Chapter 7

Chapter 7 - Section A - Mathcad Solutions
7.1
u2 325
m
sec
R 8.314
J
mol K
molwt 28.9
gm
CP
mol
7 R
2 molwt
With the heat, work, and potential-energy terms set equal to zero and
with the initial velocity equal to zero, Eq. (2.32a) reduces to
'H
'T
'H = CP 'T
But
= 0
Whence
7.4
u2
u2
'T
2 CP
52.45 K
Ans.
From Table F.2 at 800 kPa and 280 degC:

H1 3014.9
kJ
kg
kJ
kg K
S1 7.1595
Interpolation in Table F.2 at P = 525 kPa and S = 7.1595 kJ/(kg*K) yields:

H2 2855.2
kJ
kg
V2 531.21
cm
mdot 0.75
gm
kg
sec
With the heat, work, and potential-energy terms set equal to zero and
with the initial velocity equal to zero, Eq. (2.32a) reduces to:
'H
u2
2
By Eq. (2.27),
7.5
= 0
Whence
A2
mdot V2
u2
u2
2 H2 H1
m
sec
u2
565.2
A2
7.05 cm
Ans.
Ans.
The calculations of the preceding problem may be carried out for a

series of exit pressures until a minimum cross-sectional area is found.
The corresponding pressure is the minimum obtainable in the converging
nozzle. Initial property values are as in the preceding problem.
220
______________________________________________________________________________________________
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it without permission.
H1 3014.9
kJ
kg
S1 7.1595
kJ
S2 = S 1
kg K
Interpolations in Table F.2 at several pressures and at the given

entropy yield the following values:
400
425

P 450 kPa
475
500
mdot 0.75
u2
kg
sec
2855.2
2868.2
kJ
H2 2880.7
2892.5 kg
2903.9
531.21
507.12
cm3
V2 485.45
465.69 gm
447.72

o
u2
2 H2 H1
565.2
541.7
m
518.1
494.8 sec
471.2
A2
A2
o
mdot V2
u2
7.05
7.022
2
7.028
cm
7.059
7.127
Fit the P vs. A2 data with cubic spline and find

the minimum P at the point where the first
derivative of the spline is zero.
i 1 5
pi Pi
s cspline P A2
pmin 400 kPa
a2 A2
i
A (P) interp s p a2 P
(guess)
2
Given
pmin
cm
d
A pmin = 0
kPa
dpmin
431.78 kPa
Ans.
pmin Find pmin

A pmin
7.021 cm
Ans.
221
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Show spline fit graphically:
p 400 kPa 401 kPa 500 kPa
7.13
7.11
A2
7.09
cm
7.07
A (p)
2
cm
7.05
7.03
7.01
400
420
440
460
Pi
480
500
kPa kPa
7.9
From Table F.2 at 1400 kPa and 325 degC:

H1 3096.5
kJ
kg
S1 7.0499
kJ
kg K
S2 S1
Interpolate in Table F.2 at a series of downstream pressures and at S =

7.0499 kJ/(kg*K) to find the minimum cross-sectional area.
800
775

P 750 kPa
725
700

o
u2
2 H2 H1
2956.0
2948.5
kJ
H2 2940.8
2932.8 kg
2924.9
V2
A2 =
u2
294.81
302.12
cm3
V2 309.82
317.97 gm
326.69
mdot
222
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Since mdot is constant,

the quotient V2/u2 is a
measure of the area. Its
minimum value occurs very
close to the value at
vector index i = 3.
2
A2 u2
V2
u2
A2 6 cm
At the throat,
mdot

o
V2
5.561
5.553
cm2 sec
5.552
5.557 kg
5.577
mdot
1.081
kg
sec
Ans.
At the nozzle exit, P = 140 kPa and S = S1, the initial value. From
Table F.2 we see that steam at these conditions is wet. By
interpolation,
Sliq 1.4098
x
7.10
kJ
kg K
S1 Sliq
Svap Sliq
u1 230
Svap 7.2479
ft
0.966
u2 2000
sec
kJ
kg K
ft
sec
From Table F.4 at 130(psi) and 420 degF:

H1 1233.6
Btu
lbm
S1 1.6310
Btu
lbm rankine
By Eq. (2.32a),
'H
H2 H1 'H
H2
u1 u2
'H
2
1154.8
78.8
Btu
lbm
Btu
lbm
From Table F.4 at 35(psi), we see that the final state is wet steam:
Hliq 228.03
Sliq 0.3809
Btu
lbm
Btu
lbm rankine
Hvap 1167.1
Svap 1.6872
Btu
lbm
Btu
lbm rankine
223
______________________________________________________________________________________________
x
7.11
H2 Hliq
0.987
(quality)
S2 Sliq x Svap Sliq
S2
1.67
BTU
lbm rankine
SdotG S2 S1
SdotG
Hvap Hliq
u2 580
0.039
'H = CP 'T
But
7 R
2 molwt
u2
u1 u2
'H =
=
2
2
By Eq. (2.32a),
'T
Ans.
m
gm
T2 (273.15 15)K
molwt 28.9
CP
sec
mol
2
u2
Btu
lbm rankine
Whence
'T
2 CP
167.05 K
Ans.
Initial t = 15 + 167.05 = 182.05 degC Ans.
7.12
Values from the steam tables for saturated-liquid water:

3
At 15 degC: V 1.001
cm
gm
T 288.15 K
Enthalpy difference for saturated liquid for a temperature change from

14 to 15 degC:
'H (67.13 58.75)
J
gm
't 2 K
Cp
'P 4 atm
Cp
4
E
1.5 10
K
'H
't
4.19
J
gm K
Apply Eq. (7.25) to the constant-enthalpy throttling process. Assumes

very small temperature change and property values independent of P.
224
______________________________________________________________________________________________
'T
1 E T P 1
joule
V'
Cp
9.86923 cm3 atm
'T
0.093 K
The entropy change for this process is given by Eq. (7.26):
T 'T 'V P
T
'S CpEln
Apply Eq. (5.36) with Q=0:

Wlost TV'
S
7.13--7.15
Wlost
'S
3
1.408 u 10
J
gm K
TV 293.15 K
0.413
J
gm
or
Wlost
0.413
kJ
kg
Ans.
P2 1.2bar
350
350
T1
K
250
400
80
60
P1 bar
60
20
304.2
282.3
Tc
K
126.2
369.8
73.83
50.40
Pc
bar
34.00
42.48
5.457
1.424
A
3.280
1.213
1.045
14.394 10 3
B
.593 K
28.785
0.0
4.392 10 6
C
0.0 K2
8.824
.224
.087
Z
.038
.152
1.157
0.0 5 2
D
10 K
0.040
0.0
225
______________________________________________________________________________________________
As in Example 7.4, Eq. (6.93) is applied to this constant-enthalpy

process. If the final state at 1.2 bar is assumed an ideal gas, then Eq.
(A) of Example 7.4 (pg. 265) applies. Its use requires expressions for HR
and Cp at the initial conditions.
Tr
7.13

o
T1
Tc
Tr
1.151
1.24
1.981
1.082
q
1.5
: Tr
Pr
Pc
1.084
1.19
1.765
0.471
< 0.42748

o
<

o
Pr
Eq. (3.53)
E:
Tr
Given
Pr
: 0.08664
Redlich/Kwong equation:
Guess:

o
P1
Eq. (3.54)
z 1
z = 1 E q E
zE
z z E
Eq. (3.52)
Z E q Find()
z
Z E i qi E i
i 1 4
Ii ln
Z E i qi
Eq. (6.65b)
HRi R T1i Z E i qi 1 1.5 qi Ii Eq. (6.67) The derivative in these

