CHAPTER 8 : CHEMICALS IN INDUSTRY

1.

PROPERTIES OF ALLOYS AND THEIR USES

1. An alloy can be a mixture of several metals or a

mixture of metals and non-metals.

2. In general, the properties of

alloys are:
Stronger and harder
Pure metal
than pure metals
atom
Resistant to corrosion
Have better appearance

Foreign
atom
Examples of alloys ,their composition and uses
Alloy
Duralumin
Bronze
Pewter

Composition
Aluminium - 95 %
Copper - 4 %
Other metals -1 %
Copper - 88 %
Tin -12 %
Tin -97 %
antimony & copper - 3 %

Properties
Light
Resistant to corrosion
Hard
resistant to corrosion
Shiny, resistant to
corrosion

Steel

Iron 99 %
Carbon 1 %

Hard
Resistant to corrosion

Brass

Copper -75 %
Zinc - 25 %

Strong
Shinning
Resistant to corrosion

Examples of uses
Used in aircraft
construction
Medals , coins, statue
i ornaments
ii medals
construction such as
building, bridge and car
bodies
i electrical fittings
ii ornaments
iii musical instruments

Superconductor Alloy
1. Characteristics of superconductor:
has very small electrical resistance.
It produces less heat when electrical current passes through.
Avoid wastage of energy
It is very light
Produces magnetic power that is stronger than the magnet
2. Superconductor alloy is used in the bullet trains.
2.

PRODUCTION AND USES OF AMMONIA IN INDUSTRY

1. Ammonia is a colourless , pungent gas
2. Ammonia is highly soluble in water forming ammonium hydroxide
Uses of ammonia
Synthetic fertilizer, Nitric acid, Cleaning agent. Colouring, Preventing latex clotting
Explosive materials
The Production of Ammonia in Industry
1. Ammonia is mass produced through a process called Haber process.
2. The process was introduced by a chemist named Fritz Haber
3. The chemical reaction for the production of ammonia is as follows:
Hydrogen +

Nitrogen

Ammonia

4. Haber process involves mixing nitrogen and hydrogen gases at a ratio of 1:3

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5. The conditions to produce optimum amount of ammonia are:

0
0
Moderate temperature 450 C 500 C
High atmospheric pressure - 200 atm
Presence of catalyst - iron
6. Industrial uses of ammonia:
In the manufacturing of ammonium salt fertilisers
In the manufacture of nitric acid
7. In industry, urea is manufactured from the reaction of carbon dioxide and ammonia
8. ammonia + carbon dioxide urea + water
3. EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISPOSAL
1. Pollutions results when harmful substances are released into the natural environment as a
result of
irresponsible human activities
2. The main sources of pollution from industrial activities are:
a) burning of fossil fuel
b) harmful industrial toxic waste
c) agricultural waste
d) radioactive waste
A. Burning of fossil fuels
1. Examples of fossil fuel are:
petroleum
coal
natural gas
2. Pollutants due to burning of fossil fuels are:
Sulphur dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen dioxide
3. The effects of pollutants due burning of fossil fuels:
Acid rain
Green house effect
Decreasing quality of air and water
Decreasing the photosynthetic rate in green plants
B. Harmful industrial toxic waste
1. Examples of industrial toxic waste:
Acid and alkali
Nitrate compounds
Phosphate
Heavy metals like lead, mercury and cadmium
2. The effects of these toxic wastes are:
a) change of pH value of water that can harm aquatic lives
b) increase of mineral contents in rivers, lakes and sea that can
affect the equilibrium of the aquatic ecosystem
c) destruction of the respiratory system, central nervous system and immune system
which can be fatal
C. Agricultural waste
1. Organic waste from agricultural-based industries are:
Palm oil
Rubber
2. The effects of organic waste:
It will decay and release toxic gases into the environment
Organic waste that are channeled into the river will destroy the aquatic life

