Seminar Report on Concrete in different weathering Condition

2015-16

ABSTRACT
Concrete is a composite material composed mainly of water, aggregate,
and cement. Often, additives and reinforcements (such as rebar) are included in
the mixture to achieve the desired physical properties of the finished material.
When these ingredients are mixed together, they form a fluid mass that is easily
molded into shape. Over time, the cement forms a hard matrix which binds the
rest of the ingredients together into a durable stone-like material with many
uses.

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Seminar Report on Concrete in different weathering Condition

2015-16

INTRODUCTION
Concrete is a composite material composed mainly of water, aggregate, and
cement. Often, additives and reinforcements (such as rebar) are included in the
mixture to achieve the desired physical properties of the finished material.
When these ingredients are mixed together, they form a fluid mass that is easily
molded into shape. Over time, the cement forms a hard matrix which binds the
rest of the ingredients together into a durable stone-like material with many
uses.[2]
Famous concrete structures include the Hoover Dam, the Panama Canal and the
Roman Pantheon. The earliest large-scale users of concrete technology were the
ancient Romans, and concrete was widely used in the Roman Empire. The
Colosseum in Rome was built largely of concrete, and the concrete dome of the
Pantheon is the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome.[3]
After the Roman Empire collapsed, use of concrete became rare until the
technology was re-pioneered in the mid-18th century. Today, concrete is the
most widely used man-made material (measured by tonnage).

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Seminar Report on Concrete in different weathering Condition

2015-16

COLD WEATHER CONCRETE

Concrete placed during cold weather will develop sufficient strength and
durability to satisfy intended service requirements only if it is properly
produced, placed and protected.
ACI 306 Cold Weather Concreting defines cold weather concreting as a
period when for more than three (3) consecutive days, the following conditions
exist:
The average daily air temperature is less than 5C (40F) and,
The air temperature is not greater than 10C (50F) for more than onehalf of any 24 hour period.
Even though not defined as cold weather, protection during Spring and Fall is
required during the first 24 hours to avoid freezing.
What Happens When Concrete Freezes?
Pore water in concrete starts to freeze around -1C (30F)
As some water freezes the ion concentration in the unfrozen water goes up,
further
depressing the freezing point.

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At around -3 to -4C (25 to 27F), enough of the pore water will freeze so that
hydration will completely stop, and depending on the extent of hydration, and
thus the strength of the
concrete, the forces generated by the expansion of ice (ice occupies ~9% more
volume than water) may be detrimental to the long term integrity of the
concrete.
Objectives of Cold Weather Concreting
The objectives of cold weather concreting are to:
Prevent damage to concrete due to freezing at early ages
Assure that concrete develops the required strength for the safe removal of
forms
Maintain curing conditions that foster normal strength development without
using
excessive heat
Limit rapid temperature changes in the concrete to prevent thermal cracking
Provide protection consistent with the intended serviceability of the structure
For every 10C (18F) reduction in concrete temperature, the times of setting of
the concrete double, thus increasing the amount of time that the concrete is
vulnerable to damage due to freezing. It should be noted that warm concrete
placed on cold sub-grade will lose heat and its temperature will drop. It is
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important to understand that having the concrete reach the specified 28-day
strength is irrelevant if the structure is damaged by inadequate curing and
protection. Concrete that is protected from freezing until it has attained a
compressive strength of at least 3.45 Mpa (500 psi) will not be damaged by
exposure to a single freezing cycle. Concrete that is protected and properly
cured will mature to its potential strength despite subsequent exposure to cold
weather.
Except in heated, protective enclosures, little or no external supply of moisture
is required for curing during cold weather.
Recommended Practices and Basic Principles
Planning
Prior to the pour, clearly define the cold weather concreting methods that will
be used. A pre-placement meeting with the contractor, specifier, producer,
laboratory and other interested parties is highly recommended.
Curing and Protection
Where a specified concrete strength must be attained in a few days or weeks,
protection at temperatures above 10C (50F) is required.
Temperature Records

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Temperature of the concrete determines the effectiveness of protection,

regardless of air temperature. Maintaining temperature records of concrete in
place is essential.
Heated Enclosures
Must be strong enough to be windproof and weatherproof. Combustion heaters
must be vented to the outside to prevent carbonation.
Exposure to Freezing and Thawing
Concrete should be properly air entrained if it will be saturated and exposed to
freezing and thawing cycles during construction.

