted with
a short-fibre length wood flour (WF), and the elastic
modulus and ultimate stress of extruded bars of each blend
were measured. In all composites increase of WF ratio
increased the elastic modulus, except for 30 and 40% WF,
while the effect of WF on ultimate stress varied. Scanning
EM images and thermal analysis showed that the wood
particles interacted weakly with the PS phase. The creep
rate was calculated using three-point bending geometry
and a load 50% of the ultimate stress. With increase in
WF content creep decreased only slightly, but the increase
was greater when the PS content was increased, except
with pure PS. A WF/75PS-25HDPE blend showed the
minimum creep. 15 refs.
USA
Accession no.804437
Item 206
Polymer Composites
22, No.1, Feb.2001, p.104-10
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROCESSING AND
PROPERTIES OF BIODEGRADABLE
COMPOSITES BASED ON PLC/STARCH
MATRIX AND SISAL FIBERS
Cyras V P; Iannace S; Kenny J M
Argentina,Institute of Mat.Science & Technology;
Italy,Institute for Composite Materials Technology;
Perugia,University
Biocomposites were produced using polycaprolactone and
starch as matrix and sisal fibres as reinforcement. An
78
Accession no.804308
Item 207
Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.
Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 576
PROFILE EXTRUSION OF HIGHLY FILLED
RECYCLED HDPE
Charlton Z; Vlachopoulos J; Suwanda D
McMaster University; CRF Technologies Group Ltd.
(SPE)
Recycled high density polyethylene from post consumer
bottles was melt blended with up to 70 wt% rice hulls
and a coupling agent. Subsequently a lubricant was dryblended with some of the mixes. The materials were then
extruded using a vented screw extruder, and the
rheological properties determined using a parallel plate
rheometer. Flow simulations were performed using 2D
and 3D finite element analysis. The addition of the rice
hulls resulted in large increases in the dynamic shear
properties, and extrudate tearing occurred at all extrusion
rates, increasing with increasing throughput and
decreasing temperature. The simulations indicated that
the most severe tears occurred when the wall shear stress
was low. 20 refs.
CANADA
Accession no.803873
Item 208
Applied Composite Materials
7, Nos.5-6, Nov.2000, p.433-7
LIGNOCELLULOSIC FIBRE REINFORCED
CASEINATE PLASTICS
Fossen M; Ormel I; Van Vilsteren G E T; Jongsma T J
Wageningen,Agrotechnological Research Institute
Biodegradable natural fibre-reinforced caseinate plastics
were obtained by mixing the plastic with either flax fibres
or wood pulp fibres and the effects of the fibre and fibre
volume fraction on the mechanical properties of the
composites investigated. It was found that reinforcement
of the plastic with up to 20 wt.% of these natural fibres
gave rise to composites exhibiting a six-fold increase in
tensile modulus and a five-fold increase in tensile strength,
which were attributed to the adhesion between the
hydroxyl groups of the fibre and the hydrophilic moieties
of the plastic. 11 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.803429
Item 209
Applied Composite Materials
7, Nos.5-6, Nov.2000, p.421-32
COMPOSITES FROM NATURAL FIBRES AND
SOY OIL RESINS
Williams G I; Wool R P
Delaware,University
A report is presented on the development of rigid
crosslinked thermosetting polymers from plant
triglycerides, the manufacture of resin transfer moulded
composites based on flax or hemp fibres and a modified
acrylated epoxidised soy oil resin and the properties of
these composites. The tensile properties, flexural
properties, water absorption and fracture surfaces of these
composites are reported and the suitability of these allnatural composites for high volume, low cost applications
is briefly considered. 8 refs.
USA
Accession no.803428
Item 210
Applied Composite Materials
7, Nos.5-6, Nov.2000, p.415-20
NATURAL FIBRE MAT THERMOPLASTIC
PRODUCTS FROM A PROCESSORS POINT OF
VIEW
De Bruijn J C M
Polynorm Plastics BV; Delft,University of Technology
The advantages and disadvantages of natural fibres over
glass fibres in the areas of impact on the environment,
health, safety, dimensional stability, cracking, degradation
of mechanical properties, moisture absorption, odour, cost
and recyclability are considered. Experiments conducted
on natural fibre mat thermoplastic composites for
automotive applications, which highlight some of the
disadvantages of these materials, are briefly reported and
possible end-used for these composites are identified. 2
refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.803427
Item 211
Applied Composite Materials
7, Nos.5-6, Nov.2000, p.403-14
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL
FIBRE MAT REINFORCED THERMOPLASTIC
Oksman K
SICOMP AB
The results are reported of an investigation into the
mechanical properties and morphological properties of
four different commercially available semi-finished
natural fibre mat reinforced thermoplastic composites.
The materials studied were PP melt impregnated fibre mat
in the form of sheet and non-woven PP fibres and flax
fibres in the form of needle punched fibre mat. The
Accession no.803426
Item 212
Applied Composite Materials
7, Nos.5-6, Nov.2000, p.387-402
INFLUENCE OF THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE
OF FLAX FIBRES ON THE MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF FLAX FIBRE REINFORCED
POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES
Van Den Oever M J A; Bos H L; Van Kemenade M J J M
Wageningen,Agrotechnological Research Institute
The results are reported of a study of the influence of the
physical structure of uncombed and combed, random flax
fibres on the tensile and flexural properties of flax fibrereinforced PP composites manufactured by the wet layup method. The effect of improved fibre-matrix adhesion
on the mechanical properties of scutched and hackled flax
fibre-reinforced PP achieved using a maleic anhydride/
propylene graft copolymer, as adhesion promoter, is
discussed and the various data obtained compared using
the Cox-Krenchel model for E-modulus and the KellyTyson model for composite strength. 26 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.803425
Item 213
Applied Composite Materials
7, Nos.5-6, Nov.2000, p.373-85
POSSIBILITIES TO IMPROVE THE
PROPERTIES OF NATURAL FIBREREINFORCED PLASTICS BY FIBRE
MODIFICATION - JUTE POLYPROPYLENE
COMPOSITES
Gassan J; Bledzki A K
Kassel,Universitat
The results are reported of a study of the effect of fibrematrix adhesion on the properties of jute fibre-reinforced
PP subjected to fatigue and impact loading. Fibre-matrix
adhesion was improved by surface treating the fibres with
maleic anhydride-propylene copolymer, as coupling
agent. The effects of fibre surface treatment on dynamic
modulus versus number of load cycles and of fibre surface
treatment and fibre content on specific damping capacity
versus applied maximum load, as measured by load
increasing tests in tensile mode, are discussed as are the
influence of fibre surface treatment, number of impacts
and test temperature of impact loss energy and of number
of impact events and temperature during impact on the
residual dynamic modulus of the composites. 30 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.803424
79
Item 214
Applied Composite Materials
7, Nos.5-6, Nov.2000, p.351-72
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURALFIBRE-MAT-REINFORCED THERMOPLASTICS
BASED ON FLAX FIBRES AND
POLYPROPYLENE
Garkhail S K; Heijenrath R W H; Peijs T
Eindhoven,University of Technology;
London,University,Queen Mary & Westfield College
Random flax-mat-reinforced PP composites were
produced using a film-stacking method and a suspension
impregnation method. The effects of fibre length and fibre
volume fraction on stiffness, mechanical strength and
impact strength and of maleic anhydride-grafted PP for
improving interfacial adhesion on the mechanical
properties of the composites were evaluated. The results
obtained are compared with those for glass mat reinforced
thermoplastics and with predictions obtained using
micromechanical models for random short fibrereinforced composites. 41 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.803423
Item 215
Applied Composite Materials
7, Nos.5-6, Nov.2000, p.341-9
RTM HEMP FIBRE-REINFORCED POLYESTER
COMPOSITES
Sebe G; Cetin N S; Hill C A S; Hughes M
Swansea,University of Wales
Hemp fibre-reinforced unsaturated polyester composites
were obtained by resin transfer moulding and their flexural
and impact properties investigated as a function of fibre
loading. The effect of chemical modification of the fibres
using methacrylic anhydride to introduce reactive vinylic
groups at the surface of the fibres on the interfacial
adhesion between the fibres and the matrix and on the
mechanical properties of the composites was also
evaluated. The properties of these composites were
compared with those of glass fibre-reinforced composites.
15 refs.
Accession no.803421
Item 217
Applied Composite Materials
7, Nos.5-6, Nov.2000, p.295-329
OIL PALM FIBRE REINFORCED PHENOL
FORMALDEHYDE COMPOSITES: INFLUENCE
OF FIBRE SURFACE MODIFICATIONS ON THE
MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE
Sreekala M S; Kumaran M G; Joseph S; Jacob M;
Thomas S
India,Rubber Research Institute; Mahatma
Gandhi,University
Oil palm fibres were subjected to various surface treatments,
including mercerisation, acrylonitrile grafting, acrylation,
latex coating, permanganate treatment, acetylation and
benzoyl peroxide treatment, and the effects of such treatments
on the interfacial and mechanical properties of the composites
evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy and IR
spectroscopy were used to investigate the morphological and
structural changes occurring in the fibres. The stress-strain
properties, tensile strength, tensile modulus, elongation at
break of the treated and untreated fibres were examined and
the effect of hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance on the impact
properties of the composites determined. Scanning electron
microscopy was also employed to study the tensile and
impact fracture surfaces of the composites. 44 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.803420
Accession no.803422
Item 218
China Synthetic Rubber Industry
24, No.1, 2001, p.44
MECHANICAL AND FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR
OF POLYPROPYLENE/SISAL FIBER
COMPOSITES COMPATIBILIZED BY MALEIC
ANHYDRIDE GRAFTED SEBS
Xiaolin X; Xingping Z; Renwei Q
Huazhong,University of Science & Technology; Gudao
Oil Production
Item 216
Applied Composite Materials
7, Nos.5-6, Nov.2000, p.331-9
EFFECT OF ALKALI TREATMENT ON THE
ADHESION CHARACTERISTICS OF SISAL
FIBRES
Bisanda E T N
Dar es Salaam,University
80
CHINA
Accession no.803122
Item 219
Composites Part A: Applied Science and
Manufacturing
31A, No.12, 2000, p.1303-10
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION AND FLOW
VISUALISATION OF THE RESIN TRANSFER
MOULD FILLING PROCESS FOR NON-WOVEN
HEMP REINFORCED PHENOLIC COMPOSITES
Richardson M O W; Zhang Z Y
Loughborough,University
Resin transfer moulding (RTM) of glass fibre reinforced
polymeric composites offers the advantages of
automation, low cost and versatile design of fibre
reinforcement. Replacement of glass fibres with natural
plant fibres as reinforcement in polymeric composites
provides additional technological, economical, ecological
and environmental benefits. The resin transfer mould
filling process has significant effects on different aspects,
such as fibre wetting out and impregnation, injection gate
design, dry patch and void formation. Flow visualisation
experiments are carried out using a transparent RTM
mould to develop a better understanding of the mould
filling process for hemp mat reinforced phenolic
composites. The mould filling of unreinforced phenolics
is characterised by a steady state flow. In the case of hemp
non-woven reinforced system, the mould filling process
can be considered as the flow of fluids through porous
media. Fibre washing is a typical problem encountered
during the injection process, leading to poor property
uniformity. In addition, a preferential flow path is usually
created near the edges and corners of the mould. The path
exhibits low flow resistance and causes the resin flow
front to advance much faster in these regions. The edge
flow disturbs the steady flow, leading to difficulties in
venting arrangement and dry patch formation. The edge
flow and fibre washing are alleviated by reinforcement
manipulation so steady state flow can be achieved.
Relationships between filling time and injection pressure
and between filling time and different fibre weight
fractions are established for certain specific injection
strategies. 18 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.802602
Item 220
Composites Science & Technology
60, No.16, 2000, p.2967-77
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND THERMAL
DIFFUSIVITY ANALYSES OF LOW-DENSITY
POLYETHYLENE COMPOSITES REINFORCED
WITH SISAL, GLASS AND INTIMATELY MIXED
SISAL/GLASS FIBRES
Kalaprasad G; Pradeep P; Mathew G; Pavithran C;
Thomas S
Mahatma Gandhi,University; Kerala,Sree Narayana
College; Kerala,CMS College; Kerala,Regional
Research Laboratory
The thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of sisalreinforced PE (SRP), glass-reinforced polyethylene (GRP)
and hybrid fibre-reinforced PE (GSRP) is evaluated at
cryogenic to high temperature (120-350 K). It is observed
that the variation of thermal conductivity with temperature
is almost the same for LDPE and SRP containing
perpendicularly oriented sisal fibres. The difference
between the values of thermal conductivity shown by LDPE
and GRP is greater than that of SRP and LDPE. The
enhanced thermal conductivity of glass fibre is due to the
presence of Fe2+ ions in the glass fibres, The linear
variation in thermal conductivity with fibre loading is
explained with the help of a model suggested by Agari.
The difference between the thermal conductivity properties
in directions parallel and perpendicular to file applied flux
is a maximum for SRP owing to the anisotropic nature of
sisal fibre. The difference is marginal for GRP on account
of its isotropic nature. The position of GSRP is found to be
intermediate. It is observed that the variation of thermal
diffusivity with temperature is just opposite to that of
thermal conductivity. This may be due to a reduction in
the mean free path of phonons. An empirical equation is
derived to explain the variation in thermal conductivity
and thermal diffusivity with temperature. 32 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.802597
Item 221
Composites Part A: Applied Science and
Manufacturing
32A, No.1, 2001, p.119-27
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF VINYLESTER
RESIN MATRIX COMPOSITES REINFORCED
WITH ALKALI-TREATED JUTE FIBRES
Ray D; Sarkar B k; Rana A K; Bose N R
Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science;
Indian Jute Industries Research Assn.; India,Central
Glass & Ceramic Res.Inst.
Jute fibres are subjected to alkali treatment with 5% NaOH
solution for 0, 2,4, 6 and 8 h at 30 deg.C. The modulus of the
jute fibres improves by 12, 68 and 79% after 4, 6 and 8 h of
treatment, respectively. The tenacity of the fibres improves
by 46% after 6 and 8 h treatment and the % breaking strain
is reduced by 23% after 8 h treatment. For 35% composites
with 4 h-treated fibres, the flexural strength improves from
199.1 to 238.9 MPa by 20%, modulus improves from 11.89
to 14.69 GPa by 23% and laminar shear strength increases
from 0.238 to 0.283 MPa by 19%. On plotting different
values of slopes obtained from the rates of improvement of
flexural strength and modulus, against NaOH treatment time,
two different failure modes are apparent before and after 4 h
of NaOH treatment. In the first region between 0 and 4 h,
fibre pull out is predominant whereas in the second region
between 6 and 8 h, transverse fracture occurs with minimum
fibre pull out. This observation is well supported by SEM
investigation of the fracture surfaces. 32 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.802556
81
Item 222
Natural Polymers and Composites. Conference
proceedings.
Sao Pedro, Brazil, 14th-17th May 2000, p.557-63
NATURAL POLYMERIC FIBROUS MATERIALS
FOR FIRE RESISTANT UPHOLSTERY
Kozlowski R; Mieleniak B; Muzyczek M
Poznan,Institute of Natural Fibres
Edited by: Mattoso L H C; Leao A; Frollini E
(EMBRAPA; UNESP; USP)
Fulfilment of the requirements of the market in the field
of upholstered furniture and mattresses both from the point
of view of their form, modern comfort and fire safety
requirements presents a real challenge to furniture
manufacturers. For flammability evaluation, full-scale
tests as well as bench scale tests are very useful. To meet
the test requirements, modern fire-resisting components,
i.e. non-flammable containing composites, are designed.
Natural fibres in upholstery composites have been
superseded by synthetic fibres; but now the former are
again perceived as ecological, renewable and
environmentally friendly materials. This return of natural
fibres is accelerated by the possibility of producing natural
fibre-containing materials of increased resistance to
ignition even in the absence of flame retardants. 13 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.802335
Item 223
Natural Polymers and Composites. Conference
proceedings.
Sao Pedro, Brazil, 14th-17th May 2000, p.520-6
COMPOSITES BASED ON POLYPROPYLENE
AND FLAX FIBRES - A STUDY OF FIRE
PERFORMANCE AND SOME PHYSICAL AND
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Helwig M; Paukszta D; Garbarczyk J; Borysiak S
Poznan,Institute of Natural Fibres; Poznan,University
of Technology
Edited by: Mattoso L H C; Leao A; Frollini E
(EMBRAPA; UNESP; USP)
Biodegradability and interesting physical and mechanical
properties of PP/cellulose composites are an essential
motive for fundamental investigations on various
properties of such materials. An addition of lignocellulosic
particles to polymer results in a change in properties of
the product obtained which is due to properties of
lignocellulosic material and those of the polymer
depending on the proportion of both materials. It is also
reflected in the flammability characteristics of the
composites. Isotactic PP composites containing short flax
and hemp fibres have previously been studied. The
presence of such short fibres causes formation of
hexagonal, as well as monoclinic form of PP. The
hexagonal form is observed in samples obtained by
injection moulding. Composites with long flax fibres are
analysed. The conditions of the processing of the
82
Accession no.802330
Item 224
Natural Polymers and Composites. Conference
proceedings.
Sao Pedro, Brazil, 14th-17th May 2000, p.517-9
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF HEMP
COMPOSITE BOARDS TO BE USED IN
BUILDING COMPONENTS
Pogorzelski J A; Firkowicz-Pogorzelska K
Poland,Building Research Institute
Edited by: Mattoso L H C; Leao A; Frollini E
(EMBRAPA; UNESP; USP)
One possibility of the utilisation of waste materials is
manufacture of insulating boards for use in building
components. New materials for building use should be
approved by a special board or organisation. Insulating
boards of hemp straw are now being evaluated for their
performance in such applications; among the characteristics
tested are thermal conductivity as well as the thermal
transmission of the building component. 3 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.802329
Item 225
Natural Polymers and Composites. Conference
proceedings.
Sao Pedro, Brazil, 14th-17th May 2000, p.511-6
INDUSTRIAL HEMP CULTIVATION AND NEW
TRENDS IN INDUSTRIAL HEMP PRODUCTS IN
CHINA
Wei W
Liaoning Tongxin Industrial Co.
Edited by: Mattoso L H C; Leao A; Frollini E
(EMBRAPA; UNESP; USP)
Contemporary cultivation, production and conditions of
industrial hemp in China are summarised. New trends of
hemp products, as application of an ecological raw
material in the country, are identified.
CHINA
Accession no.802328
Item 226
Natural Polymers and Composites. Conference
proceedings.
Sao Pedro, Brazil, 14th-17th May 2000, p.495-500
TECHNOLOGY OF CULTIVATION,
HARVESTING AND PRIMARY PROCESSING OF
BAST FIBRE PLANTS, E.G. HEMP FOR
SPINNING PURPOSES
Accession no.802325
Item 227
Natural Polymers and Composites. Conference
proceedings.
Sao Pedro, Brazil, 14th-17th May 2000, p.488-92
COIR-BASED FIBREBOARD FOR MOULDED
COMPONENTS
Wiedman G A; Costa C Z; Nahuz M A R
Sao Paulo,University; Sao Paulo,Instituto de Pesquisas
Tecnologicas
Edited by: Mattoso L H C; Leao A; Frollini E
(EMBRAPA; UNESP; USP)
Technical feasibility for the production of fibre boards
from coconut fibre using tannin and urea-formaldehyde
binders is evaluated. The basic properties of the panels
are presented and an industrial application of the
composite is proposed in a school chair prototype. 7 refs.
BRAZIL
Accession no.802324
Item 228
Natural Polymers and Composites. Conference
proceedings.
Sao Pedro, Brazil, 14th-17th May 2000, p.484-7
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF AUTOMOBILE
SEATS BASED ON COCONUT FIBRE AND
LATEX
Salazar V L P; Leao A L
UNESP
Edited by: Mattoso L H C; Leao A; Frollini E
(EMBRAPA; UNESP; USP)
An attempt is made to compare seats based on coconut
fibre and latex versus PU foam. Tests simulating the
natural ageing in those seats, the waste generated along
its useful life is evaluated, and compression tests and
simultaneous torsion are carried out on coconut fibre with
latex and PU of different sizes. For the study of
deformation models of simple linear regression and
descriptive statistics are used. 2 refs.
BRAZIL
Accession no.802323
Item 229
Natural Polymers and Composites. Conference
proceedings.
Sao Pedro, Brazil, 14th-17th May 2000, p.469-83
Accession no.802322
Item 230
Natural Polymers and Composites. Conference
proceedings.
Sao Pedro, Brazil, 14th-17th May 2000, p.460-8
IMPACT STRENGTH OF PHENOLIC
MATRICES REINFORCED WITH
LIGNOCELLULOSIC MATERIAL
Paiva J M F; Silva S P; Tanaka I A; Trindade W G;
Angelucci C A; Frollini E
Sao Paulo,University
Edited by: Mattoso L H C; Leao A; Frollini E
(EMBRAPA; UNESP; USP)
Phenolic (resol type) and lignin-phenol (40% sugarcane
bagasse lignin/phenol w/w) prepolymer are synthesised,
in order to be used to prepare thermoset matrices
composites, using sugarcane bagasse, sisal, jute and
curaua as reinforcing agents, these being lignocellulosic
materials modified by chemical and/or physical methods.
Sugarcane bagasse presents a small improvement in
impact strength for both phenolic and ligno-phenol
matrices. Jute and composites show good performance
as reinforcing agents for the thermoset used. Compared
with the other lignocellulosic materials used, sisal
composites present an exceptional impact strength
increase with fibre length. Its high spiral angle is probably
an important structural parameter. 16 refs.
BRAZIL
Accession no.802321
Item 231
Natural Polymers and Composites. Conference
proceedings.
83
Accession no.802320
Item 232
Natural Polymers and Composites. Conference
proceedings.
Sao Pedro, Brazil, 14th-17th May 2000, p.437-40
PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE USE OF SISAL
FIBRES AS A REINFORCEMENT FOR TYRE
RUBBER
Martins M A; Joekes I
Campinas,Universidade Estadual
Edited by: Mattoso L H C; Leao A; Frollini E
(EMBRAPA; UNESP; USP)
The effect of chemical modification (mercerisation and
acetylation) of the sisal fibre in tyre rubber composites is
evaluated. Tyre rubber is chosen as a large amount of tyres
are discarded around the world, generating a large
environmental impact. 8 refs.
BRAZIL
Accession no.802316
Item 233
Natural Polymers and Composites. Conference
proceedings.
Sao Pedro, Brazil, 14th-17th May 2000, p.431-6
PLASMA MODIFICATION OF SISAL AND
HIGH-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE
COMPOSITES: EFFECT ON MECHANICAL
84
PROPERTIES
Martin A R; Manolache S; Mattoso L H C; Rowell R
M; Denes F
Sao Carlos,Universidade Federal; WisconsinMadison,University; EMBRAPA
Edited by: Mattoso L H C; Leao A; Frollini E
(EMBRAPA; UNESP; USP)
Sisal fibres and finely powdered HDPE are surface
functionalised using dichlorosilane under R-F plasma
conditions to improve interfacial adhesion between the
two dissimilar substrates. The functionalised PE (70%)
and sisal (30%) are compounded in four different ways
using a thermokinetic mixer and injected moulded into
composites specimens for testing. Some improvements
in mechanical properties of the composites due to the
plasma treatments are achieved. Scanning electronic
microscopy data indicate that some compatibilisation of
the two plasma modified phases has taken place as
compared to non-plasma treated composite. 14 refs.
BRAZIL; USA
Accession no.802315
Item 234
Natural Polymers and Composites. Conference
proceedings.
Sao Pedro, Brazil, 14th-17th May 2000, p.426-30
WOOD FLOUR/POLYHYDROXYBUTYRATE
COMPOSITES
Caraschi J; Leao A L
UNESP
Edited by: Mattoso L H C; Leao A; Frollini E
(EMBRAPA; UNESP; USP)
The mechanical properties of composites made of wood
flour (WF) and bioplastic polyhydroxybutyrate are
investigated. Preparation of WF/PHB composites is done
by mixing the components and moulding in specimens
by injection moulding to ASTM standards. WF is used in
ratios of 10 to 40% by weight. Dimensional stability,
density and tests of mechanical properties of the
composites are evaluated. The effects of surface
modification and content of the WF on the mechanical
properties of the composites are discussed. The results
indicate that the tensile modulus of the composites
increases, and that tensile strength and elongation at break
decrease with high WF content. The surface treatments
employed do not affect the tensile properties of the
composites. Results show that WF can be used as excellent
reinforcing materials for low-cost composites and are able
to match economical and ecological interests. 7 refs.
BRAZIL
Accession no.802314
Item 235
Natural Polymers and Composites. Conference
proceedings.
Sao Pedro, Brazil, 14th-17th May 2000, p.419-21
Accession no.802312
Item 236
Natural Polymers and Composites. Conference
proceedings.
Sao Pedro, Brazil, 14th-17th May 2000, p.382-5
EFFECTS OF WEATHERING ON COLOUR
LOSS OF NATURAL FIBRE-THERMOPLASTIC
COMPOSITES
Falk R H; Felton C; Lundin T
USDA Forest Products Laboratory; Global Resource
Technologies LLC; Wisconsin-Madison,University
Edited by: Mattoso L H C; Leao A; Frollini E
(EMBRAPA; UNESP; USP)
The technology currently exists to manufacture natural
fibre-thermoplastic composites from recycled materials.
Development of commodity building products from these
composites would open huge markets for waste-based
materials in the USA. To date, the construction industry
has only accepted wood-thermoplastic composite lumber
and only for limited applications. In a little more than a
decade, the use of composite decking has grown to about
4% of the exterior decking market. Even larger markets
within the building industry could be developed, such as
the roofing market. However, a lack of durability
performance data and reluctance by homebuilders to use
undemonstrated products has hampered market
development. Because thermoplastics are polymeric in
nature, they are susceptible to environmental stresses.
These stresses include, but are not limited to, thermal and
moisture induced expansion and contraction, UV and
Accession no.802307
Item 237
Natural Polymers and Composites. Conference
proceedings.