SRi R ln Z E i qi
E i 0.5 qi Ii
Eq. (6.68) equations equals -0.5
The simplest procedure here is to iterate by guessing T2, and then

calculating it.
Guesses
280
302
T2
K
232
385
226
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Z E i qi
2.681
2.253 kJ
0.521 mol
1.396
0.721
0.773
0.956
HR
0.862

o
T2
W
T1
SR
o

B
C
D
2
2

Cp R A WT1 1 WT1
W1
2
2
3
W T1
o
HR
T2
T1
Cp
T2
7.14
5.177
4.346 J
1.59 mol K
2.33

o
T2
P2
R ln SR
'S Cp ln
T1
P1
279.971
302.026 K
232.062
384.941
'S
Ans.
31.545
29.947 J
31.953 mol K
22.163
: 0.08664
Soave/Redlich/Kwong equation:
0.480 1.574 Z 0.176 Z 2

o
Pr
Eq. (3.53)
E:
Tr
Guess:
< 0.42748
o

o
c
Ans.
D 1 c 1 Tr

o
<D
q
: Tr
0.5
Eq. (3.54)
z 1
Given
z = 1 E q E
i 1 4
Ii ln
zE
z z E
Z E i qi E i
Z E i qi
Eq. (3.52) Z E q Find ( z)

Eq. (6.65b)
Tri 0.5
Eq. (6.67)
HRi R T1i Z E i qi 1 ci
1 qi Ii
Di
227
______________________________________________________________________________________________
0.5
Tri
qi Ii Eq. (6.68)
SRi R ln Z E i qi E i ci
Di
Tri
ci
Di
The derivative in these equations equals:
0.5
Now iterate for T2:
Guesses
273
300
T2
K
232
384
Z E i qi
0.75
0.79
0.975
HR
0.866

o
T2
W
T1
2.936
2.356 kJ
0.526 mol
1.523
SR
6.126
4.769 J
1.789 mol K
2.679

o
B
C
D
2 2
Cp R A WT1 1 WT1
W1
2
2
3
W T1
o
HR T1
T2
Cp
T2
272.757
299.741 K
231.873
383.554

o
T2
P2
R ln SR
'S Cp ln
T1
P1
'S
Ans.
31.565
30.028 J
32.128 mol K
22.18
Ans.
228
______________________________________________________________________________________________
7.15
Peng/Robinson equation:
V 1
H 1
: 0.07779

o

o
c
0.37464 1.54226 Z 0.26992 Z 2

o
Pr
E:
Tr
q
0.5
Eq. (3.54)
: Tr
z 1
Guess:
Given
D 1 c 1 Tr

o
<D
Eq. (3.53)
< 0.45724
z = 1 E q E
zE
Eq. (3.52)
z HE z VE
Z E q Find()
z
i 1 4
Ii
1
2 2
Z E i qi VE i
ln
Z E i qi HE i
Eq. (6.65b)
Tri 0.5
HRi R T1i Z E i qi 1 ci
1 qi Ii Eq. (6.67)
Di
0.5
Tri
SRi R ln Z E i qi E i ci
qi Ii
Di
The derivative in these equations equals:
Eq. (6.68)
Tri
ci
Di
0.5
Now iterate for T2:
Guesses
270
297
T2
K
229
383
229
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Z E i qi
3.041
2.459 kJ
0.6 mol
1.581
0.722
0.76
HR
0.95
0.85

o
T2
W
T1
SR
o

B
C
D
2 2
Cp R A WT1 1 WT1
W1
2
2
3
W T1
o
HR
T2
T1
Cp
T2
269.735
297.366 K
229.32
382.911

o
T2
P2
'S Cp ln
R ln
SR
T1
P1
7.18
6.152
4.784 J
1.847 mol K
2.689
Wdot 3500 kW
H1 3462.9
kJ
kg
Ans.
31.2
29.694 J
31.865 mol K
22.04
'S
Ans.
Data from Table F.2:

H2 2609.9
kJ
S1 7.3439
kg
kJ
kg K
By Eq. (7.13),
mdot
Wdot
H2 H1
mdot
4.103
kg
sec
Ans.
For isentropic expansion, exhaust is wet steam:

Sliq 0.8321
x
kJ
kg K
S2 Sliq
Svap Sliq
Svap 7.9094
0.92
kJ
kg K
S2 S1
(quality)
230
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Hliq 251.453
kJ
kg
Hvap 2609.9
H'2 Hliq x Hvap Hliq
K
7.19
H'2
kJ
kg
3 kJ
2.421 u 10
kg
H2 H1
H'2 H1
0.819
Ans.
The following vectors contain values for Parts (a) through (g). For intake
conditions:
3274.3 kJ
kg
kJ
3509.8
kg
kJ
3634.5
kg
kJ
3161.2
H1
kg
kJ
2801.4
kg
Btu
1444.7 lbm
Btu
1389.6
lbm
6.5597 kJ
kg K
kJ
6.8143
kg K
kJ
6.9813
kg K
kJ
6.4536
S1
kg
kJ
6.4941
kg K
Btu
1.6000
lbm rankine
Btu
1.5677
lbm rankine
0.80
0.77
0.82
K 0.75
0.75
0.80
0.75
231
______________________________________________________________________________________________
For discharge conditions:
0.9441 kJ
kg K
kJ
0.8321 kg K
0.6493 kJ
kg K
kJ
Sliq 1.0912
kg
kJ
1.5301
kg K
Btu
0.1750 lbm rankine
Btu
0.2200
lbm rankine
289.302 kJ
kg
kJ
251.453 kg
191.832 kJ
kg
kJ
Hliq 340.564
kg
kJ
504.701
kg
Btu
94.03 lbm
Btu
120.99 lbm
7.7695 kJ
kg K
kJ
7.9094 kg K
8.1511 kJ
kg K
kJ
S' = S
Svap 7.5947
1
kg
kJ
7.1268
kg K
Btu
1.9200 lbm rankine
Btu
1.8625
lbm rankine
2625.4 kJ
kg
kJ
2609.9 kg
2584.8 kJ
kg
kJ
Hvap 2646.0
kg
kJ
2706.3
kg
Btu
1116.1 lbm
Btu
1127.3 lbm
80 kg
sec
kg
90 sec
70 kg
sec
kg
mdot 65
sec
kg
50
sec
lbm
150 sec
lbm
100 sec
232
______________________________________________________________________________________________
x'2
o
S1 Sliq
Svap Sliq

o
'H K H'2 H1
x2

o
H2 Hliq
Hvap Hliq
H 21
H2
2
H2
3
H2
4
H2
5
H 26
H2
7
Wdot

o
H'2 Hliq x'2 Hvap Hliq
H2 H1 'H
o
Wdot 'H mdot

o
S2 Sliq x2 Svap Sliq
2423.9
2535.9
kJ
2467.8
2471.4 kg
2543.4
S21
S2
2
S2
3
S2
4
S2
5
7.1808
7.6873
kJ
7.7842
7.1022 kg K
6.7127
1031.9 Btu
1057.4 lbm
S26
S2
7
1.7762
Btu
1.7484 lbm rankine
68030
87653
81672
44836 kW