Slump
All else being equal, lower slump and/or lower water/cement ratio mixes are
particularlydesirable in cold weather for flatwork. This reduces bleeding and
decreases setting time.
Truck Travel Time
The distance from the plant to the point of placement can have a severe effect
on the
temperature of concrete.
Hot Water

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While hot water improves setting time of cold weather concrete, after the first
few batches of concrete hot water heaters may not be able to maintain hot water
temperature. Later in the pour, concrete may be cooler than at the beginning of
the pour.
Temperatures for Placement and Protection in Concrete Weather
ACI 306 provides recommended temperatures for placement and protection of
concrete.

Additional Accelerator Toward the End of the Pour

Adding more accelerating admixture at the end of the pour will offset the effects
of cooler mixing water and provide a more consistent set. Another reason to add

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more accelerating admixture as the pour progresses is to speed up the setting of

the latter mixes and have all the concrete in the pour reach set at about the same
time in order to facilitate the finishing operation.
Acceleration of Concrete Hydration in Cold Weather
The reduction of setting time and the acceleration of strength gain often result in
substantial savings due to shorter protection periods, faster form reuse, earlier
removal of shores, and less labor in finishing flatwork.
Setting time is more important in flatwork finishing
Early strength gain is more important for early form removal
Acceleration may be encouraged by using:
Type III Portland cement
20% additional Type I or II cement to provide Type III response
Set-accelerating admixtures such as PolarSet, DCI, Daraccel, Gilco or
Lubricon NCA Calcium chloride is the most cost effective accelerator
available, but it causes corrosion of embedded metals in the presence of oxygen
and moisture. This is why limits exist on the use of chlorides in concrete (see
Grace technical bulletin TB-0105).
It is important to verify that non-chloride accelerating admixtures are also
noncorrosive. Some accelerating admixtures which are labeled as non-chloride
may still contain materials which cause the products to be corrosive to
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embedded metals. Non-chloride, noncorrosive accelerators are more expensive

up-front, but when life-cycle costs and regulations limiting chlorides are
considered, they are the most cost effective products. Accelerators have been
introduced successfully into concrete both before and after the addition of
cement to the mix, but it may be best policy to add the accelerator to the mix
after the cement has been wetted. On rare occasions, when accelerators are
added to the mix prior to the batching of under-sulfated cements, there may
be adverse reactions with the tricalcium aluminate (C3A) in the cement which
may result in retardation. Therefore, we recommend that if the accelerator is to
be added up-front, before the cement, it should be tested with the intended
cement at the intended use temperature, prior to placement. Different mixes and
materials will exhibit different setting times. It should not be assumed that two
different Portland cements will set at similar rates. If pozzolans are to be used in
the
concrete, they should also be included in trial mixes prior to placement. If used
correctly, products such as PolarSet can be used to add 2C to 6C (5F to 10F)
to
the temperature range within which concrete can be used (possibly more). At
high enough dosages, concrete can be brought down to temperatures of -7C
(20F) (depending on materials and mix design) without hydration stopping and
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without any degradation of long-term strength. In addition, in more massive

structures, the heat of hydration can help protect the structure from freezing.
HOT WEATHER CONCRETE
Things to Consider about Hot Weather Concreting
When

the

temperature

of

freshly

mixed

concrete

approaches

approximately 77 degrees Fahrenheit adverse site conditions can impact the

quality of concrete. Ambient temperatures above 90 degrees Fahrenheit and the
lack of a protected environment for concrete placement and finishing (enclosed
building) can contribute to difficulty in producing quality concrete.