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D. Radioactive waste
1. Examples of radioactive waste:
Nuclear weapon industry
Nuclear substances from nuclear reactor
2. Exposure to radiations may cause:
Cancer, Growth defects in children, Infertility in adults and death
Methods of Controlling Industrial Waste Disposal
Use of technology
Legislation
Education
Method of disposing industrial wastes
Types of industrial waste

Method
Oxidation pool to carry out biological and chemical
processes
High chimney with electrostatic comparator

Toxic waste
Carbon monoxide
Acidic gas ( sulphur dioxide,
nitrogen dioxide )

The use of air cleaning system

Store in a container made of thick layer of lead followed
by standard disposal procedure
Processed to make fuel or food for livestock

Radioactive
Solid waste of oil palm

Preservation and Conservation of the Environment

Effects of pollution
Types of pollution

Water pollution
Air pollution
Thermal pollution
Radioactive pollution

Effects on environment and human being

Water becomes toxic
Death .
Lung diseases
Acid rain
Harmful to aquatic life
Increase the surrounding temperature
Genetic diseases such as cancer, growth disability and
infertility

Pollution can also cause the following phenomena

Phenomenon
Greenhouse effect
Ozone layer
Acid rain
Haze

Effects on environment and human beings

Sea level rises because of the melting of ice at the poles
The size of desert increases

Skin cancer, cataract

Extinction of species, corrosion of man-made structures
Problems with respiratory system

Among the importance of practicing proper ways of disposing industrial wastes are:
a) the industrial waste will not harm our health
b) to protect the flora and fauna
c) to ensure the continuity of the next generation

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PAPER 1

Which of the following process is to increase the hardness of metal?

A. Alloying
B. Electrolysis
C. Polymerisation
D. Crystallization

2.

What is an alloy?
A.
B.
C.
D.

3.

Substance X is a mixture of two metals. What is substance X?

A.
B.
C.
D.

4.

An alloy
An element
A compound
An electrolyte

Why is brass an alloy ?

A.
B.
C.
D.

5.

A metallic compound
A mixture of two elements
A mixture of metal and another metal
A mixture of two or more non-metals

It is soft
It is malleable
Resistant to corrosion
Contains metal and non-metal

Which of the following is the property of alloy compared to metal?

A. Harder
B. Malleable
C. More heavy
D. Less resistant to corrosion

6.

The diagram shows the arrangement of atoms in steel.

Iron atom

Carbon atom

What is the function of carbon atoms ?

A.
B.
C.
D.

To reduce the boiling point

To make metal more corrosive
Prevent electric flow in metal atoms
Prevent layers of metal atoms from sliding

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7.

Which alloy is suitable for constructing a tall building?

A.
B.
C.
D.

8.

Which of the following is the content of stainless steel?

A.
B.
C.
D.

9.

Steel
Brass
Bronze
Duralumin

Copper and iron

Carbon and zinc
Chromium, nickel and iron
Chromium, iron and carbon

The following information shows the properties of alloy K.

Strong, shiny
Resistant to corrosion
Contain 75% copper and 25% zinc
Which of the following product can be made from K?
A.
B.
C.
D.

10.

What is the special property of an alloy which is suitable for making aircraft
body?
A.
B.
C.
D.

11.

Hard and heavy

Light and strong
Shiny and strong
Low in density and shiny

Which of the following alloys is suitable for making aircraft body?

A.
B.
C.
D.

12.

Coins
Bridges
Jewelleries
Musical instruments

Steel
Pewter
Bronze
Duralumin

Steel is harder and stronger than iron.

Which of the following properties causes the atoms of steel not properly
arranged?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Same size
Different size
Same density
Different density

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13.

Bronze is harder and stronger than copper. What is the function of foreign
atoms in bronze?
A.
B.
C.
D.

14.

Which of the following substances have no resistance to the flow of

electricity?
A.
B.
C.
D.

15.

Alloys
Metals
Non-metal
Superconductors

What is superconductor alloy?

A.
B.
C.
D.

16.