12900
65333
35048
Wdot
91230
117544
109523
60126 hp

17299
87613
46999
Ans.
Ans.
233
______________________________________________________________________________________________
7.20
T 423.15 K
P0 8.5 bar
P 1 bar
'S 0
For isentropic expansion,
J
mol K
For the heat capacity of nitrogen:

3
A 3.280
0.593 10
K
B
D 0.040 10 K
For the entropy change of an ideal gas, combine Eqs. (5.14) & (5.15)
with C = 0. Substitute:
W 0.5
(guess)
Given
'S = R A ln W B
W Find W
D W 1
P
W 1 ln
2
P0
T 2
T0
T0
Ans.
762.42 K
Thus the initial temperature is 489.27 degC
7.21
T1 1223.15 K
CP 32
J
mol K
P1 10 bar
P2 1.5 bar
K 0.77
Eqs. (7.18) and (7.19) derived for isentropic compression apply equally well
for isentropic expansion. They combine to give:
R
CP
P2
W's CP T1
1
P1
Ws K W's
'H Ws
W's
15231
J
mol
Ws
11728
J
mol
Ans.
234
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Eq. (7.21) also applies to expansion:

T2 T1
7.22
'H
T2
CP
Ans.
856.64 K
Isobutane:
Tc 408.1 K
Pc 36.48 bar
T0 523.15 K
P0 5000 kPa
P 500 kPa
'S 0
J
mol K
For the heat capacity of isobutane:

3
A 1.677
Tr0
T0
B
Tr0
Tc
Z 0.181
6
37.853 10
K
C
K
Pr0
1.282
11.945 10
Pr
P0
Pc
P
Pc
Pr0
Pr
1.3706
0.137
The entropy change is given by Eq. (6.92) combined with Eq. (5.15) with D = 0:
W 0.5
(guess)
Given
W 1 W 1 ln P
P
2
SRB Tc ZPr SRB Tr0 ZPr0
'S = R A ln W B T0 C T0
W Find W
T W T0
Tr
T
Tc
T
Tr
445.71 K
1.092
235
______________________________________________________________________________________________
The enthalpy change is given by Eq. (6.91):
3
'Hig R ICPH T0 T 1.677 37.853 10

'Hig
11.078
8331.4
0.0
kJ
mol
'H' 'Hig R Tc HRB Tr Z

Pr
'H'
6
11.945 10
HRB Tr0 Z
Pr0
J
mol
The actual enthalpy change from Eq. (7.16):

K 0.8
ndot 700
mol
sec
Wdot ndot 'H
'H K'
H'
Wdot
'H
4665.6 kW
6665.1
J
mol
Ans.
The actual final temperature is now found from Eq. (6.91) combined with Eq
(4.7), written:
W 0.7
(guess)
Given
'H = R AWT0 1
2
W
T
0
WT0
2 1
C
3
WT0
3 1
Pr0
Z
Pr
HRB Tr0 Z
Tc HRB
T
c
W Find W
7.23
0.875
T W T0

457.8 K
Ans.
Sliq 0.6493
kJ
kg K
From Table F.2 @ 1700 kPa & 225 degC:

H1 2851.0
At 10 kPa:
kJ
kg
S1 6.5138
x2 0.95
kJ
kg K
236
______________________________________________________________________________________________
kJ
Hliq 191.832
mdot 0.5
Hvap 2584.8
kg
kg
sec
Svap 8.1511
kg
3 kJ
'H
(a)
Qdot mdot 'H Wdot
(b)
For isentropic expansion to 10 kPa, producing wet steam:
kg
S1 Sliq
385.848
kJ
kg
2.465 u 10
x'2
12.92
Qdot
kJ
sec
Ans.
H'2 Hliq x'2 Hvap Hliq
Svap Sliq
0.782
3 kJ
2.063 u 10
H'2
Wdot' mdot H'2 H1
T0 673.15 K
Wdot'
P0 8 bar
kg
394.2 kW
'S 0
3
B
Ans.
P 1 bar
For isentropic expansion,

For the heat capacity of carbon dioxide:
A 5.457
kg K
'H H2 H1
H2
x'2
kJ
Wdot 180 kW
H2 Hliq x2 Hvap Hliq
7.24
kJ
1.045 10
K
J
mol K
5
D 1.157 10 K
For the entropy change of an ideal gas, combine Eqs. (5.14) & (5.15) with C = 0:
(guess)
W 0.5
Given
'S = R A ln W B T0
W Find W
T0 W
0.693
W 1 W 1 ln P
P
2
0
T' W T0
T'
466.46 K
237
______________________________________________________________________________________________
3
'H' R ICPH T0 T' 5.457 1.045 10

'H'
9.768
0.0 1.157 10
kJ
mol
K 0.75
Work K'
H'
'H Work
'H
7.326
Work
7.326
kJ
mol
Ans.
kJ
mol
For the enthalpy change of an ideal gas, combine Eqs. (4.2) and (4.7)
with C = 0:
Given
'H = R AWT0 1
W Find W
B
2
WT0
2
0.772
2 1
D W 1
T0 W
T W T0
519.9 K
Ans.
Thus the final temperature is 246.75 degC
7.25
Vectors containing data for Parts (a) through (e):
500
450

T1 525 P1
475
550
6
5

10
7
371
376

T2 458
372
403
1.2
2.0

P2 3.0 Cp
1.5
1.2
3.5
4.0

5.5 R
4.5
2.5

o
Ideal gases with constant heat capacities
'H [Cp (T2 T1)]

o
R
Cp
P2
1
'HS Cp T1
P1
Eq. (7.22) Applies to expanders as

well as to compressors
238
______________________________________________________________________________________________
K
7.26

o
'H
'HS
Cp
7
R
2
Guesses:
0.7
0.803
0.649
0.748
0.699
ndot 175
mol
T1 550K
sec
K 0.75
P1 6bar
P2 1.2bar
Wdot 600kW
Given
R
Cp
Wdot
P2
Wdot = 0.065 .08 ln

ndot Cp T1
1
kW
P1
Wdot Find ( Wdot)
Wdot
Wdot
K 0.065 0.08 ln
kW
Ans.
594.716 kW
K
0.576
Ans.
For an expander operating with an ideal gas with constant Cp, one can
show that:
R
Cp
P2
1
T2 T1 1 K
P1
T2
433.213 K
'S
6.435
By Eq. (5.14):
Cp T2
P2
ln
ln
R T1
P1
'S R
J
mol K
By Eq. (5.37), for adiabatic operation :