Sao Pedro, Brazil, 14th-17th May 2000, p.362-6
EFFECTS OF FIBRE LENGTH IN RESOL/SISAL
COMPOSITES
Zarate C N; Aranguren M I; Reboredo M M
Mar del Plata,University
Edited by: Mattoso L H C; Leao A; Frollini E
(EMBRAPA; UNESP; USP)
The flexural properties for different composites of resol
using cotton fibres sugar cane bagasse and sisal mat as
reinforcements, have been analysed. It was observed that
cotton and sugar cane bagasse composites present
maximum values in flexural strength (Cb ) and modulus
(Eb) for certain fibre volume fraction, VF, and for higher
loads these properties decrease. This decrease is attributed
to incomplete wetting of fibre because both cotton and
sugar cane bagasse, present a higher degree of disorder,
generating a subsequent increase in void content and fibrefibre contact. The porosity is evaluated through the
calculation of void volume fraction, which is shown as a
function of Vf, for resol/raw cotton composites. It can be
seen that the void volume fraction increases as the fibre
content increases, due to the incomplete wetting. The
effect of fibre length in resol/sisal composites is examined.
In all cases the fibres are arranged randomly in three
dimensions. 4 refs.
ARGENTINA
Accession no.802304
Item 238
Natural Polymers and Composites. Conference
proceedings.
Sao Pedro, Brazil, 14th-17th May 2000, p.355-61
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND
MORPHOLOGY OF SISAL FIBRE EPOXY
COMPOSITES
Oksman K; Wallstrom L; Berglund L; Filho R D T
SICOMP AB; Lulea,University of Technology
Edited by: Mattoso L H C; Leao A; Frollini E
(EMBRAPA; UNESP; USP)
The morphology and mechanical properties of sisal fibre
composites manufactured with resin transfer moulding
(RTM) is studied. The sisal fibres are unidirectional and
the matrix is an epoxy resin. The mechanical properties
85
Accession no.802303
Item 239
Natural Polymers and Composites. Conference
proceedings.
Sao Pedro, Brazil, 14th-17th May 2000, p.349-54
EFFECT OF CHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS ON
THE MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF OIL
PALM FIBRE REINFORCED PHENOL
FORMALDEHYDE COMPOSITES
Sreekala M S; Kumaran M G; Thomas S
India,Rubber Research Institute; Mahatma
Gandhi,University
Edited by: Mattoso L H C; Leao A; Frollini E
(EMBRAPA; UNESP; USP)
Accession no.802300
INDIA
Accession no.802302
Item 240
Natural Polymers and Composites. Conference
proceedings.
Sao Pedro, Brazil, 14th-17th May 2000, p.333-43
SISAL FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMER
COMPOSITES: STATUS AND FUTURE
Joseph K J; Mattoso L H C
St.Berchmans College; EMBRAPA
Edited by: Mattoso L H C; Leao A; Frollini E
(EMBRAPA; UNESP; USP)
Natural fibres are prospective reinforcing materials and
their use so long has been more traditional than technical.
They have long served many useful purposes but the
application of the material technology for the utilisation of
natural fibres as reinforcement in polymer matrix took place
in comparatively recent years. Economics and other related
factors in many developing countries, where natural fibres
are abundant, demand scientists and engineers to apply
86
Item 241
Natural Polymers and Composites. Conference
proceedings.
Sao Pedro, Brazil, 14th-17th May 2000, p.206-11
PROCESSING AND CHARACTERISATION OF
PLASTICISED STARCH 1 TUNICIN WHISKERS
NANOCOMPOSITE MATERIALS
Angles M N; Vignon M R; Dufresne A
CERMAV-CNRS
Edited by: Mattoso L H C; Leao A; Frollini E
(EMBRAPA; UNESP; USP)
Accession no.802278
Item 242
Natural Polymers and Composites. Conference
proceedings.
Sao Pedro, Brazil, 14th-17th May 2000, p.32-6
STUDY OF BENZYLATED SISAL FIBRES BY 13
C SOLID STATE NMR
Mello N C; Ferreira F C; Curvelo A A S; Mattoso L H
C; Colnago L A
BRAZIL
Accession no.802244
Item 243
Natural Polymers and Composites. Conference
proceedings.
Sao Pedro, Brazil, 14th-17th May 2000, p.16-21
COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF CELL
WALLS OF FLAX FIBRES: TARGETS FOR
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Girault R; Andeme-Onzighi C; His I; Driouich A;
Morvan C
CNRS
Edited by: Mattoso L H C; Leao A; Frollini E
(EMBRAPA; UNESP; USP)
Owing to cellulases, the main encrusting polysaccharides
of fibre secondary walls, namely 1-4-beta-D galactan
chains are scrutinised in their native form and shown to
consist of long chains, branched onto a RG-I backbone.
Two proteoglycans are isolated and characterised as
deficient in hydroxyproline and by high levels of glutamic
acid and aspartic acids. They react strongly with betaglucosyl Yariv reagent, suggesting a relationship with cell
wall hydroxyproline-deficient arabinogalactan proteins
(AGPs). Using immunogold electron microscopy with
well characterised antibodies, the distribution of various
epitopes associated with either pectins or AGPs is mapped.
Unesterified pectic epitopes recognised by PGA/RG-I
antibodies are localised not only in the middle lamellae
and cell functions but also all over the secondary wall of
fibres. The 1-4-beta-D galactan epitopes recognised by
the monoclonal antibody (mAb) LM5 are present near
the plasmalemma in young fibres but are homogeneously
distributed throughout the secondary walls in more mature
fibres. AGP epitopes recognised by anti 1-6-beta-Gal4
and mAb LM2 antibodies are primarily in the half of the
secondary wall nearest the plasmalemma. LM2 epitopes
are then undetectable later in fibre differentiation. These
findings confirm hence the biochemical data showing that
early developing flax fibres synthesise and secrete
Accession no.802241
Item 244
Natural Polymers and Composites. Conference
proceedings.
Sao Pedro, Brazil, 14th-17th May 2000, p.10-5
HEMP AND KENAF: PROFITABLE MARKETS
AND PREPARATION OF PRODUCTS
Cappelletto P; Mongardini F; Brizzi M
Rome,Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato
Edited by: Mattoso L H C; Leao A; Frollini E
(EMBRAPA; UNESP; USP)
Accession no.802240
Item 245
Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.
Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 458
ENHANCEMENT OF NATURAL FIBER-EPOXY
INTERACTION USING BI-FUNCTIONAL
SURFACE MODIFIERS
Sampath A; Martin G C
Syracuse,University
(SPE)
Jute fibres were woven into fabric, treated with a
number of bifunctional amine surface modifiers and
used to prepare epoxy resin composites. The influence
of the modifiers on fibre-matrix interactions was
determined by measuring the flexural modulus of the
composites. 2-Amino 5-chloropyridine gave the highest
enhancement in the fibre-matrix bonding, followed by
87
Accession no.801988
Item 246
Modern Plastics International
30, No.12, Dec.2000, p.62/6
WOOD-FIBRE COMPOSITES BUILD
PROMISING ROLE IN EXTRUSION
Leaversuch R D
The extrusion of profiles in which a plastic is used to
encapsulate wood fibre is entering a new and promising
stage. On the polymer side, the long-preferred material
of choice, reclaimed PE, is now being supplemented by
virgin PE, PVC and PP. Additive technology is also being
utilised in more ambitious ways. Wood-fibre composites
are spawning novel construction profiles including
decking, fencing, railing, window, corner post and
framing. Most processors have depended heavily on
conical, twin-screw counter-rotating extrusion equipment
supplied by ExtrusionTek Milacron. A shift in processing
methods is now likely to affect some key sectors. This
involves inline or direct extrusion of wood-plastic
composite profiles and dispenses with pre-drying of wood.
WORLD
Accession no.801783
Item 247
Modern Plastics International
30, No.12, Dec.2000, p.16
AUDI A2 GOES NATURAL TO CUT WEIGHT
It is briefly reported that Audis energy-efficient A2 is the
worlds first volume-production aluminium car and the
lightest car in its class. Interior door panels are made from
a natural fibre-reinforced PU that has an extremely low
mass per unit, but very high dimensional stability. Fibre
mats made of flax, sisal or hemp are coated on both sides
with a fine layer of a special two-component PUR system
developed by Bayer, using Henneckes NafpurTec process.
AUDI AG
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.801765
Item 248
Composites International
No.41, Sept./Oct.2000, p.46
English; French
DAIMLERCHRYSLER CORPORATION TO
EXPAND USE OF NATURAL FIBRES IN
AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENTS
In Germany, DaimlerChrysler Corp. is to equip its new
travel coach with a natural-fibre-reinforced engine and
transmission cover. Brief details are given.
88
DAIMLERCHRYSLER CORP.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.801324
Item 249
International Journal of Polymeric Materials
47, No.4, 2000, p.667-74
INFLUENCE OF WATER ON PROPERTIES OF
CELLULOSIC FIBRE REINFORCED
POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES
Hargitai H; Racz I
Bay Zoltan,Institute of Materials Science &
Technology; Budapest,Technical University
A study was made of the mechanical properties (three
point bending and Izod impact strength) of composites
of PP reinforced with flax fibres having different moisture
contents. The effects of fibre moisture content and of the
amount of coupling agent (maleic anhydride grafted PP)
on the mechanical properties of the composites are
discussed. 29 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; HUNGARY
Accession no.800195
Item 250
Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.
Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 422
EFFECTS OF LONG TERM ULTRAVIOLET
RADIATION ON THE MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF WOOD FLOUR FILLED
RECYCLED HDPE
Heuer D; Albert M
Pennsylvania,State University
(SPE)
Recycled high density polyethylene containing 40% wood
flour (60 mesh pine) was injection moulded and exposed
to UV radiation in accelerated weather testing equipment
for time periods of 250-1000 h. The samples were then
subjected to tensile, flexural and impact testing. A small
increase in yield stress and tensile modulus was observed,
the impact strength was unchanged, and decreases were
observed in the other measured properties. It is proposed
that the UV light may have been preferentially absorbed
by the wood flour, and that the thermal energy of the
incident radiation caused a slight increase in surface
crystallinity.
USA
Accession no.799937
Item 251
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
79, No.4, 24th Jan.2001, p.575-81
FTIR SPECTRA AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
BEHAVIOUR OF VINYL ESTER PARTICIPATED
TRANSESTERIFICATION AND CURING OF
JUTE
Accession no.799593
Item 252
International Polymer Science and Technology
27, No. 11, 2000, p.T/25-30
THERMOPLASTIC POLYMERS REINFORCED
WITH NATURAL FIBRES. 2. EFFECT OF THE
WATER CONTENT OF THE FIBRES ON THE
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Hargitai H; Racz I
The effect of the quantity of maleic anhydride grafted
polypropylene as a chemical coupling agent to improve
interfacial adhesion between fibre and matrix in PP
composites reinforced with flax fibre, was tested.
Particular reference was made to the effect of the
moisture content of the fibres on the mechanical
properties of the composite specimens. Increase in the
amount of additive was shown to have a favourable effect
on the tensile and bending properties of the composite,
but the impact bending strength decreases with increase
in the amount of maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene.
In most cases, it was found that an increase in the moisture
content led to impaired properties. Scanning electron
microscopy of the fracture surface of the composites
showed agreement with the other tests that increasing the
amount of maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene as
coupling agent, gave rise to a stronger interaction at the
fibre/matrix interface. 31 refs. (Translated from Muanyag
es Gumi, No.7, 2000, p.249)
EASTERN EUROPE; HUNGARY
Accession no.799375
Item 253
Muanyag es Gumi
37, No.8, Aug.2000, p.287-92
Hungarian
NATURAL FIBRE REINFORCED
THERMOPLASTIC POLYMERS. PART III.
WATER UPTAKE OF COMPOSITES AND ITS
EFFECT ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Hargitai H; Racz I
Composites were prepared from flax fibres with different
moisture contents, using different amounts of
polypropylene grafted with maleic anhydride as the
binding component. The water uptake of the composites
and its effects on three-point bending and Izod impact
Accession no.797602
Item 255
Materiaux & Techniques
Nos.7-8, 2000, p.63-8
PROCESSING AND CHARACTERISATION OF
NEW THERMOSET NANOCOMPOSITE BASED
ON CELLULOSE WHISKERS
Ruiz M M; Cavaille J Y; Dufresne A; Gerard J F;
Graillat C
CERMAV-CNRS; LCPP-CNRS; Lyon,Institut National
des Sciences Appliquees
The processing and the mechanical properties of new
nanocomposites prepared from aqueous suspensions of
microcrystalline cellulose fillers and thermoset epoxy are
described. The nature of cellulose fibres, which display a
large shape factor and the capability to be associated by
means of H-bonds implies that the processing method
chosen avoids the problem of a high level of viscosity of
the epoxy reactive system-whiskers mixture. The
reinforcing effect of this type of natural fibres in an epoxy
matrix is shown from the dynamic mechanical properties
in the rubbery state. This unusual reinforcement is due to
the strong interactions existing between the cellulose
whiskers and the epoxy network and the creation of a
percolating network linked by H-bonds between cellulose
fibres. The existence of such a percolation effect is
evidenced from the analysis of the rubbery shear modulus
of nanocomposites based on various volume fractions of
89
whiskers with mechanical modelling, such as HalpinKardos and percolation approaches. 25 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.796790
Item 256
Kunststoffe Plast Europe
90, No.11, Nov.2000, p.23-4
English; German
HEAVY DOOR TRIM PANELS... ARE THINGS
OF THE PAST
Fries K W; Augustin S; Muller H; Leyrer H; Russ S
Hennecke GmbH; Drazlmaier Gruppe
The low density of natural fibres can be exploited to
produce lightweight door panels. Economical production
techniques will allow such parts to become established
in the automotive industry. 2 refs. (Translated from
Kunstoffe 90, 2000, p.60/3).
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.796769
Item 257
SAMPE Journal
36, No.6, Nov./Dec.2000, p.18-23
NATURAL FIBRE COMPOSITES: WHERE CAN
FLAX COMPETE WITH GLASS?
Brouwer W D
Delft,University of Technology
The properties of natural fibres, including bast fibres,
leaf fibres and seed fibres, are outlined and the
advantages and disadvantages of the use of natural fibres
in composites are discussed. The Dutch Biolicht project,
which examined the feasibility of using natural fibre
composites in the trailers, coachwork and bus industry,
is described. Pretreatment of the fibres, particularly that
of flax, are discussed, including impregnation with
thermosets, thermoplastics or biological materials,
drying and degassing. Processing techniques are
described, including resin transfer moulding and vacuum
injection, sheet moulding compounds and vacuum
pressing. 4 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.795947
Item 258
Polymer Degradation and Stability
70, No.2, Nov.2000, p.135-45
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION OF WOODHDPE COMPOSITE
Li R
Sydney,University; New South Wales,University
Wood flake reinforced post-consumer HDPE composites
were produced using a flake-start technology and the
90
Accession no.795253
Item 259
Modern Plastics International
30, No.11, Nov.2000, p.18
SCRAP CAR LAW IS CRITICIZED BY
EUROPES COMPOSITES INDUSTRY
The European Unions End of Life Vehicles directive sets
high quotas for materials recycling in end-of-life vehicles,
but limits amounts which can be incinerated with energy
recovery. Reinforced plastics suppliers and processors
claim that the law, by not differentiating between
materials, will hinder the fast-growing use of parts
containing natural fibres in automotive parts. AVK-TV
argues that recovering materials from natural fibrereinforced parts is neither cost-effective nor
environmentally friendly. These parts would serve the
most good after their useful life by being incinerated for
energy recovery, as natural fibre fillers burn easily and
create significant heat energy.
AVK-TV
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.795179
Item 260
Composites Science & Technology
60, No.15, 2000, p.2857-63
EFFECTS OF CORONA DISCHARGE AND UV
TREATMENT ON THE PROPERTIES OF JUTEFIBRE EPOXY COMPOSITES
Gassan J; Gutowski V S
Kassel,Universitat; Australia,CSIRO
The results are reported of a study of the effects of corona
discharge treatment and UV treatment on jute fibres and
yarns and on the physical properties of the fibres, yarns
and their composites with an epoxy resin. Measurements
were made of the contact angles of the fibres and yarns
and the surface free energy components of the fibres
calculated using an equation developed by Owens and
Wendt. The mechanical properties of the composites were
determined by tensile and three-point bending tests and
their dynamic-thermal properties were obtained by means
of DMTA over the temperature range between 50 and
120C. 21 refs.
Accession no.794663
Item 261
Sao Carlos, Brazil, EMBRAPA, 2000, pp.x,593. 29cms.
7/11/00
NATURAL POLYMERS AND COMPOSITES.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL
SYMPOSIUM AND THE WORKSHOP ON
PROGRESS IN PRODUCTION AND
PROCESSING OF CELLULOSIC FIBRES AND
NATURAL POLYMERS HELD SAO PEDRO,
BRAZIL, 14TH-17TH MAY 2000
EMBRAPA; UNESP; USP
Edited by: Mattoso L H C; Leao A; Frollini E
This collection of papers focus on the latest technologies
and new concepts available worldwide in the field of
natural polymers and composites. Main sessions examine
natural polymers and fibres, polysaccharides, lignins and
derivatives, biobased polymers, and composites. The final
session looks progress in production and processing of
cellulose fibres and natural polymers.
Accession no.793777
Item 262
Plastics and Rubber Weekly
3rd Nov.2000, p.18
DAVIS-STANDARD REPORTS WOOD
ENTHUSIASM
It is briefly reported that the UK division of DavisStandard claims a high level of interest in the wood
extrusion system introduced by its US parent at NPE last
year. The twin-screw Woodtruder technology allows wood
mill waste to be fed directly into a compounding system
without pre-drying to produce a dense polymer/wood fibre
composite profile. Formulations can be developed
containing up to 80% wood scrap, with applications seen
in a wide range of traditional timber products.
DAVIS-STANDARD
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.792628
Item 263
Polymer Testing
20, No.1, 2001, p.65-75
EFFECT OF ACETYLATION AND COUPLING
AGENT TREATMENTS UPON BIOLOGICAL
DEGRADATION OF PLANT FIBRE
REINFORCED POLYESTER COMPOSITES
Khalil H P S A; Ismail H
Sains Malaysia,University
Plant fibre-reinforced polyester resin composites were
manufactured using non-woven fibre mats of oil palm
empty fruit bunch and coconut fibres. The fibres were
Accession no.792599
Item 264
Polymer Testing
20, No.1, 2001, p.33-41
EFFECTS OF PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF OIL
PALM WOOD FLOUR BY SILICA AND SILANE
COUPLING AGENT ON PROPERTIES OF
NATURAL RUBBER COMPOUNDS
Ismail H; Khalil H P S A
Sains Malaysia,University
The effects of partial replacement of oil palm wood
flour(OPWF) by silica and of silane coupling agent on
mechanical properties and curing characteristics of NR
compounds were investigated. Comparison was made with
a control compound (50 phr of OPWF, without coupling
agent) and it was found that increase of the silica in the
weight ratio of OPWF/silica and addition of silane coupling
agent increased the scorch time and cure time and enhanced
the TS, tensile modulus, tear strength, fatigue life and
hardness. The results from maximum torque-minimum
torque studies indicated that the rubber-filler interaction
was improved by partial replacement of OPWF by silica
and the presence of silane coupling agent. 12 refs.
MALAYSIA
Accession no.792595
Item 265
Automotive Engineering
108, No.9, Sept.2000, p.106
NEW POLYMERS FOR INTERIOR
APPLICATIONS
Broge J L
This article looks at two new innovative polymer materials
developed by Lear Corp. of the USA, for use in
automotive interior trim products, including door panels,
pillars, and boot trim. Details are given of the new natural
fibre acrylic, and natural fibre PP.
LEAR CORP.
USA
Accession no.792054
Item 266
Plastics News(USA)
12, No.30, 25th Sept.2000, p.4
JOHNSON CONTROLS HITS NEW HIGH WITH
IDEA
91
Miel R
It is reported in this article that Johnson Controls Inc. of
the USA is now using a hemp and kenaf natural fibre
biocomposite as a substrate in door trim panels for a
DaimlerChrysler vehicle. The parts are made of a blend
of 50 percent PP, 25 percent hemp, and 25 percent kenaf.
Full details are given.
JOHNSON CONTROLS INC.;
DAIMLERCHRYSLER AG
CANADA; USA
Accession no.791656
Item 267
Polymer International
49, No.11, Nov. 2000, p.1444-51
FT-IR MICROSCOPIC STUDIES ON COUPLING
AGENTS. TREATED NATURAL FIBRES
Singh B; Gupta M; Verma A; Tyagi O S
India,Central Building Research Institute; Indian
Institute of Petroleum
The nature of adsorbed coupling agents on sisal fibre
surfaces was analysed by FTIR. The presence of
precipitated oligomers on the surface was confirmed by
the appearance of hydrogen-bonded carbonyl group and
unsaturation bands. Results of surface morphology,
adsorption depth profile and extent of hydrophilicity using
vibrational spectra. 21 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.791557
Item 268
Polymer International
49, No.11, Nov. 2000, p.1273-8
EFFECT OF COUPLING AGENTS ON THE
MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCHPOLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES
Rozman H D; Lai C Y; Ismail H; Ishak Z A M
Penang,Universiti Sains Malaysia
Oil palm empty fruit bunch-PP composites were produced
using a twin-screw extruder. Maleic anhydride-modified
PP, polyphenyl isocyanate, and trimethoxysilylpropyl
methacrylate were used as coupling agents. Data are
presented for water absorption, swelling and mechanical
properties. 25 refs.
MALAYSIA
Accession no.791534
Item 269
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
78, No.9, 28th Nov.2000, p.1671-9
NOVEL LOW-COST JUTE-POLYESTER
COMPOSITES. III. WEATHERING AND
THERMAL BEHAVIOUR
Dash B N; Rana A; Kmishra H K; Nayak S K; Tripathy S S
92
Accession no.791439
Item 270
Polymer
42, No.2, 2001, p.815-25
MODIFIED WOODFLOUR AS THERMOSET
FILLERS. I. EFFECT OF THE CHEMICAL
MODIFICATION AND PERCENTAGE OF
FILLER ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Marcovich N E; Aranguren M I; Reboredo M M
Mar del Plata,Universidad Nacional
Composites were prepared from an unsaturated polyester/
styrene thermoset matrix and esterified wood flour and
were tested. Different degrees of esterification of the wood
particles with maleic anhydride were obtained by using
different times of reaction, which led to materials with
varied final properties. Water absorption performed on
treated particles indicated that they were more
hydrophobic than the untreated ones. Flexural,
compression and dynamic mechanical tests were
performed on composites to determine the optimum level
of chemical modification of the wood flour. The
relationship between the filler content and the composite
final properties was also studied for a selected filler
treatment. An important increment in particle dispersion
was obtained by modifying the wood flour with maleic
anhydride. 19 refs.
ARGENTINA
Accession no.791291
Item 271
Polymer Engineering and Science
40, No.10, Oct.2000, p.2194-204
Accession no.790462
Item 272
International Polymer Science and Technology
27, No.8, 2000, p.T/75-84
NATURAL FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMERS
MAKE A COMEBACK
Bledzki A K; Gassan J; Lucka M
Szczecin,Polytechnic
The environmental benefits of using natural fibre reinforced
plastics are examined with respect to the use of vegetable
and plant fibres as renewable sources. Characteristics of
natural fibres of vegetable origin are discussed with
reference to chemical composition and physical structure,
and mechanical properties are compared to those of glass
and aramid fibres. Techniques for the production of
composites reinforced with natural vegetable fibres are
described, and examples are given of applications in various
countries. The effect of structural and surface modification
of vegetable fibres on the mechanical properties of such
composites is also discussed. 19 refs. Translation of
Polimery, No.2, 2000, p.98.
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.790305
Item 273
Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology
6, No.3, Sept.2000, p.153-7
EFFECTS OF IMPACT MODIFIERS ON THE
PROPERTIES OF RIGID PVC/WOOD-FIBER
COMPOSITES
Mengeloglu F; Matuana L M; King J A
Michigan,Technological University
The effects of impact modifier types and addition levels
on the mechanical properties of rigid PVC/wood-fibre
composites were examined. The impact resistance of rigid
PVC/wood-fibre composites was found to be strongly
Accession no.788891
Item 274
Composites Part A: Applied Science and
Manufacturing
31A, No.11, 2000, p.1231-40
RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF SHORT SISAL
FIBER-REINFORCED POLYSTYRENE
COMPOSITES
Nair K C M; Kumar R P; Thomas S; Schit S C;
Ramamurthy K
Mahatma Gandhi,University; India,Central Institute of
Plastics Engng.& Tech.
The rheological behaviour of short sisal fibre-reinforced
PS composites was studied using an Instron capillary
rheometer. The effect of fibre length, fibre loading, shear
rate, shear stress and temp. on the rheological behaviour
of the composites was studied. Unlike other short fibrereinforced thermoplastics at lower temp., the melt
viscosity of PS-sisal composites was lower than that at
higher temps. At 180C, the viscosity of the composite
was governed by wall-slip, which decreased the viscosity,
and at 190C the viscosity was governed by fibre melt
interaction that increased the viscosity. The morphology
of the extrudate was studied using optical and electron
microscopy. 16 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.788825
Item 275
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
39, No.4, 2000, p.743-55
TENSILE PROPERTIES OF JUTE YARNS
IMPROVED WITH ORGANO-METALLIC
COMPLEXES
Hassiruzzaman; Akhtar F; Khan M A; Ali K M I
Bangladesh,Atomic Energy Commission
Several formulations were prepared with oligomer
urethane acrylate(Ebcryl 264) combined with a diluent
monomer of different acrylated functionalities in the
presence of a plasticiser, an antibubbling agent, ligands
and organometallic complexes. The complexes were made
with benzohydroxamato-pyridine complex and
benzohydroxamato-ethylenediamine in the presence of
titanium dioxide. Thin polymer films were prepared under
UV radiation with these solutions and were characterised.
93
Accession no.788819
Item 276
Composites Science & Technology
60, No.11, Aug./Sept.2000, p.2037-55
SISAL FIBRE AND ITS COMPOSITES: A
REVIEW OF RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Yan Li; Yiu-Wing Mai; Lin Ye
Sydney,University
A summary is presented of recent developments (19871998) of sisal fibre and its composites. The properties of
the sisal fibre itself, the modification of the interface
between sisal fibre and matrix, and the properties of sisal
fibre-reinforced composites and their hybrid composites
are reviewed. 70 refs.
