ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS C EQUATIONS FOR 2004 and 2005

MECHANICS

u = u0 + at
1 2
at
2
+ 2 a ( x - x0 )

x = x0 + u0 t +

u = u0
2

F = Fnet = ma
dp
F=
dt
J = F dt = Dp
p = mv
F fric mN
W = F dr
1
K = mu 2
2
dW
P=
dt
P = Fv
DUg = mgh

ac =

u2

= w2 r

r
t = rF
t = t net = I a
I = r dm = mr
rcm = mr m
2

u = rw
L = r p = Iw
1
K = I w2
2
w = w0 + at

q = q0 + w0t +

1 2
at
2

a =
F =
f =
h =
I =
J =
K =
k =
l =
L =
m=
N =
P =
p =
r =
r =
T =
t =
U=
u =
W=
x =
m=
q =
t =
w =
a =

acceleration
force
frequency
height
rotational inertia
impulse
kinetic energy
spring constant
length
angular momentum
mass
normal force
power
momentum
radius or distance
position vector
period
time
potential energy
velocity or speed
work done on a system
position
coefficient of friction
angle
torque
angular speed
angular acceleration

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

1 q1 q 2
F=
4 p 0 r 2
E=

F
q

dV
dr
1
V=
4 p 0
E=

UE = qV =

Q
V
k A
C= 0
d
C p = Ci
C=

1
1
=
Cs
i Ci
dQ
dt
1
1
Uc = QV = CV 2
2
2
rl
R=
A
V = IR
I=

Rs = Ri
i

1
1
=
Rp
i Ri
P = IV

1
Us = kx 2
2
2p
1
T =
=
f
w

FM = qv B

m
k
l
Tp = 2 p
g
Gm1m2
FG = r
r2
Gm1m2
UG = r

qi
ri

1 q1 q 2
4 p 0 r

Fs = - k x

Ts = 2 p

Q
0

E dA =

B d = m0 I

F = I d B
Bs = m0 nI

fm = B dA
df
e= m
dt
dI
e = L
dt
1
U L = LI 2
2

A
B
C
d
E
F
I
L
l
n

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

P =
Q=
q =
R =
r =
t =
U=
V =
u =
r =
fm =
k =

area
magnetic field
capacitance
distance
electric field
emf
force
current
inductance
length
number of loops of wire
per unit length
power
charge
point charge
resistance
distance
time
potential or stored energy
electric potential
velocity or speed
resistivity
magnetic flux
dielectric constant

ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS C EQUATIONS FOR 2004 and 2005

GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY
Rectangle
A = bh
Triangle
1
A = bh
2
Circle
A = pr 2
C = 2 pr
Parallelepiped
V = lwh
Cylinder
V = pr 2 l
S = 2 prl + 2 pr 2
Sphere
4
V = pr 3
3
S = 4 pr 2
Right Triangle
a 2 + b2 = c2
a
sin q =
c
cos q =

b
c

tan q =

a
b

A=
C=
V=
S =
b =
h =
l=
w=
r =

CALCULUS

area
circumference
volume
surface area
base
height
length
width
radius

a
90

q
b

d f d f du
=
dx du dx
d n
( x ) = nxn-1
dx
d x
(e ) = ex
dx
d
(1n x) = 1
dx
x
d
(sin x) = cos x
dx
d
(cos x) = -sin x
dx
1 n +1
xn dx =
x , n -1
n +1
ex dx = ex
dx
x = ln x
cos xdx = sin x
sin xdx = - cos x

Table of Information and Equation Tables for AP Physics Examinations

The accompanying Table of Information and Equation Tables will be provided to students when
they take the AP Physics Examinations. Therefore, students may NOT bring their own copies of
these tables to the examination room, although they may use them throughout the year in their
classes in order to become familiar with their content.
Table of Information
For both the Physics B and Physics C Examinations, the Table of Information is printed near the
front cover of the multiple-choice section and on the green insert provided with the free-response
section. The tables are identical for both examinations except for one convention as noted.
Equation Tables
For both the Physics B and Physics C Examinations, the equation tables for each examination are
printed only on the green insert provided with the free-response section. The equation tables
may be used by students when taking the free-response sections of both examinations, but NOT
when taking the multiple-choice sections.
The equations in the tables express the relationships that are encountered most frequently in
AP Physics Courses and Examinations. However, the tables do not include all equations that
might possibly be used. For example, they do not include many equations that can be derived by
combining other equations in the tables. Nor do they include equations that are simply special
cases of any that are in the tables. Students are responsible for understanding the physical
principles that underlie each equation and for knowing the conditions for which each equation is
applicable.
The equation tables are grouped in sections according to the major content category in which
they appear. Within each section, the symbols used for the variables in that section are defined.
However, in some cases the same symbol is used to represent different quantities in different
tables. It should be noted that there is no uniform convention among textbooks for the symbols
used in writing equations. The equation tables follow many common conventions, but in some
cases consistency was sacrificed for the sake of clarity.
Some explanations about notation used in the equation tables:
1. The symbols used for physical constants are the same as those in the Table of
Information, and are defined in the Table of Information rather than in the right hand
columns of the tables.
2. Symbols in bold face represent vector quantities.
3. Subscripts on symbols in the equations are used to represent special cases of the
variables defined in the right hand columns.
4. The symbol D before a variable in an equation specifically indicates a change in the
variable (i.e., final value minus initial value).
5. Several different symbols (e.g. d, r, s, h, l ) are used for linear dimensions such as
length. The particular symbol used in an equation is one that is commonly used for
that equation in textbooks.

ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS B EQUATIONS FOR 2004 and 2005

NEWTONIAN MECHANICS

u = u 0 + at

UNITS

CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS

1 unified atomic mass unit,

1 u = 1.66 10

-27

= 931 MeV/c
Proton mass,
Neutron mass,
Electron mass,
Magnitude of the electron charge,

m p = 1.67 10

Name

27

me = 9.11 10

kg

e = 1.60 10 19 C
N0 = 6.02 10 23 mol 1

Universal gas constant,

R = 8.31 J / ( mol K )
k B = 1.38 10

23

giga

kilogram

kg

10 6

mega

10 3

kilo

centi

milli

micro

J/K

s
A

10

kelvin

10 3

hertz

Hz

10 9

nano

10 12

pico

h = 6.63 10 34 J s

pascal

Pa

= 1.24 10 3 eV nm

Magnetic constant,
Universal gravitational constant,
Acceleration due to gravity
at the Earths surface,
1 atmosphere pressure,

0 = 8.85 10 12 C 2 / N m 2
k = 1 / 4 0 = 9.0 10 N m / C
9

0 = 4 10 7 (T m ) / A

k
= 0 / 4 = 10 7 (T m ) / A
G

= 6.67 10 -11 m 3 / kg s 2

g = 9.8 m / s

1 atm = 1.0 10 5 N / m 2
= 1.0 10 5 Pa

1 electron volt,

1 eV = 1.60 10 19 J

10

mol

Plancks constant,

hc = 1.99 10 25 J m

mole

= 4.14 10 15 eV s

ampere

newton

Vacuum permeability,

Symbol

10 9

c = 3.00 10 8 m / s

Coulombs law constant,

Prefix

Speed of light,

Vacuum permittivity,

Factor

meter

second

Avogadros number,

Boltzmanns constant,

Symbol

kg

mn = 1.67 10 27 kg
31

PREFIXES
2

= u 0 + 2a x - x 0
2

kg

watt

coulomb

volt

ohm

henry

farad

tesla

electronvolt

F = Fnet = ma
F fric mN
ac =

t = rF sin q
p = mv

VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS FOR COMMON ANGLES

joule

degree
Celsius

1 2
at
2

x = x0 + u0 t +

TABLE OF INFORMATION FOR 2004 and 2005

J = FDt =

Dp

sin

cos

tan

1
K = mu 2
2

30o

1/2

3 /2

3 /3

DUg = mgh

37o

3/5

4/5

3/4

W = F Dr = FDr cos q

45o

2 /2

2 /2

Pavg =

53o

4/5

3/5

4/3

eV

60

90o

3 /2

1/2

The following conventions are used in this examination.

I. Unless otherwise stated, the frame of reference of any problem is assumed to be inertial.
II. The direction of any electric current is the direction of flow of positive charge (conventional current).
III. For any isolated electric charge, the electric potential is defined as zero at an infinite distance from the charge.
*IV. For mechanics and thermodynamics equations, W represents the work done on a system.

W
Dt

P = F v = Fu cos q
Fs = - k x
1 2
kx
2

Us =

acceleration
force
frequency
height
impulse
kinetic energy
spring constant
length
mass
normal force
power
momentum
radius or distance
position vector
period
time
potential energy
velocity or speed
work done on a system
position
coefficient of friction
angle
torque

1 q1 q 2
F=
4 p 0 r 2
F
E=
q
UE = qV =
E avg =

V
d

1
V=
4 p 0

qi
ri

Q
V
A
C= 0
d
1
1
Uc = QV = CV 2
2
2
C=

I avg =

DQ
Dt

l
R=
A
V = IR
P = IV
i

1
1
=
Cs
i Ci

1
f
Gm1m2

UG = -

Gm1m2
r

area
magnetic field
capacitance
distance
electric field
e emf
F
force
I
current
l
length
P
power
Q
charge
q
point charge
R
resistance
r
distance
t
time
U
potential (stored) energy
V
electric potential or
potential difference
u = velocity or speed
r = resistivity
fm = magnetic flux

ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS

FLUID MECHANICS AND

THERMAL PHYSICS
P = P0 + rgh
Fbuoy = rVg
A1u1 = A2u2
1
P + rgy + ru 2 = const.
2
D l = a l 0 DT
F
A

P=

PV = nRT
K avg =

urms =

3
k T
2 B
3RT
=
M

3k B T
m

W = - P DV

DU = Q + W
e=

W
QH

ec =

TH - TC
TH

A = area
e = efficiency
F = force
h = depth
Kavg = average molecular
kinetic energy
l = length
M = molecular mass
n = number of moles
P = pressure
Q = heat transferred to a system
T = temperature
U = internal energy
V = volume
u = velocity or speed
urms = root-mean-square
velocity
W = work done on a system
y = height
a = coefficient of linear
expansion
m = mass of molecule
r = density

WAVES AND OPTICS

u = fl
n =

1
1
=
Rp
i Ri

n 1 sin q1 = n 2 sin q 2

B=

FG = -

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

Rs = Ri

FB = BIl sin

*Not on the Table of Information for Physics C, since Thermodynamics is not a Physics C topic.

A
B
C
d
E

C p = Ci

FB = qu B sin

l
Tp = 2 p
g

1 q1 q 2
4 p 0 r

m
Ts = 2 p
k

T =

a =
F =
f =
h =
J =
K =
k =
l =
m =
N =
P =
p =
r =
r =
T =
t =
U =
u =
W=
x =
m =
q =
t =

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS B EQUATIONS FOR 2004 and 2005

m0 I
2p r

fm = B A = BA cos

eavg =
e = Blu

Dfm
Dt

sin q c =

n2
n1

1
1
1
+
=
si
s0
f
h
s
M = i = - i
s0
h0
f =

R
2

d sin q = ml
xm

ml L
d

d = separation
f = frequency or focal
length
h = height
L = distance
M = magnification
m = an integer
n = index of refraction
R = radius of curvature
s = distance
u = speed
x = position
l = wavelength
q = angle

E = hf = pc
Kmax = hf f
l =

h
p

DE = ( Dm) c 2

E=
f =
K=
m=
p =
l=
f=

energy
frequency
kinetic energy
mass
momentum
wavelength
work function

GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY

Rectangle
A = bh
Triangle
1
A = bh
2
Circle
A = pr 2
C = 2 pr
Parallelepiped
V = lwh
Cylinder
V = pr 2 l
S = 2 pr l + 2 pr 2
Sphere
4
V = pr 3
3
S = 4 pr 2
Right Triangle
a 2 + b2 = c2
a
sin q =
c
b
cos q =
c
a
tan q =
b

A=
C=
V=
S =
b =
h =
l=
w=
r =

area
circumference
volume
surface area
base
height
length
width
radius

a
90

q
b

ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS B EQUATIONS FOR 2004 and 2005

NEWTONIAN MECHANICS

u = u 0 + at

UNITS

CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS

1 unified atomic mass unit,

1 u = 1.66 10

-27

= 931 MeV/c
Proton mass,
Neutron mass,
Electron mass,
Magnitude of the electron charge,

m p = 1.67 10

Name

27

me = 9.11 10

kg

e = 1.60 10 19 C
N0 = 6.02 10 23 mol 1

Universal gas constant,

R = 8.31 J / ( mol K )
k B = 1.38 10

23

giga

kilogram

kg

10 6

mega

10 3

kilo

centi

milli

micro

J/K

s
A

10

kelvin

10 3

hertz

Hz

10 9

nano

10 12

pico

h = 6.63 10 34 J s

pascal

Pa

= 1.24 10 3 eV nm

Magnetic constant,
Universal gravitational constant,
Acceleration due to gravity
at the Earths surface,
1 atmosphere pressure,

