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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Cement manufacturing industr y is one of the carbon dioxide
emitting sources besides deforestation and burning of fossil fuels. The
global warming is caused b y the emission of greenhouse gases, such as
CO2, to the atmosphere. Among the greenhouse gases, CO2 contributes
about 65% of global warming. The global cement industr y contributes
about 7% of greenhouse gas emission to the earths atmosphere. In order
to address environmental effects associated with cement manufacturing,
there is a need to develop alternative binders to make concrete
(Vijayakumar, et al., 2013). Samarin (2010) states that, the emphasis is
made on the commercially viable and the most economical means of the
safe use of crushed soda-lime glasses (which account for about ninety
percent of all manufactured glasses) as an aggregate in structural,
durable and dimensionally stable concretes, in which h ydraulic cements
are used as a binder.
According to Madhavi (2013), glass is widely used through
manufactured products such as sheet glassware, glass, bottles, and
vacuum tubing. Moreover, the amount of waste glass is increased over
the recent years due to the growing use of glass products. Several t ypes

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of glass, such as soda-lime silicate, alkali silicate, boro-silicate glass

are producing in the world (Shakhmenko, et al., 2015). Mishra (2014)
states, that the mos t common t ype of glass is formed by melting a
mixture of silica (SiO2), soda ash (Na2CO3), and lime (CaCO3). Using
glass in concrete is an interesting possibilit y for economy on wastage
disposals ( Madhavi, et al., 2013 ).
According to Altaf, et al., (2013), soda-lime glass is commonly
known for three major glass applications such as container glass
(packaging bottles, jars), flat glass (windows of buildings, automotive)
and domestic glass (drink ware, dishes). Moreover, Samarin (2010)
states, that pure silica, SiO 2 has a glass melting point of over 2300 o C.
Addition of sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 lowers the melting point to
1500 o C and results in production of soda-lime glass, which is the most
common of the manufactured glasses. Typical composition of soda-lime
glass is as follows: 74% SiO2, 13% Na 2 O, 10.5% CaO, 1.3% Al,
0.3%K 2 O, 0.2%SO 3 , 0.2% MgO, 0.01% TiO 2 , and 0.04% Fe 2 O 3 .
The waste glass constitutes a problem for solid waste disposal in
several municipalities. The current practice is still to landfill most of
the non-recyclable glass. Since glass is non-biodegradable material,
these landfills do not constitute an environmental solution.

For this

reason, there is a strong need to valorize this waste glass. The use of the
waste glass in the construction industr y is among the mos t attractive

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option because it can consume a significant quantity of these materials;
it does not ask for ver y high conditions of qualit y and are used in
several widespread building sites of construction (Khmiri, et al., 2012).
Khatib, et al., (2012) states that, the use of rec ycled waste glass in
Portland cement has attracted a lot of interest worldwide to the
increased disposal costs and concerns. Also, according Malik M. (2013)
the use of waste glass in concrete will preserve natural resources
particularly river sand and thus make concrete construction industr y
sustainable. Glass used for containers, jars and bottles is soda lime
silica counts for 80% of the rec ycled glass. The glass being mainl y
silica-based material in amorphous form can be used in cement-based
applications. Due to its silica content, ground glass is considered a
pozzolanic materials as such can exhibit properties similar to other
pozzolanic materials such as fly ash, metakaolin, slag, and wheat husk
ash (Khatib, et al., 2012).
A major concern for using waste glass in concrete is the alkalisilica reaction (ASR) that takes place between the alkalis in cement and
the reactive silica in glass. The glass color also has an effect on Alkali
silica reaction expansion. For instance clear soda-lime glass was found
to be mos t reactive followed b y brown glass. (Degirmenci, Yilmaz, and
Cakir, 2011). However, Megeswari L.M. (2010) states that if the waste

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glass is finely ground, under 75 m this effect does not occur and mortar
durabilit y is increased.
1.2 OBJECTI VE OF THE STUDY
To determine the effect of pulverize waste soda lime glass as
partial replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
Specifically, it also aims to:

To determine the chemical composition of soda lime glass.

a) Lime (CaO)
b) Silica (SiO 2 )

To determine the physical properties of cement with 0%, 10%,

20%, 30% and 40% of soda lime glass according to its:
a) Densit y
b) Fineness
c) Setting Time

To determine the mechanical properties of concrete with the mix

design proportion of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% soda lime glass b y
weight of cement.
a) Compressive Strength

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b) Flexural Strength
c) Split Tensile Strength

To determine the optimum mix design proportion among 10%,

20%, 30%, and 40% that will increase the mechanical properties
compared with the conventional concrete.

To determine the significant relationship between compressive and

split tensile strength on the mix design proportion.

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The purpose of the stud y aims to answer the following questions:

What are the chemical compositions of soda lime glass?

a) Lime (CaO)
b) Silica (SiO 2 )

What are the ph ys ical properties of cement with 0%, 10%, 20%,
30% and 40% of soda lime glass?
a) Densit y
b) Fineness
c) Setting Time

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What are the mechanical properties of concrete with the mix

design proportion of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% soda lime glass b y
weight of cement?
a) Compressive Strength
b) Flexural Strength
c) Split Tensile Strength

What will be the optimum mix design proportion among 10%,

20%, 30%, and 40% that will increase the mechanical properties of
concrete compared with the conventional concrete?