AUSTRALIA
Accession no.786900
Item 278
Composite Interfaces
7, No.2, 2000, p.103-15
EFFECT OF SILICONE INTERPHASE ON THE
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLAXPOLYURETHANE COMPOSITES
Gassan J; Dietz T; Bledzki A
Kassel,Universitat
Flax fibres coated with two types and various amounts of
silicones are used to make flax-PU composites. Coating
conditions are found to affect strongly the composite
properties. The effect of these two types and different
amounts of silicone on the impact toughness, flexural
strength and modulus, dynamic modulus and loss-energy
and notch sensitivity is determined. These properties are
compared with results of composites with a strong fibrematrix adhesion. 30 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.788781
Accession no.786899
Item 277
Composite Interfaces
7, No.2, 2000, p.117-31
PROCESSING AND CHARACTERISATION OF
NEW THERMOSET NANOCOMPOSITES BASED
ON CELLULOSE WHISKERS
Riuz M M; Cavaille J Y; Dufresne A; Gerard J F;
Graillat C
Institut National des Sciences Appliquees; CNRS;
Lyon,Ecole Superieure de Chemie Physique
Electronique
Item 279
Composite Interfaces
7, No.2, 2000, p.81-92
INVESTIGATING INTERPHASE
DEVELOPMENT IN WOOD-POLYMER
COMPOSITES BY INVERSE GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHY
Rials T G; Simonsen J
USDA; Oregon,State University
94
Accession no.786897
Item 280
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
77, No.13, 23rd Sept.2000, p.2963-7
EFFECT OF MALEIC ANHYDRIDE
TREATMENT ON STEAM AND WATER
ABSORPTION OF WOOD POLYMER
COMPOSITES PREPARED FROM WHEAT
STRAW, CANE BAGASSE, AND TEAK WOOD
SAWDUST USING NOVOLAC AS MATRIX
Patil Y P; Gajre B; Dusane D; Chavan S; Mishra S
North Maharashtra,University
Wheat straw, cane bagasse and teak sawdust (agricultural
waste materials) were sieved up to a 425 micrometre mesh
size and used for sheet preparation, with and without
maleic anhydride(MA) treatment, using novolac resin in
a 50:50 w/w ratio. The shore D hardness of MA treated
and untreated wood polymer composites(WPCs) was
measured. The MA treated WPCs showed two to three
times more hardness than that of the untreated respective
WPCs. Moisture absorption had a detrimental effect on
the mechanical properties of the WPCs. MA treatment
restricted swelling and water and steam absorption in the
agricultural waste materials. Teak sawdust showed the
best results of the three WPCs in all respects. 18 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.786225
Item 281
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
78, No.3, 17th Oct.2000 p.603-8
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TREATMENTS ON
THE THERMAL BEHAVIOR OF REINFORCED
PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE POLYMER
COMPOSITES
Agarwal R; Saxena N S; Sharma K B; Thomas S;
Sreekala M S
Rajasthan,University; Mahatma Gandhi,University;
India,Rubber Research Institute
Analysis was carried out on the thermal behaviour of oil
palm fibre-reinforced phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins
with different chemical treatments using differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC). A well-defined peak of
crystallisation was identified in all the samples. However,
in one sample a second exothermic peak also emerged,
which indicates some structural changes at high
temperature. Studies of crystallisation kinetics were
carried out in terms of activation energy of crystallisation,
dimensionality of growth and stability using various
recent theories developed for nonisothermal
crystallisation. The results suggest surface nucleation and
crystallisation through one-dimensional growth. Thermal
stability of PF composites increases after chemical
treatment, and is maximum for resin treated with peroxide
PF composite in comparison to fibre-treated PF
composites. 14 refs.
Accession no.786100
Item 282
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
78, No.3, 17th Oct.2000 p.495-506
IMPROVEMENT OF FUNCTIONAL
PROPERTIES OF JUTE-BASED COMPOSITE BY
ACRYLONITRILE PRETREATMENT
Saha A K; Das S; Basak R K; Bhatta D; Mitra B C
Indian Jute Industries Research Assn.;
Uktal,University; India,National Institute of Research
on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology
Cyanoethylation of jute fibre in the form of nonwoven
fabric was successfully achieved using an acrylonitrile
monomer which is claimed to react with the hydroxyl
groups of fibre constituents. The degrees of
cyanoethylation to different extents were carried out by
varying the reaction time. That extent of cyanoethylation
rises with increase in the reaction time was shown by
an IR study. Cyanoethylated fibres thus obtained were
further treated with unsaturated polyester resin to obtain
modified fibre composites. These composites have been
found to be tolerant against cold and boiling water where
water absorption and thickness swelling are much
reduced compared to those of unmodified fibre
composite. The moisture content of the modified fibre
composites is also significantly reduced. Cyclic tests
indicate that use of cyanoethylated fibre leads to
improvement of the dimensional stability of the fibre
composites. The mechanical properties of the modified
fibre composites improved substantially because of
better bonding at the fibre-matrix interface and this effect
is more pronounced with a higher degree of
cyanoethylation. A scanning electron micrograph of the
fractured surfaces of cyanoethylated jute composite
showed excellent retention of resin on broken fibre ends,
whereas the unmodified composite showed uncoated
fibres and holes in the matrix. That the moisture content
of the composites reduces with increase of the
cyanoethylation was shown by DSC analysis. Both TG
and DSC thermograms showed an additional peak due
to decomposition of cyanoethyl group which is shifted
to a higher value with the extent of cyanoethylation.
However, the cellulose degradation temperature
remained almost unchanged. 26 refs.
Accession no.786088
Item 283
Advanced Materials & Processes
158, No.2, Aug.2000, p.15-6
NATURAL FIBERS REINFORCE ACRYLIC AND
POLYPROPYLENE
The use is briefly described of natural fibre reinforced
plastics in automotive applications such as interior door
panels, by Lear Corp. of Sweden. The company is using
kenaf, hemp and jute reinforced PP and flax reinforced
acrylic. In addition, a one-step process for manufacturing
has also been developed, in which the fibre-reinforced
PP is covered with the surface material in one step.
95
LEAR CORP.
EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.785643
Item 284
Canadian Plastics
58, No.7, July 2000, p.9
NEW COMPANY TO CHALLENGE HARDWOOD
FLOORING WITH PLASTIC-WOODFIBRE
COMPOSITE
SHW Technologies has developed Synthetic Hardwood
flooring made of oriented polymers and hardwood fibre
that is an affordable, water resistant alternative to
hardwood and laminate flooring. The extrusion orientation
process mixes PP and woodfibre to produce flooring
which is impermeable to water, resistant to fungus and
insects and has a PU finish. A plant in Guelph, Ontario
will be completed by September and production is
expected to reach an annual production capacity of 3
million square feet of flooring within twelve months.
SHW TECHNOLOGIES INC.
CANADA
Accession no.785040
Item 285
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
77, No.14, 29th Sept.2000, p.3035-43
CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF PINEAPPLE
LEAF FIBER: GRAFT COPOLYMERISATION
OF ACRYLONITRILE ONTO DEFATTED LEAF
FIBERS
Mohanty A K; Tripathy P C; Misra M; Parija S; Sahoo
S
Berlin,Technical University; Orissa,Ravenshaw College
A copper sulphate/potassium periodate combination was
used as an initiator for the graft copolymerisation of
acrylonitrile onto defatted pineapple leaf fibre (PALF), a
lignocellulosic fibre. The reaction was carried out in an
aqueous medium at 30-50C. The results showed that a
combination of cupric ions and periodate ions, with
concentrations of periodate ions and cupric ions of 0.005
mol/L and 0.002 mol/L respectively, produced optimum
grafting with 0.1 g defatted PALF with a fibre-to-liquor
ratio of 1:50 at 50C for 2 h. Neither potassium periodate
nor copper sulphate alone was able to induce the graft
copolymerisation of acrylonitrile on to the PALF surface.
Grafting improved the thermal stability of PALF. 24 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
INDIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.784880
Item 286
Composites Science & Technology
60, No.7, May/June 2000, p.1115-24
SURFACE MODIFICATION OF JUTE AND ITS
96
INFLUENCE ON PERFORMANCE OF
BIODEGRADABLE JUTE-FABRIC/BIOPOL
COMPOSITES
Mohanty A K; Khan M A; Hinrichsen G
Berlin,Technical University
Surface modifications of two varieties of jute fabrics, i.e.
hessian cloth (HC) and carpet backing cloth (CBC),
involving dewaxing, alkali treatment, cyanoethylation and
grafting, are made with a view to their use as reinforcing
agents in composites based on a biodegradable polymeric
matrix, Biopol. The chemically treated fabrics are
characterised by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
and thermogravimetric analysis. The effects of different
fibre surface treatments and amounts of fabrics on the
performance of the resulting composites are investigated.
Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, bending
strength and impact strength increase in comparison to
pure Biopol as a result of reinforcement with jute fabrics.
More than 50% enhancement in tensile strength, 30% in
bending strength and 90% in impact strength of the
composites relative to pure Biopol sheets are observed
under the present experimental conditions. Scanning
electron microscopy investigations show that surface
modifications improve the fibre/matrix adhesion. From
degradation studies it is found that after 150 days of
compost burial more than 50% weight loss of the jute/
Biopol composite occurs. 14 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.784161
Item 287
Composites Science & Technology
60, No.9, July 2000, p.1737-51
MORPHOLOGY AND MELT RHEOLOGICAL
BEHAVIOUR OF SHORT-SISAL-FIBREREINFORCED SBR COMPOSITES
Kumar R P; Nair K C M; Thomas S; Schit S C;
Ramamurthy K
Mahatma Gandhi,University; India,Central Institute of
Plastics Engng.& Tech.
The melt flow behaviour of untreated and treated shortsisal-fibre-reinforced SBR composites is analysed by
using an Instron capillary rheometer. The effects of fibre
breakage, length concentration and shear rate/stress on
melt viscosity are studied. The fibre breakage is analysed
before and after extrusion and the polydispersity index
(PDI) estimated. It is found that these composites behave
as pseudo-plastic materials. At low shear rates, the short
fibres increase the viscosity much more than at high shear
rates. There is an increase in viscosity upon chemical
treatments owing to the strong interfacial adhesion
between the fibre and the rubber matrix. The dependence
of viscosity on temperature, flow behaviour index, n,
melt elasticity, extrudate distortion and deformation of
these composites is analysed. Finally, die-swell
measurements are carried out to understand the elastic
Accession no.784021
Item 288
Composites Science & Technology
60, No.9, July 2000, p.1729-35
COMPATIBILISING EFFECT OF MALEIC
ANHYDRIDE ON SWELLING AND
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PLANT FIBREREINFORCED NOVALAC COMPOSITES
Mishra S; Naik J B; Patil Y P
North Maharashtra,University
Fibres of banana hemp and sisal are used as fillers in
novolac resin. These fibres are esterified with maleic
anhydride and the effects of maleic anhydride on the
swelling and mechanical properties of plant fibre polymer
composites assessed. Higher absorption of steam and
water is observed in untreated fibre composites. Youngs
modulus increases with an increase in fibre content up to
45 and 50% in untreated and MA treated fibre composites,
respectively. The impact strength and shore D hardness
are found to be higher in maleic anhydride-treated fibre
composites than the untreated-fibre composites. 25 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.784020
Item 289
Journal of Materials Science Letters
19, No.13, 1st July 2000, p.1155-7
EFFECT OF GAMMA-IRRADIATION ON THE
SHORT BEAM SHEAR BEHAVIOUR OF
PULTRUDED SISAL-FIBRE/GLASS-FIBRE/
POLYESTER HYBRID COMPOSITES
Tsang F F Y; Jin Y Z; Yu K N; Wu C M L; Li R K Y
Hong Kong,City University
Pultrusion has been accepted as an effective and versatile
technique for the production of continuous fibrereinforced composites with constant profile cross-section.
Fillers such as calcium carbonate, hollow glass
microspheres, liquid rubber are quite often added to
reduce materials cost and to improve impact resistance.
One possible class of filler for pultruded GRP is natural
cellulosic fibres. Cellulose-based natural fibres are used
as reinforcing fillers in polymeric matrix composites for
their low cost and attractive specific properties. The
microstructures of sisal fibres are very different from those
of synthetic fibres. A sisal fibre is not a single fibre but is
made up of a bundle of tubular micro-fibres of diameter.
The cell wall of a tubular microfibre has a composite
structure of lignocellulosic material reinforced by helical
microfibrillar bands of cellulose. The cell walls are, in
turn, covered by a layer of bonding material that separates
Accession no.783947
Item 290
Polymer Degradation and Stability
69, No.3, Sept.2000, p.261-5
EVALUATION OF OPTIMUM GRAFTING
PARAMETERS AND THE EFFECT OF CERIC
ION INITIATED GRAFTING OF METHYL
METHACRYLATE ON TO JUTE FIBRE ON THE
KINETICS OF THERMAL DEGRADATION AND
SWELLING BEHAVIOUR
Chauhan G S; Bhatt S S; Kaur I; Singha A S; Kaith B S
Himachal Pradesh,University; Hamirpur Regional
Engineering College
To effect useful changes in jute fibre it was graft
copolymerised with MMA initiated by ceric ions and
optimisation of grafting parameters studied as a function
of various reaction conditions. Jute and its graft copolymer
thermally degrade in one and two stages, respectively,
but following the same degradation mechanism. The
degradation mechanism and thermal kinetics were
evaluated by applying seven kinetic degradation models.
Both fibres decompose following the R-2 (PBRcylindrical symmetry) kinetic equation. Initially, the
thermal stability of the graft copolymer is better, as evident
from higher energy of activation and higher initial
decomposition temperature. Swelling (Ps) of graft
copolymers increases as a function of grafting and at a
particular graft level follows the order: DMF greater than
H2O greater than iso-propanol. 23 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.783819
Item 291
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science &
Engineering.Spring Meeting 2000.Volume
82.Conference proceedings.
San Francisco, Ca., 26th-30th March 2000, p.29-30
NATURAL FIBRE REINFORCED
BIODEGRADABLE MATRIX COMPOSITE:
EFFECT OF SURFACE MODIFICATIONS OF
JUTE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF JUTE-
97
BIOPOL COMPOSITES
Mohanty A K; Khan M A; Misra M; Hinrichsen G
Berlin,Technical University
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
The influence of surface modifications (dewaxing, 5%
alkali treatment and the grafting of acrylonitrile) of jute
fibre in jute-reinforced Biopol biodegradable
composites was investigated. Significant increases in
both tensile and flexural strength of the composites
were observed following the surface treatment. The
biodegradability was assessed using a synthetic
municipal solid waste burial test, the weight loss
increasing with time. After 180 days, the pure Biopol
had a weight loss of 44%, the composite containing
dewaxed fibre a loss of 56.6%, and the composite
containing the acrylonitrile-grafted fibre a loss of
41.2%. The lower degradation rate of the grafted
material was attributed to the non-biodegradable nature
of the grafted polyacrylonitrile. 8 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.782844
Item 292
Reinforced Plastics
44, No.7-8, July-Aug.2000, p.19
GREEN COMPOSITES FOR CAR INTERIORS
Lear has introduced two environmentally friendly
polymer materials for use in vehicle interior trim products,
it is briefly reported. The polymer materials contain up
to 70% of natural fibre obtained from plants that are
sustainable and can be easily recycled. A natural fibre
acrylic polymer has been developed for automotive door
panel trim, package tray and trunk applications. The
natural fibre PP has improved mechanical properties
through the use of coupling agents to enhance the
chemical bonding between the fibre and polymer.
LEAR CORP.
USA
Accession no.780201
Item 293
Plastics and Rubber Weekly
No.1845, 14th July 2000, p.10
COMPOUNDERS GO FOR WOOD
Smith C
Wood-filled plastics is one of the hottest markets in the
building sector. The US lumber industry is currently
leading the move towards extruded wood products, driven
largely by the construction industrys demand for decking
and sidings. Cincinnati Extrusion hopes to become a
significant player in this sector and has developed a wood
extrusion system of its own, which is claimed to be able
to handle composites with wood contents of up to 85%.
Davis-Standard has shown a newly developed direct
compounding and extrusion line for wood products. Its
98
Accession no.780132
Item 294
Polymer Testing
19, No.4, 2000, p.419-428
STATISTICAL EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND
MODELING OF POLYPROPYLENE-WOOD
FIBER COMPOSITES
Costa T H S; Carvalho D L; Souza D S C; Coutinho F
M B; Pinto J C; Kokta B V
UFRJ; Quebec,Universite A Trois-Rivieres
Maleated propylene coating of vinyl-tris(2-methoxy
ethoxy)silane treated wood fibres, their matrix type and
relative composition influences the tensile and flexural
behaviour of the composite. The effects of the variables
were studied and an analysis of variance of the
experimental and predicted data indicated that constructed
models provided a fair approximation of the actual
measurements. Empirical models to produce optimum
composites were discussed. 12 refs.
BRAZIL; CANADA
Accession no.779578
Item 295
Journal of Materials Science Letters
19, No.11, 1st June 2000, p.979-80
STIFFNESS PREDICTION OF FLAX FIBERSEPOXY COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Lamy B; Baley C
Nantes,Ecole Centrale
Details are given of an investigation of the mechanical
properties of flax fibre-reinforced epoxy resins. The
effects of defects and dispersion in geometry of the fibres
on the mechanical properties are discussed. 3 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.778981
Item 296
Journal of Materials Science
35, No.10, 15th May 2000, p.2589-95
EFFECT OF CHEMICAL MODIFICATION ON
THE PERFORMANCE OF BIODEGRADABLE
JUTE YARN-BIOPOL COMPOSITES
Mohanty A K; Khan M A; Sahoo S; Hinrichsen G
Berlin,Technical University
Details are given of the preparation of jute fibre-reinforced
hydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate copolymers by a hotpress moulding technique. The effects of temperature,
yarn amount, chemical modification, alkali treatment,
graft copolymerisation, and orientation of yarn winding
on the performance of the resulting composites were
Accession no.778953
Item 297
Macromolecular Materials and Engineering
Vols.276-277, March 2000, p.51-8
INFLUENCE OF COMPATIBILISERS ON
SURFACE HARDNESS WATER UPTAKE AND
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
POLYPROPYLENE WOOD FLOUR
COMPOSITES PREPARED BY REACTIVE
EXTRUSION
Nitz H; Reichert P; Romling H; Mulhaupt R
Albert-Ludwigs,University
Anisotropic wood flour (WF) particles, composed of fibre
bundles, are melt compounded in a twin screw extruder at
200 deg.C together with PP in the presence of maleic
anhydride-grafted PP (PP-g-MA) and maleic anhydridegrafted PS-block-PE-co-1-butene-block-PS (SEBS-g-MA).
Mechanical properties, surface hardness and water uptake
are monitored as a function of compound composition and
type of compatibiliser. PP/WF/SEBS-g-MA containing 30
vol.% (40 wt.%) WF and 3.5 vol.% (3 wt.%) SEBS-g-MA
gives Shore hardness of 78 with respect to 70 for PP and
increased simultaneously Youngs modulus (100%), yield
stress (20%) and notched Izod impact strength (24%).
SEBS-g-MA compatibiliser addition does not affect the
surface hardness but accounts for substantially reduced
water uptake and excellent interfacial adhesion. In
comparison, to talcum-filled PP, PP/WF/SEBS-g-MA
composites exhibit lower density combined with higher
specific strength, specific Youngs modulus and higher
surface hardness. WF particle as well as composite
morphologies are imaged by means of environmental
scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). 8 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.778217
Item 298
Macromolecular Materials and Engineering
Vols. 276-277,March 2000, p.1-24
BIOFIBRES, BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS
AND BIOCOMPOSITES: AN OVERVIEW
Mohanty A K; Misra M; Hinrichsen G
Berlin,Technical University
Due to increased environmental consciousness and
demands of legislative authorities, use and removal of
traditional composite structures, usually made of glass,
carbon or aramid fibres being reinforced with epoxy,
unsaturated polyester, or phenolics, are considered
critically. Recent advances in natural fibre development,
genetic engineering and composite science offer
Accession no.778213
Item 299
Composites Science & Technology
60, No.6, May 2000, p.833-44
EFFECT OF WETTABILITY AND AGEING
CONDITIONS ON THE PHYSICAL AND
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF UNIAXIALLY
ORIENTED JUTE-ROVING-REINFORCED
POLYESTER COMPOSITES
de Albuquerque A C; Kuruvilla J; Hecker de Carvalho
L; Morais dAlmeida J R
Paraiba,Universidad Federal; Rio de Janeiro,Pontificia
Universidade Catolica
The tensile, flexural and impact behaviour of jute roving
reinforced polyester composites are investigated as a
function of fibre loading and fibre surface wettability. Two
types of unsaturated polyester, Resana (having a wetting
agent) and Elekeiroz (without wetting agent) are used.
49 refs.
BRAZIL
Accession no.777330
Item 300
Polymer Process Engineering 97. Conference
proceedings.
London, July 1997, p.202-13
INTEGRATED COMPOUNDING TECHNOLOGY
FOR THE PREPARATION OF POLYMER
99
Accession no.775993
Item 301
Polimeros: Ciencia e Tecnologia
9, No.4, Oct./Dec.1999, p.136-41
Portuguese
TENSILE PROPERTIES OF UNSATURATED
POLYESTER COMPOSITES REINFORCED BY
SHORT SISAL FIBRES
Joseph K; Medeiros E S; Carvalho L H
St.Berchmans College; Paraiba,Universidad Federal
A study was made of the effects of fibre length, content
and orientation on the tensile properties of the above
composites. It was found that tensile strength increased
with fibre lengths of from 5 to 45 mm, levelled off between
45 and 55 mm and then decreased from 55 to 75 mm.
Tensile strength also increased with fibre contents up to
55% and then decreased and modulus and elongation at
break were insensitive to fibre length. 25 refs.
BRAZIL; INDIA
Accession no.774207
Item 302
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition
38, No.7, 1st April 2000, p.916-21
EFFECT OF TREATMENT ON THE THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY AND THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY
OF OIL-PALM FIBRE-REINFORCED
PHENOLFORMALDEHYDE COMPOSITES
Agrawal R; Saxena N S; Sreekala M S; Thomas S
100
Accession no.773147
Item 303
Modern Plastics International
30, No.4, April 2000, p.84
NATURAL FIBRE
It is briefly reported that natural fibre composites from
Apollor are based on thermoset and thermoplastic resins.
Epitex grades contain straw reinforcement in PP, PE or
PVC. Hemptex is an unsaturated polyester reinforced with
either 20% hemp or 10% each of hemp and glass fibres
in mat form of various types. Property data are presented.
APOLLOR
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.772724
Item 304
Composites Science & Technology
60, No.4, 2000, p.581-9
DURABILITY OF JUTE FIBRE-REINFORCED
PHENOLIC COMPOSITES
Singh B; Gupta M; Verma A
India,Central Building Research Institute
The physical and mechanical properties of jute fibrereinforced phenolic resin composites were studied under
varying conditions of humidity, hydrothermal and
weathering. The ageing-induced degradative effect of these
conditions on dimensional stability, surface topography and
mechanical properties of the composites was observed. The
severity of ageing was greater in an accelerated water test
as compared with the other exposure conditions. SEM
observation revealed the fibre accentuation along with fibre
breakage/splitting and surface discolouration in both natural
and accelerated weathering of UV exposure. Some
biological defacement in the form of fungal infestation
appeared at the cut edges of weathered composites, while
extensive disfigurement was observed on all surfaces under
high humidity/water immersion. These results could be
useful as an indicator for assessing the suitability of jute
composites for use in damp and dry conditions. 24 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.772532
Item 305
Journal of Testing & Evaluation
27, No.1, Jan.1999, p.36-41
Accession no.772259
Item 307
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
76, No.7, 16th May 2000, p.1000-10
EFFECT OF FIBRE PRETREATMENT
CONDITION ON THE INTERFACIAL
STRENGTH AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
OF WOOD FIBRE/PP COMPOSITES
Jingshen Wu; Demei Yu; Chi-Ming Chan, Jangkyo
Kim, Yiu-Wing Mai
Hong Kong,University of Science & Technology; Xian
Jiaotong,University; Sydney,University
Several different methods for pretreatment of woodfibre
with a silane coupling agent prior to compounding with
polypropylene are described. The compounds produced
from these different pretreated materials using a twin screw
compounding method are examined by reference to
rheological testing in a parallel plate rheometer, physical
testing (both tensile and impact) and by microscopical
examination of fracture surfaces. The coupling chemistry
is discussed and toughening mechanisms are proposed and
discussed with reference to interfacial bond strengths,
matrix plastic deformation and fibre-matrix separation. A
further compound prepared using a grafted copolymer
(styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene grafted with maleic
anhydride) as a compatibiliser was also examined, and
results compared and contrasted with those obtained from
the silane coupled materials. Silane coupled materials were
shown to give the greatest tensile strength, but those using
the compatibiliser gave the greater impact strength. 32 refs
Item 306
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
39, No.1, 2000, p.187-98
STUDY ON MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF
JUTE-EPOXY COMPOSITES
Mishra H K; Dash B N; Tripathy S S; Padhi B N
Vedvyas College; Salipur College; Ravenshaw College
AUSTRALIA; CHINA
INDIA
Accession no.772202
Accession no.771964
Item 308
High Performance Textiles
April 2000, p.3-4
HEADLINER EXPLOITS NATURAL FIBRES
USA
Accession no.771030
Item 309
Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie
Vol.272, Dec.1999, p.121-7
LIFE CYCLE STUDIES ON HEMP FIBREREINFORCED COMPONENTS AND ABS FOR
AUTOMOTIVE PARTS
Wotzel K; Wirth R; Flake M
Braunschweig,Technische Universitat; Seeber
Systemtechnik KG
101
Accession no.769759
Item 310
Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie
Vol.272, Dec.1999, p.117-20
INTERFACIAL CHARACTERISATION OF FLAX
FIBRE-THERMOPLASTIC POLYMER
COMPOSITES BY THE PULL-OUT TEST
Stamboulis A; Baillie C; Schulz E
London,Imperial College of Science,Technol.& Med.;
Berlin,Federal Inst.for Mat.Res.& Testing
The interface between flax fibres and thermoplastic
polymer matrices is investigated. Two types of flax fibres
are used: dew retted and upgraded Duralin fibres. The
latter fibres are treated by a novel treatment process for
improved moisture and rot sensitivity. The apparent shear
strength of dew-retted and upgraded Duralin fibres
embedded in high and low density PE, PP and maleic
anhydride-modified PP, respectively, is calculated from
the maximum force measured from the pull-out test using
the Kelly-Tyson equation. Higher apparent shear strength
values are measured in the case of HDPE. An
improvement in the interfacial shear strength by the use
of upgraded flax fibres is not clearly observed. The curves
of pull-out force versus displacement for all samples are
typical of a brittle fracture mixed mode interface
behaviour. The pull-out test of flax fibre-polymer matrices
102
Accession no.769758
Item 311
Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie
Vol.272, Dec.1999, p.108-16
EFFECT OF CHEMICAL TREATMENT ON THE
PROPERTIES OF HEMP, SISAL, JUTE AND
KAPOK FOR COMPOSITE REINFORCEMENT
Mwaikambo L Y; Ansell M P
Bath,University
Two chemical treatments are applied to hemp, sisal, jute
and kapok natural fibres to create better fibre to resin
bonding in natural composite materials. The natural fibres
are treated with varying concentrations of caustic soda
with the objective of removing surface impurities and
developing fine structure modifications in the process of
alkalisation. The same fibres are also acetylated with and
without an acid catalyst to graft acetyl groups onto the
cellulose structure, in order to reduce the hydrophilic
tendency of the fibres and enhance weather resistance.