0 = 8.85 10 12 C 2 / N m 2
k = 1 / 4 0 = 9.0 10 N m / C
9

0 = 4 10 7 (T m ) / A

k
= 0 / 4 = 10 7 (T m ) / A
G

= 6.67 10 -11 m 3 / kg s 2

g = 9.8 m / s

1 atm = 1.0 10 5 N / m 2
= 1.0 10 5 Pa

1 electron volt,

1 eV = 1.60 10 19 J

10

mol

Plancks constant,

hc = 1.99 10 25 J m

mole

= 4.14 10 15 eV s

ampere

newton

Vacuum permeability,

Symbol

10 9

c = 3.00 10 8 m / s

Coulombs law constant,

Prefix

Speed of light,

Vacuum permittivity,

Factor

meter

second

Avogadros number,

Boltzmanns constant,

Symbol

kg

mn = 1.67 10 27 kg
31

PREFIXES
2

= u 0 + 2a x - x 0
2

kg

watt

coulomb

volt

ohm

henry

farad

tesla

electronvolt

F = Fnet = ma
F fric mN
ac =

t = rF sin q
p = mv

VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS FOR COMMON ANGLES

joule

degree
Celsius

1 2
at
2

x = x0 + u0 t +

TABLE OF INFORMATION FOR 2004 and 2005

J = FDt =

Dp

sin

cos

tan

1
K = mu 2
2

30o

1/2

3 /2

3 /3

DUg = mgh

37o

3/5

4/5

3/4

W = F Dr = FDr cos q

45o

2 /2

2 /2

Pavg =

53o

4/5

3/5

4/3

eV

60

90o

3 /2

1/2

The following conventions are used in this examination.

I. Unless otherwise stated, the frame of reference of any problem is assumed to be inertial.
II. The direction of any electric current is the direction of flow of positive charge (conventional current).
III. For any isolated electric charge, the electric potential is defined as zero at an infinite distance from the charge.
*IV. For mechanics and thermodynamics equations, W represents the work done on a system.

W
Dt

P = F v = Fu cos q
Fs = - k x
1 2
kx
2

Us =

acceleration
force
frequency
height
impulse
kinetic energy
spring constant
length
mass
normal force
power
momentum
radius or distance
position vector
period
time
potential energy
velocity or speed
work done on a system
position
coefficient of friction
angle
torque

1 q1 q 2
F=
4 p 0 r 2
F
E=
q
UE = qV =
E avg =

V
d

1
V=
4 p 0

qi
ri

Q
V
A
C= 0
d
1
1
Uc = QV = CV 2
2
2
C=

I avg =

DQ
Dt

l
R=
A
V = IR
P = IV
i

1
1
=
Cs
i Ci

1
f
Gm1m2

UG = -

Gm1m2
r

area
magnetic field
capacitance
distance
electric field
e emf
F
force
I
current
l
length
P
power
Q
charge
q
point charge
R
resistance
r
distance
t
time
U
potential (stored) energy
V
electric potential or
potential difference
u = velocity or speed
r = resistivity
fm = magnetic flux

ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS

FLUID MECHANICS AND

THERMAL PHYSICS
P = P0 + rgh
Fbuoy = rVg
A1u1 = A2u2
1
P + rgy + ru 2 = const.
2
D l = a l 0 DT
F
A

P=

PV = nRT
K avg =

urms =

3
k T
2 B
3RT
=
M

3k B T
m

W = - P DV

DU = Q + W
e=

W
QH

ec =

TH - TC
TH

A = area
e = efficiency
F = force
h = depth
Kavg = average molecular
kinetic energy
l = length
M = molecular mass
n = number of moles
P = pressure
Q = heat transferred to a system
T = temperature
U = internal energy
V = volume
u = velocity or speed
urms = root-mean-square
velocity
W = work done on a system
y = height
a = coefficient of linear
expansion
m = mass of molecule
r = density

WAVES AND OPTICS

u = fl
n =

1
1
=
Rp
i Ri

n 1 sin q1 = n 2 sin q 2

B=

FG = -

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

Rs = Ri

FB = BIl sin

*Not on the Table of Information for Physics C, since Thermodynamics is not a Physics C topic.

A
B
C
d
E

C p = Ci

FB = qu B sin

l
Tp = 2 p
g

1 q1 q 2
4 p 0 r

m
Ts = 2 p
k

T =

a =
F =
f =
h =
J =
K =
k =
l =
m =
N =
P =
p =
r =
r =
T =
t =
U =
u =
W=
x =
m =
q =
t =

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS B EQUATIONS FOR 2004 and 2005

m0 I
2p r

fm = B A = BA cos

eavg =
e = Blu

Dfm
Dt

sin q c =

n2
n1

1
1
1
+
=
si
s0
f
h
s
M = i = - i
s0
h0
f =

R
2

d sin q = ml
xm

ml L
d

d = separation
f = frequency or focal
length
h = height
L = distance
M = magnification
m = an integer
n = index of refraction
R = radius of curvature
s = distance
u = speed
x = position
l = wavelength
q = angle