The use of liquid nitrogen is one option to reduce concretes temperature during
hot-weather concreting.
The precautions required to ensure a quality end product will vary depending on
the actual conditions during concrete placement and the specific application for
which the concrete will be used. In general, if the temperature at the time of
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concrete placement will exceed 77 degrees Fahrenheit a plan should be

developed to negate the effects of high temperatures.
The precautions may include some or all of the following:
1. Moisten subgrade, steel reinforcement, and form work prior to concrete
placement.
2. Erect temporary wind breaks to limit wind velocities and sunshades to
reduce concrete surface temperatures.
3. Cool aggregates and mixing water added to the concrete mixture to
reduce its initial temperature. The effect of hot cement on concrete
temperature is only minimal.
4. Use a concrete consistency that allows rapid placement and
consolidation.
5. Protect the concrete surface during placement with plastic sheeting or
evaporation retarders to maintain the initial moisture in the concrete
mixture.

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6. Provide sufficient labor to minimize the time required to place and finish
the concrete, as hot weather conditions substantially shorted the times to
initial and final set.
7. Consider fogging the area above the concrete placement to raise the
relative humidity and satisfy moisture demand of the ambient air.
8. Provide appropriate curing methods as soon as possible after the concrete
finishing processes have been completed.
9. In extreme conditions consider adjusting the time of concrete placement
to take advantage of cooler temperatures, such as early morning or night
time placement.
With proper planning and execution concrete can be successfully placed and
finished to produce high quality durable concrete at temperatures of 95 degrees
Fahrenheit or more.
Setting Time

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The effect of high ambient temperatures and high temperature concrete

component materials have on the setting time of concrete mixtures is a topic of
concern due to the reduced time in which concrete must be placed, consolidated
and finished; increased potential for plastic shrinkage cracking, thermal
cracking and cold joints; potential strength reduction due to high water demand
and high curing temperatures; difficulty in controlling air content; and increased
urgency for applying appropriate curing method at an early age.
As a general rule of thumb an increase of 20 degrees Fahrenheit will reduce the
setting time of a concrete mixture by as much as 50 percent. As an example, a
concrete mixture that reaches final set in three hours at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
may reach final set in as little 1 hours at 80 degrees Fahrenheit. As the
concrete temperature increases the setting time is further reduced. The actual
temperature of the concrete mixture as delivered is effected by the temperature

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of the materials used in the mixture, the cementitious content of the mixture, the
temperature of the equipment used to batch and transport the concrete, and the
ambient temperature and conditions at the project site. Concrete applications
may be considered hot weather concrete at temperatures ranging from 77 to 95
degrees Fahrenheit depending on the specific application. Precautions should be
planned in advance to counter the effects of high temperature well in advance of
execution

to

counter

these

effects.

Precautions may include use of materials with a good performance history in

high temperature conditions, cool concrete materials or concrete mixture,
provide concrete consistency and placement equipment and crew for rapid
placement, reduce time of transport, schedule placement to limit exposure to
atmospheric conditions (night time placement or more favorable weather), plan
to limit rapid moisture loss (sun screens, wind screens, misting, or fogging), and
consider the use of an evaporation retarder. Schedule a preconstruction meeting
including all of the participants to discuss the plan to control the effects specific
to the project and expected conditions.

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DURABILITY OF CONCRETE
Concrete durability has been defined by the American Concrete Institute as its
resistance to weathering action, chemical attack, abrasion and other degradation
processes.
Durability is the ability to last a long time without significant deterioration. A
durable material helps the environment by conserving resources and reducing
wastes and the environmental impacts of repair and replacement. Construction
and demolition waste contribute to solid waste going to landfills. The
production of new building materials depletes natural resources and can
produce air and water pollution The design service life of most buildings is
often 30 years, although buildings often last 50 to 100 years or longer. Most
concrete and masonry buildings are demolished due to obsolescence rather than
deterioration. A concrete shell can be left in place if a building use or function
changes or when a building interior is renovated. Concrete, as a structural
material and as the building exterior skin, has the ability to withstand natures
normal deteriorating mechanisms as well as natural disasters.