Four characterisation techniques, namely XRD, DSC, FTIR and SEM, are used to elucidate the effect of the
chemical treatment on the fibres. After treatment, the
surface topography of hemp, sisal and jute fibres is clean
and rough. The surface of kapok fibres is apparently not
affected by the chemical treatments. X-ray diffraction
shows a slight initial improvement in the crystallinity
index of the fibres at low sodium hydroxide concentration.
However, high caustic soda concentrations lower the fibre
crystallinity index. Thermal analysis of the fibres also
indicates reductions in crystallinity index with increased
caustic soda concentrations and that grafting of the acetyl
groups is optimised at elevated temperatures. Alkalisation
and acetylation successfully modify the structure of
natural fibres and these modifications will most likely
improve the performance of natural fibre composites by
promoting better fibre to resin bonding. 30 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.769757
Item 312
Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie
Vol.272, Dec.1999, p.99-107
VEGETABLE FIBRES IN AUTOMOTIVE
INTERIOR COMPONENTS
Magurno A
Johnson Controls Automotive srl
A brief overview is presented of the state of the art of the
use of plastic/vegetable fibre composite materials for
interior car parts, and the technologies to produce such
parts (injection moulding, low pressure injection
moulding, thermoforming, thermocompression and
Accession no.769756
Item 313
Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie
Vol.272, Dec.1999, p.71-6
FLAX FIBRE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE AND ITS
EFFECT ON COMPOSITE PROPERTIES:
IMPACT STRENGTH AND
THERMOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Van den Oever M J A; Bos H L; Molenveld K
ATO-DLO
Earlier investigations have shown that the tensile modulus
of flax fibre mat PP composites (NMT) could surpass the
values of glass mat reinforced thermoplastic (GMT) on
fibre weight basis. The tensile and flexural strength could
reach values of up to 65% of the GMT strength values,
however, very much dependent on the fibre physical
structure. This study deals with the Charpy impact and the
thermo-mechanical properties of flax NMT materials. The
trend is that the Charpy impact strength decreases with
increasing fibre internal bonding and enhanced fibre-matrix
adhesion, which is opposite to the trend for the tensile and
flexural properties. The impact strength of the NMT
materials is lower than generally reported for GMT
materials. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis reveals
that with increasing temperature the storage modulus of
the NMT materials reduces more slowly when the fibre
internal bonding and the fibre-matrix adhesion are
improved. In order to approach the tensile, flexural and
impact strength of GMT materials, composites should be
based on the strong elementary flax fibres. The axial tensile
strength of elementary fibres approaches the strength of
glass fibres and the lateral strength of the elementary fibres
is higher than the technical flax fibres lateral strength. The
thermo-mechanical properties can probably be improved
when non-cellulosic material can be removed from the flax
fibre surface without damaging the fibre. 15 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.769753
Item 314
Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie
Vol.272, Dec.1999, p.41-5
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLAX FIBRE
REINFORCED EPOXY COMPOSITES
Accession no.769748
Item 315
Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie
Vol.272, Dec.1999, p.27-33
German
TRANSCRYSTALLISATION IN NATURAL
FIBRE-REINFORCED POLYPROPYLENE
Mildner I; Bledski A
Kassel,Universitat
The influence of thermal conditions (recrystallisation
temperature, cooling rate) as well as of different fibre
treatments on the crystallisation of PP is examined by using
melting-microscopic analysis. The results of these
investigations show that the nucleation density of untreated
and MAH-grafted PP treated jute fibres is higher in
comparison with alkalised jute fibres because of differences
in the chemical composition and physical properties of the
fibre surface. With increasing recrystallisation temperature
the maximum of transcrystalline layer thickness is shifted
to higher crystallisation times. Experimental data of this
coherence are successfully fitted by using a simple
Arrhenius-type relationship. Regarding non-isothermal
crystallisation, the beginning of transcrystallisation is
shifted, as expected, to lower temperatures with increasing
cooling rate. 21 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.769746
Item 316
Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie
Vol.272, Dec.1999, p.11-6
German
PULTRUSION OF CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES
Gensewich C; Riedel U
DLR Braunschweig; Deutsches Zentrum fuer Luft- &
Raumfahrt
103
Accession no.769743
Item 317
Patent Number: US 6015612 A 20000118
POLYMER WOOD COMPOSITE
Deaner M J; Puppin J; Heikkila K E
Andersen Corp.
Disclosed is a composition comprising a polymer and
wood fibre composite, which can be used in the form of a
linear extrudate or thermoplastic pellet to manufacture
structural members. The polymer and wood fibre
composite structural members can be manufactured by
extrusion or injection moulding. The linear extrudate or
pellet can have a cross-section of any arbitrary shape or
can be a regular geometric. The pellet can have a crosssection shape having a specific volume. Preferably the
pellet is a right cylindrical pellet having a minimum radius
of about 1.5 mm and a minimum length of 1 mm weighing
at least 14 mg. The invention also relates to the
environmentally sensitive recycling of waste streams. The
polymer and wood fibre composite contains an intentional
recycle of a waste stream comprising polymer flakes or
particles or wood fibre. The waste stream can comprise,
in addition to a polymer, such as polyvinyl chloride or
wood fibre, adhesive, paint, preservative or other chemical
stream common in the wood-window or door
104
Accession no.769624
Item 318
Patent Number: US 6015611 A 20000118
ADVANCED POLYMER WOOD COMPOSITE
Deaner M J; Puppin J; Heikkila K E
Andersen Corp.
Disclosed is a composition in the form of pellets comprising
a thermoplastic and wood fibre composite material suitable
for forming structural members as a replacement for wood
in the manufacture of doors and windows. The composite
has less than about 10 wt.% water based on pellet weight
and a Youngs modulus of at least about 500,000. Structural
members are typically formed from the composite in an
extrusion or injection moulding process.
USA
Accession no.769623
Item 319
Kunststoffe Plast Europe
89, No.12, Dec.1999, p.37-9
English; German
STRONG AND IMPACT RESISTANT
Mieck K P; Reubmann T
Thueringisches Institut fuer Textil- & KunststoffForschung eV; Chemnitz,Technical University
The impact strength of natural fibre mat-reinforced
thermoplastics can be increased by the addition of
cellulosic fibres with high strength and elongation. In fact,
it can be doubled by adding only 10-15% by wt. (German
version of this paper, which includes illustrations, is on
p.102-5). 5 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.764396
Item 320
Journal of Materials Science
35, No.2, 15th Jan. 2000, p.293-8
MANUFACTURE AND MECHANICAL TESTING
Accession no.764273
Item 321
Composites Part A: Applied Science and
Manufacturing
31A, No.2, 2000, p.143-50
INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL SURFACE
MODIFICATION ON THE PROPERTIES OF
BIODEGRADABLE JUTE FABRICSPOLYESTER AMIDE COMPOSITES
Mohanty A K; Khan M A; Hinrichsen G
Berlin,Technical University
Jute fabrics are subjected to various surface chemical
modifications and then fabricated into composites with a
polyester amide matrix. The mechanical properties of the
composites are then measured in order to investigate the
effects of fabric surface modification. Scanning electron
microscopy is used to study the fracture surfaces of the
composites. Samples are also subjected to compost burial
for observations of degradation including weight loss and
residual bending strength. 22 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.763631
Item 322
Automotive Engineer
25, No.2, Feb.2000, p.50
FORD GOES BACK TO NATURE
Morton I
Ford is reported here to be pioneering the use of a
natural plant fibre, a relative of hibiscus known as
kenaf, for boot-liners for its Continental and Mustan,
and for full structural door panels for the new Focus.
Full details of the properties and advantages of kenaf
are provided.
FORD; VISTEON; KAFUS BIO-COMPOSITES; R&S
STANZTECHNIK
Accession no.763299
Item 323
International Polymer Science and Technology
26, No.6, 1999, p.T/1-T/4. (Translation of Gummi
Fasern Kunststoffe, No. 4, 1999, p.294)
WOOD-FILLED THERMOPLASTICS AS AN
ALTERNATIVE TO NATURAL WOOD
Bledzki A K; Sperber V; Theis S; Gassan J; Nishibori S
Kassel,Universitat; EIN Engineering Co.Ltd.
Data are presented on the mechanical properties and
moisture absorption characteristics of wood-fibre and
wood-powder filled plastics. The strength values of
composites filled with up to 55% by weight of wood flour
based on PP, PE, uPVC and pPVC are found to be fully
comparable with those of MDF, although not so good as
those of natural wood. However, due to their lower
moisture absorption on exposure to water, composite
materials in swollen conditions are found to be superior
to wooden materials. 6 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
JAPAN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.762029
Item 324
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
38, No.5, 1999, p.1051-8
STUDIES ON SWELLING BEHAVIOUR OF
WOOD-POLYMER COMPOSITES BASED ON
AGRO-WASTE AND HDPE IN STEAM AND
WATER AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
Mishra S; Naik J B
North Maharashtra University
Polymer composites of HDPE and banana, hemp and
agave fibres (50:50, w/w) are prepared separately with
and without treatment of maleic anhydride. The swelling
phenomenon in terms of absorption of water and steam is
studied and it is found that the steam penetrates more
within a smaller period of time than the water at ambient
temperature. The maleic anhydride treatment on these
fibres shows the esterification of fibres and because of
that, the absorption (swelling) of steam and water is less
than the untreated respective fibres composites. 10 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.761081
Item 325
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
38, No.5, 1999, p.997-1011
POLYPROPYLENE HYBRID COMPOSITES: A
PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE USE OF GLASS
AND COCONUT FIBRE AS REINFORCEMENTS
IN POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES
Rozman H D; Tay G S; Kumar R N; Abubakar A;
105
Ismail H; Ishak Z A M
Penang,Universiti Sains Malaysia
PP hybrid composites are made using coconut and glass
fibres as reinforcing agents in the PP matrix. The
incorporation of both fibres results in the reduction of
flexural, tensile and impact strengths, and elongation at
break. The reduction is attributed to the increased
incompatibility between the fibres and the PP matrix, and
the irregularity in fibre size, especially for biofibres as
shown by scanning electron micrographs. Both flexural
and tensile moduli are improved with increasing level of
fibre loading. Most of the properties tested for composites
with high glass fibres/low biofibre loading are comparable
with the ones with low glass fibre/high biofibre loading.
The results show that more biofibres could be incorporated
in hybrid composites, giving the same range of properties
as the composites with higher loading of glass fibres. 18
refs.
MALAYSIA
Accession no.761078
Item 326
Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials
12, No.6, Nov.1999, p.477-97
BAGASSE FIBER-POLYPROPYLENE BASED
COMPOSITES
Vazquez A; Dominguez V A; Kenny J M
Mardel Plata,University; Perugia,University
The processing and properties of bagasse fibrepolypropylene composites are studied and the effect of
surface modification of the fibres with different
treatments, on the interfacial adhesion to the
polypropylene matrix, is reported. The effect of the
treatment reactions on the chemical structure of the fibres
is analysed by infrared spectroscopy. The effects of the
fibre chemical treatment on the tensile properties of the
moulded composite, produced by different processing
routes, is also analysed and creep measurements are
discussed. 30 refs.
ARGENTINA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.760392
Item 327
Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials
12, No.6, Nov.1999, p.443-64
EFFECT OF STRAIN RATE AND
TEMPERATURE ON THE TENSILE FAILURE
OF PINEAPPLE FIBER REINFORCED
POLYETHYLENE COMPOSITES
George J; Thomas S
Mahatma Gandhi,University
The dependence of strain rate and temperature on the
mechanical properties of pineapple leaf fibre (PALF)
reinforced polyethylene (LDPE) composites is
investigated. The effects of fibre loading, fibre orientation
106
Accession no.760390
Item 328
Journal of Cellular Plastics
35, No.6, Nov./Dec.1999, p.550-62
IMPACT PROPERTIES OF NATURAL FIBREREINFORCED EPOXY FOAMS
Bledzki A K; Gassan J; Zjang W
Kassel,Universitat
The impact behaviour of natural fibre-reinforced epoxy
foams is described. The effects of different types of
fibres, fibre content and void content are discussed. It
is found that the woven flax fibre results in composites
with better impact strengths than the woven jute fibre
based composites. The impact damage configuration
and mechanism of these laminated composites are
discussed. Impact properties such as loss energy and
damping index are found to be almost linearly
dependent on void content and impact energy. The loss
energy and damping index are decreased with
increasing fibre content under comparable void content
and test conditions. 32 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.760239
Item 329
Macromolecules
32, No.22, 2nd Nov.1999, p.7396-401
TRANSCRYSTALLIZATION IN MCL-PHAS/
CELLULOSE WHISKERS COMPOSITES
Dufresne A; Kellerhals M B; Witholt B
Grenoble,Joseph Fourier University;
Zurich,Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule
Nanocomposite materials were prepared from an
elastomeric
medium-chain-length
polyhydroxyalkanoate(Mcl-PHA) latex as semicrystalline
material using a colloidal suspension of hydrolysed
cellulose whiskers as natural and biodegradable filler.
After stirring, the preparations were cast and evaporated.
High-performance materials were obtained from this
system, preserving the natural character of PHA.
Differences were, however, reported by comparison with
amorphous PHA filled systems. These differences were
ascribed to a transcrystallisation phenomenon of
semicrystalline HA on cellulose whiskers, evidenced by
DMA. Transcrystallisation hindered the mechanical
percolation of cellulose whiskers and the formation of a
rigid network within the polymer matrix during the film
Accession no.759192
Item 330
Polymer
40, No.26, 1999, p.7313-20
MOISTURE DIFFUSION IN POLYESTERWOODFLOUR COMPOSITES
Marcovich N E; Reboredo M M; Aranguren M I
Mar del Plata,Universidad Nacional
The understanding of water-polymer interactions in
polymeric composite materials is critical to the prediction
of their behaviour in applications where they are exposed
to water or humid environment. Moisture diffusion in
unsaturated polyester-wood flour composites exposed to
environments kept at room temperature and different
relative humidities is investigated. Equations obtained from
microscopic mass balances for vapour diffusion in solids
are used to determine the effective diffusion coefficients
of the different woodflours, neat resin and composites. The
effect of the size and shape of the composite specimens
used in the experimental work on the final moisture content
is also evaluated. Different models are used to predict the
composite effective diffusion coefficients as a function of
filler concentrations. 20 refs.
ARGENTINA
Accession no.758984
Item 331
Polyurethanes Expo 99. Conference proceedings.
Orlando, Fl., 12th-15th Sept.1999, p.373-6
PRODUCTION EXPERIENCES WITH
AUTOMOTIVE INTERIOR TRIM
COMPONENTS UTILISING NATURAL FIBRE
MATS
Fries K-W; Sander W; Rompala T; Muto J
Hennecke GmbH; Bayer Corp.
(American Plastics Council,Alliance for the
Polyurethanes Industry)
NafpurTec, a Hennecke technology utilising a natural fibre
mat impregnated with Bayers Baypreg F PU systems,
most recently went into production for the manufacturing
of automotive interior parts. The first actual production
experiences with this new process technology are related.
By utilising the NafpurTec technology, interior panels can
be moulded with minimal thicknesses of 1.5-2.0 mm,
within 30-60 seconds. The natural fibre mat used is a flax/
sisal blend (50/50) which is used to replace glass fibre,
commonly used in competitive technologies. A variety
of other natural fibres such as hemp are also conceivable
for this technology. The natural fibre mat is impregnated
with the Baypreg PU system to produce a finished,
lightweight product which is 35-45 % urethane, and 55-
Accession no.755704
Item 332
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
74, No.8, 21st Nov.1999, p.1962-77
STEAM-EXPLODED RESIDUAL SOFTWOODFILLED POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES
Angles M N; Salvado J; Dufresne A
Tarragona,Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Grenoble,Joseph
Fourier University
Residual softwood sawdust was pretreated using a steamexplosion technique and was used as a natural filler in
PP-based composites. DMA and tensile properties of the
materials were studied. The influence of filler loading,
steam-explosion severity and coating of the fibre with a
functionalised compatibiliser, such as maleic anhydridemodified PP, on the mechanical behaviour of the
composite was evaluated. The results were analysed in
relation to those from SEM observations and surface
energy and apparent specific area measurements. 59 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.755613
Item 333
European Plastics News
26, No.11, Dec.1999, p.40
TWO-MATERIAL DEMONSTRATION
It is briefly reported that Battenfeld has demonstrated an
HM 4500/2x2800 injection moulding machine producing
a furniture door and handle. The door part consists of a
flax reinforced PP core and Targor PP for the outer layers.
The door part and the thermoplastic elastomer grip were
made in a multi-component mould.
BATTENFELD AG
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.754611
Item 334
Kunststoffe Plast Europe
89, No.8, Aug.1999, p.18-20
English; German
FLAX-REINFORCED POLYPROPYLENE
Wielage B; Kohler E; Odenwald S; Lampke T; Bergner A
107
Chemnitz,Technical University
In the production of composite materials from natural
fibres and a thermoplastic matrix, the process parameters
have a significant effect on the mechanical properties of
the parts. The boundaries of the process control are
derived from theoretical principles and temperature-time
dependencies, determined by thermoanalytical
techniques. 7 refs. (Translated from Kunststoffe p.60-2).
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.753240
Item 335
Plastics Technology
45, No.10, Oct.1999, p.62/8
NATURAL FIBERS
Sherman L M
A review is presented of developments in the use of natural
fibre-reinforced plastics in vehicle interiors. Technology
for using natural fibre composites in interior trim is being
cultivated by Tier I and II automotive suppliers, typically
in partnership with producers of natural fibre-based mat
materials. Much developmental work is focused on PPbased composites produced by compression moulding or
thermoforming extruded sheet or commingled mats of PP
and plant fibres, and at least one SRIM-type polyurethane
application has been commercialised. Details are given
of automotive applications using these biocomposites,
processing techniques used, and material combinations.
NORTH AMERICA
Accession no.752984
Item 337
Journal of Composite Materials
31, No.5, 1997, p.509-27
INFLUENCE OF SHORT GLASS FIBRE
ADDITION ON THE MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF SISAL REINFORCED LOW
DENSITY POLYETHYLENE COMPOSITES
Kalapasad G; Joseph K; Thomas S
Mahatma Gandhi,University
The evaluation of enhancement in the mechanical
properties of short sisal fibre reinforced PE composites
by the incorporation of short glass fibre as an intimate
mix with sisal is described. Intimately mixed short glasssisal hybrid fibre reinforced PE composites (GSRP) are
prepared by solution mixing technique. The effects of fibre
orientation and alkali treatment on sisal fibre in GSRP
are studied. Addition of relatively small volume fraction
of glass (0.03) to the sisal reinforced PE matrix (SRP)
enhances the tensile strength of longitudinally oriented
composites by about 80%. Addition of the same volume
fraction of glass to the alkali treated sisal incorporated
SRP enhances the tensile strength by more than 90%. The
flexural strength of the longitudinally oriented composites
is also studied. The incorporation of glass fibre (Vf = 0.03)
to SRP enhances the flexural strength by more than 60%.
The effect of hybridisation on water absorption tendency
of the sisal fibre is studied by immersing SRP and GSRP
in boiling water for 3 hours. It is observed that water
uptake of GSRP is two to four times less than that of SRP
composites. Halpin-Tsai equation for composites is tried
for calculating the tensile modulus of longitudinally
oriented GSRP. 25 refs.
INDIA
Item 336
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
38, No.4, 1999, p.767-82
JUTE-REINFORCED URETHANE POLYMER
COMPOSITE UNDER GAMMA RADIATION
Khan M A; Balo S K; Ali K M I
Bangladesh,Atomic Energy Commission
Some formulations are developed with urethane
triacrylate oligomer in combination with monomers of
different functionalities. Thick (2 mm) polymer films are
prepared with these formulations under Co-60 gamma
radiation. The films are reinforced with jute by mixing
jute particles in the above formulations at different
proportions. These films are characterised and it is
observed that both tensile and bending strengths are
enhanced by the addition of the jute in the formulation;
however, elongation is reduced with the increase in jute
concentration. However, the presence of trimethylol
propane triacrylate (TMPTA) in the formulations slightly
reduce the tensile properties of the composites from the
already enhanced properties induced by the TMPTA in
the films. 9 refs.
BANGLADESH
Accession no.752297
108
Accession no.751391
Item 338
Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials
12, No.5, Sept.1999, p.388-98
INFLUENCE OF FIBRE SURFACE TREATMENT
ON THE CREEP BEHAVIOUR OF JUTE FIBREREINFORCED POLYPROPYLENE
Gassan J; Bledski A K
Kassel,Universitat
Improvements in the characteristic properties of jute-PP
composites are obtained with the application of MAH
grafted PP copolymers as a coupling agent to the fibre
SEM investigations demonstrate that fibre pull-out is
reduced after the modification with the coupling agent.
This improved fibre-matrix adhesion further leads to a
lower creep strain in the outer fibres. This is demonstrated
for composites with two different fibre contents. Up to
applied stresses of 5.1 N/sq.mm, the creep behaviour for
the composites with unmodified, as well as for those with
MAH-PP modified, fibres obeys the creep law according
to Abbott. The experimental data of creep tests at higher
applied stresses are fitted more successfully by using the
creep law according to Findley. The creep kinetic
Accession no.751376
Item 339
Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie
No.268, July 1999, p.22-8
German
EFFECT OF WATER EXPOSURE ON ALKALI
TREATED JUTE AND FLAX FIBRE-EPOXY
RESIN COMPOSITES
Gassan J; Bledzki A K
Kassel,Universitat
The influence of water exposure on the physical properties
of untreated and alkali-treated jute and flax fibres and
their composites with an epoxy resin is reported. The
water caused strong anisotropic swelling which was more
significant for the alkali-treated fibres. Generally, jute
fibres lost 30% of their tenacity after exposure to water
while the tenacity of flax fibres remains unaffected. In
consequence, the tensile strength of jute-epoxy
composites decreases with increasing water content, while
the strength of comparable flax-epoxy composites
increases slightly. The dynamic strength of the composites
was improved after the use of alkali-treated fibres. Over
a 49-day period of storage in water, the dynamic strength
decreased in relation to the type of fibre and their
treatment. 32 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.750687
Accession no.750345
Item 341
Antec 99. Volume II. Conference proceedings.
New York City, 2nd-6th May 1999, p.2645-9. 012
HIGH QUALITY FLAX FIBRE COMPOSITES
MANUFACTURED BY THE RESIN TRANSFER
MOULDING PROCESS
Oksman K
Swedish Institute of Composites
(SPE)
The use of high quality natural fibres as reinforcements
is studied using the resin transfer moulding (RTM)
processing technique. The fibres are unidirectional high
quality ArcticFlax and the matrix is an epoxy resin. The
mechanical properties of the composites are compared to
conventional RTM manufactured glass fibre composites,
traditionally retted UD-flax fibre composites and to the
pure epoxy. Results of mechanical testing show that the
(50/50) high quality ArcticFlax/epoxy composite has a
stiffness of about 40 GPa compared to the stiffness in
pure epoxy of 3.2 GPa. The same composite has a tensile
strength of 280 MPa compared to 80 MPa of the epoxy.
RTM is shown to be a suitable processing technique for
natural fibre composites when high quality laminates are
preferred. 9 refs.
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
Item 340
Polymer Composites
20, No.4, Aug.1999, p.604-11
EFFECT OF CYCLIC MOISTURE ABSORPTION
DESORPTION ON THE MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF SILANIZED JUTE-EPOXY
COMPOSITES
Gassan J; Bledzki A K
Kassel,Universitat
The effect of water absorption-desorption cycles on the
mechanical properties of natural fibre-reinforced plastics
was studied. Epoxy resins with jute woven fabrics as
reinforcement with untreated and silane-treated fibres
were investigated. Silane treatment of fibres led to
increases of up to 30% in TS, flexural strength and
Youngs modulus of composites. Absorption-desorption
cycles of fibres changed the fracture mechanisms of fibres
without having significant effects on the TS of the fibres.
Light microscopic investigations showed that absorptiondesorption cycles of composites led to the debonding of
resin from fibres as well as to cracks in the adjacent resin.
As a result of these mechanisms, TS and Youngs modulus
Accession no.749510
Item 342
Composites Science & Technology
59, No.11, 1999, p.1625-40
EFFECT OF PROCESSING VARIABLES ON THE
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SISAL-FIBERREINFORCED POLYPROPYLENE
COMPOSITES
Joseph P V; Joseph K; Thomas S
Mahatma Gandhi,University; Kerala,St.Berchmans
College
Short sisal fibre-reinforced PP composites were prepared
by melt mixing and solution mixing methods. The melt
mixing parameters were optimised. A mixing time of 10
min, rotor speed of 50 rpm and a mixing temp. of 170C
were found to be optimum conditions. The tensile properties
were evaluated as a function of fibre length, loading and
orientation. Fibre length of 2 mm was found to be optimum
for the best balance of properties in the case of melt-mixed
composites. Composites containing longitudinally oriented
109
Accession no.749069
Item 343
Antec 99. Volume II. Conference proceedings.
New York City, 2nd-6th May 1999, p.2040-8. 012
FOAMING OF PS/WOOD FIBRE COMPOSITES
IN EXTRUSION USING MOISTURE AS
BLOWING AGENT
Rizvi G; Matuana L M; Park C B
Toronto,University; Michigan,Technological University
(SPE)
An experimental study on foam processing of PS and HIPS/
wood fibre composites in extrusion using moisture as a
blowing agent is presented. Wood fibre inherently contains
moisture that can potentially be used as a blowing agent.
Undried wood fibre is processed together with PS and HIPS
materials in extrusion and wood fibre composite foams are
produced. The cellular morphology and volume expansion
ratios of the foamed composites are characterised. Because
of the high stiffness of styrenic materials, moisture
condensation during cooling after expansion at high
temperature does not cause much contraction of the foamed
composite and a high volume expansion ratio up to 20 is
successfully obtained. The experimental results show that
the expansion ratio can be controlled by varying the
processing temperature and the moisture content in the wood
fibre. The effects of a small amount of a chemical blowing
agent and mineral oil on the cell morphologies of plastic/
wood fibre composite foams are also investigated. 36 refs.