E = hf = pc
Kmax = hf f
l =

h
p

DE = ( Dm) c 2

E=
f =
K=
m=
p =
l=
f=

energy
frequency
kinetic energy
mass
momentum
wavelength
work function

GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY

Rectangle
A = bh
Triangle
1
A = bh
2
Circle
A = pr 2
C = 2 pr
Parallelepiped
V = lwh
Cylinder
V = pr 2 l
S = 2 pr l + 2 pr 2
Sphere
4
V = pr 3
3
S = 4 pr 2
Right Triangle
a 2 + b2 = c2
a
sin q =
c
b
cos q =
c
a
tan q =
b

A=
C=
V=
S =
b =
h =
l=
w=
r =

area
circumference
volume
surface area
base
height
length
width
radius

a
90

q
b

ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS B EQUATIONS FOR 2004 and 2005

NEWTONIAN MECHANICS

u = u 0 + at

UNITS

CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS

1 unified atomic mass unit,

1 u = 1.66 10

-27

= 931 MeV/c
Proton mass,
Neutron mass,
Electron mass,
Magnitude of the electron charge,

m p = 1.67 10

Name

27

me = 9.11 10

kg

e = 1.60 10 19 C
N0 = 6.02 10 23 mol 1

Universal gas constant,

R = 8.31 J / ( mol K )
k B = 1.38 10

23

giga

kilogram

kg

10 6

mega

10 3

kilo

centi

milli

micro

J/K

s
A

10

kelvin

10 3

hertz

Hz

10 9

nano

10 12

pico

h = 6.63 10 34 J s

pascal

Pa

= 1.24 10 3 eV nm

Magnetic constant,
Universal gravitational constant,
Acceleration due to gravity
at the Earths surface,
1 atmosphere pressure,

0 = 8.85 10 12 C 2 / N m 2
k = 1 / 4 0 = 9.0 10 N m / C
9

0 = 4 10 7 (T m ) / A

k
= 0 / 4 = 10 7 (T m ) / A
G

= 6.67 10 -11 m 3 / kg s 2

g = 9.8 m / s

1 atm = 1.0 10 5 N / m 2
= 1.0 10 5 Pa

1 electron volt,

1 eV = 1.60 10 19 J

10

mol

Plancks constant,

hc = 1.99 10 25 J m

mole

= 4.14 10 15 eV s

ampere

newton

Vacuum permeability,

Symbol

10 9

c = 3.00 10 8 m / s

Coulombs law constant,

Prefix

Speed of light,

Vacuum permittivity,

Factor

meter

second

Avogadros number,

Boltzmanns constant,

Symbol

kg

mn = 1.67 10 27 kg
31

PREFIXES
2

= u 0 + 2a x - x 0
2

kg

watt

coulomb

volt

ohm

henry

farad

tesla

electronvolt

F = Fnet = ma
F fric mN
ac =

t = rF sin q
p = mv

VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS FOR COMMON ANGLES

joule

degree
Celsius

1 2
at
2

x = x0 + u0 t +

TABLE OF INFORMATION FOR 2004 and 2005

J = FDt =

Dp

sin

cos

tan

1
K = mu 2
2

30o

1/2

3 /2

3 /3

DUg = mgh

37o

3/5

4/5

3/4

W = F Dr = FDr cos q

45o

2 /2

2 /2

Pavg =

53o

4/5

3/5

4/3

eV

60

90o

3 /2

1/2

The following conventions are used in this examination.

I. Unless otherwise stated, the frame of reference of any problem is assumed to be inertial.
II. The direction of any electric current is the direction of flow of positive charge (conventional current).
III. For any isolated electric charge, the electric potential is defined as zero at an infinite distance from the charge.
*IV. For mechanics and thermodynamics equations, W represents the work done on a system.

W
Dt

P = F v = Fu cos q
Fs = - k x
1 2
kx
2

Us =

acceleration
force
frequency
height
impulse
kinetic energy
spring constant
length
mass
normal force
power
momentum
radius or distance
position vector
period
time
potential energy
velocity or speed
work done on a system
position
coefficient of friction
angle
torque

1 q1 q 2
F=
4 p 0 r 2
F
E=
q
UE = qV =
E avg =

V
d

1
V=
4 p 0

qi
ri

Q
V
A
C= 0
d
1
1
Uc = QV = CV 2
2
2
C=

I avg =

DQ
Dt

l
R=
A
V = IR
P = IV
i

1
1
=
Cs
i Ci

1
f
Gm1m2

UG = -

Gm1m2
r

area
magnetic field
capacitance
distance
electric field
e emf
F
force
I
current
l
length
P
power
Q
charge
q
point charge
R
resistance
r
distance
t
time
U
potential (stored) energy
V
electric potential or
potential difference
u = velocity or speed
r = resistivity
fm = magnetic flux

ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS

FLUID MECHANICS AND

THERMAL PHYSICS
P = P0 + rgh
Fbuoy = rVg
A1u1 = A2u2
1
P + rgy + ru 2 = const.
2
D l = a l 0 DT
F
A

P=

PV = nRT
K avg =

urms =

3
k T
2 B
3RT
=
M

3k B T
m

W = - P DV

DU = Q + W
e=

W
QH

ec =

TH - TC
TH

A = area
e = efficiency
F = force
h = depth
Kavg = average molecular
kinetic energy
l = length
M = molecular mass
n = number of moles
P = pressure
Q = heat transferred to a system
T = temperature
U = internal energy
V = volume
u = velocity or speed
urms = root-mean-square
velocity
W = work done on a system
y = height
a = coefficient of linear
expansion
m = mass of molecule
r = density

WAVES AND OPTICS

u = fl
n =

1
1
=
Rp
i Ri

n 1 sin q1 = n 2 sin q 2

B=

FG = -

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

Rs = Ri

FB = BIl sin

*Not on the Table of Information for Physics C, since Thermodynamics is not a Physics C topic.

A
B
C
d
E

C p = Ci

FB = qu B sin

l
Tp = 2 p
g

1 q1 q 2
4 p 0 r

m
Ts = 2 p
k

T =

a =
F =
f =
h =
J =
K =
k =
l =
m =
N =
P =
p =
r =
r =
T =
t =
U =
u =
W=
x =
m =
q =
t =

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS B EQUATIONS FOR 2004 and 2005

m0 I
2p r

fm = B A = BA cos

eavg =
e = Blu

Dfm
Dt

sin q c =

n2
n1

1
1
1
+
=
si
s0
f
h
s
M = i = - i
s0
h0
f =

R
2

d sin q = ml
xm

ml L
d

d = separation
f = frequency or focal
length
h = height
L = distance
M = magnification
m = an integer
n = index of refraction
R = radius of curvature
s = distance
u = speed
x = position
l = wavelength
q = angle

E = hf = pc
Kmax = hf f
l =

h
p

DE = ( Dm) c 2

E=
f =
K=
m=
p =
l=
f=

energy
frequency
kinetic energy
mass
momentum
wavelength
work function

GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY

Rectangle
A = bh
Triangle
1
A = bh
2
Circle
A = pr 2
C = 2 pr
Parallelepiped
V = lwh
Cylinder
V = pr 2 l
S = 2 pr l + 2 pr 2
Sphere
4
V = pr 3
3
S = 4 pr 2
Right Triangle
a 2 + b2 = c2
a
sin q =
c
b
cos q =
c
a
tan q =
b

A=
C=
V=
S =
b =
h =
l=
w=
r =

area
circumference
volume
surface area
base
height
length
width
radius

a
90

q
b

ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS C EQUATIONS FOR 2004 and 2005

MECHANICS

u = u0 + at
1 2
at
2
+ 2 a ( x - x0 )

x = x0 + u0 t +

u = u0
2

F = Fnet = ma
dp
F=
dt
J = F dt = Dp
p = mv
F fric mN
W = F dr
1
K = mu 2
2
dW
P=
dt
P = Fv
DUg = mgh

ac =

u2

= w2 r

r
t = rF
t = t net = I a
I = r dm = mr
rcm = mr m
2

u = rw
L = r p = Iw
1
K = I w2
2
w = w0 + at

q = q0 + w0t +

1 2
at
2

a =
F =
f =
h =
I =
J =
K =
k =
l =
L =
m=
N =
P =
p =
r =
r =
T =
t =
U=
u =
W=
x =
m=
q =
t =
w =
a =

acceleration
force
frequency
height
rotational inertia
impulse
kinetic energy
spring constant
length
angular momentum
mass
normal force
power
momentum
radius or distance
position vector
period
time
potential energy
velocity or speed
work done on a system
position
coefficient of friction
angle
torque
angular speed
angular acceleration

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

1 q1 q 2
F=
4 p 0 r 2
E=

F
q

dV
dr
1
V=
4 p 0
E=

UE = qV =

Q
V
k A
C= 0
d
C p = Ci
C=

1
1
=
Cs
i Ci
dQ
dt
1
1
Uc = QV = CV 2
2
2
rl
R=
A
V = IR
I=

Rs = Ri
i

1
1
=
Rp
i Ri
P = IV

1
Us = kx 2
2
2p
1
T =
=
f
w

FM = qv B

m
k
l
Tp = 2 p
g
Gm1m2
FG = r
r2
Gm1m2
UG = r

qi
ri

1 q1 q 2
4 p 0 r

Fs = - k x

Ts = 2 p

Q
0

E dA =

B d = m0 I

F = I d B
Bs = m0 nI

fm = B dA
df
e= m
dt
dI
e = L
dt
1
U L = LI 2
2

A
B
C
d
E
F
I
L
l
n

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

P =
Q=
q =
R =
r =
t =
U=
V =
u =
r =
fm =
k =

area
magnetic field
capacitance
distance
electric field
emf
force
current
inductance
length
number of loops of wire
per unit length
power
charge
point charge
resistance
distance
time
potential or stored energy
electric potential
velocity or speed
resistivity
magnetic flux
dielectric constant

ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS C EQUATIONS FOR 2004 and 2005

GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY
Rectangle
A = bh
Triangle
1
A = bh
2
Circle
A = pr 2
C = 2 pr
Parallelepiped
V = lwh
Cylinder
V = pr 2 l
S = 2 prl + 2 pr 2
Sphere
4
V = pr 3
3
S = 4 pr 2
Right Triangle
a 2 + b2 = c2
a
sin q =
c
cos q =

b
c

tan q =

a
b

A=
C=
V=
S =
b =
h =
l=
w=
r =

CALCULUS

area
circumference
volume
surface area
base
height
length
width
radius

a
90

q
b

d f d f du
=
dx du dx
d n
( x ) = nxn-1
dx
d x
(e ) = ex
dx
d
(1n x) = 1
dx
x
d
(sin x) = cos x
dx
d
(cos x) = -sin x
dx
1 n +1
xn dx =
x , n -1
n +1
ex dx = ex
dx
x = ln x
cos xdx = sin x
sin xdx = - cos x

Table of Information and Equation Tables for AP Physics Examinations

The accompanying Table of Information and Equation Tables will be provided to students when
they take the AP Physics Examinations. Therefore, students may NOT bring their own copies of
these tables to the examination room, although they may use them throughout the year in their
classes in order to become familiar with their content.
Table of Information
For both the Physics B and Physics C Examinations, the Table of Information is printed near the
front cover of the multiple-choice section and on the green insert provided with the free-response
section. The tables are identical for both examinations except for one convention as noted.
Equation Tables
For both the Physics B and Physics C Examinations, the equation tables for each examination are
printed only on the green insert provided with the free-response section. The equation tables
may be used by students when taking the free-response sections of both examinations, but NOT
when taking the multiple-choice sections.
The equations in the tables express the relationships that are encountered most frequently in
AP Physics Courses and Examinations. However, the tables do not include all equations that
might possibly be used. For example, they do not include many equations that can be derived by
combining other equations in the tables. Nor do they include equations that are simply special
cases of any that are in the tables. Students are responsible for understanding the physical
principles that underlie each equation and for knowing the conditions for which each equation is
applicable.
The equation tables are grouped in sections according to the major content category in which
they appear. Within each section, the symbols used for the variables in that section are defined.
However, in some cases the same symbol is used to represent different quantities in different
tables. It should be noted that there is no uniform convention among textbooks for the symbols
used in writing equations. The equation tables follow many common conventions, but in some
cases consistency was sacrificed for the sake of clarity.
Some explanations about notation used in the equation tables:
1. The symbols used for physical constants are the same as those in the Table of
Information, and are defined in the Table of Information rather than in the right hand
columns of the tables.
2. Symbols in bold face represent vector quantities.
3. Subscripts on symbols in the equations are used to represent special cases of the
variables defined in the right hand columns.
4. The symbol D before a variable in an equation specifically indicates a change in the
variable (i.e., final value minus initial value).
5. Several different symbols (e.g. d, r, s, h, l ) are used for linear dimensions such as
length. The particular symbol used in an equation is one that is commonly used for
that equation in textbooks.

ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS C EQUATIONS FOR 2004 and 2005

MECHANICS

u = u0 + at
1 2
at
2
+ 2 a ( x - x0 )

x = x0 + u0 t +

u = u0
2

F = Fnet = ma
dp
F=
dt
J = F dt = Dp
p = mv
F fric mN
W = F dr
1
K = mu 2
2
dW
P=
dt
P = Fv
DUg = mgh

ac =

u2

= w2 r

r
t = rF
t = t net = I a
I = r dm = mr
rcm = mr m
2

u = rw
L = r p = Iw
1
K = I w2
2
w = w0 + at

q = q0 + w0t +

1 2
at
2

a =
F =
f =
h =
I =
J =
K =
k =
l =
L =
m=
N =
P =
p =
r =
r =
T =
t =
U=
u =
W=
x =
m=
q =
t =
w =
a =

acceleration
force
frequency
height
rotational inertia
impulse
kinetic energy
spring constant
length
angular momentum
mass
normal force
power
momentum
radius or distance
position vector
period
time
potential energy
velocity or speed
work done on a system
position
coefficient of friction
angle
torque
angular speed
angular acceleration