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Durability of concrete may be defined as the ability of concrete to resist

weathering action, chemical attack, and abrasion while maintaining its desired
engineering properties. Different concretes require different degrees of
durability depending on the exposure environment and properties desired. For
example, concrete exposed to tidal seawater will have different requirements
than an indoor concrete floor. Concrete ingredients, their proportioning,
interactions between them, placing and curing practices, and the service
environment determine the ultimate durability and life of concrete.
Seawater Exposure: Concrete has been used in seawater exposures for decades
with excellent performance. However, special care in mix design and material
selection is necessary for these severe environments. A structure exposed to
seawater or seawater spray is most vulnerable in the tidal or splash zone where
there are repeated cycles of wetting and drying and/or freezing and thawing.
Sulfates and chlorides in seawater require the use of low permeability concrete
to minimize steel corrosion and sulfate attack. A cement resistant to sulfate
exposure is helpful. Proper concrete cover over reinforcing steel must be
provided, and the water-cementitious ratio should not exceed 0.40.
Chloride Resistance and Steel Corrosion: Chloride present in plain concrete that
does not contain steel is generally not a durability concern. Concrete protects
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embedded steel from corrosion through its highly alkaline nature. The high pH
environment in concrete (usually greater than 12.5) causes a passive and
noncorroding protective oxide film to form on steel. However, the presence of
chloride ions from deicers or seawater can destroy or penetrate the film. Once
the chloride corrosion threshold is reached, an electric cell is formed along the
steel or between steel bars and the electrochemical process of carrions begins.
The resistance of concrete to chloride is good; however, for severe
environments such as bridge decks, it can be increase by using a low watercementitious ratio (about 0.40), at least seven days of moist curing, and
supplementary cementitious materials such as silica fume, to reduce
permeability. Increasing the concrete cover over the steel also helps slow down
the migration of chlorides. Other methods of reducing steel corrosion include
the use of corrosion inhibiting admixtures, epoxy-coated reinforcing steel,
surface treatments, concrete overlays, and cathodic protection.
Resistance to Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR): ASR is an expansive reaction
between reactive forms of silica in aggregates and potassium and sodium
alkalis, mostly from cement, but also from aggregates, pozzolans, admixtures,
and mixing water. The reactivity is potentially harmful only when it produces
significant expansion. Indications of the presence of alkali-aggregate reactivity
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may be a network of cracks, closed or spalling joints, or movement of portions