Is there a significant relationship between compressive and split

tensile strength on the design mix proportion?

1.4 HYPOTHESIS

There is no significant relationship between compressive and split

tensile strength on the design mix proportion.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study seek to provide awareness in ways of recycling waste
soda

lime

glass

through

research

and

development

of

providing

strategies on conservation techniques in compliance to Republic Act

9003 known as Philippine Ecological Waste Management Act of 2000.

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Also, determining the effects of pulverize waste soda lime glass as
partial replacement of OPC will provide significant effects in the
mechanical properties of design mix proportion specimen such as
compressive, flexural and split tensile strength.
Furthermore, partial replacement of OPC with the milled soda lime
glass benefits the microstructure and stability of cementitious materials.
Finally, this study will provide a waste glass concrete that help in
decreasing disposal problems of waste glass paving for economical
concrete.

1.6 SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS

The researchers limited the study on creating concrete cylindrical
specimen with partial replacement of soda lime glass to OPC. The
amounts of soda lime glass are 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by weight of
cement.
The materials to be used are clear waste soda lime glass. The
stud y did not cover using other t ypes of glass, but ma y serve as a
recommendation for future research.
In chemical properties, onl y the percent of Lime (CaO) and Silica
(SiO 2 ) in the soda lime glass is to be determined. In ph ys ical properties

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of cement with design mix proportion, only the density, fineness, and
setting time are to be determined.
Sixt y concrete c ylindrical specimen samples with different percent
of soda lime glass are to be produce. The dimension of c ylindrical
specimen is 4 inches by 8 inches.
The concrete c ylindrical samples are to be cure for 7 t h , 14 t h ,
21 s t and 28 t h da ys . The cured samples will be tested and analyzed based
on compressive, flexural and split tensile strength.
The testing will be conducted in accordance with all applicable
A merican Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

1.7 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Figure 1.1 shows the process in conducting the stud y that will
start from sourcing of raw materials. Pulverized waste soda lime glass
will be utilized as the main component as partial replacement of cement

INPUT

PROCESS

Pulverize
Soda Lime
Glass,
Cement And
Aggregates
Mix Design
Proportion
(0%, 10%,
20%, 30%
a n d 4 0 %C) I

V I L

PRELIMINARY
TEST(XRF, Density,
Fineness, Setting
Time)
CURING (7th, 14th,
21st, and 28th)

TESTING
(Compressive,
E N G I N E
Flexural, and Split
Tensile Strength

OUTPUT

Optimum
Mix Design

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in the stud y with a mix design proportion of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and
40%. The pulverized waste soda lime glass will undergo preliminar y test
including X-Ra y Fluorescence (XRF) which will anal yze the chemical
composition percentage of the waste glass. The waste glass concrete will
again undergo preliminary tests including density ( ASTM C 184-94 ),
fineness ( ASTM C 184-94 ) and setting time. (ASTM C 191-01). The
waste glass concrete will undergo curing period of 7 t h , 14 t h , 21 s t , and 28 t h
da y and will be tested based on its mechanical properties. Finally, the
optimum mix design will be determine.
Figure 1.1 Conceptual Framework
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 CEMENT
Cement is a major industrial commodity that is manufactured
commerciall y in over 120 countries. Mixed with aggregates and water,
cement forms the ubiquitous concrete which is used in the construction
of buildings, roads, bridges and other structures. In countries, even
where wood is in good supply, concrete also features heavil y in the
construction of residential buildings. In fact twice as much concrete is
used in construction around the world than the total of all other building
materials. Despite rising costs cement has recorded a stead y growth in

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its usage in the construction industry of Sri Lanka. Although there are
several different t ypes of cement, Ordinar y Portland Cement (OPC) is
the mos t widel y used.
Portland cement is made b y heating raw materials rich in oxides of
Silicon, Calcium, Aluminum and Iron to temperatures of around 1,2001,400C and the clinker formed is finally ground to fine particles to
cement. In the function of the cement in concreting, the fine cement
particles are broken down into even s maller particles thus increasing the
reactive surface b y cr ys tallizing out from the supersaturated solution
formed. A series of immensel y strong bonds form between the particles,
making a network in which the aggregates are trapped (Ja yamanna et al.,
2010).
2.1.1 COMPOSITION OF CEMENT
The main chemicals constituents of cement are Tricalcium Siicate
(C3S), Dicalcium Silicate (C2S), Tricalcium Auminate (C4A), and
Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite (C4AF).
Of these compounds, C3S and C3A are mainly responsible for the
strength of the cement. High percentages of C3S (low C2S) results in
high early strength but also heat generation as the concrete sets. The
reverse combination of low C3S and high C2S develops strengths more
slowly and generates less heat.C3A causes undesirable heat and rapid

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reacting properties which can be prevented by adding G ypsum (CaSO4)
to the final product.C3A can be converted to the more desirable C4AF by
the addition of Fe2O3 before heating, but this also inhibits the formation
of C3S.C4AF makes the cement more resistant to seawater and results in
a somewhat slower reaction which evolves less heat. For this reason
considerable efforts should be made during the manufacturing process to
ensure the correct chemical compounds in the correct ratios are present
in the raw materials before introduction of the material to the kiln.