SdotG ndot 'S
SdotG
1.126 u 10
J
K sec
Ans.
239
______________________________________________________________________________________________
7.27
Properties of superheated steam at 4500 kPa and 400 C from Table F.2,
p. 742.
H1 3207.1
S1 6.7093
If the exhaust steam (Point 2, Fig. 7.4) is "dry," i.e., saturated vapor, then
isentropicexpansion to the same pressure (Point 2', Fig. 7.4) must produce
"wet" steam, withentropy:
S2 = S1 = 6.7093 = (x)(Svap) + (1-x)(Sliq)
[x is quality]
A second relation follows from Eq. (7.16), written:

'H = Hvap - 3207.1 = (K'HS) = (0.75)[ (x)(Hvap) + (1-x)(Hliq) - 3207.1]
Each of these equations may be solved for x. Given a final temperature
and the corresponding vapor pressure, values for Svap, Sliq, Hvap, and
Hliq are found from the table for saturated steam, and substitution into the
equations for x produces two values. The required pressure is the one for
which the two values of x agree. This is clearly a trial process. For a final
trial temperature of 120 degC, the following values of H and S for
saturated liquid and saturated vapor are found in the steam table:
Hl 503.7
Hv 2706.0
Sl 1.5276
Sv 7.1293
The two equations for x are:

xH
Hv 801.7 .75 Hl

.75 (Hv Hl)
xS
The trial values given produce: xH
6.7093 Sl
Sv Sl
0.924
xS
0.925
These are sufficiently close, and we conclude that:

t=120 degC;
P=198.54 kPa
If K were 0.8, the pressure would be higher, because a smaller pressure

drop would be required to produce the same work and 'H.
240
______________________________________________________________________________________________
7.29
P1 5 atm
P2 1 atm
T1 15 degC
K 0.55
Data in Table F.1 for saturated liquid water at 15 degC give:

3
V 1001
cm
kg
Cp 4.190
kJ
kg degC
'H K V ( P2 P1)
Eqs. (7.16) and (7.24) combine to give:

Ws 'H
(7.14)
Ws
0.223
Eq. (7.25) with E=0 is solved for 'T:
kJ
kg
'T
'T
7.30
'H V ( P2 P1)
Cp
0.044 degC
Ans.
Assume nitrogen an ideal gas. First find the temperature after isentropic
expansion from a combination of Eqs. (5.14) & (5.15) with C = 0. Then
find the work (enthalpy change) of isentropic expansion by a combination
of Eqs. (4.2) and (4.7) with C = 0. The actual work (enthalpy change) is
found from Eq. (7.20). From this value, the actual temperature is found by
a second application of the preceding equation, this time solving it for the
temperature. The following vectors contain values for Parts (a) through
(e):
753.15
673.15
T0 773.15 K
723.15
755.37
6 bar
5 bar
P0 7 bar
8 bar
95 psi
1 bar
1 bar
P 1 bar
2 bar
15 psi
200
150
mol
ndot 175
100 sec
0.5 453.59
0.80
0.75
K 0.78
0.85
0.80
'S 0
J
mol K
i 1 5
241
______________________________________________________________________________________________
For the heat capacity of nitrogen:

3
A 3.280
W 0.5
0.593 10
B
D 0.040 10 K
(guess)
Given
'S = R A ln W B T0
W 1 W 1 ln P
P
2 2
2
0
T0 W
TauT0 P0 P Find W
Ti T0 W i
i
W i Tau T0 P0 Pi
i
i
460.67
431.36
453.48
K
494.54
455.14
3
'H'i R ICPH T0 Ti 3.280 0.593 10
'H'
8879.2
7279.8
J
9714.4
6941.7 mol
9112.1
W 0.5
5
0.0 0.040 10

o
'H 'H' K
'H
7103.4
5459.8
J
7577.2
5900.5 mol
7289.7
(guess)
Given
'H = R AWT0 1
Tau T0 'H Find W
B
2
WT0
2
2 1
D W 1
T0 W
W i Tau T0 'Hi
i
Ti T0 W i
i
242
______________________________________________________________________________________________
7.31
520.2
492.62
525.14 K Ans.
529.34
516.28

o
Wdot ndot 'H
Wdot
1421
819
1326 kW Ans.
590
1653
Property values and data from Example 7.6:

H1 3391.6
kJ
kg
S1 6.6858
kJ
kg K
mdot 59.02
H2 2436.0
kJ
kg
S2 7.6846
kJ
kg K
Wdot 56400 kW
TV 300 K
By Eq. (5.26)
Wdotideal mdot H2 H1 TV S2 S1
Kt
kg
sec
Wdot
Wdotideal
Kt
Wdotideal
74084 kW
Ans.
0.761
The process is adiabatic; Eq. (5.33) becomes:
7.32
SdotG mdot S2 S1
SdotG
Wdotlost TV SdotG
Wdotlost
58.949
kW
K
17685 kW
Ans.
Ans.
For sat. vapor steam at 1200 kPa, Table F.2:

H2 2782.7
kJ
kg
S2 6.5194
kJ
kg K
The saturation temperature is 187.96 degC.

The exit temperature of the exhaust gas is therefore 197.96 degC, and
the temperature CHANGE of the exhaust gas is -202.04 K.
For the water at 20 degC from Table F.1,
H1 83.86
kJ
kg
S1 0.2963
kJ
kg K
243
______________________________________________________________________________________________
The turbine exhaust will be wet vapor steam.

For sat. liquid and sat. vapor at the turbine exhaust pressure of 25 kPa, the
best property values are found from Table F.1 by interpolation between 64
and 65 degC:
kJ
kJ
Hliq 272.0
Hlv 2346.3
kg
kg
Sliq 0.8932
kJ
kg K
Slv 6.9391
kJ
K 0.72
kg K
For isentropic expansion of steam in the turbine:

S'3 S2
S'3
x'3
6.519
kJ
kg K
x'3
'H23 K H'3 H2
'H23
x3
x3
437.996
kJ
kg
H3 Hliq
Hlv
S'3 Sliq
0.811
3 kJ
2.174 u 10
H'3
H3
3 kJ
2.345 u 10
kg
S3 Sliq x3 Slv
7.023
kJ
kg K
mol
sec
For the exhaust gases:
ndot 125
T1 (273.15 400)K
T2 (273.15 197.96)K
T1
T2
673.15 K
molwt 18
kg
H3 H2 'H23
S3
0.883
H'3 Hliq x'3 Hlv
Slv
471.11 K
gm
mol
3

0.0 0.0 T2 T1
T2
3
R MCPS T1 T2 3.34 1.12 10 0.0 0.0 ln
T1
'Hgas R MCPH T1 T2 3.34 1.12 10

