BM01 - Lecture 2

Building Materials

P
Properties
ti off B
Building
ildi
M t i l
Materials

Lecture 2

B i physical
h i l properties
ti
Basic
= related to mass and volume of the
material
t i l

Mass
Choice of suitable scales:
p
y ((max. range)
g )
capacity
readability

density (specific gravity, specific weight)

bulk density
porosity
granulometry
l
t
fineness

BM01 - Lecture 2

Scales
Mechanical
ec a ca , d
digital
g a
analytical (readability 10-4 g, capacity to

Size
Length measuring devices: calibrable

200g)

milligram (0,01 g)
laboratory (0,1 - 0,2 g, 200 1000 g)
commercial (2 - 5 g, 5 - 25 kkg))
industrial (hundreds of kg)

Volume
Solids:
Count from sizes
Immersion in liquid
y
g
graduated cylinder
pycnometre
hydrostatic scales

Steel rule
Steel measuring tape
Calliper
Micrometer
Sieves

Bulk density X

Density
(specific gravity)

m
V

Liquids:
volumetric flask
pipette
burette
b
tt

[ kg.m-3 ]

BM01 - Lecture 2

Bulk density
v =

Density
(specific gravity)

Vh + Vp

m
m
mass of material
Vh volume of solid
material
Vp volume of voids
i material
i l
in

Density

v = 500 kg.m-3

v = 2400 kg.m-3

= 2400 k
kg.m-33

= 2500 kg
kg.m
m-3

Vh
m mass of material
m
Vh volume of solid
material

AAC

t
concrete

(aerated autoclaved concrete)

Bulk density determination

v =

Bulk density

By graduated cylinder
v

Vh + Vp

mass m by weighing
volume (Vh+Vp)
counting from sizes (regular
shape)
in graduated cylinder
b h
d t ti l b
l
by
hydrostatical
balance

m
BA

m
(m1 m)
B A
water

C
A

m
(m 1 m)
BA
C
water

m (m1)

BM01 - Lecture 2

Hydrostatical balance

Hydrostatical balance
Archimedes p
principle:
p

irregular shape volume?

Any object, wholly or partially

immersed in a fluid, is buoyed up
by a force equal to the weight of the
fluid displaced by the object.

mass of material, weighted under water is

lower than that weighted in the air
air. From that
difference the volume of the displaced water
can be count ((its densityy is known).
)

H2 O

m
V

volume of displaced water = volume of material

Wire basket method

Bulk density of building materials

EN 1097
1097-6
6

a W

M1
M2
M3
M4
w

M4
M1 (M2 M3 )

[Mg.m-33]
[M
1Mg.m-3 =1000kg.m-3

mass of the wet sample, dryed on the surface (g)

mass of the sample in the basket under water (g)
mass of the empty basket under water (g)
mass of dryy sample
p (g)
water density at testing temperature (Mg.m-3)

kg.m-3
4

BM01 - Lecture 2

Specific gravity (density)

determination
v =

Pycnometer
(glass) bottle with a close-fitting
close fitting stopper with
a capillary tube through it allowing excess
liquid to escape
the volume of the liquid in the pycnometer is
always
l
th same
the
allows repeated obtaining a given volume of
liquid with a high accuracy

m
Vh

Mass m by weighing
Volume Vh by pycnometer
material have to be grounded !

Determination of density by
pycnometric method

Helium pycnometer
the size of helium atoms is very small
p
y
pressure,, is
p
helium,, under precisely-known
used to fill small voids within a specimen

m1

m2

m3

m4

the volume change of helium in a constant

volume chamber allows determination of solid
volume

((m 2 -m1) k
(m 2 m1) m 4 m3
5

BM01 - Lecture 2

Porosity

Density of building materials

ratio of the volume of the voids to

the total volume of the material

Types of pores
closed
l
d

.
v

kg.m-3

V hV

1 100

usually expressed as a percentage

P
ti related
l t d to
t porosity
it
Properties

open
Water absorption
frost resistance
p
Gas and liquid transport
Acoustic absorptivity
Thermal conductivity
Mechanical
M h i l properties
i - strength
h

p = pclosed + popen
6

BM01 - Lecture 2

Pore size distribution

Mercury
yp
porosimetry
y
the intrusion of a mercury at high
pressure into a pores
the pressure needed to fill the pores
increases with decreasing pore
diameters
di
400 MPa 1,5 nm
0.7

100

Properties of bulk materials

Bulk material = solid material divided
into many small particles
an assembly of solid particles that is large
enough for the statistical mean of any
property to be independent of the number of
particles

90
0.6

70
60

0.4

50
0.3

40

dV/d(log d)

Cum
mulative pore volume
e/cm3 g-1

80
0.5

30

0.2

20
0.1
10
0
0.001

0.010

0.100

1.000

10.000

0
100.000

Pore diameter/mm

Void ratio
ratio between the total volume and the
p
only
y by
y the particles
p
volume occupied
the amount of void space is a function
of the gradation
gradation, particle shape and
texture, and the amount of compaction
of the material

Compacting

Uncompacted
p
voids the amount of void
space present when the
material is in an
uncompacted,
unconsolidated state
state.