2.2 CONCRETE
In the world construction, one material used above all is concrete.
Concrete is far more produced all over the world than an y other man
made material. It is incredibly versatile, and is used in almost all major
construction projects (Vaso ya, 2015). Concrete is mos t widel y used man
made construction material and its demand is increasing day b y da y.
Concrete is one of the oldest and universal construction materials, and is
suitable for the production of wide range of products and constructions
both, at construction sites and factories (Finoenok et al., 2013)
Concrete is in general, cement-based concrete, which meets
special performance requirement with regard to workabilit y, strength and

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durabilit y, that cannot always be obtained with techniques and materials
adopted for producing conventional cement concrete. Fine aggregate is
important construction material, which is widely used, in construction
works (Madhavi et al., 2013).
Concrete is a structural material that contains some simple
elements but when mixed with water would form a rock like material.
Concrete mix is comprised of coarse aggregates usuall y gravel, fine
aggregates usually sand, cement, water, and an y necessary additives.
Concrete possesses man y favorable properties as a structural material,
among which are its high compressive strength and its property as a fireresistant element to a considerable extent. The unfavorable properties
include a relativel y weak tensile strength as compared to its compressive
strength and the abilit y to form cracks in unpredictable areas. With steel
bars as internal reinforcement, the cracks can be controlled to some
degree. Unlike other building materials such as steel and plastic,
concrete is not a uniform material due to the fact that it contains a ratio
of gravel and sand, thus failure mode or location of the failure is
unpredictable (Siam, 2011).
Vaso ya (2015) states that it is clear that various wastes are
suitable in the construction industry especiall y in concrete making.
Industrial and agricultural waste materials such as fl y ash, blast furnace
slag, quarry dust, tile waste, broken glass waste, waste aggregate from

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demolition of structures, ceramic tiles, E-waste, waste paper mill pulp,

iron filling, waste coconut shell, rice husk ash, marble dust powder,
h ypo sludge, machine crushed animal bones, chicken feather, eggs shell,
granite quarry sludge, palm oil fuel ash, copper dust, human hair etc. are
used in varying proportion as a partial replacement of concrete
ingredients.
According to Malik M. et al., (2013) the use of waste glass in
concrete can prove to be economical as it is non useful waste and free of
cost. Also, the workabilit y of concrete mix increases with increase in
waste glass content and the splitting tensile strength decreases with
increase in waste glass content. The use of waste glass in concrete will
eradicate

the

disposal

problem

of

waste

glass

and

prove

to

be

environment friendl y thus paving wa y for greener concrete. The use of

waste glass in concrete will preserve natural resources particularly river
sand and thus make concrete construction industry sustainable.
2.3 GLASS
Glass has been used as an engineering material since ancient
times. It is an amorphous solid that has been found in various forms for
thousands of years and has been manufactured for human use since 12,
000 B.C.

But because of the rapid progress made in glass industr y in

recent times the glass has come out as the mos t versatile engineering
material of the modern times.

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Glass has the properties which have made it popular and useful
such as it absorbs, refracts or trans mits light, it has no sharp melting
point, it is affected by alkalis, it has no definite cr ys talline structure, it
is extensively brittle, it is not usuall y affected b y air and water, it is
available in beautiful colors, and it is possible to weld glass pieces by
fusion (Altaf et al., 2013).
Glass is widely used in our lives through manufactured products
such as sheet glassware, glass, bottles, and vacuum tubing. It is a unique
inert material that could be rec ycled man y times without changing its
chemical properties. The amount of waste glass is graduall y increased
over the recent years due to an ever growing use of glass products
(Madhavi et al., 2013).
Glass is silicate material, containing different oxides, the main
component is silicate oxide SiO in amorphous state. Several types of
glass, such as soda-lime silicate, alkali silicate, bore-silicate glass are
producing in the world. (Shakhmenko et al., 2015). According to Mishra
(2014), the mos t common t ype of glass is formed b y melting a mixture
of silica (SiO2), soda ash (Na), and lime (CaCO) at high temperatures,
followed

by

cooling

during

which

solidification

occurs

cr ys tallization.
2.3.1 CLASSIFICATION OF GLASS

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The glass is a mixture of a number of metallic silicates, one of

which is usually that of an alkali metal. It is an amorphous, transparent
or translucent. It ma y also be considered as a solidified super cooled
solution of various metallic silicates having infinite viscosit y. For the
purpose of classification the glass ma y be grouped into the following
three categories: 1) Soda lime glass, 2) Potash lime glass and 3) Potash
lead glass
One more categor y of glass ma y be formed and it ma y be called
the common glass (Altaf, et al., 2013).

2.3.2 TYPES OF GLASS

The

main

types

of

glass,

according

to

ph ys io-chemical

composition, are: 1) Soda lime glass, 2) Lead cr ys tal and cr ys tal glass,
3) Borosilicate than glass and 4) Electric glass, also called E glass.
2.3.3 SODA LIME GLASS
Pure

silica,

SiO 2

has

glass

melting

point

of

over

2300 o C.Addition of sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 lowers the melting point

to 1500 o C and results in production of soda-lime glass, which is the

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most common of the manufactured glasses. Typical composition of sodalime glass is as follows: 74% SiO2, 13% Na 2 O, 10.5% CaO, 1.3% Al,
0.3%K 2 O, 0.2%SO 3 , 0.2% MgO, 0.01% TiO 2 , and 0.04% Fe 2 O 3 (Samarin,
2010).
Soda-lime