Increase the melting point of copper

Increase the force of attraction between copper atoms
Stop the copper atoms from vibrating at their fixed position
Stop the rows of copper atoms from sliding over one another

A substance which is good conductor of heat

A substance which has an efficient current flow
A substances with zero resistance at a high temperature
A substance with an electrical resistance that is directly proportional to
temperature

Anis mother realized that her gold ring can easily bent.
How can she harden it?
A. Add more gold to it
B. Melt and remould it
C. Knock it to its original shape
D. Melt it and add other elements to it

17 .

Which of the following elements are the components of brass?

A.
B.
C.
D.

18.

What is the purpose of adding carbon to iron in the manufacture of steel ?

A.
B.
C.
D.

19.

Tin and lead

Lead and copper
Copper and zinc
Copper and carbon

Lower the melting point

Make the metal even softer
Prevent the flow of electric current among the atoms
Prevent the iron atoms from sliding among one another

What are the main metals that make up pewter?

A. Tin and iron
B. Tin and lead
C. Copper and zinc
D. Tin and antimony and copper

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20.

What is the function of the added foreign atoms in an alloy?

A.
B.
C.
D.

21.

To give off radiation when the alloy is hot

To reacts chemically with the pure metal atoms
To help to increase the vibration among the metal atoms
To prevent the layer of pure metal atoms from sliding among
themselves

The diagram shows the arrangement of atoms in alloy X.

Carbon atom
Iron atom

What is alloy X?
A. Steel
B. Brass

22.

C. Bronze
D. Duralumin

The diagram shows the arrangement of atoms in substance Z.

Added atom

What is the function of the added atoms?

A.
B.
C.
D.
23.

The following table shows alloys and their uses

Which of the following pairs is true?

A.
B.
C.
D.
24.

The added atoms are harder

The added atoms increase the force among the metallic atoms
The added atoms stop the rows of metallic atoms from sliding
There is a strong force among the added atoms and the metallic atoms

Alloy
Duralumin
Brass
Pewter
Steel

Uses
Aircraft bodies
Bridge and building
Medal and swords
Mugs and ornaments

What is the name of the process to produce ammonia in an industry?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Haber process
Contact process
Reversible process
Refining process

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25.

The equation below shows process to produce ammonia.

Nitrogen + hydrogen

ammonia

What is the ratio of nitrogen and hydrogen?

A.
B.
C.
D.
26.

Iron filling
Nickel sheet
Platinum filling
Vanadium filling

What is the use of ammonia in industry?

A.
B
C.
D.

29.

Air
Water
Acid amino
Natural gas

Which of the following catalyst is used in the production of ammonia ?

A.
B.
C.
D.

28.

: 1
: 3
:1
: 2

Which of the following is the source of nitrogen used in manufacturing

ammonia?
A.
B.
C.
D.

27.

3
1
2
3

Production of alloy
Production of nitric acid
Coagulation of rubber latex
As a catalyst in production of sulfuric acid

The information below shows the industrial products made from substance P.

Detergent
Fertilizer
Nitric acid

What is substance P?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Urea
Alcohol
Nitrogen
Ammonia

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30.

Which of the combination can optimize the production of ammonia in the

industry?
A.
B.
C.
D.

31.

Pressure
Temperature
Pressure and temperature
Pressure , temperature and catalyst

The following equation shows the production of substance X.

Ammonia + Nitric acid X
What could substance X?
A.
B.
C.
D.

32.

Which of the following needs to be added to ammonium solution to produce

ammonium nitrate salt?
A.
B.
C.
D.

33.

Oxygen
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
Carbon dioxide

Which of the following is true about urea?

A.
B.
C.
D.

35.

Nitric acid
Sodium nitrate
Hydrochloric acid
Potassium hydroxide

Which of the following is used to react with ammonia to produce urea?

A.
B.
C.
D.

34.