Compacted
p
voids the amount of void
space present when the
material is in an
maximally compacted,
state
state.

BM01 - Lecture 2

Loose bulk density

s

m
Vh Vp V m

in the uncompacted
state
in the consolidated
state (compacted)

Aggregates
granular material used in construction

Loose bulk density

determination
Standard container (volume according
maximum particle size) + tamping rod
Procedure:
g
Loose weight:
fill the container
struck off the surplus
Compact weight:
fill the container in equal layers
each layer being subjected to
p g rod
strokes with the tamping
struck off the surplus

Size gradation
Size,
Gradation = the particle size distribution
Amount of various particle sizes present
in an aggregate

inorganic rocklike material

determined by sieve analysis

various sizes and shapes

expressed
as the p
percentage
p
g
by mass passing a specified
set of sieves

p
particle size < 125 mm

BM01 - Lecture 2

Standard sieves (EN 933-2)

933 2)
125 mm
63 mm
31,5 mm
16 mm
8 mm
4 mm
2 mm
1mm
0,500 mm
0250 mm
0,125 mm
0,063 mm

Type of aggregates according size

63
31 5
31,5

di
dividing
iding up
p a material into size
si e
fractions by passing it through
sieves with decreasing apertures

coarse (gravel)

16
8
4

all-in
ll i
aggregate

aggregate

1
0,5
0,25

fine (sand)

0,125
0,063
0

Sieve analysis (EN 933

933-1)
1)

stone

125

fines

Aggregate size (fraction)

d
designation
i
ti
off aggregate
t in
i terms
t
of lower (d) and upper (D) sieve
sizes expressed as d/D*
16/64 aggregate will be that aggregate
which passes the 64 mm sieve and is
retained on the 16 mm sieve

* this designation accepts the presence of

some particles which are retained on the
upper
pp sieve ((oversize)) and some which p
pass
the lower sieve (undersize)

BM01 - Lecture 2

graphical
hi l lilisting
ti off
the amount of
particles
ti l according
di
to particle size
ranges

100

100
95

90
85
80
70
60

60

50
40
30
20

20

10

0
0

continuous line

10

10

5
05
0.5

16

32

64

sieve size [mm]

axe X sieve size (p

(particle size))
axe Y cumulative passing (percent passing
by weight)

Example:
p

Particle size distribution curve

Aggregate with the size 4/16 - 1000 g

Cumula
ative pass
sing [%]

Individual retained the mass or

percentage retained on one sieve after test
Cumulative retained
sum of the mass or
percentages retained on
the sieve and on all
coarser sieves
Cumulative passing
sum of the mass or percentage passing
the sieve (e.g. sum of the retained on all
finer sieves and pan)

Particle size distribution curve

cumulative passing [%]

Sieve analysis - definitions

Aft
After sieve
i
analysis
l i these
th
retained
t i d were
obtained:
Sieve
aperture size

Individual retained

Cumulative retained

Cumul. passing

70

100

40

32

50

95

30

16

100

10

15

85

250

25

40

60

400
00

40
0

80

20
0

10

90

10

90

10

0,5

50

95

0,5 (pan)

50

100

85

60

100

40 % particles
ti l
bigger than
8 mm

80

95

90

64

100

100

60

50

fraction 1/2 omitted

(gap grading)

20

60 % particles
smaller than
8 mm

20

10

0
0

0.5

10

10

only rising (decreasing) character

missing fraction horizontal line
vertical line never!

16

32

64

Particle size [mm]

10

BM01 - Lecture 2

Fineness modulus

Particle size distribution curve

to determining the degree of uniformity of the

aggregate gradation
single number
obtained by adding the total percentages of
material
i l in
i a sample
l that
h are coarser than
h
each of a specified series of sieves
(
l i percentages retained)
i d) and
d
(cumulative
dividing the sum by 100.

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0

FM

0,5

16

32

64

FM

cumulative retained on specified sieves %

Z8
Z4
Z2
Z1
Z0,5
Z0

Z16
+
Z16 + Z8
+
Z16 + Z8 + Z4
+
Z16 + Z8 + Z4 + Z2
+
Z16 + Z8 + Z4 + Z2 + Z1
+
Z16 + Z8 + Z4 + Z2 + Z1 + Z0,5
+
Z16 + Z8 + Z4 + Z2 + Z1 + Z0,5 + Z0

100 %

Fineness modulus
EN 12620

100 %

Z16

cumulative retained on specified sieves %

Specified sieves: (4 2 1; 0,5 0,25 0,125)