glass

is

commonl y known for three major glass

applications such as container glass (packaging bottles, jars), flat glass

(windows of buildings, automotive) and domestic glass (drinkware,
dishes).
Soda-lime glass, mainl y a mixture of sodium silicate and calcium
silicate possess the following properties: 1) It is available in clean and
clear state, 2) It is cheap, 3) It is easily fusible at comparativel y low
temperature, and 4) It is possible to blow or to weld articles made from
this glass with the help of simple sources of heat. (Altaf et al., 2013)
According

to

Samarin

(2010),

soda-lime

glass,

if

properly

separated from other waste, washed and crushed has the potential of
being used as an aggregate in concrete. The main obstacle to utilization
of glass in concrete made with h ydraulic cements is the tendenc y of this
amorphous silica material to expand in presence of alkalis, thus creating
internal stresses which can, and usually do result in cracking and
spalling.
2.4 WASTE GLASS

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Solid wastes are substances and masses resulted b y the various

human activities that have to be dumped. Solid waste materials usually
include

industrial

waste,

medical

waste,

and

domestic

waste.

In

particular, construction waste is the output result of construction and

destruction, rehabilitation, repair, removal of existing structures, and
installations. This waste is composed of sand, stone, gravel, tiles,
ceramic, marble, glass, aluminum, wood, plastic, paper, paints, plumbing
pipes, electric parts and asbestos, and other materials (Siam, 2011).
Waste management has become a significant issue in toda ys
growing societ y. Population levels around the globe are increasing
rapidly, resulting in unprecedented levels of waste material. New and
innovative methods of rec ycling need to be established in order to
ensure that we do not run out of room for storage. Glass, being nonbiodegradable, is one such material that is not suitable for addition to
landfill. Fortunatel y, glass can be rec ycled indefinitely without an y loss
in qualit y, but first needs to be sorted by color. This is an expensive
process, and subsequentl y waste glass is increasingly being used in
applications where mixed color is not an issue, such as an aggregate in
civil construction (Adawa y & Wang, 2015).
Glass is produced in many forms, including packaging or container
glass, flat glass, bulb glass, and cathode ray tube glass. All of each type
of glass have a limited life in the form in which the y are produced and

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need to be reused in order to avoid environmental problems (Mahmoud

et al., 2011). The waste glass constitutes a problem for solid waste
disposal in several municipalities. The current practice is still to landfill
most of the non-recyclable glass. Since glass is non-biodegradable
material, these landfills do not constitute an environmental solution.
For this reason, there is a strong need to valorize this waste glass. The
use of the waste glass in the construction industry is among the most
attractive option because it can consume a significant quantit y of these
materials, it does not ask for very high conditions of qualit y and are
used in several widespread building sites of construction (Khmiri, et al.,
2012).
According to Gautham et al. (2012), the use of rec ycled glass
saves lot of energy and the increasing awareness of glass recycling
speeds up focus on the use of waste glass with different forms in various
fields. One of its significant contributions is the construction field
where

the

waste

glass

was

reused

for

concrete

production.

The

application of glass in architectural concrete still needs improvement.

Several stud y have shown that waste glass that is crushed and screened
is a strong, safe and economical alternative to

sand used in concrete.

Using waste glass in the concrete construction sector is advantageous, as

the production cost of concrete will go down. The amount of waste glass

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is graduall y increased over the years due to an ever-growing use of glass
products.
The use of rec ycled waste glass in Portland cement has attracted a
lot of interest worldwide to the increased disposal costs and concerns.
Glass used for containers, jars and bottles is soda lime silica counts for
80% of the rec ycled glass. The glass being mainly silica-based material
in amorphous form can be used in cement-based applications. Due to its
silica content, ground glass is considered a pozzolanic materials as such
can exhibit properties similar to other pozzolanic materials such as fl y
ash, metakaolin, slag, and wheat husk ash (Khatib et al., 2012).
Degirmenci et al., (2011) state that a major concern for using
waste glass in concrete is the alkali-silica reaction (ASR) that takes
place between the alkalis in cement and the reactive silica in glass. The
glass color also has an effect on Alkali silica reaction expansion. For
instance clear soda-lime glass was found to be mos t reactive followed by
brown glass. It was also indicated that green glass was more usable than
brown because its expansion was less than that of brown glass.
Depending on the size of glass particle, green glass of fine particles can
reduce expansion. This ma y be due to the chromium oxide which is
added to the glass to create its green color.
A particle size of 75mm or less is reported to be favorable for
pozzolanic activity. The high alkali content of glass is a t ypical concern

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for its use in concrete, but studies have shown that finely ground glass
does not contribute to alkali-silica reaction (Khmiri et al., 2012).
Roz-Ud-Din & Parviz (2012) state that when glass is used in ne
particle size (13um) as partial replacement for cement in concrete, it is
estimated to undergo pozzolanic reaction that results in improved
microstructure of rec ycled aggregate concrete through improvement in
the qualit y of remnant mortar/paste attached to the surface of rec ycled
aggregate that subsequently forms interface between rec ycled aggregate
and new mortar in recycled aggregate concrete.
Waste reprocessing problems are very important in the world and
are being resolved intensivel y, because more and more new buildings are
built and old, unused constructions are demolished. In respect to the
ecological safet y and in order to save natural resources, concrete waste
can be utilized for the production of high qualit y products b y returning
this waste to the production technological cycle. (Finoenok et al.,
2011)