of a structure. ASR can be controlled through proper aggregate selection and/or
the use of supplementary cementitious materials (such as fly ash or slag cement)
or blended cements proven by testing to control the reaction.
Abrasion Resistance: Concrete is resistant to the abrasive affects of ordinary
weather. Examples of severe abrasion and erosion are particles in rapidly
moving water, floating ice, or areas where steel studs are allowed on tires.
Abrasion resistance is directly related to the strength of the concrete. For areas
with severe abrasion, studies show that concrete with compressive strengths of
12,000 to 19,000 psi work well.
Concrete crack?
Concrete, like most materials, will shrink slightly when it dries out. Common
shrinkage is about 1/16th of an inch in a 10-foot length of concrete. The reason
contractors place joints in concrete pavements and floors is to allow the
concrete to crack in a neat, straight line at the joint, where concrete cracks due
to shrinkage are expected to occur. Control or construction joints are also placed
in concrete walls and other structures.
Concrete surfaces spall
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Concrete spalling (or flaking) can be prevented. It occurs due to one or more of
the following reasons.
1.) In cold climates subjected to freezing and thawing, concrete surfaces have
the potential to spall if the concrete is not air-entrained.
2.)Too much water in the concrete mix will produce a weaker, more permeable
and less durable concrete. The water-cementitious ratio should be as low as
possible (0.45 or less).
3.) Concrete finishing operations should not begin until the water sheen on the
surface is gone and the excess bleed water on the surface has had a chance to
evaporate. If this excess water is worked into the concrete because finishing
operations have begun too soon, the concrete on the surface will have too high
of a water content and this surface will be weaker and less durable.
Inedible: Vermin and insects cannot destroy concrete because it is inedible.
Some softer materials are inedible but still provide pathways for insects. Due to
its hardness, vermin and insects will not bore through concrete. Gaps in exterior
insulation to expose the concrete can provide access for termite inspectors.
Moderate to Severe Exposure Conditions for Concrete: The following are
important exposure conditions and deterioration mechanisms in concrete.
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Concrete can withstand these effects when properly designed. The Specifiers
Guide for Durable Concrete is intended to provide sufficient information to
allow the practitioner to select materials and mix design parameters to achieve
durable concrete in a variety of environments.
Resistance to Freezing and Thawing: The most potentially destructive
weathering factor is freezing and thawing while the concrete is wet, particularly
in the presence of deicing chemicals. Deterioration is caused by the freezing of
water and subsequent expansion in the paste, the aggregate particles, or both.
With the addition of an air entrainment admixture, concrete is highly resistant to
freezing and thawing. During freezing, the water displaced by ice formation in
the paste is accommodated so that it is not disruptive; the microscopic air
bubbles in the paste provide chambers for the water to enter and thus relieve the
hydraullic pressure generated. Concrete with a low water-cementitious ratio
(0.40 or lower) is more durable than concrete with a high water-cementitious
ratio (0.50 or higher). Air-entrained concrete with a low water-cementitious
ratio and an air content of 5 to 8% will withstand a great number of cycles of
freezing and thawing without distress.

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Chemical Resistance: Concrete is resistant to most natural environments and

many chemicals. Concrete is virtually the only material used for the
construction of wastewater transportation and treatment facilities because of its
ability to resist corrosion caused by the highly aggressive contaminants in the
wastewater stream as well as the chemicals added to treat these waste products.
However concrete is sometimes exposed to substances that can attack and cause
deterioration. Concrete in chemical manufacturing and storage facilities is
specially prone to chemical attack. The effect of sulfates and chlorides is
discussed below. Acids attack concrete by dissolving the cement paste and
calcareous aggregates. In addition to using concrete with a low permeability,
surface treatments can be used to keep aggressive substances from coming in
contact with concrete. Effects of Substances on Concrete and Guide to
Protective Treatments discusses the effects of hundreds of chemicals on
concrete and provides a list of treatments to help control chemical attack.
Resistance to Sulfate Attack: Excessive amounts of sulfates in soil or water
can attack and destroy a concrete that is not properly designed. Sulfates (for
example calcium sulfate, sodium sulfate, and magnesium sulfate) can attack
concrete by reacting with hydrated compounds in the hardened cement paste.

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These reactions can induce sufficient pressure to cause disintegration of the

concrete.
Like natural rock such as limestone, porous concrete (generally with a high
water-cementitious ratio) is susceptible to weathering caused by salt
crystallization. Examples of salts known to cause weathering of concrete
include sodium carbonate and sodium sulfate.
Sulfate attack and salt crystallization are more severe at locations where the
concrete is exposed to wetting and drying cycles, than continuously wet cycles.
For the best defense against external sulfate attack, design concrete with a low
water to cementitious material ratio (around 0.40) and use cements specially
formulated for sulfate environments
Sulfate attack in concrete and mortar
Sulfate attack can be external or internal.
External: due to penetration of sulfates in solution, in groundwater for example,
into the concrete from outside.
Internal: due to a soluble source being incorporated into the concrete at the time
of mixing, gypsum in the aggregate, for example.