Urea
Ammonium salt
Ammonium nitric
Ammonium nitrate

It is not soluble in water

It is used to make plastic
It is important nitrogenous fertilizer
It is convertible to ammonia and oxygen

Which of the following are the uses of ammonia?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Making fertilizer, candle

Making nitric acid, detergent
Making plastic , sulfuric acid
Making nitric acid , sulfuric acid

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36.

Choose the correct match between industrial wastes and the method of
controlling them.

A
B
C
D
37.

Burning fossil fuel

Disposal of agricultural wastes
Disposal of radioactive wastes
Decomposition of chemical wastes

Which of the following air pollutants reduces the ability of blood in oxygen
transport ?
A.
B.
C.
D.

42.

Exposing to sunlight
Burying underground
Burning in a closed chamber
Treating with microorganism

Which of the following is the major source of carbon monoxide

pollutant in air?
A.
B.
C.
D.

41.

Attract microorganisms
Still release nuclear energy
Decay and release harmful radiation
React with other elements to produce poisons

Which of the following methods is the most suitable to dispose radioactive

wastes?
A.
B.
C.
D.

40.

Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Sulphur dioxide
Carbon monoxide

Why is radioactive wastes have to be disposed properly ?

A.
B.
C.
D.

39.

Methods of controlling
Recycle
Flow out to the river
Open burning
Electrostatic precipitator

Which of the following gases is released by the burning of fossil fuels that
contributes to the formation of acid rain?
A.
B.
C.
D.

38.

Industrial wastes
Radioactive wastes
Toxic wastes
Oil palm
Soot and dust

Carbon dioxide
Sulphur dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Carbon monoxide

Which of the following substances will cause the greenhouse effect ?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Ozone
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Carbon monoxide

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43.

Which of the following situation is cause by greenhouse effect ?

A.
B.
C.
D.

44.

Overuse of pesticides and fertilizer in an agricultural area will pollute the

water source nearby. What is the effect of this pollution on the water
source and aquatic life?
A.
B.
C.
D.

45.

The use of leaded petrol

Disposal untreated chemical waste
The burning of industrial wastes in the open area
The fixing of electrostatic precipitators at the factories

What is the effect of improper radioactive waste disposal to humans?

A.
B.
C.
D.

47.

The water become cloudy

The water temperature increases
The quantity of oxygen decreases
The water becomes poisonous to aquatic life

Which of the following methods is used to control pollution of the

environment?
A.
B.
C.
D.

46.

Atmospheric temperature decrease

Atmospheric temperature increases
Plant gradually cover the whole earth surface
Only green light can pass through the atmosphere of the earth

Causes mutation
Causes lung cancer
Causes heart disease
Causes brain retardation

Which of the following methods is the most effective way to reduce the
disposal of pollutant to the environment ?
A. Law enforcement
B. Educate the people
C. Advertise how to dispose industrial waste
D. Treat industrial waste using latest technology

48.

Which of the following promotes the growth of algae?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Mining industry
Weapon industry
Chemical industry
Agricultural industry

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49.

The diagram shows the arrangement of atoms in steel.

Atom X

Atom Y

Which of the following pairs represents atoms X and Y?

A
B
C
D

50.

Atom X
Copper
Iron
Aluminium
Zinc

Atom Y
Tin
Carbon
Copper
Iron

How can a sheet of soft pure iron can be made stronger and harder?
A.
B.
C.
D.

By adding acid
By knocking it hard
By adding more pure iron
By melting it and adding some carbon

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PAPER 2

SECTION A
1.

Diagram 1 shows the experiment to study the properties of alloy.

Iron spoon

Steel spoon
Bright and
shiny
Sodium chloride
solution

After 3 days

Become dull

Bright and shiny

DIAGRAM 1

a) Based on the observation of the experiment, state the hypothesis.

Iron spoon becomes dull after three day // different types of spoon

appears differently
(1M)
b) State the variables in this experiment.
i)

Manipulated variable :
Types of spoon // iron spoon and steel spoon
..

ii)

Responding variable :
The appearance of spoon // brightness of the spoons
..
(2M

c) Steel spoon is an alloy.