2.5 ALKALI-SILICA REACTION (ASR)

Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) is a reaction in concrete between
amorphous silica (such as soda-lime glass) and an alkali, the main

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source of which is usually Portland cement. This reaction results in
formation of a gel, the volume of which, in presence of moisture,
increases over a period in time. If gel is present in relativel y large local
concentrations and if it is restrained b y the adjacent matrix and/or
aggregate, significant internal pressures can be developed in concrete.
As concrete is relativel y weak in tension these pressures usually lead to
concrete failure in a form of cracking and spalling. The factors affecting
formation and expansion of gel, as a result of alkali-silica reactions,
were investigated in the earl y 1950-s at the Commonwealth Scientific
and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) in Melbourne, State of
Victoria, Australia (Samarin, 2010). However, data reported in the
literature show that if the waste glass is finel y ground, under 75 m this
effect does not occur and mortar durabilit y is increased (Mageswari.L.M
& B.Vidivelli, 2010). Very finely ground glass has been shown to be
excellent filler and ma y have sufficient pozzolonic properties to serve as
partial cement replacement, the effect of ASR appear to be reduced with
finer glass particles, with replacement level ( Vijayakumar et al., 2013).

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
Utilization of Pulverized Waste Soda Lime Glass as Partial
Replacement of Ordinar y Portland Cement In Concrete

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Sourcing of Raw Materials

Waste Soda Lime
Glass

Cement

Aggregates (Sand
and Gravel)

Pulverizing
Sieving

Production of Concrete C ylindrical Specimen

(Design Mix Proportion 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and
40%)
Curing
(7 t h , 14 t h , 21 s t , and 28 t h Da ys)
Mechanical Property
Flexural

Compressive

Split Tensile

Data and Result

Conclusion and Recommendation

Figure 3.1 Research Design

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

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The study is a quantitative experimental research having a

controlled group and different design mix proportion. The focus of the
study is to determine the Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength, and
Split Tensile Strength of concrete cylindrical specimens with the design
mix proportion of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. Figure 3.1 represents the
general outline of the research.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

DAY 7

DAY 14

DAY 21

DAY 28

12

12

12

12

12

SODA LIME GLASS CEMENT

RATIO

TOTAL SPECIMEN PER

PERCENT
TOTAL

60

Table 3.1: Amount of specimens for com pressive, flexural and split
tensile tests

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Table 3.1 presents the total number of specimen to be produce.

Sixty (60) cylinder sample specimens which has a dimension of 4
(diameter) by 8 (height). Also, the amount of specimen to be tested for
compressive, flexural and split tensile strength.
3.2 SOURCING OF EQUIPMENT
Test To Be
Conducted

Energy
Dispersive XRay
Fluorescence
Standard Test
Methods for
Fineness of
Hydraulic
Cement Using
No. 200 and
No. 100 Sieve
Standard Test

Test
Standards

-----

Laboratory to
be Used

X-Ray

Cemex Research
Lab

Fluorescence

Civil
Engineering
ASTM C 184-94

Sieve Apparatus

Laboratory,
Adamson
University
Civil

Methods for
Density of

Equipment/
Apparatus to
be Used

ASTM C 188-09

Hydraulic

Le Chatelier
Flask

Cem ent
Standard Test

Engineering
Laboratory,
Adamson
University
Civil

Methods for
Tim e of Setting

ASTM C 191

of Hydraulic

01

Cem ent by

Engineering
Vicat Apparatus

Laboratory,
Adamson
University

Vicat Needle

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Standard
Method of Test
for

Civil

Com pressive

Engineering

Strength of

ASTM C 39-04a

UTM

Laboratory,

Cylindrical

Adamson

Concrete

University

Specim ens
Standard Test
Method for
Flexu ral
Strength of
Concrete

Civil
Engineering

ASTM
C293/C293M

UTM

Laboratory,
Adamson

(center-point

University

loading)
Standard Test
Method for

Civil

Splitting
Tensile

ASTM C 496/C

Strength of

496M 04

Engineering
UTM

Laboratory,
Adamson

Cylindrical

University

Concrete
Specim ens
Table 3.2 List of Tests and Laboratories

Table 3.2 shows the list of tests and laboratories to be conducted.

First column presents the test to be conducted. Second column presents
the test standards to be followed. Third column presents the equipment/
apparatus to be used. Fourth column presents the laboratory to be used.

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3.3 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

3.3.1 CEMENT the researchers will utilize a Type 1 Ordinary
Portland Cement (OPC) because in general it is the most common
type of cement.
3.3.2 CYLINDRICAL MOLDER a 4 in diameter by 8 in
height concrete cylindrical specimen will be use. The researchers
will improvise a mold using a 4 diameter drainage pipe
3.3.3 GRAVEL the researchers will utilize course aggregates
passing through Sieve No. 4
3.3.4 LABORATORY MILL the researchers will use laboratory
mill

to

pulverize

the

waste

soda

lime

glass

at

Chemical

Engineering Laboratory, Adamson University.

