S.

I = PRT/100
Amt = P ( 1 + Rate/100 )Time i.e. A = P ( 1 + R/100 )n (where Time or n is no. of years)
Note : If you are asked to compute the interest semi-annually ( Half yearly) the above formula is to be
modified, by taking time 2, and (rate/2) , A = P ( 1 + R/200 )n (where n is no. of years)
If the rates are given differently for the consecutive years, then
For example if the rates are 8 % , 12 % and 15 % respectively, then
Amt = P ( 1 + 8/100 ) ( 1 + 12/100 ) ( 1 +15/100 ) (Here, you need not mention time as exponent.)
Depreciation
Certain items value get diminished as time passes, then it is known as depreciation. For example the
value of a car, refrigerator, machinery etc. in that case:
Final Value of machine = Initial value ( 1 Rate/100 )Time
In population growth problems, If present population is given and asking for
i) The population n yrs ago
then take Amount as Present population, and find Principal
ii) The population after
n yrs, then take Principal as Present population, and find Amount
Sales Tax & VAT
Selling price = Marked price + x % of sales tax. OR S.P. = M.P.( 1+ST% / 100 )
Selling price = Marked price x % Discount . OR S.P.= M.P. ( 1- D% / 100 )
Selling price = M.P. ( 1- D% / 100 ). ( 1+ST% / 100 ) ( when sales tax and discount both are given )
Tax % =( Tax / M.P.) x 100
Discount % = ( Discount / MP.) x 100
In step1 : Take manufacturing cost and
Calculate VAT on Manufacturing Cost
In step2 : Take Profit 1,
Calculate VAT on Profit 1 only
In step3 : Take Profit 2, and

Calculate VAT on Profit 2 only

In step4 : Take Profit 3, and
Calculate VAT on Profit 3 only

( + ) Add all to get Total VAT Selling price = Manufacturing cost +Profit 1 +Profit 2 + Profit 3 etc., +
Total VAT
Banking
Savings Bank account
While computing the interest always take time as 1/12, irrespective of the total number of months
given. i.e in PRT / 100, take time as 1/12, instead of total no of months.
If entry of a particular month is not given, then you have to take the last entry of the previous month
(Here at times there is chance of making mistake, choose the value from the question.)
I f you are asked to find the amount that will be obtained on closing the account
Then take last entry(of the month in which account has been closed) + Interest obtained
( But DO NOT take the Total principal )
Recurring Deposits

Shares & Dividends

Dividend = [x % of Face Value] No of shares ( where x is dividend% )
No of shares = Total Investment./Market Value of one share
Income of a person may be taken as the Dividend given by the company,
therefore Income % = Income/investment*100 or Income % = Dividend Received/Total Investment
x100

HCF & LCM of polynomials

In step1 : Factorize the given polynomials,
a) Either by splitting the terms, (OR)

b) Using these formulae

(i) (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 (ii) (a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2 (iii) a2 b2 = (a + b)(a b)
(iv) a4 b4 = (a2 ) 2 (b2 ) 2.= (a2 + b2 ) (a2 b2 ) = (a2 + b2 ) (a b ) (a + b )
(v) (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a +b) (vi) a3 + b3 = (a + b)( a2 + ab + b2)
(vii) (a b)3 = a3 b3 3ab (a b ) (viii) a3 b3 = (a b)( a2 + ab + b2) OR use
Trial & Error method.
In step2 : Take the product of Common terms as their HCF.
In step3 : Take the product of All the terms
Omit, the HCF value which gives you the value of LCM. Product of LCM x HCF = Product of the two
polynomials.
Note :If cubical expression is given, it may be factorized by using Trial & Error method.
Quadratic Equations
Note : To find the value of x you may adopt either splitting the middle term or formula method,
unless specified the method.

x=

b b24 ac
2a

If roots of an equation are given, then :

Quadratic Equation : x (sum of the roots).x + (product of the roots) = 0
If Discriminant > 0, then the roots are Real & unequal or unique, lines are intersecting.
Discriminant = 0, then the roots are Real & equal, lines are coincident.
Discriminant < 0, then the roots are Imaginary (not real), parallel lines
Reflection
After plotting the points, assume that there is a mirror and the point is to be reflected either :
In X-axis ( x-co ordinate remains same but y-co ordinate changes in sign), or
In Y-axis ( y-co ordinate remains same but x-co ordinate changes in sign), or
In origin (0,0) (x-co ordinate & y-co ordinate both changes in sign )

 Invariant point : Any point is invariant with respect to a given line if and only if it lies on the line.
For eg if a point is invariant on x-axis then it must lie on x-axis.
Note: when x = y, is given, then use ruler to measure the vertical distance of the point from the line,
and then take the same distance on the other side to obtain its reflection.
Ratio & Proportion
Duplicate ratio of a : b is a2 : b2 ( Incase of Sub-duplicate ratio you have to take Square root)
Triplicate ratio of a : b is a3 : b3 ( Incase of Sub-triplicate ratio you have to take Cube root)
Proportion a : b = c : d, Continued Proportion a : b = b : c, (Middle value is repeated)
1st 2nd 3rd 4th proportionals 1st 2nd 2nd 3rd proportionals
Product of Means(Middle values) = Product of Extremes(Either end values)

is given, then Componendo & Dividendo is

Note : Where to take K method ? You may adopt it in the following situations.
If a/b = c/d = e/f are given, then you may assume as a/b = c/d = e/f = k
Therefore a = b.k, c = d.k, e = f.k, then substitute the values of a b and c in the given problem.
Incase of continued proportion : a/b = b/c = k hence, a = bk, b = ck therefore putting the value of b we
can get a = ck & b = ck.(putting these values equation can be solved)
Remainder theorem