State the operational definition of alloy.
Alloy is a substance that does not change its appearance when

immersed in sodium chloride solution //

(1M)
Alloy is a substance which can maintain the brightness and shiny
when immersed in sodium chloride solution

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2.

Diagram 2 shows three samples of water from different sources

Can X

Can Y

Tap water
pH 7

River water
near factory
pH 5

Can Z

Sea water
pH 6

DIAGRAM 2
a)

What is the observation from the experiment?

Tap water has pH 7 ,river water near factory with pH 5 and
.

b)

sea water pH 6
.
(1 Mark)
What is the inference from the observation?
River water near the factory is more acidic than tap
.
water and sea water.
..
(1 Mark)

c) State the variables

Source of water // Type of water
i) Manipulated variable :

pH value
ii) Responding variable :.
Volume of water

iii) Constant variable :.

(3 Marks)

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3.

Diagram 3 shows an experiment to compare the hardness of iron and steel.

1 kg load is dropped on to the ball bearing on each block from the same
height. The dent on each block then measured.

1kg

Load

1kg

Ball
bearing
Iron block

Steel block

DIAGRAM 3
Table 3 below shows the dent area on the block when the loads are dropped.
Types of block
Iron
Steel

The dent area on the block

10mm
5 mm
TABLE 3

a) From Table 3, write an observation when 1 kg load are dropped on the block.
The area..
of the dent formed on iron block is bigger than on steel block
(1M)
b) State the variables in this experiment.
i)

Controlled variable :

ii)

Mass
of load// size of load

(1M)
Manipulated variable :
Types
of block// iron block and steel block
(1M)

c) Based on observation, state one inference that can be made.

The..
stronger metal will have smaller dent //
The steel block is harder than the iron block
(1M)
d) Give one reason, why metals are made into alloys?
To increase
the hardness//to make it more resistant to corrosion

(1M)

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SECTION B
1.

Table 4 shows number of pure atoms and foreign atoms in the copper
and bronze.
Metal

Copper

Bronze

Number of pure
atom

Number of
foreign atom

Arrangement of atom

20

20

TABLE 4
a. Draw the arrangement of atoms in bronze on Table 4.
(1M)
b. What is the purpose of adding foreign atoms in bronze?
To prevent
bronze atoms from sliding // The bronze becomes stronger
..
(1M)
c. Give one other property of bronze.
Looks more attractive // harder
.
(1M)
d. State the composition of atoms in bronze.
Copper
and tin
..
(1M)
e. Tick (/) the instruments that made from bronze.

(1M)

Champion

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2.

Diagram 5 shows the arrangement of atoms in steel.

Atom of metal X
Atom of metal Y
DIAGRAM 5
a. Name the metal X and metal Y

i)

carbon
Metal X : ...

iron
ii) Metal Y : .
(2M)
b. i)

State one property of steel.

Hard / strong // resistant to corrosion
.

construction//building//bridge//car bodies

ii)

Give one use of steel.

To
make construction / building / bridge / car bodies
..
(2M)
Superconductor alloy is used in flow of electricity. Give one properties of
superconductor alloy.

c.

Flow electricity without resistant // zero resistance

// very small resistance

(1M)
3.

Diagram 6 shows Haber process to produce ammonia in industry.

R : Hydrogen
Temperature 450oC
Catalyst S
AMMONIUM

NITROGEN
DIAGRAM 6
a)

Label substance R in Diagram 6.

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(1M)

158

b)

i) Name the catalyst S.

Iron / iron filling

ii) What is the function of catalyst?

To speed
up reaction//to increase the rate of reaction

(2M)

c) State the source of nitrogen in this process.

In air / atmosphere

d)

(1M)

This process release heat energy . Name the type of reaction involved.
Exothermic reaction

e)

(1M)

State one use of ammonia.

To make fertilizer
// explosive//paint //
manufacture of nitric acid
(1M)

SECTION C
1.