'Sgas
244
______________________________________________________________________________________________
'Hgas
3 kJ
6.687 u 10
'Sgas
kmol
11.791
kJ
kmol K
Energy balance on boiler:

mdot
'
ndot Hgas
H2 H1
kg
sec
mdot
0.30971
(a) Wdot mdot H3 H2
Wdot
135.65 kW Ans.
(b) By Eq. (5.25):
TV 293.15 K
Wdotideal ndot 'Hgas mdot H3 H1

TV ndot 'Sgas mdot S3 S1
Wdotideal
314.302 kW
Kt
Wdot
Wdotideal
Kt
Ans.
0.4316
(c) For both the boiler and the turbine, Eq. (5.33) applies with Q = 0.
For the boiler:
SdotG ndot 'Sgas mdot S2 S1
Boiler:
SdotG
0.4534
kW
K
Ans.
For the turbine: SdotG mdot S3 S2

Turbine:
SdotG
(d) Wdotlost.boiler 0.4534
0.156
kW
Wdotlost.turbine 0.1560
Fractionboiler
TV
kW
K
TV
Wdotlost.boiler
Wdotideal
kW
K
Ans.
Wdotlost.boiler
132.914 kW
Wdotlost.turbine
45.731 kW
Fractionboiler
0.4229
Ans.
245
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Fractionturbine
Note that:
7.34
Wdotlost.turbine
Fractionturbine
Wdotideal
K t Fractionboiler Fractionturbine
0.1455
Ans.
From Table F.2 for sat. vap. at 125 kPa:

H1 2685.2
kJ
kg
S1 7.2847
kJ
kg K
For isentropic expansion, S'2 = S1 = 7.2847
kJ
kg K
Interpolation in Table F.2 at 700 kPa for the enthalpy of steam with this
entropy gives
H'2 3051.3
kJ
kg
H2 H1 'H
K 0.78
H2
'H
3154.6
H'2 H1
kJ
kg
'H
469.359
kJ
kg
Ans.
Interpolation in Table F.2 at 700 kPa for the entropy of steam with this
enthalpy gives
S2 7.4586
mdot 2.5
kg
sec
kJ
kg K
Wdot mdot 'H
Ans.
Wdot
1173.4 kW
Ans.
246
______________________________________________________________________________________________
7.35
Assume air an ideal gas. First find the temperature after isentropic
compression from a combination of Eqs. (5.14) & (5.15) with C = 0. Then
find the work (enthalpy change) of isentropic compression by a
combination of Eqs. (4.2) and (4.7) with C = 0. The actual work (enthalpy
change) is found from Eq. (7.20). From this value, the actual temperature
is found by a second application of the preceding equation, this time
solving it for the temperature. The following vectors contain values for
Parts (a) through (f):
101.33 kPa
375 kPa
100 kPa
P0
500 kPa
14.7 psi
55 psi
298.15
353.15
303.15
T0
K
373.15
299.82
338.71
100
100
150 mol
ndot
50
sec
0.5 453.59
0.5 453.59
375 kPa
1000 kPa
500 kPa
P
1300 kPa
55 psi
135 psi
0.75
0.70
0.80
K
0.75
0.75
0.70
'S 0
J
mol K
i 1 6
For the heat capacity of air:

3
A 3.355
W 0.5
B
0.575 10
K
D 0.016 10 K
(guess)
Given
'S = R A ln W B T0
Tau T0 P0 P Find W
W 1 W 1 ln P
P
2 2
0
T0 W 2
D
W i Tau T0 P0 Pi
i
i
247
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Ti T0 W i
431.06
464.5
476.19
K
486.87
434.74
435.71
3
'H'i R ICPH T0 Ti 3.355 0.575 10
3925.2
3314.6
5133.2 J
3397.5
mol
3986.4
2876.6
'H'
o
'H'
'H
'H
W 1.5
Given
5
0.0 0.016 10
5233.6
4735.1
6416.5 J
4530
mol
5315.2
4109.4
(guess)
'H = R AWT0 1
Tau T0 'H Find W
B
2
WT0
2 1
D W 1
T0 W
W i Tau T0 'Hi
i
Ti T0 W i
i

o
Wdot ndot 'H
248
______________________________________________________________________________________________
7.36
474.68
511.58
518.66
K
524.3
479.01
476.79
Ammonia:
'S 0
Wdot
702
635
1291
hp
304
1617
1250
Wdot
523
474
962
kW
227
1205
932
Tc 405.7 K
Pc 112.8 bar
Z 0.253
T0 294.15 K
P0 200 kPa
P 1000 kPa
J
mol K
For the heat capacity of ammonia:

3
A 3.578
Tr0
Ans.
B
T0
Tr0
Tc
3.020 10
D 0.186 10 K
K
Pr0
0.725
Pr
P0
Pr0
Pc
P
Pc
Pr
0.0177
0.089
Use generalized second-virial correlation:

The entropy change is given by Eq. (6.92) combined with Eq. (5.15); C = 0:
W 1.4
(guess)
Given
W 1 W 1 ln P
P
2 2
0
W T0
SRB T ZPr SRB Tr0 ZPr0
'S = R A ln W B T0
W Find W
1.437
T W T0
Tr
T
Tc
T
Tr
422.818 K
1.042
249
______________________________________________________________________________________________
3
'Hig R ICPH T0 T 3.578 3.020 10

'Hig
4.826
kJ
mol

Pr
'H'
4652
0.0 0.186 10
HRB Tr0 Z
Pr0
J
mol

K 0.82
'H'
'H
'H
5673.2
J
mol
(4.7), written:
W 1.4
(guess)
Given
B
D W 1
2 2
WT0
1

2
T
W
0
W T0
T
HRB
Z
P

Z
P

HRB
T
r
c
r0
r0
Tc
'H = R AWT0 1
W Find W
T W T0
1.521
Tr
'S
2.347
J
mol K
Tr
447.47 K
Ans.
1.103
W 1 W 1 ln P
P
2 2
0

W T0
SRB Tr0 Z
Pr0
'S R A ln W B T0
SRB Tr ZPr
T
Tc
Ans.
250
______________________________________________________________________________________________
7.37
Propylene:
'S 0
Tc 365.6 K
Pc 46.65 bar
Z 0.140
T0 303.15 K
P0 11.5 bar
P 18 bar
J
mol K
For the heat capacity of propylene:

3
A 1.637
Tr0
B
T0
Tr0
Tc
6
22.706 10
C
K
Pr0
0.8292
6.915 10
Pr
P0
Pr0
Pc
P
Pr
Pc
0.2465
0.386

W 1.1
(guess)
Given
W 1 W 1 ln P
P
2
W Find W
1.069
T W T0
Tr
T
Tc
324.128 K
Tr
0.887
The enthalpy change for the final T is given by Eq. (6.91), with HRB for
this T:
3
'Hig R ICPH T0 T 1.637 22.706 10

'Hig
6
6.915 10
0.0
3 J
1.409 u 10
mol

Pr
HRB Tr0 Z
Pr0
251
______________________________________________________________________________________________
'H'
964.1
J
mol