3.3.5 LE CHATELIER FLASK the standard flask, which is
circular in cross section, it is used to determine the density of
hydraulic cement (ASTM C188 09)

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3.3.5 SAND the researchers will use sands that pass through
sieve no. 30 as stated in ASTM C779 Standard Specification for
Standard Sand.
3.3.6 SIEVE APPRATUS the researchers will use a manually
operated sieve at Adamson University.
3.3.7 UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE (UTM) machine use
to test the mechanical properties of cylindrical concrete.
3.3.8 WASTE SODA LIME GLASS the researchers will obtain
waste soda lime glass from the Pureza Junkshop in Pureza St., Sta,
Mesa, Manila
3.3.9 WATER the researchers will use faucet or tap water. Water
to be use for all test mixes will be clear water and free from
impurities, in accordance with NSCP 5.4.3.1.
3.3.10 VICAT APPARATUS the researchers will utilize Vicat
Apparatus for determining the initial and final setting time of the
samples.
3.4 PREPARATION OF RAW MATERIALS

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3.4.1 GATHERING OF RAW MATERIALS : the researchers will
obtain clear waste soda lime glass from the area of Pureza St., Sta.
Mesa, Manila.
3.4.2 PREPARATION OF WASTE SODA LIME GLASS : the
waste soda lime glass will be crash into smaller particles.
3.4.3 PULVERIZING OF WASTE SODA LIME GLASS : the
crash waste soda lime glass will be pulverize using 0.5 mm
screened Laboratory Mill.
3.4.4 SEIVING OF WASTE SODA LIME GLASS : the pulverized
waste soda lime glass will be sieve using sieve No. 200 or particle
size of 75m
3.4.5 STORAGE : the pulverized waste soda lime glass that passes
through sieve No. 200 will be stored in a zip lock.
3.5 PRODUCTION OF CYLINDRICAL CONCRETE SPECIMEN
3.5.1 MIXING OF THE MATERIALS : the pulverized waste soda
lime glass, cement, sand, gravel and water will be mix together
using class A (1:2:4) mix proportion with water cement ratio of
0.45.

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3.5.2 PLACING THE CONCRETE INTO THE MOLD : place the

concrete into the mold using scoop or shovel. It must be uniformly
distributed each layer and it must be compacted properly.
3.5.3 REMOVING OF THE SPECIMEN IN THE MOLD : after 2
days remove the specimen from the mold
3.5.4 CURING: the specimen will be cure at a temperature of
23 22 C using water storage tanks for 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days

3.6 TESTING OF THE SPECIMEN

The specimens will be subjected to the following tests based on
ASTM standard.
3.6.1 CHEMICAL PROPERTY
3.6.1.1

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WASTE SODA LIME

GLASS BY DISPERSI VE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE

The

analysis

of

major

and

trace

elements

in geological

materials b y XRF is made possible by the behavior of atoms when

the y interact with X-radiation. An XRF spectrometer works because if

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a sample is illuminated by an intense X-ray beam, known as the
incident beam, some of the energy is scattered, but some is also
absorbed within the sample in a manner that depends on its chemistr y.
X-Ray fluorescence is particularl y well-suited for investigations that
involve:

bulk chemical analys es of major elements (Si, Ti, Al, Fe, Mn, Mg,
Ca, Na, K, P) in rock and sediment

bulk chemical analys es of trace elements (>1 ppm; Ba, Ce, Co, Cr,
Cu, Ga, La, Nb, Ni, Rb, Sc, Sr, Rh, U, V, Y, Zr, Zn) in rock and
sediment

PROCEDURE:

SAMPLE COLLECTION AND PREPARATION

Samples are collected that are several times larger than the largest
size grain or particle in the rock. This initial sample then suffers a
series of crushing steps to reduce it to an average grain size of a
few millimeters to a centimeter, when it can be reduced by
splitting to a s mall representative sample of a few tens to
hundreds of grams. This small sample split is then ground into a

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fine powder by any of a variety of techniques to create the XRF

sample.

DATA COLLECTION AND RESULTS

X-Ray

spectrum,

Data

table,

Detection

limits,

Precision,

Accurac y, Database and, Plotting, Evaluation of Data Quality

(fl yers, trends, discriminant fields), and Geochemical Plots.
3.6.2 PHYSICAL PROPERTY
3.6.2.1 FINENESS
The basis for the setting time is from ASTM C 184-94
Standard Test Methods for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement Using
No. 200 and No. 100 Sieve.
1. Place a 50g sample of cement on the clean, dr y 150-um (No.
100) or 75-um (No. 200) sieve with the pan attached. While
holding the sieve and uncovered pan in both hands, sieve
with gentle wrist motion until the most of the fine material
has passed through and the residue looks fairly clean. This
operation usually requires only three of four minutes.
2. When the residue appears clean place the cover on the sieve
and remove the pan. Then, with the sieve and cover held
firml y in one hand, gentle tap the side of the sieve with the

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handle of the brush used for cleaning the sieve. Dust

adhering to the sieve will thus be dislodged and the
underside of the sieve ma y then be swept clean. Empty the
pan and thoroughl y wipe it out with a cloth, replace the
sieve in the p an, carefull y remove the cover.
3. Continue the sieving without the cover for 10 -15 minutes,
depending on the condition of the cement. Continuously
rotate the sieve throughout the sieving. This open sieving
ma y usually be continued safely for 9 minutes or more, but
take care that it is not continued too long. Then replace the
cover and clean, following the same process described in 2.
If the cement is in proper condition, there should now be no
appreciable dust remaining in the residue nor adhering to
the sieve or pan.
4. Continue the sieving operation until more than 0.05g of the
material passes through in one minute of continuous sieving.
Then transfer the residue on the sieve to balance pan, taking
care to brush the sieve cloth thoroughl y from both sides to
ensure the removal of all residue from the sieve.
5. Calculate the fineness of the specimen:
F = 100 [(Rs/W) x 100]