Your father wants to build a wooden house. He needs some nails to fix it.
His friend told that steel nails are better because they do not rust easily.
Your father is curious to find out the difference of corrosion between the iron
nails and steel nails.
You help your father to do an experiment . You are given a steel nail, an iron
nail and sodium chloride solution.
(a) Suggest a hypothesis to investigate the above statement
(b)

(1M)

Describe an experiment to test your hypothesis in 1 (a) on the following

criteria.
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)

Aim of the experiment

Identification of variables
List of apparatus and materials
Procedure or method
Tabulation of data

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(1M)
(2M)
(1M)
(4M)
(1M)

159

ANSWER
a) Hypothesis : The steel nail is more resistant to corrosion than iron nail.
b) i)) Aim of experiment : To study the resistant of steel nail
and iron nail to corrosion.
ii) Variables : Manipulated : Types of nail//iron nail, steel nail
Responding : Resistant to corrosion
Fixed
: Volume / concentration of sodium chloride
iii) List of apparatus and materials : sodium chloride solution,
steel nail, iron nail, test tube
iv) Method
1.
1.
2.
3.

An iron nail and a steel nail are put into two test tubes.
5 ml sodium chloride solution is added into each test tube.
The test tube are left for three days.
After three days , observation is recorded.

v)Tabulation of data:
Type of nail
Steel
Iron
2.

Corrosion of nail

a) i) State two differences of alloy and pure metal.

ii) Give one example of alloy and metal.

( 4M )

a) You are given two types of metal as shown in diagram 7.

BRONZE

IRON

STEEL

DIAGRAM 7
Choose the most suitable metal for built of construction such as bridge
and building.
Explain your choice based on the following aspects:

Aim of the choice

Explanation on the advantages of each type of metal
List the type of metal according to its priority
The reason for your choice
(6M)

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160

ANSWER
a) i) Differences between pure metal and alloy
Pure metal
Hard
Not resistant to corrosion

Alloy
Harder
Resistant to corrosion

ii) Example of pure metal : iron / copper / silver / (any metals)

Example of alloy
: steel / brass / bronze / pewter / duralumin
b)
Aim of choice : To determine the most suitable metal for built
of construction such as bridge and building.
Advantages of each metal :
Bronze :
Iron
:
Steel :

harder and strong but very expensive

soft metal, easy malleable, become rust easily.
more harder, strong, non malleable and resistant
to rusting

List of type of metal according to its priority:

1. Steel
2. Iron
3. Bronze
The reason for your choice
Steel because steel is stronger than pure iron.

3.

a)

Give three effects of toxic waste and one example of toxic waste from
the rubber industry.
( 4M )

b)

Diagram 8 shows three type of substances.

Duralumin

Bronze

SUBSTANCES

Steel

DIAGRAM 8
You are required to develop a concept of an alloy. Your answer should
be based on the following aspects:

Identify two common characteristics of an alloy

Develop an initial concept of an alloy
Give one example of an alloy and one which is not an alloy.
Give reason for each example.
Build the real concept of alloy.

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( 6M )

161

ANSWER
a)

The effects of toxic waste:

Change of ph value of water that can harm aquatic lives
Increase of mineral contents in rivers, lakes and sea that can
affect the equilibrium of the aquatic ecosystem.
Destruction of the respiratory system, central nervous system
and immune system which can be fatal
Example :
Acid ethanoic / Ammonium solution

b)
Two common characteristics of alloy:
Hard / strong / light / shiny
Resistant to corrosion
Consists more than one type of atom.
Initial concept of an alloy:
The substance which is hard / strong / light /shiny
surface and resistant to corrosion is known as alloy.
One example of an alloy
pewter// brass// because it is consists more
than one atom
One example not an alloy
gold//silver//iron//tin//copper because it is
consists one type of atom only
Real Concept of alloy:
Alloy is a substance consists of more than one type of
atom and resistant to corrosive .

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