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

1 q1 q 2
F=
4 p 0 r 2
E=

F
q

dV
dr
1
V=
4 p 0
E=

UE = qV =

Q
V
k A
C= 0
d
C p = Ci
C=

1
1
=
Cs
i Ci
dQ
dt
1
1
Uc = QV = CV 2
2
2
rl
R=
A
V = IR
I=

Rs = Ri
i

1
1
=
Rp
i Ri
P = IV

1
Us = kx 2
2
2p
1
T =
=
f
w

FM = qv B

m
k
l
Tp = 2 p
g
Gm1m2
FG = r
r2
Gm1m2
UG = r

qi
ri

1 q1 q 2
4 p 0 r

Fs = - k x

Ts = 2 p

Q
0

E dA =

B d = m0 I

F = I d B
Bs = m0 nI

fm = B dA
df
e= m
dt
dI
e = L
dt
1
U L = LI 2
2

A
B
C
d
E
F
I
L
l
n

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

P =
Q=
q =
R =
r =
t =
U=
V =
u =
r =
fm =
k =

area
magnetic field
capacitance
distance
electric field
emf
force
current
inductance
length
number of loops of wire
per unit length
power
charge
point charge
resistance
distance
time
potential or stored energy
electric potential
velocity or speed
resistivity
magnetic flux
dielectric constant

ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS C EQUATIONS FOR 2004 and 2005

GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY
Rectangle
A = bh
Triangle
1
A = bh
2
Circle
A = pr 2
C = 2 pr
Parallelepiped
V = lwh
Cylinder
V = pr 2 l
S = 2 prl + 2 pr 2
Sphere
4
V = pr 3
3
S = 4 pr 2
Right Triangle
a 2 + b2 = c2
a
sin q =
c
cos q =

b
c

tan q =

a
b

A=
C=
V=
S =
b =
h =
l=
w=
r =

CALCULUS

area
circumference
volume
surface area
base
height
length
width
radius

a
90

q
b

d f d f du
=
dx du dx
d n
( x ) = nxn-1
dx
d x
(e ) = ex
dx
d
(1n x) = 1
dx
x
d
(sin x) = cos x
dx
d
(cos x) = -sin x
dx
1 n +1
xn dx =
x , n -1
n +1
ex dx = ex
dx
x = ln x
cos xdx = sin x
sin xdx = - cos x

Table of Information and Equation Tables for AP Physics Examinations

The accompanying Table of Information and Equation Tables will be provided to students when
they take the AP Physics Examinations. Therefore, students may NOT bring their own copies of
these tables to the examination room, although they may use them throughout the year in their
classes in order to become familiar with their content.
Table of Information
For both the Physics B and Physics C Examinations, the Table of Information is printed near the
front cover of the multiple-choice section and on the green insert provided with the free-response
section. The tables are identical for both examinations except for one convention as noted.
Equation Tables
For both the Physics B and Physics C Examinations, the equation tables for each examination are
printed only on the green insert provided with the free-response section. The equation tables
may be used by students when taking the free-response sections of both examinations, but NOT
when taking the multiple-choice sections.
The equations in the tables express the relationships that are encountered most frequently in
AP Physics Courses and Examinations. However, the tables do not include all equations that
might possibly be used. For example, they do not include many equations that can be derived by
combining other equations in the tables. Nor do they include equations that are simply special
cases of any that are in the tables. Students are responsible for understanding the physical
principles that underlie each equation and for knowing the conditions for which each equation is
applicable.
The equation tables are grouped in sections according to the major content category in which
they appear. Within each section, the symbols used for the variables in that section are defined.
However, in some cases the same symbol is used to represent different quantities in different
tables. It should be noted that there is no uniform convention among textbooks for the symbols
used in writing equations. The equation tables follow many common conventions, but in some
cases consistency was sacrificed for the sake of clarity.
Some explanations about notation used in the equation tables:
1. The symbols used for physical constants are the same as those in the Table of
Information, and are defined in the Table of Information rather than in the right hand
columns of the tables.
2. Symbols in bold face represent vector quantities.
3. Subscripts on symbols in the equations are used to represent special cases of the
variables defined in the right hand columns.
4. The symbol D before a variable in an equation specifically indicates a change in the
variable (i.e., final value minus initial value).
5. Several different symbols (e.g. d, r, s, h, l ) are used for linear dimensions such as
length. The particular symbol used in an equation is one that is commonly used for
that equation in textbooks.