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Where:
F = fineness of cement expressed as the percentage the 75m
(No. 200)
Rs = residue from sample retained on the 75m (No. 200)
W = weight of the sample, g.
6. Repeat step 1 5 using:
10% Soda-Lime Glass and 90% Cement
20% Soda-Lime Glass and 80% Cement
30% Soda-Lime Glass and 70% Cement
40% Soda-Lime Glass and 60% Cement
3.6.2.2 DENSITY
The basis for the setting time is from ASTM C 184-94
Standard Test Methods for Density of Hydraulic Cem ent.
1. Fill the flask with kerosene to a point on the stem between the 0
to 1-mL marks. Dry the inside of the flask above the level of the
liquid, if necessary, after pouring. Record the first reading after
the flask has been immerse in the water bath.
2. Introduce a quantity of cement, weighed to the nearest
0.05g, (about 65g for Portland cement) in small increments
at the same temperature as the liquid. Take care to avoid
splashing and see that the cement does not adhere to the
inside of the flask above the liquid. After all the cement has
been introduce, place the stopper in the flask and roll the

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flask in an inclined position, or gently whirl it in a
horizontal circle, so as to free entrapped air from the cement
until no further air bubbles rise to the surface of the liquid.
If a proper amount of cement has been added, the level of
the liquid will be in its final position at some point if the
upper series of graduations. Take the final reading after the
flask has been immersed in the water bath.
3. Immerse the flask in a constant- temperature water bath for
sufficient periods of time in order to avoid flask temperature
variation greater than 0.2C between the initial and the final
readings.
4. Calculate the cement density, , as follows:
= (M/V)

(equation 3.2)

= mass of cement, g/displaced volume, cm3

5. Repeat step 1 4 using:
10% Soda-Lime Glass and 90% Cement
20% Soda-Lime Glass and 80% Cement
30% Soda-Lime Glass and 70% Cement
40% Soda-Lime Glass and 60% Cement
3.6.2.3 SETTING TIME

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The basis for the setting time is from ASTM C 191 01
Standard Test Methods for Tim e of Setting of Hydraulic Cement
by Vicat Needle.
1. Mix 650g of cement with the percentage of mixing water
required for normal consistency.
2. Quickly form the cement paste into a ball with the gloved
hands and toss six times from one hand to the other
maintaining the hands about 6 in. apart. Press the ball,
resting in the palm of the hand, into the larger end of the
conical ring held in the other hand, completely filling the
ring with the paste. Remove the excess at the larger end by
single movement of the palm of the hand. Place the ring on
its larger end of the glass plate and slice off the excess
paste at the smaller end at the top if the ring by a single
oblique stroke of a sharp-edged trowel held at a slight angle
with the top of the ring. Smooth the top of the specimen if
necessary, with one or two light touches of the pointed end
of the trowel. During the operation of the cutting and
smoothing, take care not to compress the paste. Immediately

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after molding, place the test specimen in the moist closet or

moist room and allow it to remain in the conical mold,
supported by the glass plate throughout the test period.
3. Allow the time of setting specimen to remain in the moist
cabinet

for

30

minutes

after

molding

without

being

disturbed. Determine the penetration of the 1mm needle at

this time and every 15 minutes thereafter until a penetration
of 25mm or less is obtained.
4. For the penetration test, lower the needle if the rod until it
rests on the surface of the cement paste. Tighten the set
screw and set the indicator at the upper end of the scale, or
take an initial reading. Release the rod quickly by releasing
the set screw and allow the needle to settle for 30 seconds;
then take the reading to determine the penetration. (If the
paste is obviously quite soft on the early reading, the fall of
the rod may be retarded to avoid bending the 1mm needle,
but the rod shall be release only by the set screw when
actual determination for the setting time is made). No
penetration test shall be made closer than 3/8 in. (9.5mm)
from the inside of the mold.

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5. Repeat step 1 4 using:
10% Soda-Lime Glass
20% Soda-Lime Glass
30% Soda-Lime Glass
40% Soda-Lime Glass

37

and
and
and
and

90%
80%
70%
60%

Cement
Cement
Cement
Cement

3.6.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTY

3.6.3.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Standard Method of Test for Com pressive Strength of
Cylindrical Concrete Specimens will be based on ASTM C 3904a
PROCEDURE:

PREPARATION OF CONCRETE SPECIMEN

Upon removal of the concrete specimen from the moist storage,
compressive test will be conducted.

PLACING THE SPECIMEN

The plain (lower) bearing block will be placed with its hardened
face up on the table or platen of the testing machine directly under
the spherically- seated (upper) bearing block. Wipe clean the
bearing faces of the upper- and lower-bearing blocks of the test

specimen and will be placed on the lower bearing block.

ZERO VERIFICATION AND BLOCK SEATING
Prior to testing the specimen, verify that the load indicator will be
set to zero. In cases where the indicator is not properly set to

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zero, the indicator will be adjusted. The spherically- seated block
will be prepared to bear on the specimen. The movable portion

will be rotated gently to obtain uniform seating.