CANADA; USA
Accession no.748770
Item 344
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
73, No.12, 19th Sept.1999, p.2493-505
WOOD-POLYMER COMPOSITES MADE WITH
ACRYLIC MONOMERS, ISOCYANATE AND
MALEIC ANHYDRIDE
Ellis W D; ODell J L
US,Dept.of Agriculture,Forest Service
Wood could provide better service in some applications if
it were harder and more dimensionally stable. Woodpolymer composites (WPC) made with different chemical
combinations are evaluated for dimensional stability, ability
to exclude water vapour and liquid water and hardness.
Pine, maple and oak solid wood are combined with different
combinations of hexanediol diacrylate, hydroxyethyl
methacrylate, hexamethylene diisocyanate and maleic
anhydride. Treatment slows the rates of water vapour and
liquid water absorption. Although the resultant dimensional
110
Accession no.747986
Item 345
Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe
52, No.4, April 1999, p.294-6
German
WOOD-FILLED THERMOPLASTICS AS AN
ALTERNATIVE TO NATURAL WOOD
Bledzki A K; Sperber V; Theis S; Gassan J; Nishibori S
Kassel,Universitat; EIN Engineering Co.Ltd.
Data are presented on the mechanical properties and
moisture absorption of wood-fibre and wood-powder
filled plastics (polypropylene, polyethylene and PVC) as
compared with MDF and natural wood. 6 refs. Articles
from this journal can be requested for translation by
subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer
Science and Technology.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.747662
Item 346
Journal of Materials Science
34, No.15, 1st Aug. 1999, p.3709-19
INTERFACIAL AND MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY
GREEN COMPOSITES MADE FROM
PINEAPPLE FIBRES AND
POLY(HYDROXYBUTYRATE-CO-VALERATE)
RESIN
Luo S; Netravali A N
Cornell University
The results are reported of a detailed study of the physical
and tensile properties of pineapple fibres, the tensile and
flexural properties of biodegradable composites
reinforced with these fibres and measurements of
pineapple fibre/poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate)
interfacial shear strength, performed using the microbond
test. The tensile and flexural properties of the composites
are compared with those of various kinds of wood and
the fracture surfaces of the composites are briefly
discussed. 20 refs.
USA
Accession no.745938
Item 347
Modern Plastics International
29, No.9, Sept.1999, p.70/79
PROCESSORS FOCUS ON DIFFERENTIATION
IN WINDOW PROFILES
Defosse M
The need for product differentiation in the window
industry is discussed as the market reaches maturity. In
the two largest geographical markets, North America and
Germany, penetration is said to be over 40% and 50%
respectively. Processors are aware that future sales growth
will depend on offering unique products, including the
use of composites materials and taking advantage of
possible US legislation regarding the energy efficiency
of buildings, by offering thermally efficient products.
Product developments are reviewed.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
NORTH AMERICA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.745194
Item 348
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
73, No.9, 29th Aug.1999, p.1757-61
GRAFT COPOLYMERISATION OF
ACRYLONITRILE ON KENAF FIBRES BY
CERIC ION IN THE PRESENCE OF ALLYL
COMPOUNDS
Eromosele I C; Bayero S S
Yola,Federal University of Technology
Graft copolymers of acrylonitrile on kenaf fibres are
obtained in an aqueous medium by the use of allyl alcohol
and allyl chloride in combination with ceric ion as redox
pairs. The graft copolymerisation reactions show distinct
features associated with different initiating species derived
from the redox pairs. For a ceric-allyl chloride-initiated
reaction, a minimum graft yield is observed, accompanied
by an enhanced graft yield. This suggests the existence
of two kinetically controlled grafting reactions arising
from two different initiating species. For the ceric-allyl
alcohol-initiated reaction, the grafting profile shows a
maximum yield and suggests the presence of one active
initiating species. High concentrations of acrylonitrile are
favourable to grafting with values of up to 150%, but they
also result in decreased efficiency in monomer conversion
to grafted polymer. The frequency of grafting increases
with the concentration of allyl alcohol but the molecular
weight of grafted polymer of up to 4.46 x 10 4 decreases
by a factor of one and half over the concentration range
1.8-9.0 x 10 -4 M of the latter. The presence of 10% (v/v)
N,N-dimethylformamide results in zero graft, but the
same vol % of formic acid had no apparent effect on the
graft yield. A negative temperature dependence in the graft
yield is found in the temperature range of 50-70 deg.C.
15 refs.
NIGERIA
Accession no.744465
Item 349
Composites Science & Technology
59, No.9, 1999, p.1303-9
POSSIBILITIES FOR IMPROVING THE
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF JUTE/EPOXY
COMPOSITES BY ALKALI TREATMENT OF
FIBRES
Gassan J; Bledzki A K
Kassel,Universitat
The mechanical properties of tossa jute fibres were
optimised by treatment with sodium hydroxide using
different alkali concentrations and shrinkages. The effects
of shrinkage on fibre structure and, as a result, on the
mechanical properties of the fibre and the influence of
treatment on the mechanical properties of the composites
are discussed in depth. Mechanical properties evaluated
included tensile properties and impact properties. A
correlation was established between composite impact
damping and yarn toughness. 20 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.741354
Item 350
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
73, No.7, 15th Aug.1999, p.1329-40
FIBER-REINFORCED CELLULOSIC
THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITES
Glasser W G; Taib R; Jain R K; Kander R
Virginia Tech
Steam-exploded fibres from Yellow poplar (Liriodendron
tulipifera) wood were assessed in terms of their thermal
stability characteristics, their impact on torque during melt
processing of a thermoplastic cellulose acetate butyrate
matrix, their fibre-matrix adhesion and dispersion in
composites, and their mechanical properties under
tension. Fibres included water-extracted steam-exploded
fibres, alkali-extracted fibres(AEF), acetylated
fibres(AAEF) and a commercial milled oat fibre sample
(untreated control). AAEF composites produced the best
mechanical properties. Fibre-aspect ratio was reduced to
an average of 25 to 50 from much more than 200 during
compounding. The superior reinforcing characteristics of
AAEF fibres were also reflected by SEM, which revealed
better fibre-matrix adhesion and failure by fibre
fibrillation rather than by fibre pull-out. 29 refs.
USA
Accession no.739040
Item 351
Polymer Composites
20, No.3, June 1999, p.367-78
MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES
OF ENVIRONMENTALLY-FRIENDLY GREEN
COMPOSITES MADE FROM PINEAPPLE LEAF
FIBRES AND POLYHYDROXYBUTYRATE-CO-
111
VALERATE RESIN
Luo S; Netravali A N
Cornell University
Item 353
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
73, No.4, 25th July 1999, p.583-92
BIOCOMPOSITES BASED ON SEA ALGAE
FIBERS AND BIODEGRADABLE
THERMOPLASTIC MATRICES
Iannace S; Nocilla G; Nicolais L
Napoli,Universita Federico II
USA
Accession no.738097
Accession no.738681
Item 352
5th International Conference on Deformation and
Fracture of Composites. Conference proceedings.
London, 18th-19th March 1999, p.282-96
HETEROEPITAXIAL NUCLEATION OF FLAX
FIBRES IN POLYOLEFIN CRYSTALLISATION
Zafeiropoulos N E; Barber A H; Baillie C A; Matthews
FL
London,Imperial College of Science,Technol.& Med.
(Institute of Materials; Institution of Mechanical
Engineers)
Cellulose fibres have long been used in the plastics industry
as cost-cutting materials. They are now recognised as a
potential replacement for glass fibres for use as reinforcing
agents in composite materials. They enjoy a number of
certain advantages over glass fibres, such as low cost, high
strength-to-weight ratio, biodegradability and ease of
processing. Crystallisation from the melt of various
polyolefin matrices (isotactic PP (i-PP), maleic anhydride
modified PP (MAPP) and HDPE) in the presence of flax
fibres of three different types (green flax, dew retted flax
and Duralin treated flax) is examined using hot stage optical
microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. It is
revealed that all the three types of flax fibres induce the
formation of a transcrystalline layer in i-PP, while only
dew retted flax is found able to induce transcrystallinity in
HDPE and MAPP. 19 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.738674
112
Item 354
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
73, No.3, 18th July 1999, p.399-407
CORRELATION OF WATER VAPOR
ADSORPTION BEHAVIOR OF WOOD WITH
SURFACE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
Tshabalala M A; Denes A R; Williams R S
US,Forest Products Laboratory; Wisconsin,University
The surface thermodynamic characteristics of a wood
fibre were determined and an attempt made to correlate
these characteristics with water vapour adsorption
behaviour of the fibre. The surface thermodynamic
characteristics were the dispersive component of the
surface energy, surface acid-base free energy and enthalpy
of desorption of acid-base probes, and surface acid-base
acceptor and donor parameters. The data obtained were
relevant to the design of appropriate processes for
manipulating the surface properties of wood fibres while
preserving their desirable bulk properties. A desirable
feature for wood-plastic composites was optimal adhesion
to non-wood matrices and for fibreboard, particleboard
and flakeboard resistance to degradation mediated by
water vapour adsorption. 20 refs.
USA
Accession no.738079
Item 355
Antec 99. Volume III. Conference proceedings.
New York City, 2nd-6th May 1999, p.3849-51. 012
EFFECT OF FILLER SIZE AND COMPOSITION
Accession no.734017
Accession no.732294
Item 358
Patent Number: US 5876649 A 19990302
PROCESS OF MAKING A LOAD-CARRYING
STRUCTURE
Ryan D B
Item 356
Revista de Plasticos Modernos
76, No.506, Aug.1998, p.190-7
Spanish
DEVELOPMENT OF LIGNOCELLULOSE
FIBRE-REINFORCED THERMOPLASTICS FOR
INJECTION MOULDING
Gomez J L; Jarones C; Ganan P
Gaiker; Medellin,Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana
USA
Accession no.732436
Item 357
Journal of Reinforced Plastics & Composites
18, No.4, 1999, p.346-72
JUTE SACK CLOTH REINFORCED
POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES:
MECHANICAL AND SORPTION STUDIES
Harikumar K R; Joseph K
CMS College; St.Berchmans College; Mahatma
Gandhi,University
Composite materials are fabricated using jute and PP sacks
by compression moulding. Different types of composites
are fabricated by varying the number of jute layers,
number of PP layers and the mode of combination of jute
and PP layers, keeping the total number of layers a
constant. It is found that as the number of PP layers
increases, the tensile strength, tear strength and modulus
increase, but the elongation at break and equilibrium water
uptake are found to decrease. Also, when the number of
Accession no.730270
Item 359
Composites Part B: Engineering
30B, No.3, 1999, p.309-20
EFFECT OF FIBRE SURFACE TREATMENT ON
THE FIBRE-MATRIX BOND STRENGTH OF
NATURAL FIBRE REINFORCED COMPOSITES
Valadez-Gonzalez A; Cervantes-Uc J M; Olayo R;
Herrera-Franco P J
Yucatan,Centro de Investigacion Cientifica;
Iztapalapa,University
The interfacial shear strength between natural fibres
(henequen fibres) and a thermoplastic matrix (HDPE) was
improved by the morphological and silane chemical
modification of the fibre surface. The three surface
modifications were (1) treatment with alkaline solution,
(2) surface treatment with vinyltris(2-methoxyethoxy)
silane (Silane A-172 from Union Carbide), and (3) preimpregnation with a dilute solution of HDPE in xylene.
The alkali treatment improved the interfacial shear
strength by increasing the surface roughness to give better
mechanical interlocking and increased the amount of
cellulose on the surface to increase the number of possible
reaction sites. The pre-impregnation gave better fibre
wetting. Surface silanisation resulted in better interfacial
load transfer efficiency, but did not seem to improve the
113
Accession no.729210
Item 360
International Polymer Processing
14, No.1, March 1999, p.10-20
UTILISATION OF RHEOLOGY CONTROL TO
DEVELOP WOOD-GRAIN PATTERNED PVC/
WOOD FLOUR COMPOSITES
Yong Lak Joo; Myung Ho Cho
Hanwha Group
The effects of wood flour and plasticiser on the rheology
and extrusion of PVC-based wood-plastic composites were
investigated. The intention was to determine an optimal
pair of PVC-based wood-plastic composites that would
exhibit substantially different rheological behaviours so that
patterns similar to wood grain can be developed inside and
on the surface of the product when the two compounds are
extruded together. Experiments were performed on a single
screw extruder, an intermeshing, co-rotating twin screw
extruder and an intermeshing, counter-rotating twin screw
extruder. Only the counter-rotating, twin screw extruder
gave wood pattern both inside and on the surface as well
as complete plasticisation. Considerable rheological,
compounding (DOP content, wood flour content and
optional acrylic impact modifier content), Tg, and
processing data are given. Mechanical properties need to
be improved before the composites can be used for door
frames and windows. 22 refs.
KOREA
Accession no.728752
Item 361
Kunststoffe Plast Europe
89, No.3, March 1999, p.6-7. (Translated from
Kunststoffe 89 (1999) 3, pp.30-2)
INJECTION MOULDING OF NATURAL FIBREREINFORCED POLYPROPYLENE
Aurich T; Mennig G
Chemnitz,Technical University
The suitability is investigated of natural fibres as
reinforcements for use in polymer based composite
materials. In particular injection moulded flax fibrereinforced polypropylene is discussed. Consideration is
given to the fibre-matrix adhesion and the use of coupling
agents, compounding, rheology and mechanical
properties. It is shown that natural fibres can provide
significant increases in strength and elastic modulus
compared to the pure polymer, and represent an alternative
to glass fibre-reinforced thermoplastics for use in the
medium loading range. 8 refs.
114
Accession no.726373
Item 362
Kunststoffe Plast Europe
89, No.2, Feb. 1999, p.23-4. (Translated from
Kunststoffe 89 (1999), 2, pp.80-4).
RECYCLING OF POLYPROPYLENE
REINFORCED WITH NATURAL FIBRES
Reussmann T; Mieck P; Gruetzner R; Bayer R
Thueringisches Institut fuer Textil- & KunststoffForschung eV; Allied Polymers GmbH
The recycling of flax fibre reinforced PP is examined,
and the incorporation of a recompounding stage is
investigated, which leads to a higher quality recycled
compound for injection moulding and extrusion
applications. By recompounding regrind, it is possible to
optimise fibre content and also fibre/matrix adhesion by
means of chemical coupling. The remoulding of used parts
has not gained any major technical significance, since
repeated compression moulding leads to a reduction in
mechanical properties. 4 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.726066
Item 363
Reinforced Plastics
43, No.1, Jan.1999, p.19
PLANT FIBRES OFFER GREENER OPTION
The automotive industrys search for cheaper, greener
materials is generating considerable research into plant
fibre as an alternative to glass reinforcement in composite
products. Research into plant fibre composites is focusing
on two processing routes: injection moulding for nonstructural parts and resin transfer moulding for semistructural parts. Concargo has developed a hemp
reinforced composite parcel shelf for the Ford Transit van
using RTM.
CONCARGO LTD.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.725938
Item 364
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
38, No.1, 1999, p.99-112
STUDY ON PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF BIOPOL-JUTE COMPOSITE
Khan M A; Ali K M I; Hinrichsen G; Kopp C; Kropke S
Bangladesh,Atomic Energy Commission;
Berlin,Technical University
A Biopol-jute composite (BJC) is prepared using a hotpress treatment by reinforcing the Biopol polymer with
hessian cloth (jute fabrics) placed in between the layers
Accession no.724276
Item 365
Polymer Engineering and Science
38, No.12, Dec.1998, p.2029-33
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF
THERMOPLASTIC WHEAT STARCH
INJECTION MOULDING PROCESS
Abbes B; Ayad R; Prudhomme J C; Onteniente J P
Reims,University; ESIEC; IFTS
Wheat starch was plasticised using 16% water, 10%
glycerol and 2% magnesium stearate as lubricant. This
lubricated and fully biodegradable thermoplastic wheat
starch formulation was pelletised using an ogive-shaped
head single screw extruder. After conditioning one week
at 20C and 65% relative humidity, the pellets were
moulded to produce standardised samples for tensile test.
The aim of this work is to optimise the injection moulding
process of this formulation using available moulding
software. Two sets of process simulation software were
used, namely, C-MOLD (AC-Technology USA) and
STRIMFLOW (Matra-DataVision, France). It is shown
that the conventional continuum mechanics equations can
be used for modelling the injection moulding of
thermoplastic starch. These equations are solved using
the finite element method. Comparisons with some
experimental results are presented, indicating good
agreement. Data on the processing of thermoplastic starch
and several other basic aspects are provided. 38 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.718719
Item 366
Plastverarbeiter
46, No.4, April 1995, p.18-24
German
DIRECT EXTRUSION: COMPOUNDING AND
PROCESSING IN ONE STEP, PART II
Berghaus U
Examples of the use of direct extrusion in a wide range
of applications for e.g. dispersion of additives and filling
and reinforcement of polyolefins are given. Information
is tabulated on the change in thermal, mechanical and
Accession no.716840
Item 367
Composites Part A: Applied Science and
Manufacturing
30A, No.3, 1999, p.277-84
SOME MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
UNTREATED JUTE FABRIC-REINFORCED
POLYESTER COMPOSITES
Gowda T M; Naidu A C B; Chhaya R
Bangalore,Aeronautical Development Establishment
Details are given of the mechanical properties of jute fibrereinforced composites. Data are given for tensile strength,
compressive strength, flexural strength, impact strength,
in-plane shear strength, interlaminar shear strength, and
hardness for jute fibre-reinforced saturated polyester
resins. 21 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.716342
Item 368
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
71, No.9, 28th Feb.1999, p.1505-13
JUTE FIBRE REINFORCED POLYESTER
COMPOSITES BY DYNAMIC MECHANICAL
ANALYSIS
Saha A K; Das S; Bhatta D; Mitra B C
Indian Jute Industries Research Assn.;
Utkal,University
Chemically modified jute fibres were used to make jute
fibre-reinforced polyester composites. Dynamic
mechanical thermal properties are discussed. 26 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.716335
Item 369
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
71, No.5, 31st Jan.1999, p.841-6
IN SITU JUTE YARN COMPOSITE WITH 2HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE(HEMA)
VIA UV RADIATION
Ali K M I; Khan M A; Ali M A; Akhunzada K S
Bangladesh,Atomic Energy Commission
Jute yarns were soaked for 30 min in HEMA/methanol
solutions of different proportions and were then irradiated
115
Accession no.713503
Item 370
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
71, No.4, 24th Jan.1999, p.623-9
ALKALI TREATMENT OF JUTE FIBERS:
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRUCTURE AND
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Gassan J; Bledzki A K
Kassel,Universitat
The mechanical properties of tossa jute fibres were shown
to be improved by using sodium hydroxide treatment.
Shrinkage of fibres during this treatment had significant
effects on the fibre structure, as well as on fibre
mechanical properties such as TS and modulus. Isometric
sodium hydroxide-treated jute yarns (20 min at 20C in
25% sodium hydroxide solution) exhibited an increase
in yarn TS and modulus of about 120% and 150%,
respectively. These changes in mechanical properties were
affected by modifying the fibre structure, basically via
the crystallinity ratio, degree of polymerisation and
orientation (Hermans factor). Structure-property
relationships, developed for cellulosic man-made fibres,
were used with a high correlation factor to describe the
behaviour of the jute fibre yarns. 27 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.709661
Item 371
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
71, No.4, 24th Jan.1999, p.531-9
SHORT JUTE FIBER-REINFORCED
POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES: DYNAMIC
MECHANICAL STUDY
Rana A K; Mitra B C; Banerjee A N
Indian Jute Industries Research Assn.;
Calcutta,University
Short jute fibre-reinforced PP composites were prepared
using a high-speed thermokinetic mixer. A compatibiliser
was used to improve the molecular interaction between
jute and PP, the weight fractions of both jute fibre and
compatibiliser being varied. Dynamic parameters, such
as storage flexural modulus, loss flexural modulus, storage
shear modulus, loss shear modulus and loss factor or
damping efficiency (tan delta), were determined in a
116
Accession no.709649
Item 372
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
70, No.13, 26th Dec.1998, p.2647-55
EFFECT OF COMPOUNDING TECHNIQUES ON
THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF OIL
PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCHPOLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES
Rozman H D; Peng G B; Ishak Z A M
Sains Malaysia,University
Oil palm empty fruit bunch-PP composites were produced
using two types of compounding techniques, i.e. an
internal mixer and a single screw extruder. The mechanical
and water absorption properties of both types of
composites were investigated. 25 refs.
MALAYSIA
Accession no.709569
Item 373
Polymer Engineering and Science
38, No.11, Nov.1998, p.1862-72
CELL MORPHOLOGY AND PROPERTY
RELATIONSHIPS OF MICROCELLULAR
FOAMED PVC/WOOD FIBRE COMPOSITES
Matuana L M; Park C B; Balatinecz J J
Michigan,Technological University; Toronto,University
Details are given of the characterisation of microcellular
foamed PVC/wood fibre composites. The effect of
changes in cell morphology and surface modification
of fibres on tensile and impact properties are discussed.
40 refs.
CANADA; USA
Accession no.709519
Item 374
Second International Conference on Carbon Black.
Conference proceedings.
Mulhouse, 27th-30th Sept.1993, p.389-92. 51B
INVESTIGATION ON THE POTENTIAL OF
RICE HUSK ASH AS CARBON BLACK
REPLACEMENT FOR EPOXIDISED NATURAL
RUBBER VULCANISATES
Nasir M; Ishak Z A M; Bakar A A; Azahari B
Universiti Sains Malaysia
(Societe Francaise de Chimie; CNRS; HauteAlsace,Universite; Societe Industrielle de Mulhouse;
Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Mulhouse)
Accession no.709149
Item 375
Advanced Composites Bulletin
Dec.1998, p.2-3
PLASTICS REINFORCED WITH NATURAL
FIBRES FOR TRIM COMPONENTS
Accession no.708727
Item 377
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
37, No.4, Nov.1998, p.495-507
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
POLYETHYLENE-OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT
BUNCH COMPOSITES
Rozman H D; Ismail H; Jaffri R M; Aminullah A;
Ishak Z A M
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Kafus Environmental Industries has established a whollyowned subsidiary, Kafus Bio-Composites, to develop
applications for materials reinforced with kenaf fibres,
particularly in the automotive industry. Kenaf composites
have good impact strengths, are 20-30% lighter in weight
than GRPs, are less likely to warp under extreme heat
and humidity and can be recycled. The long outer fibres
of kenaf can be combined with polymers, such as PP, to
create automotive trim components such as door panels,
seat backs, headliners and package trays.
KAFUS ENVIRONMENTAL INDUSTRIES LTD.
CANADA
MALAYSIA
Accession no.708784
Accession no.704285
Item 376
Polyurethanes Expo 98. Conference proceedings.
Dallas, Tx., 17th-20th Sept.1998, p.397-9. 43C6
NATURAL FIBRE-REINFORCED
POLYURETHANES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF
AUTOMOTIVE TRIM PARTS
Muller H; Seagrave T D
Bayer AG; Bayer Corp.
(SPI,Polyurethane Div.)
Item 378
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
37, No.4, Nov.1998, p.451-68
THERMOPLASTICS REINFORCED WITH
WOOD FILLERS: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Bledzki A K; Reihmane S; Gassan
Kassel,Universitat; Riga,Technical University
117
Accession no.704282
Item 379
Kunststoffe Plast Europe
85, No.3, March 1995, p.23-4
FLAX VERSUS GLASS
Mieck K P; Reussmann T
Thueringisches Institut fuer Textil- & KunststoffForschung eV
Item 381
Kunststoffe Plast Europe
84, No.11, Nov.1994, p.22-3
JUTE FIBRES - AN ALTERNATIVE TO GLASS
FIBRES IN REINFORCEMENT OF
POLYPROPYLENE?
Wuttke B; Hinrichsen G
TU Berlin
The substitution of glass fibre-reinforced PP by jute fibrereinforced polymers is discussed with reference to
mechanical properties and specific gravity. Laminates are
produced from jute fibre-reinforced PP using the film
stacking process, and their properties are compared to
those of glass mat reinforced PP. Tensile strength in quasiisotropic and unidirectional laminates is compared. 4 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.703633
Item 382
Composites Science & Technology
58, No.9, Sept.1998, p.1471-85
EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT ON THE
PROPERTIES OF LDPE COMPOSITES
REINFORCED WITH PINEAPPLE-LEAF FIBRE
George J; Bhagawan S S; Thomas S
Mahatma Gandhi,University
INDIA
Accession no.703671
Item 380
Kunststoffe Plast Europe
85, No.3, March 1995, p.10-1
AUTOMOBILE CONSTRUCTION AND
ECOLOGY
Schlosser T; Folster T
Daimler-Benz AG
A description is given of two processes involving the use
of natural fibre-reinforced plastics based on flax for
automotive applications. The first is the express process
for engineering structural carrier components for
functional purposes which uses natural fibre-reinforced
PP, and the second involves a SRIM process for thinwalled inside lining parts. 3 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.703665
118
Accession no.702915
Item 383
Journal of Advanced Materials
30, No.2, 1998, p.32-8
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF KENAF BAST
FIBER REINFORCED EPOXY MATRIX
COMPOSITE PANELS
Zimmerman J M; Losure N S
Mississippi,State University
Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) bast fibre was used in a nonwoven mat form and embedded into an epoxy resin
matrix. Plaques with three different fibre volume fractions
were prepared by hand lay-up using 3, 4 and 10 layers of
non-woven mat. Coupons were cut from these plaques
and tested for impact and tensile strength. The random
kenaf fibre mat did not reinforce the TS characteristics or
the impact strength of the epoxy resin matrix. Percent
elongation and Youngs modulus were calculated from
the data. The strength and elongation values were
Accession no.702804
Item 384
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
70, No.11, 12th Dec.1998, p.2121-31
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOODFLOUR
UNSATURATED POLYESTER COMPOSITES
Marcovich N E; Reboredo M M; Aranguren M I
Mar del Plata,Universidad Nacional
The effect of the addition of chemically-modified wood
flour on the final properties of unsaturated polyester
composites was studied. The filler was treated with an
alkaline solution to increase its interfacial area and then
modified with maleic anhydride under severe reaction
conditions (140C, 24 h). No improvement in the
mechanical behaviour of polyester-wood flour composites
was found when particles were only alkali-treated, while
the composites prepared with maleic anhydride-treated
wood flour exhibited better performance under
compressive loads. Simple mechanical models used to
fit the experimental flexural behaviour indicated that good
compatibility between filler and matrix was achieved
regardless of the type (treated or untreated) of
reinforcement used. 20 refs.