K 0.80
'H
ndot 1000
mol
sec
'H'
'H
Wdot ndot 'H
J
mol
1205.2
Wdot
Ans.
1205.2 kW
(4.7), written:
W 1.1
(guess)
Given
'H = R AWT0 1
B
C
2 2
3 3
WT0
1 WT0
1
2
3
W T0
Pr0
Z
Pr
HRB Tr0 Z
Tc HRB
T
c
W Find W
7.38 Methane:
'S 0
T W T0
1.079
Tc 190.6 K
Pc 45.99 bar
Z 0.012
T0 308.15 K
P0 3500 kPa
P 5500 kPa
J
mol K
For the heat capacity of methane:

3
A 1.702
Tr0
T0
Tc
Ans.
327.15 K
B
Tr0
6
9.081 10
1.6167
C
2.164 10
K
Pr0
Pr
P0
Pc
P
Pc
Pr0
Pr
0.761
1.196
252
______________________________________________________________________________________________

W 1.1
(guess)
Given
W 1 W 1 ln P
P
2
W Find W
T W T0
1.114
Tr
T
Tc
343.379 K
Tr
1.802
The enthalpy change for the final T is given by Eq. (6.91), with HRB for
this T:
3
'Hig R ICPH T0 T 1.702 9.081 10
0.0
3 J
'Hig
1.298 u 10
mol

Pr
'H'
6
2.164 10
1158.8
HRB Tr0 Z
Pr0
J
mol

K 0.78
'H
ndot 1500
mol
sec
'H'
K
Wdot ndot 'H
'H
Wdot
1485.6
J
mol
2228.4 kW
Ans.
(4.7), written:
W 1.1
(guess)
253
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Given
'H = R AWT0 1
WT0
2 1
WT0
3 1
2
3
0
Z
Pr
HRB Tr0 Z
Tc HRB
Pr0
T
c
W Find W
7.39
1.14
T W T0

Ans.
351.18 K
From the data and results of Example 7.9,

T1 293.15 K
T2 428.65 K
Work 5288.3
P1 140 kPa
J
TV 293.15 K
mol
3
'H R ICPH T1 T2 1.702 9.081 10

'H
5288.2
J
mol
'S
3.201
6
2.164 10
3
'S R ICPS T1 T2 1.702 9.081 10
P2 560 kPa
0.0
6
2.164 10
P2
0.0 ln
P1
J
mol K
Since the process is adiabatic: SG 'S
SG
3.2012
Wideal 'H TV 'S
Wideal
Wlost TV 'S
Wlost
Kt
Wideal
Work
Kt
J
mol K
J
4349.8
mol
938.4
J
mol
0.823
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
254
______________________________________________________________________________________________
7.42
P1 1atm
T1 (35 273.15)K
T1
308.15 K
P2 50atm
T2 (200 273.15)K
T2
473.15 K
K 0.65
Vdot 0.5
V
R T1
P1
ndot
Cp 3.5 R
sec
Vdot
V
ndot
19.775
mol
sec
With compression from the same initial conditions (P1,T1) to the same
final conditions (P2,T2) in each stage, the same efficiency in each stage,
and the same power delivered to each stage, the applicable equations are:
P2
r =
P1
1
N
(where r is the pressure ratio in each stage and N is

the number of stages.)
Eq. (7.23) may be solved for T2prime: T'2 (T2 T1)K

T1
T'2
P2
P1
T'2 = T1
N
Eq. (7.18) written for a single stage is:
415.4 K
Cp
R1
N Cp
Put in logarithmic form and solve for N:
P2
P1
T'2
ln
3.743
ln
T1
(b) Calculate r for 4 stages: N 4
(a) Although any number of

stages greater than this
would serve, design for 4
stages.
P2
r
P1
1
N
2.659
Power requirement per stage follows from Eq. (7.22). In kW/stage:
Cp
ndot Cp T1 r 1
Wdotr
K
Wdotr
87.944 kW
Ans.
255
______________________________________________________________________________________________
(c) Because the gas (ideal) leaving the intercooler and the gas entering
the compressor are at the same temperature (308.15 K), there is no
enthalpy change for the compressor/interchanger system, and the first law
yields:
Qdotr Wdotr
Qdotr
87.944 kW
Ans.
Heat duty = 87.94 kW/interchanger

(d) Energy balance on each interchanger (subscript w denotes water):
With data for saturated liquid water from the steam tables:
kJ
kJ
'Hw (188.4 104.8)
'Hw 83.6
kg
kg
mdotw
Qdotr
'Hw
mdotw
1.052
kg
sec
Ans.
(in each interchanger)
7.44
300
290

T1 295 K
300
305
2.0
1.5

P1 1.2 bar
1.1
1.5
464
547

T2 455 K
505
496
6
5

P2 6 bar
8

o
'H [Cp (T2 T1)]
3.5
2.5

Cp 4.5 R
5.5
4.0
Ideal gases with constant heat capacities
o

Cp
P2
1
'HS Cp T1
P1
(7.22)
256
______________________________________________________________________________________________
'HS
7.47
3.219
3.729
kJ
4.745
5.959 mol
4.765
K

o
'HS
'H
0.675
0.698
0.793
0.636
0.75
Ans.
The following vectors contain values for Parts (a) through (e). Intake
conditions first:
298.15
363.15
T1 333.15 K
294.26
366.48
100 kPa
200 kPa
P1 20 kPa
1 atm
15 psi
20 kg
30 kg
1
mdot 15 kg
50 lb sec
80 lb
2000 kPa
5000 kPa
P2 5000 kPa
20 atm
1500 psi
0.75
0.70
K 0.75
0.70
0.75
257.2
696.2
10 6
E 523.1
217.3 K
714.3
From the steam tables for sat.liq. water at the initial temperature (heat
capacity calculated from enthalpy values):
1.003
1.036
cm3
V 1.017
1.002 gm
1.038
By Eq. (7.24)
4.15
4.20
kJ
CP 4.20
4.185 kg K
4.20
o
'HS V P2 P1
'H

o
'HS
K
257
______________________________________________________________________________________________
1.906
4.973
kJ
5.065
1.929 kg
10.628
'HS
By Eq. (7.25)
'T
'H

o
'H V 1 E T1 P2 P1
o
Wdot 'H mdot
CP
Wdot

o
T2 T1 'T

o
T
2
t2
273.15
K
o
T2
t2 1.8 459.67
K
50.82
213.12
101.29 kW Wdot
62.5
514.21
T2
2.541
7.104
kJ
6.753
2.756 kg
14.17
'T
0.188
0.807
0.612 K
0.227
1.506
68.15
285.8
135.84 hp
83.81
689.56
Ans.
298.338
363.957
333.762 K
294.487
367.986
t21
t2
2
t2
3
25.19
90.81
60.61
degC
t24
t2
5
70.41
202.7
degF
258
______________________________________________________________________________________________
7.48 Results from Example 7.10:

'H 11.57
kJ
W 11.57
kg
TV 300 K
kJ
'S 0.0090
kg
Wideal 'H TV 'S

Wideal
8.87
kJ
kg
Kt
kg K
Wideal
Kt
Ans.
kJ
W
0.767
Ans.
Since the process is adiabatic.