RATE OF LOADING
The load will be applied continuously and without shock.
APPLYING THE COMPRESSIVE LOAD
Apply the compressive load until the load indicator shows that the
load is decreasing steadily and the specimen displays a welldefined fracture pattern. For a testing machine equipped with a
specimen break detector, automatic shut-off of the testing machine
is prohibited until the load has dropped to a value that is less than
95 percent of the peak load. When testing with unbonded caps, a
corner fracture may occur before the ultimate capacity of the
specimen has been attained. Continue compressing the specimen
until the user is certain that the ultimate capacity has been
attained. Record the maximum load carried by the specimen during

the test, and note the type of fracture pattern.

CALCULATION
Calculate the compressive strength of the specimen by dividing
the maximum load carried by the specimen during the test by the
average cross-sectional area and express the result to the nearest
0.1 MPa (10 psi).

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C = P/A

(equation 3.3)

Where:
C = compressive strength, psi [MPa],
P = maximum applied load indicated by the testing machine [N]
A = area, in2. [mm2]
3.6.3.2 FLEXURAL STRENGTH
Standard Test Method for Flexu ral Strength of Concrete
(center-point loading) will be based on ASTM C293/C293M
PROCEDURE:

PREPARATION OF CONCRETE SPECIMEN

Upon removal of the concrete specimen from the moist storage,

flexural test will be conducted.

POSITIONING IN TEST MACHINE
Place the concrete specimen in the support blocks and center the

loading s ystem in relation to the load that will be applied.

RATE OF LOADING
Bring the load-applying block in contact with the surface of the
concrete specimen at the center and appl y the load continuousl y
and without shock.
The load shall be applied at a constant rate to the breaking point.

CALCULATION
The loading rate is computed using the equation:
2 Sb d 2
(equation 3.4)
r=
3L
Where:
r = loading rate, N/min (lb/min)

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S = rate of increase in the maximum stress on the tension face,

MPa/min (psi/min)
b = average width of the specimen as oriented for testing, mm (in.)
d = average depth of the specimen as oriented for testing, mm (in.)
L = span length, mm (in.)
Calculate the modulus of rupture as follows:
R=

3 PL
2
2bd

(equation 3.5)

Where:
R = modulus of rupture, MPa (psi)
P = maximum applied load indicated b y the testing machine, N
(lbf)
L = span length, mm (in.)
b = average width of specimen, at the fracture, mm (in.)
d = average depth of specimen, at the fracture, mm (in.)

3.6.3.3 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of
Cylindrical Concrete Specim ens will be based on ASTM C 496/C
496M 04.
PROCEDURE:

PREPARATION OF CONCRETE SPECIMEN

Upon removal of the concrete specimen from the moist storage,
split tensile test will be conducted.

MARKING OF THE CONCRETE SPECIMEN

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Draw a diametral lines on the opposite longitudinal side of the
specimen using a suitable device to ensure that the specimen will
be in the same axial plane.

MEASUREMENTS
Determine the diameter of the test specimen by averaging three
diameters measured near the ends and the middle of the specimen.
Determine the length of the specimen by averaging the two length
measurements taken in the plane containing the longitudinal lines
marked on the two ends.

POSITIONING USING MARKED DIAMETRAL LINES

Center one of the plywood strips along the center of the lower
bearing block guided by the longitudinal line. Place the specimen
on the plywood strip and align so that the lines marked on the
ends of the specimen are vertical and centered over the plywood
strip. Place a second plywood strip lengthwise on the cylinder,
centered on the lines marked on the ends of the cylinder.

POSITIONING OF BEARING PLATE

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Position the bearing strips at the center top of the specimen so
that the supplementary bearing bar and the center of the specimen
are directly beneath the center of thrust of the spherical bearing
block.

RATE OF LOADING
Apply the load continuously and without shock, at a constant rate
within the range 100 to 200 psi/min [0.7 to 1.4 MPa/min] splitting
tensile stress until failure of the specimen.

CALCULATION
Record the maximum applied load indicated by the testing
machine at failure. Note the type of failure and the appearance of
the concrete. Calculate the splitting tensile strength of the
specimen as follows:
T=2P/ld

(equation 3.6)

Where:
T = splitting tensile strength, psi [MPa],
P = maximum applied load indicated by the testing machine, lbf
[N],
l = length, in. [mm]
d = diameter, in. [mm]

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3.7 METHOD OF ANALYSIS
The design mix proportion of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of
Pulverized Soda-Lime Glass replaced cement mix is to be use in this
study that the effect of minimal amount of replacement must first be
considered before using higher range of percentages. The determination
of percentages to be used is based from other studies, the majority of
most related used percentage ranging from 10% up to 40%. The
significance of using these percentages is the first basis of data analys is
before making another test of using a higher percent. The design mixes
are proportioned by the weight of the cement as termed in ASTM
standards for cement replacement.
3.8 STATISTICAL TREATMENT
The data obtain from the experiment will be s ystematically
tabulated according to its mechanical properties and days of curing.

Percentage
The statistical treatment of data use to determine the
percentage increase/decrease of the mechanical properties with
respect to days of curing will be computed using the Percentage
Formula as shown:

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P = (EV CV) x 100
CV

44
(equation 3.7)

Where:
P = Percentage
CV = Conventional Value
EV = Experimental Value
Pearsons r Mom ent
The statistical treatment of data use to determine the
significant relationship between compressive and split tensile
strength on the mix design proportion will be determine using
Pearsons R Moment .

REFERENCES:

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