ARGENTINA
Accession no.702774
Item 385
Advanced Materials & Composites News
20, No.22, 16th Nov.1998, p.3
COMPOSITE MATERIAL DEVELOPED IN NEW
ZEALAND FROM PLASTICS AND PINE WOOD
FIBRES
It is briefly reported that Auckland University has
developed a high-grade industrial material from plastics
and pine wood fibres. The University has developed a
prototype machine which allows radiata pine wood fibres
to be formed into large sheets. This has provided the edge
in developing a composite material that enables natural
wood fibres to be blended or reinforced with virgin or
waste polymers.
AUCKLAND,UNIVERSITY
NEW ZEALAND
Accession no.702574
Item 386
Patent Number: US 5776281 A 19980707
METHOD OF MANUFACTURING A PALLET
Accession no.701698
Item 387
Advanced Composites Letters
7, No.3, 1998, p.81-5
CRITICAL FIBRE LENGTH AND APPARENT
INTERFACIAL SHEAR STRENGTH OF SINGLE
FLAX FIBRE POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES
van den Oever M J A; Bos H L
ATO-DLO
The stress transfer in both elementary and technical single
flax fibre/PP composites was studied by determining the
critical fibre length and the apparent interfacial shear
strength. The influence of improved fibre-matrix
interaction was examined and the results compared with
data in the literature. The study indicated that the critical
fibre length for elementary flax fibres was equal to or
even higher than the flax fibre lengths found after
extrusion and injection moulding processes. Furthermore,
addition of maleic anhydride-modified PP to the matrix
resulted in an apparent interfacial shear strength for
elementary flax fibres close to the shear yield strength of
the matrix, while for technical fibres the interfacial shear
strength was somewhat lower. 11 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.700279
Item 388
Materials Challenge - Diversification and the Future.
Volume 40: Book 1. Symposium proceedings.
Anaheim, Ca., 8th-11th May 1995, p.221-31. 627
BANANA FIBRE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES
Tobias B C; Zhu W H
Victoria,University of Technology
119
(SAMPE)
An attempt is made to determine whether banana fibre
strands can be consolidated into a fibre-reinforced
composite lamina using a vulcanised hydraulic platen
press. The proportions of constituents and mechanical
properties of fibre strands and composite lamina are
investigated. A composite with 28% fibre by volume,
resulted in a tensile strength of 54 MPa and a flexural
strength of 97 MPa. The values of modulus of elasticity
are 1.0 GPa and 6.5 GPa in tension and bending,
respectively. These values are found to be higher than
that of the polyester matrix used. The toughness of the
composite, both in tensile and bending test, is about 1.5
times greater than the polyester matrix. Banana fibre
strands reinforced polyester composite with fibre volume
fraction greater than the critical volume fraction is shown
to be a valuable source of material for commercial
application. 10 refs.
AUSTRALIA
Accession no.698119
Item 389
Materials Challenge - Diversification and the Future.
Volume 40: Book 2. Symposium proceedings.
Anaheim, Ca., 8th-11th May 1995, p.1002-10. 627
INVESTIGATION OF CREEP PROPERTIES OF
NATURAL COMPOSITE MATERIAL
Tobias B C; Lieng V T
Victoria,University of Technology
(SAMPE)
Creep testing is conducted to determine the creep
properties of a natural material-based hybrid composite.
This material consists of 50% abaca fibre and 20%
powdered rice husk embedded in polyester resin. The
material is tested in tension at three temperature levels,
and at three constant stress levels using a dynamic
mechanical analysis. The creep curves show the standard
regions of an ideal creep curve such as primary and
secondary creep stage as well as the recovery stage. The
results show that the minimum creep rate of the hybrid
composite increases with increase of temperature and
applied stress. By plotting minimum creep rate against
stress, the stress exponents vary from 0.0252 at 20 deg.C
to 0.0068 at 120 deg.C. Comparison of the creep
behaviour between the polyester resin used in this study
and the hybrid composite indicates that the hybrid
composite showed a significant creep resistance than the
polyester matrix, since the minimum creep rate of the
hybrid composite is lower than that of the polyester resin.
6 refs.
AUSTRALIA
Accession no.698011
Item 390
Polymer Composites
19, No.4, Aug.1998, p.377-82
120
Accession no.697131
Item 391
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
69, No.10, 6th Sept.1998, p.1891-9
BAMBOO FIBRE-REINFORCED
POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES: A STUDY OF
THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Xiaoya Chen; Qipeng Guo; Yongli Mi
Hong Kong,University of Science & Technology
Bamboo fibre-reinforced plastic (BFRP) composite was
developed as a cheap substitute for wood. To enhance
adhesion between the bamboo fibre and the PP matrix,
maleic anhydride-grafted PP (MAPP) was prepared and
used as a compatibiliser for the composite. Mechanical
properties of the composites are reported, e.g. tensile
strength, tensile modulus, yield strength at break, and
impact strength. 15 refs.
HONG KONG
Accession no.694879
Item 392
Polymer Composites
19, No.3, June 1998, p.287-300
INTERFACES IN POLYOLEFIN/CELLULOSIC
FIBRE COMPOSITES: CHEMICAL COUPLING,
MORPHOLOGY, CORRELATION WITH
ADHESION AND AGEING IN MOISTURE
CANADA
Accession no.689733
Item 393
Journal of Polymer Engineering
17, No.5, 1997/1998, p.383-404
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF PINEAPPLE
FIBRE REINFORCED PE COMPOSITES
Jayamol G; Bhagawan S S; Thomas S
Mahatma Gandhi,University
Pineapple fibre-reinforced LDPE composites were
prepared by solution mixing. The dielectric constant,
volume resistivity, and dielectric loss factor were
evaluated as a function of frequency, fibre content, and
fibre length. The influence of chemical treatments on
electrical properties were studied. 23 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.689591
Item 394
Antec 98. Volume II. Conference proceedings.
Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th April 1998, p.1968-74. 012
CHARACTERISATION OF MICROCELLULAR
FOAMED PLASTIC/CELLULOSIC FIBRE
COMPOSITES
Matuana L M; Park C B; Balatinecz J J
Toronto,University
(SPE)
Microcellular foamed PVC/cellulosic fibre composites
with unique cell morphology and material composition
are characterised. The void fraction of the microcellular
foamed PVC/cellulosic fibre composites is controlled
by the foaming temperature and foaming time. Tensile
and impact tests are performed on the foamed
composites to investigate the dependence of these
properties on the void fraction of foamed specimens.
The notched Izod impact strength of microcellular
foamed PVC/cellulosic fibre composites increases as
the void fraction increases. When the void fraction is
56%, the notched Izod impact strength of foamed PVC/
cellulosic fibre composites is almost three times as high
as that of the unfoamed composites. However, the
Accession no.687470
Item 395
Composite Interfaces
5, No.3, 1998, p.201-23
IMPROVED INTERACTIONS IN CHEMICALLY
MODIFIED PINEAPPLE LEAF FIBRE
REINFORCED POLYETHYLENE COMPOSITES
George J; Bhagawan S S; Thomas S
Mahatma Gandhi,University
Mechanical properties of pineapple leaf fibre reinforced
LDPE composites were studied with special reference to
the effects of interface modifications. Various chemical
treatments using reagents such as sodium hydroxide,
poly(methylene)poly(phenyl) isocyanate (PMPPIC),
silane, benzoyl peroxide, dicumyl peroxide and potassium
permanganate were carried out to improve the interfacial
bonding. IR spectroscopy and SEM were used to
characterise the interface and the modified fibre surface.
30 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.685319
Item 396
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
69, No.2, 11th July 1998, p.329-38
SHORT JUTE FIBRE-REINFORCED
POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES. EFFECT OF
COMPATIBILISER
Rana A K; Mandal A; Mitra B C; Jacobson R; Rowell
R; Banerjee A N
Indian Jute Industries Research Assn.; US,Forest
Products Laboratory; Calcutta,University
Jute fibres were chopped to approximately 100 mm
length and then processed through a granulator having
an 8 mm screen. Final fibre lengths were up to 10 mm
maximum. These fibres, along with PP granules and a
compatibiliser (Epolene G-3002, maleated PP from
Eastman) were mixed in a K-mixer at a fixed rpm, 5500,
and dumped at a fixed temperature, 390F, following a
single-stage procedure. The fibre loadings were 30, 40,
50 and 60 wt.%, and at each fibre loading, compatibiliser
doses were 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 wt.%. The K-mixer samples
were pressed and granulated before being moulded into
test specimens using a Cincinnatti Milacron 33T
injection moulding machine. At 60% by weight of fibre
loading, the use of the compatibiliser improved the
flexural strength as much as 100%, the TS by 120%,
and the impact strength (unnotched) by 175%. Tensile
energy absorption decreased with increase in fibre
loading, but this could be remedied by addition of up to
3% compatibiliser. Above 4% compatibiliser,
engineering properties deteriorated. Remarkable
121
Accession no.684706
Item 397
Journal of Reinforced Plastics & Composites
17, No.7, 1998, p.651-72
STRESS RELAXATION BEHAVIOR OF SHORT
PINEAPPLE FIBER-REINFORCED
POLYETHYLENE COMPOSITES
George J; Sreekala M S; Thomas S; Bhagawan S S;
Neelakantan N R
Mahatma Gandhi,University; Vikram Sarabhai Space
Centre; Indian Institute of Technology
The stress relaxation behaviour of short pineapple fibrereinforced PE composites in tension was studied with
emphasis on the effects of fibre loading, fibre length,
chemical treatment and fibre orientation. The stress
relaxation rate was found to decrease with strain level. It
was found that incorporation of fibre resulted in two
relaxation processes. The rate of relaxation was decreased
with increasing fibre content. It was observed that
chemical treatment had a significant effect on the
relaxation behaviour. Composites containing fibres
oriented longitudinally had higher relaxation rate than
transversely oriented composites. Ageing of samples
improved the relaxation modulus due to improved
interfacial adhesion at higher temp. It was demonstrated
that the stress relaxation modulus values measured at
different strains could be superimposed by a shift along
the log. time axis to yield master curves of modulus over
an extended time period. 27 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.682897
Item 398
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
68, No.10, 6th June 1998, p.1567-73
WOOD-FIBER REINFORCEMENT OF
STYRENE-MALEIC ANHYDRIDE
COPOLYMERS
Simonsen J; Jacobsen R; Rowell R
Oregon,State University; US,Forest Products
Laboratory
Styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers (SMA) containing
either 7 or 14% maleic anhydride were filled with either
pine flour or dry-process aspen fibre from a medium
density fibreboard (MDF) plant. Material properties of
the filled and unfilled SMA plastics were compared with
those of aspen-fibre-filled and unfilled PS. 14 refs.
USA
Accession no.681580
122
Item 399
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
68, No.9, 31st May 1998, p.1417-21
ABSORPTION OF STEAM AND WATER AT
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE IN WOOD
POLYMER COMPOSITES PREPARED FROM
AGRO-WASTE AND NOVOLAC
Mishra S; Naik J B
North Maharashtra University
Composites of banana, hemp and Agave fibres with
novolac resin were prepared at a 50/50 wt/wt ratio. These
fibres were also treated with maleic anhydride and it was
found that composites based on treated fibres showed
higher absorption of steam (at 100C) up to 12 h, while
beyond 18 h it was lower than for the untreated fibre
composites. At ambient temp., however, the absorption
of water was lower for composites based on maleic
anhydride-treated fibre than for composites based on
untreated fibres. The Shore-D hardness was generally
higher for composites based on maleic anhydride-treated
fibres. 6 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.680859
Item 400
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
68, No.11, 13th June 1998, p.1845-55
INFLUENCE OF THERMOPLASTIC
ELASTOMERS ON ADHESION IN
POLYETHYLENE-WOOD FLOUR
COMPOSITES
Oksman K; Lindberg H
Lulea,University of Technology
A maleated triblock styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene
(SEBS-MA) compatibiliser was added to recycled lowdensity polyethylene/wood flour (LDPE/WF) composite
to improve its mechanical properties. Maximum strength
of the composites occurred with a 4wt% addition. Impact
strength and elongation at break were also improved,
but the stiffness was decreased. The interfacial adhesion
between the different phases was characterised using
dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, a lap shear
adhesion test and scanning electron microscopy. There
was interaction between the ethylene/butylene part of
the copolymer and the wood flour. The shear lap test
showed that the adhesion between the wood and SEBSMA was better than between the wood and SEBS.
Investigation of the fracture surfaces confirmed good
adhesion between the wood particles and the LDPE/
SEBS-MA matrix. 26 refs.
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.680615
Item 401
Macromolecules
31, No.8, 21st April 1998, p.2693-6
Accession no.678379
Item 402
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
68, No.4, 25th April 1998, p.681-6
ABSORPTION OF WATER AT AMBIENT
TEMPERATURE AND STEAM IN WOODPOLYMER COMPOSITES PREPARED FROM
AGROWASTE AND POLYSTYRENE
Mishra S; Naik J B
North Maharashtra University
Hemp, banana and agave fibres were used for the
preparation of wood-polymer composites using PS in the
ratio of 50:50 w/w. These fibres were esterified with
maleic anhydride and the effect of maleic anhydride was
studied on the adsorption of water at ambient temperature
and steam in wood-polymer composites made from said
fibres and PS. 6 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.676659
Item 403
Macromolecular Symposia
No.127, Feb.1998, p.193-203
THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITES BASED ON
FLAX FIBRES AND PP: INFLUENCE OF FIBRE
LENGTH AND FIBRE VOLUME FRACTION ON
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Peijs T; Garkhail S; Heijenrath R; van den Oever M;
Bos H
Eindhoven,University; Wageningen,Agrotechnological
Research Institute
Flax fibre-reinforced PP was manufactured using a film
stacking method and a paper making process. The
influence of fibre length and fibre content on stiffness
and strength was compared with GRP, including the
influence of using maleic anhydride grafted PP.
Correlations between experimental results and theoretical
predictions are discussed. 21 refs.
Accession no.672898
Item 404
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
67, No.9, 28th Feb.1998, p.1503-13
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND
MORPHOLOGY OF IMPACT MODIFIED
POLYPROPYLENE-WOOD FLOUR(PP-WF)
COMPOSITES
Oksman K; Clemons C
Lulea,University of Technology; USDA Forest
Products Laboratory
The mechanical properties and morphology of PP-WF
composites with different impact modifiers and maleated
PP(MAPP) as a compatibiliser were studied. Two different
EPDMs and one maleated styrene-ethylene/butylenestyrene triblock copolymer(SEBS-MA) were used as
impact modifiers. All three elastomers increased the
impact strength of the PP-WF composites but the addition
of maleated EPDM and SEBS gave the greatest
improvements in impact strength. Addition of MAPP did
not affect the impact properties of the composites but had
a positive effect on the composite unnotched impact
strength when used together with elastomers. Tensile tests
showed that MAPP had a negative effect on the EB and a
positive effect on TS. The impact modifiers were found
to decrease the stiffness of the composites. SEM showed
that maleated EPDM and SEBS had a stronger affinity
for the wood surfaces than did unmodified EPDM. MAPP
further enhanced adhesion between WF and impactmodified PP systems. 25 refs.
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.671143
Item 405
Polymer Journal (Japan)
29, No.12, 1997, p.1007-11
FINE STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF RAMIE
FIBRES BY SMALL ANGLE X-RAY
SCATTERING TECHNIQUE
Misra T; Shukla J; Khan M N; Bisoyi D K; Patel T
Orissa,Regional Engineering College; Orissa,IGIT;
Orissa,Gandhi Mahavidyalaya
Small-angle X-ray scattering studies on ramie fibres
compared the macromolecular structure of natural fibre
with fibres treated in sodium hydroxide solution at
different concentration were presented. 24 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.670324
Item 406
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
67, No.6, 7th Feb.1998, p.1093-100
STUDIES ON JUTE-REINFORCED
123
INDIA
Accession no.670308
Item 407
Patent Number: US 5663216 A 19970902
REINFORCING BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER
Tomka I
Bio-Tec Biologische Naturverpackungen GmbH
In order that a substantially biologically degradable
polymer is prevented from at least partially losing its
biological degradability when reinforced by additives
such as fibres and the like, it is proposed that natural fibres
such as, in particular, sisal or ramie fibres, be used.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.670248
Item 408
Kunststoffe Plast Europe
87, No.12, Dec.1997, p.9-10
INJECTION MOULDING OF NATURAL FIBREREINFORCED PLASTICS
Colberg M; Sauerbier M
Ford Werke AG
CHINA
Accession no.666684
Item 410
Composites Part A: Applied Science and
Manufacturing
28A, No.12, 1997, p.1001-5
INFLUENCE OF FIBRE-SURFACE TREATMENT
ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF JUTEPP COMPOSITES
Gassan J; Bledzki A K
Kassel,Universitat
Details are given of the effectiveness of propylene-maleic
anhydride graft copolymer as coupling agents in jutereinforced PP composites. The influence of fibre treatment
and copolymer concentration on mechanical properties
is discussed. Fibre-matrix adhesion was examined by
SEM. 38 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.666573
Item 411
Reinforced Plastics
41, No.11, Dec.1997, p.22
FORD PIONEERS MOVE TO HEMP FIBRE
Mass production of injection moulded natural fibrereinforced automotive parts is discussed. Flax and cotton
fibre reinforced PP, PP/EPDM and ABS are investigated
as to their suitability for these applications. Despite
reduced weight and costs, the parts are shown to still have
properties lying within the specifications set for
conventional reinforced parts. 4 refs.
Accession no.666980
Accession no.664756
Item 409
Polymer Composites
18, No.6, Dec.1997, p.673-80
Item 412
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
67, No.1, 3rd Jan.1998, p.79-85
124
Accession no.664532
Item 413
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
66, No.6, 7th Nov.1997, p.1163-73
DIFFUSE REFLECTANCE FOURIER
TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTRA OF WOOD
FIBERS TREATED WITH MALEATED
POLYPROPYLENES
Kazayawoko M; Balatinecz J J; Woodhams R T
Toronto,University
The esterification reaction between wood fibres and
maleated PP was studied. The reaction was conducted in
a reactor in the presence of xylene used as a solvent and
sodium hypophosphite as catalyst. The reaction between
wood fibres and pure maleic anhydride was also
investigated. The appearance of an IR absorption band
near 1730/cm indicated that maleated PP chemically
reacted by esterification with bleached Kraft cellulose.
No direct evidence of an esterification reaction was,
however, obtained between thermomechanical pulp and
maleated PP. The FTIR studies also showed that both
bleached Kraft cellulose and thermomechanical pulp
reacted with maleic anhydride with the formation of ester
links. 29 refs.
CANADA
Accession no.658677
Item 414
Kunststoffe Plast Europe
87, No.9, Sept. 1997, p.25-7
VEHICLE PARTS REINFORCED WITH
NATURAL FIBRES
Schloesser T; Knothe J
Daimler-Benz AG
The substitution of natural fibre-reinforced plastics in
place of glass fibre-reinforced plastics is discussed, with
Accession no.655707
Item 415
Polymers & Polymer Composites
5, No.4, 1997, p.273-9
THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITES BASED ON
JUTE FIBRE TREATED WITH CARDANOLFORMALDEHYDE
Ton That Minh Tan
HoChiMinh City,University
The effect of surface treatment of jute fibre by aqueous
sodium hydroxide solution and cardanolformaldehyde(CF) was evaluated by diffuse reflectance
FTIR spectroscopy and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy and
the fibre tensile properties and the fibre water absorption
were measured. Composites based on untreated and
treated fibres and common thermoplastic films (LDPE,
HDPE and PP) were also prepared by hot press moulding.
Treatment of jute fibre with CF reduced the water
absorption of composites and improved the tensile and
flexural strengths, especially when the samples were
immersed in water. 39 refs.
VIETNAM
Accession no.653120
Item 416
Polymer Engineering and Science
37, No.7, July 1997, p.1137-47
PROCESSING AND CELL MORPHOLOGY
RELATIONSHIPS FOR MICROCELLULAR
FOAMED PVC/WOOD FIBRE COMPOSITES
Maturana L M; Park C B; Balatinecz J J
Toronto,University
The effects of the materials and the processing conditions
on the cell morphology of foamed PVC/wood fibre
composites are studied with a view to establishing their
process-structure relationships. Each step of microcellular
PVC/wood fibre composites processing is addressed,
including surface treatment of the wood fibre, mixing of
polymer and wood fibre, manufacture of the composites,
saturation of the composites with gas, microcellular
foaming of the composites, and characterisation of cell
morphology. The cellular morphologies of the foamed
PVC/wood fibre composites are a strong function of the
content of plasticiser and the surface treatment of wood
fibre as well as the gas saturation and foaming conditions.
48 refs.
CANADA
Accession no.650821
125
Item 417
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
65, No.6, 8th Aug.1997, p.1227-35
POLYPROPYLENE-WOOD FIBRE
COMPOSITES: EFFECT OF TREATMENT AND
MIXING CONDITIONS ON MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
Coutinho F M B; Costa T H S; Carvalho D L
Rio de Janeiro,Universidade Federal
Polypropylene/wood fibre composites were prepared at
three different temperatures: 170, 180 and 190 C. The
surface of wood fibres was modified using silane coupling
agents and/or coating with PP or maleated PP. The fibre
coating was performed by propylene polymerisation in
the presence of wood fibres or by immersion in an odichlorobenzene polypropylene (or maleated PP) solution.
Tensile and three-point bending tests were performed to
evaluate the adhesion between matrix and wood fibres.
13 refs.
BRAZIL
Accession no.650316
Item 418
Polymer Composites
18, No.3, June 1997, p.425-31
COMPARISON OF COMPOUNDING
PROCESSES FOR WOOD FIBRE/
THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITES
Byung-Dae Park; Balatinecz J J
Toronto,University
The feasibility of developing a continuous compounding
process for wood fibre/thermoplastic composites using
the Szego mill, a high-speed planetary ring-roller grinding
mill, was investigated. Prior to compounding, air-dried
sawdust was ground to evaluate the grinding effect in the
mill. As the feed rate and the mill speed increased, the
particle size increased and decreased, respectively.
Sawdust particles were successfully compounded in
LLDPE using the Szego mill without any major heat
application. A Gelimat mixer, used for the compounding
of wood fibre through a high-shear thermokinetic mixing
process, was also used for comparison. Composites with
30 wt% wood fibre were prepared by both compounding
processes, and their mechanical properties were evaluated.
15 refs.
CANADA
Accession no.650245
Accession no.649737
Item 420
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
65, No.2, 11th July 1997, p.381-90
LOW-PRESSURE PLASMA POLYMER
MODIFICATION FROM THE FTIR POINT OF
VIEW
Nitschke M; Meichsner J
Chemnitz,Technical University
Details are given of the potential of FTIR spectroscopy
as a diagnostic tool for low-pressure plasma polymer
modification. PE and PS were treated in radio frequency
discharges in argon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
tetrafluoromethane. results are compared with other
diagnostic techniques. 32 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.640374
Item 421
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
64, No.9, 31st May 1997, p.1739-48
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PINEAPPLE
LEAF FIBRE-REINFORCED POLYESTER
COMPOSITES
Uma Devi L; Bhagawan S S; Thomas S
Mahatma Gandhi,University; Vikram Sarabhai Space
Centre
The tensile, flexural, and impact behaviour of pineapple
leaf fibre-reinforced unsaturated polyester composites
were investigated as a function of fibre loading, fibre
length, and fibre surface modification. Scanning electron
microscopic studies were undertaken to examine fibrematrix adhesion, fibre breakage, and failure topography.
Properties were compared with other cellulose-based
natural fibre composites. 18 refs.
INDIA
Item 419
Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie
Vol.249, July 1997, p.79-92
POLYESTER NETWORKS BASED UPON
EPOXIDISED AND MALEINATED NATURAL
OILS
Warth H; Mulhaupt R; Hoffmann B; Lawson S
Albert-Ludwigs,University
126
Accession no.640322
Item 422
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
64, No.11, 13th June 1997, p.2119-25
EFFECT OF CHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS ON
FTIR SPECTRA. II. PHYSICOCHEMICAL
BEHAVIOR OF PINEAPPLE LEAF FIBER(PALF)
Samal R K; Ray M C
Ravenshaw College
Chemical modifications such as alkali treatment,
dinitrophenylation, benzoylation and benzoylationacetylation were carried out on a pineapple agrowaste leaf
fibre(PALF). The parent and chemically-modified PALF
were characterised by FTIR spectra, pH measurement and
detection of nitrogen. The percent moisture regain (extent
of hydrophobicity), mechanical strength and chemical
inertness of parent and chemically-modified fibres were
evaluated. The modified fibres showed significant
hydrophobicity, improved mechanical strength and
moderate chemical resistance. 19 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.640096
Item 423
Antec 97. Volume II. Conference proceedings.
Toronto, 27th April-2nd May 1997, p.2046-50. 012
STRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
STUDY OF FOAMED WOOD FIBRE/
POLYETHYLENE COMPOSITES
Doroudiani S; Kortschot M T; Park C B
Toronto,University
(SPE)
Wood fibre/PE composites are foamed and their
mechanical properties investigated. HDPE is compounded
with virgin kraft pulp and wood flour in a high intensity
mixer. The compounds are granulated, injection moulded
and then foamed by saturating the moulded specimens
with carbon dioxide followed by a rapid heating cycle. It
is shown that there is a weak interface between the matrix
and cellulose fillers, which preferentially nucleate foam
bubbles. The impact strength of the composites is
improved through foaming, although not to the same
extent as the impact strength of the polymer. The tensile
strength and modulus of the composites are reduced by
foaming. The structures of the foamed composites are
examined using scanning electron microscopy to
determine the density and distribution of cells to account
for this behaviour. 8 refs.
CANADA
Accession no.638338
Item 424
Polymer Composites
18, No.2, April 1997, p.198-210
THERMOPLASTIC NANOCOMPOSITES
FILLED WITH WHEAT STRAW CELLULOSE
WHISKERS. II. EFFECT OF PROCESSING AND
MODELLING
Dufresne A; Cavaille J Y; Helbert W
Grenoble,Joseph Fourier University
The reinforcing effect of cellulose microcrystals, or
whiskers, dispersed in a thermoplastic matrix, was
analysed. The effect of processing on the mechanical
Accession no.635209
Item 425
Polymer Composites
18, No.1, Feb.1997, p.79-89
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD FIBRE/
TOUGHENED ISOTACTIC POLYPROPYLENE
COMPOSITES
Park B D; Balatinecz J J
Toronto,University
A study was made of the mechanical properties of
composites consisting of wood fibres in an isotactic PP
matrix which had been modified by blending with EPDM.
