Asep Saepuloh, Dr. Eng.

PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA

Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

What is a Digital Elevation Model

(DEM)?
Digital representation of topography model
based on scale of original data
Commonly a cell based data where a cell
has a single elevation which represents the
entire area covered by the cell

PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA

Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

Why use elevation data?

Importance of terrain in hydrology and
environmental modeling
Visualization of landscapes
Geomorphologic
Surface Geology
Structures Geology

PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA

Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

Creation of DEMs
Conversion of paper maps
Scanned, digitized contour lines
USGS produces 10 and 30 meter DEMs

From original photogrammetry (Lidar)

From Space Shuttle topography mission
30 - 90 meter DEM data.

PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA

Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

Santa Barbara, California

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

http://srtm.usgs.gov/srtmimagegallery/index.html
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology

PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA

Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)

Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

San Andreas Fault, California

PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA

Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

http://srtm.usgs.gov/srtmimagegallery/index.html

Salt Lake City, Utah

http://srtm.usgs.gov/srtmimagegallery/index.html

PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA

Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

Mt Kilimanjaro, Tanzania

http://srtm.usgs.gov/srtmimagegallery/index.html
PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA
Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

Shuttle Radar Topography

Mission (SRTM)

1 arc-second elevation data

for the United States, 3 arcsecond data for the globe
Produced by radar
measurements from a Shuttle
mission, Feb 11-22, 2000
http://srtm.usgs.gov/data/obtai
ningdata.html
PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA
Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA

Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

Interferometry used by SRTM

In interferometry, two
images are taken from
different vantage
points of the same
area.
The slight difference in
the two images allows
scientists to determine
the height of the
surface.
PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA
Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

SRTM Coverage 56S to 60N

PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA

Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

30m

Cell Size

PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA

Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

100m

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

Basic storage of data

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DEM as matrix of elevations with a uniform cell size

PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA
Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

Adding geography to data

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Xmax, Ymax

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Cell index
number x
cell size defines
position relative
to Xmin, Ymin
and Xmax,
Ymax and infers
an exact location

Xmin, Ymin XY are in projected units

PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA
Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

Scale in DEMs
Scale determines resolution (cell size)
Depends on source data

Resolution determines use of DEM

what spatial features are visible

PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA

Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

Errors in DEMs
Typos occur frequently in DEMs
Most common variety are sinks and
spires.
Sinks occur when a very low elevation,
relative to surrounding cells, is entered.
Spires occur when a very high elevation,
relative to surrounding cells, is entered
Both appear as tightly packed contours

PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA

Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

A natural sink?
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By default, this sink is removed, whether or not it is real.

PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA
Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

Correcting sinks and spires

Most GIS have a Fill function
which looks for sinks and fills
them or looks for spires and
removes them
PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA
Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

Estimating slopes in a DEM

Slopes are calculated locally using a
neighborhood function, based on a moving
33 window
Distances are different in horizontal and
vertical directions vs diagonal
1.41 1.00 1.41

1.00

0.00 1.00

1.41 1.00 1.41

Only steepest slopes are used

PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA
Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

Slopes
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8/42.47

3/30

2/42.47

5/30

-2/30

-2/42.47

-2/30

-12/42.47

PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA

Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

(elevations)

(difference/distance)

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

Flow direction in a DEM

340

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Flow directions for individual cells

PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA
Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

32

64

128

16

Source
Cell

PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA

Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

Finding watersheds
Begin at a source cell of a flow direction
database, derived from a DEM (not from the
DEM itself
1. Find all cells that flow into the source cell
2. Find all cells that flow into those cells.
3. Repeat

All of these cells comprises the watershed

The watershed is generalized based on the
cell size of the DEM
PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA
Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

Watersheds
Once done manually

Contour lines (brown)

Drainage (blue)
Watershed boundary (red)
PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA
Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

Flow accumulation
1. The number of cells, or area, which
contribute to runoff of a given cell
2. Accumulation, once it reaches a
threshold appropriate to an region,
forms a drainage channel
3. Accumulation is the area of a
watershed that contributes runoff to a
given cell.
PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA
Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

Flow accumulation in a DEM

0

13

24

Flow accumulation for individual cells

Errors may occur at the edges of DEMs.
PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA
Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

Flow accumulation as drainage network

Drainage network as
defined by cells above
threshold value for
region.
PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA
Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

Tugas
Menghitung gradien slop dengan data
DEM (spreed-sheet)
Tentukan/Delineasi daerah akumulasi air
(lembahan)
Tentukan/Delineasi daerah tangkapan
air (punggungan)

PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA

Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

SHADED RELIEF MAP

Applicability for:
1. Geological structure identification
2. Geological hazard assessment

PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA

Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

1. Shaded relief map for active faults identification

PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA

Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

30 km

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

10-meter DEM from contours

PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA

Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

12-ft DEM from LIDAR

PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA

Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

2. Shaded relief map for land

slides identification

From the Newport and

Withamsville quadrangle
by Gibbons (1973):

Landslide types and geology

PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA
Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

Kenton and Campbell Co.

landslides

PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA

Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

Example: LiDAR derived

hillshade DEM with contours

Mapped landslide
PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA
Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

Example: LiDAR derived

hillshade DEM without contours

Mapped landslide
PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA
Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

Example: LiDAR derived

hillshade DEM with contours

Mapped landslide
PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA
Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

Another example of subsequent failure

PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA

Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

Another example of subsequent failure

PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA

Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

Shaded Relief Creation

Cos (incidence angle) =
[Sin(elevation)*Cos(slope)]+
[Cos(elevation)*Sin(slope)*Cos(azimuth - aspect)]

PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA

Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia

TUGAS
1. Gunakan ReliefShader untuk
membuat peta shaded Lidar dengan
arah penyinaran azimuth/altitude sbb:
0/50
90/50
180/50
270/50
2. Identifikasi struktur untuk setiap peta
shading di atas:
Linear (faults/fractures)
Circular (crater/land sliding)
PT. KARVAK NUSA GEOMATIKA
Ruko Jambore Park, Jl. Jambore Raya No.
89A, Cibubur - Jakarta Timur.
Indonesia.
13720.

Center for Remote Sensing (CRS)

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)
Gdg. Labtex IX-C, Lt. 3
Jln. Ganesha, No. 10, Bandung, Indonesia