SG 'S
SG
Wlost TV 'S
7.53
Wlost
3 kJ
9 u 10
2.7
kJ
P1 1.2bar
T3 (200 273.15)K
P3 5bar
J
mol K
Ans.
kg
T1 (25 273.15)K
Cpv 105
Ans.
kg K
'Hlv 30.72
P2 5bar
kJ
mol
K 0.7
Estimate the specific molar volume of liquid benzene using the Rackett
equation (3.72).
3
From Table B.1 for benzene: Tc 562.2K
Zc 0.271 Vc 259
From Table B.2 for benzene: Tn (80.0 273.15)K
Trn
cm
mol
Tn
Tc
Assume Vliq = Vsat:
1Trn
V Vc Zc
Eq. (3.72)
96.802
cm
mol
Calculate pump power

Ws
V P2 P1
K
Ws
0.053
kJ
mol
Ans.
259
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Assume that no temperature change occurs during the liquid compression.

Therefore:
T2 T1
Estimate the saturation temperature at P = 5 bar using the Antoine

Equation and values from Table B.2
For benzene from
A 13.7819
Table B.2:
Tsat
P2
A ln
kPa
B 2726.81
C degC Tsat
C 217.572
142.77 degC
Tsat Tsat 273.15K
Tsat
415.9 K
Estimate the heat of vaporization at Tsat using Watson's method

kJ
From Table B.2
'Hlv 30.72
At 80 C:
mol
Tr1
(80 273.15)K
Tc
1 Tr2
'Hlv2 'Hlv
1 Tr1
Tr1
Tr2
0.628
Tsat
Tc
Tr2
0.38
Eq. (4.13)
'Hlv2
26.822
0.74
kJ
mol
Calculate the heat exchanger heat duty.
3
Q R ICPH T2 Tsat 0.747 67.96 10

'Hlv2 Cpv T3 Tsat
Q
51.1
kJ
mol
6
37.78 10
0
Ans.
260
______________________________________________________________________________________________
7.54
T1 ( 25 273.15)K
P1 1.2bar
T3 ( 200 273.15)K
P3 5bar
Cpv 105
J
mol K
P2 1.2bar
K 0.75
Calculate the compressor inlet temperature.

Combining equations (7.17), (7.21) and (7.22) yields:
T2
T3
T2
Cpv
P
1 3
1
1
K P2
408.06 K
T2 273.15K
134.91 degC
Calculate the compressor power

Ws Cpv T3 T2
Ws
6.834
kJ
mol
Ans.
Calculate the heat exchanger duty. Note that the exchanger outlet
temperature, T2, is equal to the compressor inlet temperature. The
benzene enters the exchanger as a subcooled liquid. In the exchanger the
liquid is first heated to the saturation temperature at P1, vaporized and
finally the vapor is superheated to temperature T 2.
Estimate the saturation temperature at P = 1.2 bar using the
Antoine Equation and values from Table B.2
For benzene from
A 13.7819
Table B.2:
Tsat
P1
A ln
kPa
B 2726.81
C degC Tsat
C 217.572
85.595 degC
Tsat Tsat 273.15K
Tsat
358.7 K
Estimate the heat of vaporization at Tsat using Watson's method

kJ
From Table B.2
'Hlv 30.72
At 25 C:
mol
From Table B.1

for benzene:
Tc 562.2K
261
______________________________________________________________________________________________
(80 273.15)K
Tc
Tr1
Tr1
1 Tr2
'Hlv2 'Hlv
1 Tr1
Tr2
0.628
Eq. (4.13)
44.393
7.57 ndot 100

Cp 50.6
kJ
mol
kmol
hr
J
mol K
Tc
Tr2
0.38
3
Q R ICPH T1 Tsat 0.747 67.96 10

'Hlv2 Cpv T2 Tsat
Q
Tsat
'Hlv2
30.405
6
37.78 10
0.638
kJ
mol
0
Ans.
P1 1.2bar
T1 300K
P2 6bar
K 0.70
Assume the compressor is adaiabatic.
P2
R
Cp
T2
T1
P1
(Pg. 77)
T2
Wdots ndot Cp T2 T1
Wdote
Wdots
K
Wdots
C_compressor 3040dollars
kW
Wdote
C_motor 380dollars
kW
390.812 K
Wdots
127.641 kW
Wdote
182.345 kW
0.952
C_compressor
307452 dollars Ans.
0.855
C_motor
32572 dollars Ans.
262
______________________________________________________________________________________________
7.59
T1 375K
P1 18bar
P2 1.2bar
For ethylene:
Z 0.087
Tc 282.3K
Tr1
Pr1
T1
Tr1
Tc
1.328
P1
Pc
P2
Pr2
3
A 1.424
Pc 50.40bar
Pc
Pr1
0.357
Pr2
0.024
6
B 14.394 10
C 4.392 10
D 0
a) For throttling process, assume the process is adiabatic. Find T2 such that
'H = 0.
'H = Cpmig T2 T1 HR2 HR1
Eq. (6-93)
Use the MCPH function to calculate the mean heat capacity and the HRB
function for the residual enthalpy.
T2 T1
Guess:
Given
0
J
mol
= MCPH T1 T2 A B C D R T2 T1
T2
R Tc HRB Z
Pr2
R Tc HRB Tr1 Z
Pr1
T
c
T2 Find T2
T2
365.474 K
Ans.
Tr2
T2
Tr2
Tc
1.295
Calculate change in entropy using Eq. (6-94) along with MCPS function for
the mean heat capacity and SRB function for the residual entropy.
T2
'S R MCPS T1 T2 A B C D ln
R SRB Tr2 Z
Pr2
'S
22.128
J
mol K
T1
R SRB Tr1 Z
Pr1
P2
R ln
P1

Eq. (6-94)
Ans.
263
______________________________________________________________________________________________
b) For expansion process. K 70%

First find T2 for isentropic expansion. Solve Eq. (6-94) with 'S = 0.
Guess:
T2 T1
Given
J
mol K
T2
= R MCPS T1 T2 A B C D ln
T2
SRB
Tc
T2 FindT2
Z
Pr2
T2
T1
P2
R ln
P1
R SRB Tr1 Z
Pr1
Tr2
219.793 K

Eq. (6-94)
R
T2
Tc
Tr2
0.779
Now calculate the isentropic enthalpy change, 'HS.
HR2 HRB Tr2 Z

Pr2
R Tc
'HS R MCPH T1 T2 A B C D T2 T1

HRB Tr2 Z
Pr2 R Tc HRB Tr1 Z
Pr1 R Tc
'HS
3 J
6.423 u 10
mol
Calculate actual enthalpy change using the expander efficiency.

'H K'
HS
'H
4.496 u 10
3 J
mol
Find T2 such that 'H matches the value above.