The addition of EPDM improved impact toughness while
reducing the stiffness and strength properties. To
compensate the non-plane strain fracture toughness, the
specimen strength ratio was adopted as a comparative
measure of toughness. The strength ratio increased with
addition of EPDM and decreased with increasing fibre
content. The work of fracture increased with EPDM
content except at large fibre concentrations. The
effectiveness of the impact modification was assessed
with the balance between tensile modulus and unnotched
impact energy as a function of fibre concentration.
Examination of fracture surfaces showed twisted fibres,
fibre breakage and fibre pull-out from the matrix. 41 refs.
CANADA
Accession no.632370
Item 426
Polymer Engineering and Science
37, No.2, Feb.1997, p.476-83
BIOFIBRE-REINFORCED POLYPROPYLENE
COMPOSITES
Karnani R; Krishnan M; Narayan R
Michigan,State University
Interfacial adhesion in PP composites containing
lignocellulose (kenaf) fibres was enhanced by adding a
maleic anhydride grafted PP compatibiliser to the matrix
and modifying the fibre surfaces with a silane coupling
agent in aqueous solution. The modified matrix and fibres
were extruded to form compatibilised composites. Tests
on injection moulded samples showed improved
mechanical properties resulting from increased fibre/
matrix adhesion and polar interactions at the phase
boundaries. 9 refs.
USA
Accession no.632360
127
Item 427
Polymer Degradation and Stability
55, No.1, 1997, p.1-7
DEGRADABLE JUTE PLASTIC COMPOSITES
Uddin M K; Khan M A; Ali K M I
Bangladesh,Atomic Energy Commission
A urethane prepolymer with an aliphatic chain was used
to prepare several formulations, in the presence of
plasticisers and monomers with different characteristics.
Hessian cloth (a jute product) was coated with these
formulations and cured with UV radiation. Tensile
properties (such as strength and elongation) of the jute
plastic composites formed were improved. The treated
jute products (composites) were buried in soil, semi-mud,
mud and water in order to study the degradability
characteristics of the composite. They were found to be
degradable in mud, while they did not decompose in water
or soil. The composites were also treated under simulated
weathering conditions by alternating sunshine and
condensation and it was found that the composites were
significantly degraded under these conditions. 6 refs.
BANGLADESH
Accession no.621306
Item 428
Macromolecules
29, No.23, 4th Nov.1996, p.7624-6
NEW NANOCOMPOSITE MATERIALS.
MICROCRYSTALLINE STARCH REINFORCED
THERMOPLASTIC
Dufresne A; Cavaille J Y; Helbert W
Grenoble,Joseph Fourier University
A dispersion of starch microcrystals was obtained by
acid treatment of the amorphous domain of potato starch
granules, followed by washing, centrifugation and
ultrasonic treatment. This colloidal microcrystalline was
mixed with a latex containing a copolymer obtained by
polymerising 65% w/w butyl acrylate, 34% w/w styrene,
1% acrylic acid and 1% acrylamide. The product was
freeze-dried and hot pressed. Dynamic mechanical tests
were performed on samples ranging from pure matrix
to composites filled with 60% starch microcrystals.
Storage tensile modulus versus temperature curve for
pure matrix was typical of thermoplastic behaviour.
Unexpectedly, Tg remained almost constant whatever
the concentration of filler. Tg increased with filler
content, both below and above Tg. The relaxed modulus
of film containing only 30% starch at 50C above Tg
was 100 times higher than that of the matrix. For 60%
starch it was 1000 times higher. This reinforcing effect
cannot be explained by classical models. A similar
composite based on poly(hydroxybutyrate) is mentioned
too. 23 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.621239
128
Item 429
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
62, No. 9, 28th Nov. 1996, p.1347-60
KEVLAR FIBRE-EPOXY ADHESION AND ITS
EFFECT ON COMPOSITE MECHANICAL AND
FRACTURE PROPERTIES BY PLASMA AND
CHEMICAL TREATMENT
Wu S R; Sheu G S; Shyu S S
Taiwan,National Central University
Kevlar 49 fibres were surface-modified by ammonia,
oxygen and water-plasma etching and chlorosulphonation
and subsequent reaction with some reagents (glycine,
deionised water, ethylenediamine, and 1-butanol) to
improve the adhesion to epoxy resin. After these
treatments, the changes in fibre topography, chemical
composition of the fibre surfaces, and the surface
functional groups introduced to the surface of fibres were
identified by SEM, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and
static secondary ion mass spectrometry. Interlaminar shear
strength and T-peel strength between the fibre and epoxy
resin, as measured by the short-beam test and T-peel test,
were remarkably improved by gas plasma and
chlorosulphonation (0.1% and 0.25% chlorosulphonic
acid for 30 s). However, from the results of similar fracture
toughness tests of treated and untreated composites, it is
clear that the fibre/matrix interfacial bond strength is only
a minor contributor to the fracture toughness. SEM was
also used to study the surface topography of the fracture
surfaces of composites in T-peel tests. It could be seen
from SEM observations that the improvement of fibre/
matrix interfacial bond strength often accompanied a
change in fracture mechanism. 26 refs.
TAIWAN
Accession no.617149
Item 430
Polymer
37, No.24, 1996, p.5421-31
MELT RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR OF SHORT
PINEAPPLE FIBRE REINFORCED LOW
DENSITY POLYETHYLENE COMPOSITES
George J; Janardhan R; Anand J S; Bhagawan S S;
Thomas S
Mahatma Gandhi,University; Central Institute of
Plastics Engineering & Technology; Vikram Sarabhai
Space Centre
The melt rheological properties of short pineapple fibrereinforced LDPE composites were studied as a function
of fibre loading, fibre length, shear rate and temperature.
Melt viscosity increased with fibre loading. Chemical
treatments based on poly(methylene)-poly(phenyl)
isocyanate, silane and peroxide increased the viscosity
of the system by high fibre-matrix interfacial interaction.
The viscosity of the system decreased with increasing
temperature, but in peroxide-treated composites, viscosity
was increased because of crosslinking of the composite
at higher temperatures. Optical microscopy was used to
Accession no.616294
Item 431
Reinforced Plastics
40, No.11, Nov.1996, p.16
STINGING NETTLES: A PROMISING
REINFORCEMENT FOR PLASTICS
Mercedes-Benz is now using animal hair and natural
fibres in upholstery, door panels and rear shelves of its
cars. The company says it is actually looking to replace
glass fibre with natural fibre alternatives. Ramie yields
fibres which are almost as resistant to tearing as glass,
but processing proved a problem. Daimler-Benz
Aerospace found a suitable technology and the material
is currently being tested as a possible replacement in
interior fittings for the Airbus. Various forms of polymer
matrix are being explored. PU, which can be processed
at a lower temperature, is promising. Daimler-Benz has
developed a combined extrusion compression moulding
technique to embed the natural fibre reinforcement in
the polymer matrix.
DAIMLER-BENZ AG
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.610670
Item 432
Journal of Cellular Plastics
32, No.5, Sept/Oct.1996, p.449-69
CHARACTERISATION OF MICROCELLULAR
FOAMED PVC/CELLULOSIC-FIBRE
COMPOSITES
Matuana-Malanda L; Park C B; Balatinecz J J
Toronto,University
The feasibility of the production of microcellular PVC/
cellulosic-fibre composites and the effect of the fibre
content on the cell morphology were studied. Emphasis
is given to fibre surface treatment. 47 refs.
CANADA
Accession no.608368
Item 433
Polymer Composites
17, No.4, Aug.1996, p.612-9
TENSILE BEHAVIOUR OF NANOCOMPOSITES
FROM LATEX AND CELLULOSE WHISKERS
Hajji P; Cavaille J Y; Favier V; Gauthier C; Vigier G
GEMPPM; Grenoble,Joseph Fourier University
Composites comprising cellulose whiskers and styrenebutyl acrylate copolymer initially prepared by a water
suspension-mixing
procedure
exhibited
thermomechanical behaviour which was enhanced by
increasing the filler content. Processing methods could
be classified in ascending order of their reinforcement
efficiency (extrusion, hot-pressing, evaporation)
associated with a gradual decrease of the models L/D
ratio, i.e. corresponding to a breakage and/or an
orientation effect of the whiskers. The short fibre
composite model of Halpin-Kardos perfectly fitted
experimental composite moduli measured below Tg,
whereas a significant reinforcing effect, indicating the
presence of a cellulose network linked by hydrogen bonds,
which could not be predicted by this model, was achieved
above Tg. The formation of such networks was possible
only above the whisker percolation threshold and the most
developed one occurred in 6 wt % E-systems, where the
apparent L/D ratio was the highest. 30 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.608128
Item 434
Polymer Composites
17, No.4, Aug.1996, p.604-11
THERMOPLASTIC NANOCOMPOSITES
FILLED WITH WHEAT STRAW CELLULOSE
WHISKERS. I. PROCESSING AND
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR
Helbert W; Cavaille J Y; Dufresne A
Grenoble,Joseph Fourier University
Cellulose microcrystals with dimensions of about 5 nm
by 150-300 nm were obtained from wheat straw.
Composites with a weight fraction of cellulose ranging
from 0 to 30 wt % were processed by freeze-drying and
moulding a mixture of aqueous suspensions of
microcrystals and styrene-butyl acrylate copolymer latex.
It was found that these microcrystals, or whiskers, resulted
in a significant reinforcing effect at temps. higher than
the Tg of the matrix and improved the thermal stability
of the composite. The relaxed modulus increased
continuously with the filler content and, for a film
containing 30 wt % whiskers, it was more than a thousand
times higher than that of the matrix. This effect was
examined with regard to theoretical calculations based
on a mean field approach. It was concluded that the
significant reinforcement observed was due not only to
geometry and stiffness of the straw cellulose whiskers
but also to the interactions of the microcrystals, their
topological arrangement and the probable formation of
whisker clusters within the thermoplastic matrix, the
cellulose fillers probably being linked through hydrogen
bonds. 43 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.608127
129
Item 435
Antec 96. Volume II. Conference proceedings.
Indianapolis, 5th-10th May 1996, p.1900-7. 012
PRODUCTION OF MICROCELLULAR FOAMED
PVC/WOOD-FIBRE COMPOSITES:
PROCESSING AND CELL MORPHOLOGY
RELATIONSHIP
Malanda L M; Park C B; Balatinecz J J
Toronto,University
(SPE)
A microcellular polymer is a foamed plastic characterised
by a cell and a fully grown cell size in the range of 0.1 to
10 micron. The plastic/wood fibre composites utilise wood
fibres as a reinforcing filler in the polymer matrix and
are known to be advantageous over the neat polymers in
terms of the materials cost and some mechanical
properties such as stiffness and strength. These wood fibre
composites are microcellular processed to create a new
class of materials with unique properties. Recent studies
have demonstrated the feasibility of developing
microcellular structures in PVC/wood fibre composites.
In this research, the effects of the materials and the
processing conditions on the cell morphology of foamed
PVC/wood-fibre composites are studied with a view to
establishing the process-structure relationships for these
materials. Each step of microcellular PVC/wood fibre
composites processing is addressed including: the surface
treatment of the wood fibre; the mixing of polymer and
wood fibre; the manufacture of the composites; the
saturation of the composites with gas; the microcellular
foaming of the composites; and the cell morphology
characterisation of foamed composites. The experimental
results indicate that the cellular morphologies of the
foamed PVC/wood fibre composites are a strong function
of the content of plasticiser and the surface treatment of
wood-fibre as well as the gas saturation and foaming
conditions. 38 refs.
CANADA
Accession no.607202
Item 436
Advanced Composites Letters
5, No.3, 1996, p.81-5
NATURAL FIBRE MAT-REINFORCED
THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITES BASED ON
FLAX FIBRES AND POLYPROPYLENE
Heijenrath R; Peijs T
Eindhoven,University of Technology
Natural fibre mat-reinforced thermoplastics based on flax
fibres and a PP matrix were manufactured using a filmstacking method. The influence of fibre content on
stiffness and strength was investigated and the results
compared with data for glass mat-reinforced
thermoplastics, including the influence of improved fibre/
matrix adhesion as a result of the use of maleic anhydridegrafted PP. In addition, unidirectional and random flax
mat composites based on epoxy resin were manufactured
130
Accession no.595393
Item 437
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
60, No.6, 9th May 1996, p.919-22
X-RAY LINE PROFILE ANALYSIS IN ALKALITREATED RAMIE FIBRE
Sao K P; Samantaray B K; Bhattacherjee S
Indian Institute of Technology
A systematic study is reported of lateral crystallite size
and paracrystalline distortion parameter in ramie fibres
treated with various concentrations of alkali at room
temperature and at 0C respectively. The conversion
mechanism from cellulose I to cellulose II lattice in the
light of changes in both size and distortion of the
crystallites is also discussed. 22 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.588297
Item 438
Acta Polymerica
47, No.4, April 1996, p.177-80
GRAFT COPOLYMERISATION ONTO WOOD
FIBRES. OZONE-ACTIVATED
HYDROPHOBISATION OF PRETREATED
WOOD PULP
Daneault C; Sain M M; Lavoie C
Quebec,University
The effect of various pretreatments on grafting efficiency
was investigated. Grafting of thermomechanical pulp was
feasible under all the pretreatment conditions studied.
Exposure of thermomechanical pulp to ozone followed
by grafting by the xanthation method further degraded
the cellulose and decreased graft yield. Graft yield could
be improved by introducing chemical crosslinks to the
cellulose backbone before or after ozone exposure. 6 refs.
CANADA
Accession no.588231
Item 439
Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie
Vol.236, March 1996, p.129-38
German
EFFECT OF COUPLING AGENTS ON THE
MOISTURE ABSORPTION OF NATURAL
FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTICS
Bledzki A K; Gassan J
Institut fuer Werkstofftechnik
Details are given of improvements in mechanical
properties of jute fibre-reinforced epoxy resins by using
Accession no.587669
Item 440
Antec 95. Vol.II. Conference Proceedings.
Boston, Ma., 7th-11th May 1995, p.2086-90. 012
COMPOSITES FROM JUTE- AND KENAFREINFORCED POLYPROPYLENE
Schneider J P; Karmaker A C
US,Dept.of Agriculture,Forest Products Laboratory;
Connecticut,University
(SPE)
Composites were prepared from PP and chopped jute and
kenaf fibres by melt mixing in a thermokinetic mixer,
and the mechanical properties of injection moulded
specimens were determined. Designed experiments were
used to investigate the effects of fibre type and content,
maleated PP coupling agent and melt flow index of PP
on the mechanical properties. 20 refs.
USA
Accession no.571285
Item 441
Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie
Vol.233, Nov.1995, p.149-66
STEAM-EXPLODED WHEAT STRAW FIBRES
AS REINFORCING MATERIAL FOR
POLYPROPYLENE-BASED MATERIALS:
CHARACTERISATION AND PROPERTIES
Avella M; Bozzi C; dellErba R; Focher B; Marzetti A;
Martuscelli E
Istituto di Ricerca e Tecnologia delle Materie Plastiche;
Consorzio sulle Applicazioni dei Materiali Plastici e
Corrosione; Stazione Sperimentale per la Cellulosa
Composites of wheat straw fibres with PP and maleic
anhydride modified PP were prepared. Before mixing
with PP matrices the wheat straw fibres were subjected
to a steam explosion process that induces morphological
and structural changes in lignocellulosic materials. Such
changes are able to enhance the interactions with the
thermoplastic matrix. Thermal, mechanical and
morphological behaviour of the two series of composites
was investigated and compared; the resulting interfacial
adhesion was examined by SEM and infra-red FTIR
spectroscopy. Resistance to water of the composites was
also tested by swelling measurements to assess the
strength of the interphase between the PP and the
exploded straw fibres. 18 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.569358
Item 442
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
58, No.3, 17th Oct.1995, p.597-612
SHORT SISAL FIBRE-REINFORCED STYRENEBUTADIENE RUBBER COMPOSITES
Kumar R P; Amma M L G; Thomas S
Mahatma Gandhi,University; Rubber Research Institute
of India
The effect of fibre length, fibre distribution, fibre
orientation, fibre concentration and bonding agent on
the physical and mechanical properties of short sisal
fibre-reinforced SBR composites was investigated.
Fibre length of 6mm was found to be optimum for the
best balance of properties. Composites containing
longitudinally oriented fibres showed superior
mechanical performance to those with transversely
oriented fibres. Fibre-matrix adhesion was analysed by
SEM and anisotropic swelling measurements. The
adhesion between fibre and rubber was enhanced by
use of resorcinol-hexamethylene tetramine bonding
system. 47 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.563392
Item 443
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
34, No.5, 1995, p.729-92
STUDIES ON JUTE COMPOSITES - A
LITERATURE REVIEW
Mohanty A K; Misra M
Ravenshaw College
A detailed review is given of jute composites, particularly
structure and chemical composition of jute fibres; jute
fibre reinforced thermosetting polymer composites; jute
fibre reinforced thermoplastic polymer composites; jute
fibre reinforced rubber composites; and cost aspects and
applications of jute products. 327 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.561490
Item 444
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
57, No.7, 15th Aug.1995, p.843-54
SHORT PINEAPPLE-LEAF-FIBREREINFORCED LDPE COMPOSITES
George J; Bhagawan S S; Prabhakaran N; Thomas S
Mahatma Gandhi,University; Vikram Sarabhai Space
Centre
Short pineapple-leaf-fibre-reinforced LDPE composites
were prepared by melt mixing and solution mixing
methods. Tensile properties were compared. The influence
of fibre length, fibre loading and orientation on the
mechanical properties were also evaluated. 51 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.558784
131
Item 445
Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology
1, No.2, June 1995, p.103-8
BIOFIBRES AS REINFORCING FILLERS IN
THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITES
Schneider J P; Myers G E; Clemons C M; English B W
US,Dept.of Agriculture,Forest Service
A waste wood composite (mixture of plywood,
particleboard, and fibreboard), kenaf core, a waste jutepolyester composite panel, and waste newspaper
biofibre materials were compared with wood flour for
their ability to act as reinforcing fillers in melt blended
composites with PP as the matrix polymer. The
composites were prepared either by extrusion or by
blending in a high intensity thermokinetic mixer (Kmixer), and mechanical properties were determined on
injection moulded specimens. 11 refs.
Accession no.550168
Accession no.558189
Item 448
Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie
Vol.225, Feb.1995, p.37-49
German
FIBRE-MATRIX ADHESION IN COMPOSITES
OF A THERMOPLASTIC MATRIX AND FLAX.
II. APPLICATION OF FUNCTIONALISED
POLYPROPYLENE
Mieck K P; Nechwatal A; Knobelsdorf C
Thueringisches Institut fuer Textil- & KunststoffForschung eV
Item 446
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
34, No.5, May 1995, p.1889-96
RENEWABLE AGRICULTURAL FIBRES AS
REINFORCING FILLERS IN PLASTICS:
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF KENAF
FIBRE-POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES
Sanadi A R; Caulfield D F; Jacobson R E; Rowell R M
Wisconsin,University; US,Forest Products Laboratory
USA
Accession no.551540
Item 447
Journal of Materials Science Letters
14, No.7, 1st April 1995, p.508-10
BANANA FIBRE STRANDS REINFORCED
POLYESTER COMPOSITES
Zhu W H; Tobias B C; Coutts R S P
Victoria,University of Technology; CSIRO
Fabrication techniques and the physical and mechanical
properties of banana fibre strand reinforced polyester
132
Accession no.547367
Item 449
Antec 94. Conference Proceedings.
San Francisco, Ca., 1st-5th May 1994, Vol.II, p.1474-5.
012
STUDY OF THE PREFERENTIAL
CRYSTALLISATION OF POLYPROPYLENE ON
THE SURFACE OF WOOD FIBRES
Wang G; Harrison I R
Pennsylvania,State University
(SPE)
DSC and optical microscopy were used to study the
effectiveness of silane and acrylic polymer fibre surface
treatments in inducing the preferential crystallisation of
PP on the surface of wood fibres in PP/wood fibre
composites. It was shown that wood fibres, whether
treated or not, would nucleate crystallisation. However,
untreated fibres showed less tightly packed spherulites
compared with the treated fibres. Silane treated fibres
exhibited the most complete spherulite encapsulation and
more uniform spherulitic structure. 6 refs.
USA
Accession no.544339
Item 450
Modern Plastics International
23, No.5, May 1994, p.69
NATURAL FIBRE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES
ARE LIGHT AND STRONG
BASF has made available test quantities of mat reinforced
PP that contain sisal or flax instead of the usual glass
fibres, designated NMTs (Natural Fibre Reinforced
Thermoplastics). The company says that sisal fibres can
be produced at around 20% of the cost of glass fibres;
details of the typical properties of NMTs compared with
those of GRP are given.
BASF AG
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.512831
Item 453
Journal of Materials Science
18,No.5,May 1983,p.1443-54
ALKALI TREATMENT OF COIR FIBRES FOR
COIR-POLYESTER COMPOSITES
Prasad S V;Pavithran C;Rohatgi P K
Coir fibres extracted from coconut husk were subjected
to an alkali treatment with NaOH with a view to improving
their wettability with polyester resin. The effect of alkali
treatment on the microstructure, surface topography and
tensile strength of the fibres was investigated and fibre/
matrix interfacial strength was determined from fibre pullout tests. Flexural, impact and ultrasonic properties of
coir/polyester composites containing varying volume
fractions of untreated and alkali treated fibres were also
studied. 11 refs.