FM

[( 4) ( 2) ( 1) ( 0,5) ( 0,25) ( 0,125)]

100

1 FM 6
the bigger
gg FM is,, the coarser is aggregate
gg g

11

BM01 - Lecture 2

Shape of particles

Fines
= particle
ti l size
i ffraction
ti which
hi h passes th
the 0
0,063
063
mm sieve
- severall methods
th d ffor d
determining
t
i i ((washing,
hi
sand equivalent test, methylene blue test, air
jet sieving)
- maximum value:
fi aggregate
t 3%
- fine
- coarse aggregate 1,5 %

Particles:
a c es
shape rounded, angular, elongated,
flat

surface smooth, abraded (rough)

- higher content of fines:

- higher consumption of cement
- lower strength

Flakiness index

Shape index

(EN 933-3)

(EN 933-4)

particles are flakey when their

thickness is less than 0
0.6
6 of
their mean size
special
i l sieves
i
with
ith elongated
l
t d
apertures
the flakiness index - the
weight of the flakey aggregate
as a percentage of the
aggregate tested

a ratio between the weight of particles with

L/E > 3 and weight of all measured particles
in percents.
shape ratio L/E the length L and the
thickness E of each particle
L/E 3 non-cubic particles

12

BM01 - Lecture 2

Specific surface

Shape ratio L/E

fineness

E
L

total
t t l surface
f
area per unit
it off mass
units: m2/ kg (cm2/g)
the higher the specific surface is, the finer
material
t i l will
ill b
be

Specific surface of some materials

Specific surface
8 cm

2 cm
2 cm

8 cm

8 cm

a) Surface
6 x 8 x 8 cm =

b) Surface
64 x (6 x 2 x 2) =

384 cm2

1536 cm2

ab = 1/4 aa Sb = 4 Sa
13

BM01 - Lecture 2

S
ifi surface
f
d t
i ti
Specific
determination

Air permeability method

sieving
gas permeability
adsorption

Coarse material

Fine material

the specific surface is derived from the

resistance to flow of air through a porous
bed of the powder

Blain apparatus

Blain apparatus

START

STOP

14

BM01 - Lecture 2

Apparatus calibration

Specific surface calculation

S

K
e
t

K
e
t

(1 e)
0,1

t constant
t t
apparatus
porosity of the bed (usually e = 0,500)
measured time s
cement density g.cm-3
air viscosity at the test temperature [Pa.s]

apparatus must be calibrated

calibrated, using a known
standard material

K S0 0

S0
0
t0
0

(1 e )
e3

0 ,1 0
t0

specific surface of the reference cement cm2.g-1

y of the reference cement g
density
g.cm-3
measured time s
air viscosity
temperature
a
scos ty at tthe
e test te
pe atu e Pa.s
a s

Fineness of grinding
cements and similar materials
described by the specific surface
finer cement offers a greater surface area for
hydration and hence faster the development
of strength
surface of common cements:
specific
p

Mechanical p
properties
p

250 350 m2/ kg

(2500 - 3500 cm2/g)

15

BM01 - Lecture 2

Solid materials
structural rigidity
resistance to changes of shape or volume
g y bound to each other
atoms are tightly

Mechanical properties
d
describe
ib a material's
t i l' behavior
b h i when
h force
f
is
i
applied
describe characteristics such as their strength
and resistance to deformation

Atomic vibration in
crystalline solid

Mechanical properties

Type of loading

d
deformation
f
ti properties
ti
(b f
(before
d
destruction)
t ti )
strength properties (at the moment of
break)

bending
compression
tension

shear
torsion

16

BM01 - Lecture 2

Force x Stress

Compressive stress

stress is a measure of the internal forces

which are a reaction to external forces

Force F stress
[[N]]

[[Pa]]

S 0,005 x 0,005

Isaac Newton

0,000025 m2
Blaise Pascal

Units of stress
NN
2

m
m

2
m

a
P

a
P
M

NN

SI units: Pascal

Strength
g properties
p p

f2
b
n
l
i
i
s
p

Imperial units: pound-force per square inch

ksi = 1000 . psi

1 psi = 6 894,76 Pa
17

BM01 - Lecture 2

Strength
abilit
ability to withstand
ithstand an applied load
without failure
the maximum stress sustained by a
material loaded to failure

Theoretical strength
Counted from the number and strength of
the bonds between atoms
X
defects in the crystal lattice real strength is
distinctively lower (ca 1000x)

Strength
According
g the way
y of obtaining:
g
theoretical (structural)
technical
statistical

T h i l strength
t
th
Technical
from the testing of the real material
sample
material have to be homogenous
test samples in the appropriate
shape (cylinder strength, cubic
strength...)
t
th )

18

BM01 - Lecture 2

Test samples
shaping from the material
cutting, carving, drilling

directly made in the required shape

cubes,, cylinders..
y

whole products
bricks,
b i k bl
blocks
k

19