Given
K'
HS = MCPH T1 T2 A B C D R T2 T1
T2
R Tc HRB Z
Pr2
R Tc HRB Tr1 Z
Pr1
T
c
T2 FindT2
T2
268.536 K
Ans.
264
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Now recalculate 'S at calculated T2
T2
'S R MCPS T1 T2 A B C D ln
Pr2
R SRB Tr2 Z
'S
7.77
J
mol K
P2
R ln
T1
R SRB Tr1 Z
Pr1
P1

Eq. (6-94)
Ans.
Calculate power produced by expander

kJ
Ans.
P K'
H
P 3.147
mol
The advantage of the expander is that power can be produced in the
expander which can be used in the plant. The disadvantages are the extra
capital and operating cost of the expander and the low temperature of the
gas leaving the expander compared to the gas leaving the throttle valve.
7.60
b)
Hydrocarbon gas:
T1 500degC
Cpgas 150
Light oil:
T2 25degC Cpoil 200
Exit stream:
T3 200degC
J
mol K
J
mol K
'Hlv 35000
J
mol
Assume that the oil vaporizes at 25 C. For an adiabatic column, the overall
energy balance is as follows.
F Cpgas T3 T1 D 'Hlv Coilp T3 T2 = 0
Solving for D/F gives:
DF
c)
Cpgas T3 T1
'Hlv Cpoil T3 T2
DF
0.643
Ans.
Using liquid oil to quench the gas stream requires a smaller oil flow rate.
This is because a significant portion of the energy lost by the gas is used
to vaporize the oil.
265
______________________________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 7

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Chapter 7

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Chapter 7 - Section A - Mathcad Solutions

From Table F.2 at 800 kPa and 280 degC:

Interpolation in Table F.2 at P = 525 kPa and S = 7.1595 kJ/(kg*K) yields:

The calculations of the preceding problem may be carried out for a

Interpolations in Table F.2 at several pressures and at the given

Fit the P vs. A2 data with cubic spline and find

pmin  Find pmin

Show spline fit graphically:

p  400 kPa  401 kPa  500 kPa

From Table F.2 at 1400 kPa and 325 degC:

Interpolate in Table F.2 at a series of downstream pressures and at S =

Since mdot is constant,

From Table F.4 at 130(psi) and 420 degF:

S2  Sliq  x Svap  Sliq

Initial t = 15 + 167.05 = 182.05 degC Ans.

Values from the steam tables for saturated-liquid water:

Enthalpy difference for saturated liquid for a temperature change from

Apply Eq. (7.25) to the constant-enthalpy throttling process. Assumes

The entropy change for this process is given by Eq. (7.26):

Apply Eq. (5.36) with Q=0:

As in Example 7.4, Eq. (6.93) is applied to this constant-enthalpy

HRi  R T1i Z E i  qi  1  1.5 qi Ii Eq. (6.67) The derivative in these

Eq. (6.68) equations equals -0.5

The simplest procedure here is to iterate by guessing T2, and then

0.480  1.574 Z  0.176 Z 2

Eq. (3.52) Z E  q  Find ( z)

The derivative in these equations equals:

Now iterate for T2:

0.37464  1.54226 Z  0.26992 Z 2

The derivative in these equations equals:

Now iterate for T2:

Data from Table F.2:

For isentropic expansion, exhaust is wet steam:

H'2  Hliq  x Hvap  Hliq

For discharge conditions:

1.7484 lbm rankine

For isentropic expansion,

For the heat capacity of nitrogen:

Thus the initial temperature is 489.27 degC

Eq. (7.21) also applies to expansion:

For the heat capacity of isobutane:

 SRB Tc ZPr   SRB Tr0 ZPr0 

The enthalpy change is given by Eq. (6.91):

'Hig  R ICPH T0  T  1.677  37.853 10

'H'  'Hig  R Tc HRB Tr Z

The actual enthalpy change from Eq. (7.16):

Wdot  ndot 'H

From Table F.2 @ 1700 kPa & 225 degC:

Qdot  mdot 'H  Wdot

For isentropic expansion to 10 kPa, producing wet steam:

H'2  Hliq  x'2 Hvap  Hliq

Wdot'  mdot H'2  H1

For isentropic expansion,

H2  Hliq  x2 Hvap  Hliq

'H'  R ICPH T0  T'  5.457  1.045 10

Thus the final temperature is 246.75 degC

Vectors containing data for Parts (a) through (e):

Eq. (7.22) Applies to expanders as

Wdot =  0.065  .08 ln

Wdot  Find ( Wdot)

By Eq. (5.37), for adiabatic operation :

A second relation follows from Eq. (7.16), written:

The two equations for x are:

pmin Find pmin

p 400 kPa 401 kPa 500 kPa

S2 Sliq x Svap Sliq

HRi R T1i Z E i qi 1 1.5 qi Ii Eq. (6.67) The derivative in these

0.480 1.574 Z 0.176 Z 2

Eq. (3.52) Z E q Find ( z)

0.37464 1.54226 Z 0.26992 Z 2

H'2 Hliq x Hvap Hliq

SRB Tc ZPr SRB Tr0 ZPr0

'Hig R ICPH T0 T 1.677 37.853 10

'H' 'Hig R Tc HRB Tr Z

Wdot ndot 'H

Qdot mdot 'H Wdot

H'2 Hliq x'2 Hvap Hliq

Wdot' mdot H'2 H1

H2 Hliq x2 Hvap Hliq

'H' R ICPH T0 T' 5.457 1.045 10

Wdot = 0.065 .08 ln

Wdot Find ( Wdot)

Hv 801.7 .75 Hl

'H'i R ICPH T0 Ti 3.280 0.593 10

Tau T0 'H Find W

H'3 Hliq x'3 Hlv

'Hgas R MCPH T1 T2 3.34 1.12 10

(a) Wdot mdot H3 H2

Wdotideal ndot 'Hgas mdot H3 H1

For the turbine: SdotG mdot S3 S2

(d) Wdotlost.boiler 0.4534

Wdot mdot 'H

'H'i R ICPH T0 Ti 3.355 0.575 10

Tau T0 'H Find W

'Hig R ICPH T0 T 3.578 3.020 10

'H' 'Hig R Tc HRB Tr Z

SRB Tc ZPr SRB Tr0 ZPr0

'Hig R ICPH T0 T 1.637 22.706 10

'H' 'Hig R Tc HRB Tr Z

Wdot ndot 'H

SRB Tc ZPr SRB Tr0 ZPr0

'Hig R ICPH T0 T 1.702 9.081 10

'H' 'Hig R Tc HRB Tr Z

Wdot ndot 'H

'H R ICPH T1 T2 1.702 9.081 10

'S R ICPS T1 T2 1.702 9.081 10

Since the process is adiabatic: SG 'S

Wideal 'H TV 'S

Eq. (7.23) may be solved for T2prime: T'2 (T2 T1)K

(b) Calculate r for 4 stages: N 4

Wideal 'H TV 'S

From Table B.1 for benzene: Tc 562.2K

From Table B.2 for benzene: Tn (80.0 273.15)K