INDIA
Item 451
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
42,No.3,5th Feb.1991,p.609-20
NATURE OF ADHESION IN COMPOSITES OF
MODIFIED CELLULOSE FIBRES AND
POLYPROPYLENE
Felix J M;Gatenholm P
CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Accession no.232496
Accession no.420094
Item 452
Polymer Communications
27,No.5,May 1986,p.157-60
ADHESION OF SISAL FIBRE-POLYESTER
SYSTEM
Chand N;Rohatgi P K
INDIAN REGIONAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
The effect of alkali (NaOH) treatment on the tensile
strength and adhesion of sisal fibres to polyester resin
was investigated. Adhesion was determined from pullout tests and SEM was employed to examine surface
topography of both the treated and untreated fibres. It
was found that treatment of the fibres with a 5% aqueous
solution of NaOh at room temp. resulted in fibres having
increased wettability. Treatment for 90h gave rise to
improved tensile strength and adhesion of the fibres to
the resin. 12 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.311129
133
134
Subject Index
Subject Index
A
ABACA FIBRE, 24 389
ABRASION RESISTANCE, 174
175
ABS, 12 109 115 146 157 176 201
309 322 408
ABSORPTION, 204 269 344 357
363
ACACIA, 1
ACCELERATED AGEING, 166
304
ACETYLATION, 1 37 47 217 263
350 422
ACID RESISTANCE, 55 99
ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES, 31 203
312 322 366
ACRYLATION, 209 217
ACRYLONITRILE
COPOLYMER, 38 47 100 217
285 296 348
ACTIVATION ENERGY, 48 69 80
281 326 327 382
ACYLATION, 101
ADDITIVE, 16 18 44 52 56 59 83
98 105 115 122 136 137 138
140 146 147 149 160 161 162
163 174 189 225 226 234 242
246 264 270 280 297 300 332
343 356 370 371 374 384 401
404 425 426 427 434 440 449
ADHESION, 4 5 14 38 44 59 64 67
76 83 87 100 103 104 114 170
194 213 214 216 252 266 272
278 313 316 320 321 356 361
362 379 391 392 400 410 417
421 426 439 446 448 451 452
453
ADHESION PROMOTER, 94 183
212
ADHESION PROMOTION, 34
206 311 359 395 426 429
ADHESIVE, 191 203 308 317
ADSORPTION, 267 354
AEROPLANE, 45 52 57 175 431
AEROSPACE APPLICATION, 31
52 175 186
AGAVE FIBRE, 25 402
AGAVE FOURCROYDES, 399
AGEING, 94 104 107 116 276 299
304 312 392 397
AGRICULTURAL
APPLICATION, 117
AGRICULTURAL WASTE, 280
399 402
ALGAE, 353
ALKALI, 5 13 37 54 72 100 170
216 349 350 370 422 452 453
ALKALI TREATMENT, 26 43 89
339 359 437
ALKALINE DEGRADATION, 43
ALOE FIBRE, 116
ANALYSIS, 5 8 10 11 28 37 38 54
60 63 82 83 85 88 100 105 114
128 170 194 198 205 207 212
214 217 241 269 314 334 343
351 352 356 365 389 405 406
409 425 426 429 440 441 449
452
APPEARANCE, 36 115 137 201
APPLICATION, 7 15 16 18 29 31 33
36 45 49 52 53 56 57 59 83 93 94
102 103 108 109 110 111 115 116
117 118 126 127 137 138 139
143 144 146 155 156 157 164
175 176 180 183 186 190 196
201 202 203 209 210 236 246
247 248 256 257 259 262 265
266 272 283 293 308 309 317
318 322 335 347 358 360 362
363 366 375 376 380 381 385
392 408 411 414 431 443
AQUEOUS, 277 348 415 434
AQUEOUS SOLUTION, 43 285
426 452
ARAMID FIBRE, 8 94 103 271
272 429
ASPECT RATIO, 54 67 172 193
350 426
ASPEN FIBRE, 166 398
ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY,
106 194 314
ATTENUATED TOTAL
REFLECTANCE
SPECTROSCOPY, 10 91
AUTOCLAVE MOULDING, 57
AUTOMATION, 57 333
AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION, 16
29 31 36 45 49 53 56 57 83 108
109 110 111 117 118 126 127 143
144 155 156 164 175 183 186
202 203 210 247 248 256 257
259 265 266 283 308 309 322
335 362 363 375 376 380 381
385 408 411 414 431 450
B
BACK INJECTION MOULDING,
109
135
Subject Index
C
CABLE, 123
CALENDERING, 353
CAR TYRE, 112 122
CARBON DIOXIDE, 94 97 134
160 202 423
CARBON FIBRE, 52
CARBON FIBRE-REINFORCED
PLASTIC, 45 57 145 180
CARPET, 116
CASEIN POLYMER, 208
CASHEW NUTSHELL LIQUID,
406
CAST, 180 329
CASTING, 45 172 424
CAUSTIC SODA, 5 26 43 114 121
216 221 251 321 349 370 395
405 415 430
CELLULAR MATERIAL, 52 71
81 115 133 134 137 138 153
157 160 164 179 203 204 228
246 305 308 328 331 343 373
380 394 414 416 423
CELLULOSE, 29 32 41 51 69 82
90 91 94 101 103 116 121 123
129 131 165 172 175 223 241
252 254 255 282 298 319 329
352 356 386 392 394 401 408
413 424 426 430 437 438
CELLULOSE ACETATE, 95 105
197
CELLULOSE ACETATE
BUTYRATE, 350
CELLULOSE ESTER, 350
CELLULOSE FIBRE, 29 32 51 90
94 123 129 131 252 255 319
329 352 356 392 394 401 424
426 430 432 433 434 451
CELLULOSE XANTHATE, 438
CELLULOSIC, 68 392
CENTRIFUGAL CAST, 180
CENTRIFUGATION, 45 57
CHAIR, 227
CHARACTERISATION, 1 5 39 43
75 88 105 106 130 141 144 165
194 199 200 206 207 250 261
136
Subject Index
D
DAMAGE, 77 147 175 178 340
353
DAMPING, 2 45 57 213 305 349
DASHBOARD, 155 204
DEBONDING, 340
DECK, 191 196 246 293
DECKING, 18 59 93 115
DEFENCE APPLICATION, 52
DEFORMATION, 140 235 254 287
425
DEGRADABLE, 26 40 47 52 78
89 103 105 108 110 123 135
146 176 206 208 254 261 291
298 321 329 346 353 363 364
365 383 401 407 427 431
DEGRADATION, 43 47 89 94 104
106 107 116 157 166 171 184
193 261 263 272 276 290 291
299 304 321 351 353 392 397
DEGRADATION RATE, 184 291
DELIGNIFICATION, 127
DEMAND, 45 53 57 180 191 196
362
DENSITY, 29 31 32 39 56 57 58
71 81 83 94 103 115 117 118
127 128 133 134 136 137 144
147 173 177 180 191 204 256
303 312 320 335 356 363 381
398 423
DESIGN, 12 14 18 93 115 118 201
347 354
DIE, 115 125 146 176 191 201 246
386
DIE DESIGN, 347
DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL
ANALYSIS, 4 11 27 35 40 43
67 70 75 85 105 114 148 188
E
E-GLASS, 83
E-MODULUS, 23 25 51 60 67 120
121 132 144 178 218 254 318
326 327 340 362 383 395
ECOBALANCE, 156 272
ECONOMIC INFORMATION, 18
45 52 53 57 97 111 116 117 157
180 190 191 196 201 225 246
265 347 362 366 408
ELASTIC MODULUS, 23 25 51
60 67 120 121 132 144 178 212
218 252 254 303 318 319 326
327 340 353 355 356 361 362
381 383 395
ELASTICITY, 51 62 94 116 283
287 292 447
ELASTOMER, 3 39 44 50 55 62
73 87 97 104 112 116 122 128
132 161 162 163 168 174 198
199 218 229 232 233 261 264
281 287 302 307 333 358 374
400 407 408 425 428 442 443
ELECTRICAL APPLICATION, 52
183
ELECTRON MICROGRAPH, 1 2
25 26 194 430
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, 4 5 8
23 24 37 38 40 43 54 58 67 75
82 85 87 100 104 107 114 128
130 131 141 165 170 173 182
187 198 205 206 217 229 230
254 274 282 286 287 299 311
314 326 351 357 377 408 423
ELECTRONIC APPLICATION, 7
52 183
ELONGATION, 51 104 120 362
369 373 381 383 417 427 440
ELONGATION AT BREAK, 25 44
58 73 78 89 116 120 128 161
162 163 200 217 234 239 301
336 356 372 395 400 404 425
426
ENCAPSULATION, 115 246 449
ENERGY ABSORPTION, 45 57
63 83 299 312 396 446
ENGINE, 31
ENGINE COVER, 127 156 202
ENGINEERING APPLICATION,
13 45 57 66 94 380 436
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, 36
96 97
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION, 15 36 203 210
272 380
ENVIRONMENTALLY
FRIENDLY, 16 47 53 89 94 96
117 175 202 210 265 292 317
322 335 346 411
EPOXIDISED SOYBEAN OIL, 68
209
EPOXY RESIN, 25 37 60 63 64 66
77 94 99 116 126 154 172 175
216 245 255 260 295 305 306
314 316 320 328 339 340 349
383 392 429 436 439 443
EQUIPMENT, 115 202 248
ESTERIFICATION, 35 39 101 251
270 288 402 413
ETHYLENE COPOLYMER, 27
149 150 151 163 199 404
ETHYLENE-PROPYLENEDIENE TERPOLYMER, 3 162
185 404 408 425
ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE
COPOLYMER, 119 140 254
EXTRUDATE, 54 61 274 287 430
EXTRUDER, 12 42 56 59 95 102
109 115 125 145 146 149 151
152 153 176 183 196 246 262
293 347 355 360 372 377 418
137
Subject Index
EXTRUSION, 12 42 54 59 65 83
93 109 115 117 133 136 146
149 153 157 176 179 183 186
187 189 190 191 196 201 206
207 246 262 268 284 293 297
300 303 317 318 343 358 360
362 365 366 380 386 426 430
431 433 445
EXTRUSION BLOWING, 153
EXTRUSION COMPOUNDING,
83 109 145 151 152 153 377 426
EXTRUSION COMPRESSION
MOULDING, 431
EXTRUSION MIXING, 83 149
187 189 300 426
F
FABRIC, 45 211 222 282 321 363
FABRICATION, 47 63 89 96 447
FAILURE, 1 37 58 63 77 82 84
327 350 377 381 425 429 440
446
FALLING WEIGHT, 82
FATIGUE, 44 45 72 178 213 264
278 410
FEEDING, 31 59 61 146 176 201
293
FENCING, 18
FIBRE ALIGNMENT, 64
FIBRE DIAMETER, 83
FIBRE DISTRIBUTION, 25 72
326 442
FIBRE LENGTH, 21 36 60 83 88
94 135 152 164 206 214 274
301 326 342 385 387 397 426
430 442
FIBRE MAT, 147 335 379
FIBRE ORIENTATION, 36 45 57
63 83 98 168 231 301 327 342
353 362 379 381 397 433 442
FIBRE TREATMENT, 15 36 40 67
88 89 135 206 247 326 406 430
FIBRE VOLUME, 36 206
FIBRE-REINFORCED RUBBER,
50 62 73 168 229 232
FIBREBOARD, 110 354 398 445
FIBROUS FILLER, 42 43 119 140
146 150 151 152 159 169 174
184 198 200 250 253 280 332
370 372 395 398 425 441 446
447 449
FILAMENT WINDING, 45 52 57
63
FILLER, 1 3 12 18 35 42 43 44 52
61 68 71 74 75 79 87 90 91 105
112 114 115 117 119 120 122 123
128 136 137 138 140 146 147
138
G
GLASS FIBRE, 24 31 52 116 272
299 335 356 366 379 414
GLASS FIBRE-REINFORCED
PLASTIC, 20 31 32 45 57 58
63 82 83 94 107 109 113 145
147 164 170 171 175 180 182
186 202 210 211 214 215 220
248 265 271 289 300 303 305
308 313 322 325 335 337 356
363 366 375 380 381 403 411
414 431 446
GLASS TRANSITION
TEMPERATURE, 66 68 80 83
87 103 105 135 281 360 398
419 428 433 434
GRAFT, 89 130 252 253 285 307
311 443
GRAFT COPOLYMER, 2 150 151
185 199 212 217 253 290 296
356 410 426 436 448
GRAFT COPOLYMERISATION,
38 100 106 170 285 290 348
356 426 438
GRAFT POLYMERISATION, 4 47
141 198
GRAFTING, 89 130 252 253 285
307 311 356 392 443
GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS, 10
23 35 165 269 282 285 286 314
343
Subject Index
H
HAND LAY-UP, 38 45 52 57 383
HARDNESS, 50 58 73 87 90 128
146 161 162 174 264 280 288
297 306 367 399 402
HEAT AGEING, 104
HEAT DEGRADATION, 27 29 35
55 66 67 69 105 149 152 167
258 290 299 329 351 362 408
HEAT INSULATION, 110 117 224
308 347
HEAT RESISTANCE, 10 31 55 66
76 80 83 104 111 148 281 285
290 312 350 356 361 431
HEAT TREATMENT, 37 88 121
HEATING, 45 49 116 126 146 418
HEMP, 26 31 43 45 53 57 68 86 94
111 117 118 175 186 202 203
209 215 219 226 244 248 265
266 283 303 309 311 320 335
399 402 408 411 414 419
HENEQUEN FIBRE, 13 359
HESSIAN, 427
HIBISCUS CANNABINUS, 383
HIGH DENSITY
POLYETHYLENE, 12 16 17 67
70 76 93 115 149 150 151 153
176 187 196 207 233 236 250
258 324 352 359 366 377 386
415
HOT PRESS MOULD, 415
HOT PRESSING, 73 433
HUMIDITY, 304 398
HYBRID, 15 58 107 182 235 246
289 325 337 363 389
HYBRID COMPOSITE, 13 20 82
157 170 171 183 276
HYDROGEN BOND, 105 172 433
434
HYDROGEN BONDING, 4 108
255
HYDROLYSIS, 329 426
HYDROPHILIC, 40 41 67 172 208
217 252 392
HYDROPHOBIC, 40 67 172 217
252 270 422 438
HYGROSCOPIC, 76
HYGROTHERMAL AGEING, 173
I
IMMERSION, 3 417 443
IMPACT, 204 263
IMPACT ENERGY, 83 178 425
426 440
IMPACT MODIFIER, 130 134 160
183 200 273 360 404 425
IMPACT RESISTANCE, 8 34 56
118 126 178 200 250 253 265
283 292 335
IMPACT STRENGTH, 1 2 23 26
57 64 65 70 78 81 82 83 85 94
130 150 151 159 166 170 183
185 187 189 199 200 203 214
218 230 240 250 253 278 286
288 299 303 312 319 356 362
372 375 383 391 394 396 398
400 404 423 425 426 440
IMPREGNATION, 13 15 45 57 65
106 121 142 211 214 257 331
359 406
IN-MOULD LAMINATING, 335
IN-SITU POLYMERISATION, 75
369
INFRARED SPECTRA, 1 24 30 41
75 91 148 217 285 311 395 413
INITIATOR, 75 285 356 426
INJECTION COMPRESSION
MOULDING, 49
INJECTION MOULD, 440
INJECTION MOULDED, 445 446
INJECTION MOULDING, 11 21
27 31 45 65 83 86 95 98 103
109 110 111 117 135 176 189
197 233 265 266 297 303 312
317 318 355 356 361 362 363
365 396 408 411 418 423 425
426
INJECTION MOULDING
MACHINE, 31 109 333
INJECTION PRESSURE, 425 440
INSULATION, 31 110 117 123 224
308 322 347
INTERFACE, 1 70 189 194 276
392 395
INTERFACIAL ADHESION, 5 14
34 51 72 73 78 83 87 88 105
106 147 148 168 177 188 208
212 213 214 218 252 297 326
340 346 350 354 356 387 391
397 400 404 426 430 436 441
442 448 452 453
INTERFACIAL BONDING, 23
218 395 396 429 440
INTERFACIAL DEBONDING, 23
INTERFACIAL INTERACTION,
23 35 37 70 105 430
INTERFACIAL PROPERTIES, 4
22 23 27 35 37 41 47 70 77 105
106 188 217 278 279 287 297
321 384 430 439
INTERFACIAL SHEAR
J
JOINT VENTURE, 93 109 117 186
201 322 335
JUTE, 43 45 94 103 117 175 186
201 245 251 265 266 282 290
291 299 311 321 340 349 364
370 406 410 412 439 440 443
445
JUTE FIBRE-REINFORCED
PLASTIC, 28 45 60 72 78 88
92 144 148 213 221 231 245
260 269 275 283 286 291 296
304 305 306 321 328 336 338
339 357 364 367 368 369 371
381 396 406 410 412 415 427
440 443
K
KAPOK, 43 311
KENAF, 13 53 59 104 115 117 186
203 229 244 265 266 283 335
348 375 383
KUDZU FIBRE, 4
L
LAMINATE, 121 194 326 327 341
358 381
LAMINATING, 204 335
LANGIVIN EQUATION, 1 11 25
41 44 58 63 77 132
LATEX, 217 228 308 329 392 424
428 433 434
LAY-UP, 45 57
LEATHER FIBRE, 75
LEGISLATION, 56 122 127 186
347
LICENCE, 93 115 196 246
LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS, 36 143
309
LIGHT DEGRADATION, 184 250
LIGHTWEIGHT, 36 45 57 115 117
126 175 247 256 265 335 380
LIGNIN, 29 68 94 101 105 116
139
Subject Index
M
MACHINERY, 12 31 42 45 56 57
59 61 95 115 145 146 149 155
176 293 333 385 440
MAIZE, 146
MALEATED, 15 16 26 83 130 150
151 185 294 396 400 413 417
425 440 446
MALEATION, 13 51 185 356 404
426
MALEIC ANHYDRIDE, 4 10 16
23 35 41 51 54 68 70 83 115
141 165 218 252 253 268 270
280 288 307 310 324 338 344
356 361 384 391 392 398 399
402 403 413 426 436 441
MALEIC ANHYDRIDE
COPOLYMER, 2 21 35 98 114
130 166 177 189 199 212 213
214 249 332 356 387 410 426
436 448 451
MANUFACTURING, 52 93 96 117
175
MARINE APPLICATION, 52 358
MARKET, 18 45 52 53 57 97 115
118 157 196 201 265 347
MAT, 118 203 322 375 436
MATERIAL REPLACEMENT, 7
15 18 29 31 32 59 82 83 85 94
97 108 115 122 128 137 138
142 143 148 183 222 228 256
257 258 264 308 309 316 318
322 323 345 356 363 374 375
380 381 391 411 414 431
140
MATERIALS SELECTION, 56 59
113 139 175 203 248
MATRIX, 1 5 9 25 29 37 38 49 52
68 100 116 120 165 168 170
175 194 211 215 279 358 391
392 417 426 430 441 443 445
446 447 453
MATTING, 118 203 322 375
MATTRESS, 222
MELAMINE-FORMALDEHYDE
RESIN, 129 147 406
MELT, 103 175 176 201 211 386
MELT COMPOUNDING, 135 141
297
MELT FLOW, 187 207 287
MELT FLOW INDEX, 39 56 83
187 426 430 440 445
MELT MIXING, 51 342
MELT PROCESSING, 76 350 431
440
MELT VISCOSITY, 16 45 54 274
287 430
MELT VISCOSITY INDEX, 39 56
83 187 426 430
MERCERISATION, 38 47 88 198
216 217 321 326
METHYL METHACRYLATE
COPOLYMER, 38 198
MICROSCOPY, 10 25 40 54 58
132 141 178 188 193 258 271
274 287 307 340 398 425 430
MICROSTRUCTURE, 38 300 453
MILLING, 174 195 418
MINERAL FIBRE-REINFORCED
PLASTIC, 183
MIXER, 61 103 162 418 440 445
446
MIXING, 51 54 61 83 103 132 149
162 187 189 193 201 208 229
233 300 342 371 393 417 418
425 426 433 440 441 444
MODIFICATION, 1 24 35 39 43
51 67 75 83 90 94 101 123 131
157 165 194 215 251 270 272
285 296 356 378 384 392 404
406 413 420 422 425 426
MOISTURE ABSORPTION, 55 79
116 138 166 169 173 210 272
280 299 323 340 345 379 439
MOISTURE CONTENT, 45 79
142 146 224 246 249 252 253
282 293 317 318 378
MOISTURE DIFFUSION, 330
MOISTURE REGAIN, 251 368
422
MOISTURE REMOVAL, 146 246
MOISTURE RESISTANCE, 18
146 157 191 323 344 345 392
449
MOISTURE SENSITIVE, 36
MOLECULAR STRUCTURE, 26
30 41 272 398 405 419 426 430
443
MORPHOLOGY, 5 8 11 17 25 27 40
43 54 70 83 114 128 131 132 136
147 151 153 179 188 199 205
211 217 238 258 261 267 271
274 300 314 325 343 349 370
372 373 392 393 400 404 416
418 419 421 430 432 438 453
MOULDING, 3 25 31 45 52 56 57
78 85 93 94 117 126 142 145
147 158 159 164 167 180 186
187 203 209 215 219 227 238
247 257 266 312 322 335 341
353 357 358 362 363 380 411
414 434
MOULDING COMPOUND, 94
117 129 142 257
MOULDING PRESSURE, 425 440
N
NANOCOMPOSITE, 172 241 255
261 277 329 424 428 433 434
NANOFILLER, 71 172
NATURAL FIBRE-REINFORCED
RUBBER, 50 73 168 229 232
442
NATURAL POLYMER, 7 146 222
261
NATURAL RUBBER, 44 50 62 73
87 104 132 161 163 174 261
264 314 374 392
NEEDLE PUNCHING, 211 335
379
NOISE INSULATION, 31
NOISE REDUCTION, 112 122
308
NON-WOVEN, 156 211 282 335
375 406
NOTCHED IMPACT STRENGTH,
83 166 183 425 426 440
NOVOLAC RESIN, 280 288 399
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC
RESONANCE, 19 106 119 140
242 243 415 419
NUCLEATION, 35 153 157 160
271 281 315 352 449
NYLON, 45 109 175 180
NYLON-6, 29
O
OIL PALM, 20 217 281
OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT
Subject Index
P
PACKAGING, 175
PALLET, 386
PALM FIBRE, 158
PANEL, 203 204 265 266 383 445
PAPER, 90 117 123 148
PARCEL SHELF, 155 292 363 375
411 431
PARTICLE BOARD, 254 258 354
445
PATENT, 93 115 308 335 347
PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE
RESIN, 20 58 73 148 171 217
239 281 392 406
PHENOLIC RESIN, 85 121 148
175 219 230 280 302 304 312
320 406
PHLOEM, 94 446
PHOTODEGRADATION, 258 427
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, 8 29
55 83 95 137 139 174 177 223
260 304 346 382 395 412 442
447
PHYSICOCHEMICAL
PROPERTIES, 422
PHYSICOMECHANICAL
PROPERTIES, 10 13 101 128
229
PINE FLOUR, 398
PINEAPPLE FIBRE, 346
PINEAPPLE LEAF FIBRE, 47 100
285 382 393 395 397 421 422
430 444
PIPE, 45 57 146 180 366
PLASMA TREATMENT, 14 34
233
PLASTICISER, 68 241 275 416
427 435
PLYWOOD, 445
141
Subject Index
426
PULP, 117 438
PULTRUSION, 32 45 52 57 94 113
139 289 316
Q
QUALITY, 53 94 117 335 362 431
R
RAILING, 196
RAILWAY APPLICATION, 31 57
RAMIE, 94 117 405 407 414 431
437
REACTION INJECTION
MOULDING, 94 380
REACTIVE EXTRUSION, 141
297 426
RECLAIM, 123 146 207 335 378
RECYCLATE, 90 130 207 250 400
RECYCLING, 18 36 45 53 56 57
83 93 94 116 123 126 127 130
143 146 155 156 162 180 186
202 207 210 236 250 259 265
272 283 317 362 400 414
REINFORCED RUBBER, 62 73
87 104 168 229 232 287 442
443
RENEWABLE RESOURCE, 31 32
56 68 94 96 97 116 123 155 186
209 266 272 363 365 383 411
414 431 446
RESIN IMPREGNATION, 45 121
156 180
RESIN INJECTION, 57 180
RESIN TRANSFER MOULDING,
25 45 57 94 180 209 215 219
238 257 341 363 411
RESOL RESIN, 148 237
REVIEW, 52 106 108 139 276 298
335 347 378 392 408 443 447
RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES,
27 39 45 54 57 67 83 94 95 104
116 162 172 206 207 229 274
287 307 360 361 409 426 430
440
RICE HUSK, 115 173 207 389
RICE HUSK ASH, 3 128 161 162
163 174 374
RIGID, 71 136 160 164 204 209
273 308
RIGIDITY, 90 252 386
ROTATIONAL MOULDING, 159
RUBBER, 3 39 44 50 55 62 73 87
97 104 112 116 122 128 161
162 163 168 174 198 218 229
232 233 261 264 281 287 302
142
S
SANDWICH STRUCTURE, 52
449
SATURATED POLYESTER, 48
103 298 329 353 367
SAWDUST, 130 280 418
SCANNING ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY, 1 2 4 5 8 14 23
24 25 26 27 37 38 40 43 46 47
54 58 62 67 72 73 75 82 83 85
87 95 100 104 106 107 114 128
130 131 132 147 154 165 170
173 179 182 187 188 193 194
198 205 206 217 229 230 254
267 282 286 299 304 307 311
314 321 326 327 332 350 351
357 368 372 377 382 391 393
395 396 398 400 404 408 410
419 421 423 425 426 429 430
432 435 441 442 444 452 453
SCREW, 29 115 146 149 246
SCREW DESIGN, 152
SEAT, 228 375
SELF-DRYING, 59 103 146 153
177 201 257 293 317 331
SHEAR, 21 149 387 425 429
SHEAR MODULUS, 81 255 277
371
SHEAR PROPERTIES, 14 21 95
206 207 274 289 310 346 359
367 381 387 430 448
SHEAR RATE, 16 54 274 287 430
SHEAR STRESS, 206 274 430
SHEET, 144 176 211 266 280
SHEET MOULDING
COMPOUND, 88 94 117 142
257 303 335 414
SHORE HARDNESS, 288 402
SHORT FIBRE, 29 37 54 75 83
103 115 168 214 274 301 337
342 361 371 379 380 397 430
433 442
SHRINKAGE, 85 93 349 370
SIDING, 138 196 293
SILANE, 5 9 37 40 70 78 94 106
115 163 174 233 263 264 267
307 327 340 374 378 395 417
426 439 449
SILANISATION, 10 294 307
SILICA, 3 44 97 128 264
SILICON DIOXIDE, 3 44 97 128
264
SILICONE RUBBER, 128
SINGLE-SCREW EXTRUDER,
125 146 196 293 360 372 377
SISAL, 8 11 14 17 23 25 27 34 37
38 41 43 45 47 48 54 57 80 83
103 117 118 135 168 186 193
197 202 206 216 218 220 232
233 235 237 238 240 242 248
267 271 274 276 289 301 311
335 337 342 356 407 414 426
442 450 452
SODIUM HYDROXIDE, 5 26 43
114 121 216 221 251 321 349
370 395 405 415 430 452 453
SOIL BURIAL, 263 427
SOLVENT RESISTANCE, 99
SORPTION, 9 20 39 67 107 160
177 357
SOUND DAMPING, 111 335
SOUND INSULATION, 31 322
SOY POLYMER, 7 209 298
SPECIFIC GRAVITY, 115 137 191
381
SPORTS GOODS, 31 52 111
SPRAY DRYING, 59 103 146 153
177 201 257 293 317 331
SPRAYING, 61 308 331 414
STABILISER, 115 184 191 195
STABILITY, 10 55 66 76 80 83
104 148 281 285 290 350 356
STARCH, 48 95 97 105 112 122
146 206 241 298 365 401 428
STATISTICS, 45 52 53 57 111 116
117 180 190 191 196 201 225
246 362 408
STEAM, 280 399 402
STEAM EXPLODED, 332 441
STEAM RESISTANCE, 399
STIFFNESS, 15 25 29 57 59 83 94
98 115 116 126 127 147 150
172 175 186 194 214 238 254
292 295 312 320 335 341 362
381 398 400 403 404 411 425
436 440
STORAGE MODULUS, 23 28 80
135 371
STRAIN, 130 147 171 390 397 425
440
STRAW, 117 303
STRENGTH, 25 32 53 56 68 72 77
101 121 157 166 183 252 307
320 323 335 353 358 361 398
406 408 414 422 425 426 436
441 446
STRESS, 31 83 130 198 235 389
390 417 440 441
STRESS RELAXATION, 83 171
397
STRESS-STRAIN PROPERTIES,
Subject Index
T
TANDEM EXTRUSION, 153
TAPE WINDING, 45 52 57 63
TEAR STRENGTH, 50 73 87 128
162 174 264 357 374 431 448
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
APPLICATION, 52
TELEPHONE, 358
TENACITY, 275 339 369
TENSILE MODULUS, 4 21 24 25
26 44 50 58 73 87 107 135 152
161 163 166 200 208 217 234
U
ULTRAVIOLET CURING, 369
427
ULTRAVIOLET DEGRADATION,
104 184 250 304
ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION,
166 184 250 258 260 275
UNDER-THE-BONNET
APPLICATION, 31
UNIDIRECTIONAL, 25 37 98 177
381 436
UNSATURATED POLYESTER, 5
38 40 52 68 77 100 116 165 170
178 181 194 215 231 263 269
270 282 299 301 303 330 368
384 388 389 392 411 419 421
443 445 447 452 453
UPHOLSTERY, 222 431
UREA-FORMALDEHYDE
RESIN, 227
V
VACUUM FORMING, 144 175
409
143
Subject Index
W
WAFER, 7
WALL SLIP, 274
WALL THICKNESS, 31 45 146
WARPAGE, 375
WASTE PAPER, 90 123 148 445
WASTE WOOD, 191 445
WATER, 3 20 166 340 343 350 433
WATER ABSORPTION, 1 2 3 16
20 39 62 67 85 101 114 123 132
147 148 150 163 170 209 241
268 269 270 275 280 297 324
144
WOOD FIBRE-REINFORCED
PLASTIC, 1 2 12 35 39 55 59
66 67 70 101 102 107 111 115
124 125 133 134 146 150 151
152 153 157 159 184 185 187
190 191 196 199 200 246 254
262 273 279 280 284 293 323
332 343 344 345 350 354 373
390 392 398 399 402 409 413
416 418 423 425 449
WOOD FINISH, 360
WOOD FLAKE, 70 258
WOOD FLOUR, 1 16 35 39 53 55
59 61 71 79 95 102 105 114 115
117 120 123 130 134 136 137
138 149 150 151 152 157 160
165 179 189 195 199 235 250
264 270 307 330 335 345 360
366 384 398 400 404 445
WOOD POWDER, 250 307 345
360
WOOD PULP, 208 391
WOOD REPLACEMENT, 345 391
WOOD TREATMENT, 121 400
WOODGRAIN, 284
X
X-RAY ANALYSIS, 106 194 437
X-RAY SCATTERING, 27 35 43
75 148 154 188 289 311 405
X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY, 106
429
Y
YIELD, 225 375 438
YIELD STRENGTH, 383 391
YIELD STRESS, 130
YOUNGS MODULUS, 23 25 51
60 67 120 121 132 144 178 212
218 252 254 303 318 319 326
327 340 353 355 356 361 362
381 383 395 440 441
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