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External sulfate attack

This is the more common type and typically occurs where water containing
dissolved sulfate penetrates the concrete. A fairly well-defined reaction front
can often be seen in polished sections; ahead of the front the concrete is normal,
or near normal. Behind the reaction front, the composition and microstructure of
the concrete will have changed. These changes may vary in type or severity but
commonly include:
Settlement and Bleeding
Concrete is said to be in a plastic state before it begins to set. The aggregate is
dispersed by the cement paste and the particles in the paste are dispersed in the
water. After placing, there is a period of settlement when the particles come
closer together; most of this settlement usually occurs within an hour or so of
placement. Total volume change may, in extreme cases, amount to 1 per cent or
more, but it is not of great significance because the concrete is in a plastic or
semiplastic state and no appreciable stresses can result from these changes.
During settlement, water often appears at the surface, having exuded from the
plastic mass. This phenomenon is called bleeding.

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Accumulation of water at the top of a mass of concrete is often undesirable; for

example, when concrete is placed continuously in a deep form, the upper part
can gain progressively more water as the filling of the form progresses, leading
to relatively poor quality at the top. On the other hand, the accumulation of
some water at the surface is not always undesirable because surface water is
required to prevent plastic shrinkage and to lubricate the tools used for finishing
the surface. Again, an excess of surface water may lead to a thin layer of slurry
on the finished surface and a weak susceptible layer on the surface of the
concrete. Care must be taken that finishing does not begin before the bleeding
period is over.
Settlement may give rise to structural flaws. A layer of water may be left under
horizontal reinforcing bars so that half the area of contact between the steel and
concrete is lost. This problem can be eliminated by proper vibration or
revibration of the plastic concrete, care being taken not to touch reinforcing. It
must not be overlooked, however, that settlement and bleeding do result in a
reduction of water content. If not offset by one of the undesirable features
discussed, the effect is beneficial to strength, permeability and volume stability.

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FACTORS AFFECTING DURABILITY OF CONCRETE

Durability of Concrete depends upon the following factors:
Cement content
Mix must be designed to ensure cohesion and prevent segregation and bleeding.
If cement is reduced, then at fixed w/c ratio the workability will be reduced
leading to inadequate compaction. However, if water is added to improve
workability, water / cement ratio increases and resulting in highly permeable
material.
Compaction
The concrete as a whole contain voids can be caused by inadequate compaction.
Usually it is being governed by the compaction equipments used, type of
formworks, and density of the steelwork
Curing
It is very important to permit proper strength development aid moisture
retention and to ensure hydration process occur completely

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Cover
Thickness of concrete cover must follow the limits set in codes
Permeability
It is considered the most important factor for durability. It can be noticed that
higher permeability is usually caused by higher porosity .Therefore, a proper
curing, sufficient cement, proper compaction and suitable concrete cover could
provide a low permeability concrete
Types of Durability of Concrete
There are many types but the major Concrete Durability types are:
1. Physical durability
2. Chemical durability
Physical Durability
Physical durability is against the following actions
1. Freezing and thawing action
2. Percolation / Permeability of water

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3. Temperature stresses i.e. high heat of hydration

Chemical Durability
Chemical durability is against the following actions
1. Alkali Aggregate Reaction
2. Sulphate Attack
3. Chloride Ingress
4. Delay Ettringite Formation
5. Corrosion of reinforcement
Causes for the Lack of Durability in Concrete
1. External Causes:
a. Extreme Weathering Conditions
b. Extreme Temperature
c. Extreme Humidity
d. Abrasion

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e. Electrolytic Action
f. Attack by a natural or industrial liquids or gases
2. Internal Causes
a) Physical
Volume change due to difference in thermal properties of aggregates and
cement paste
Frost Action
b) Chemical
Alkali Aggregate Reactions
i. Alkali Silica Reaction
ii. Alkali Silicate Reaction
iii. Alkali Carbonate Reaction
Corrosion of Steel

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CONCLUSION
Precautions may include use of materials with a good performance
history in high temperature conditions, cool concrete materials or concrete
mixture, provide concrete consistency and placement equipment and crew for
rapid placement, reduce time of transport, schedule placement to limit exposure
to atmospheric conditions (night time placement or more favorable weather),
plan to limit rapid moisture loss (sun screens, wind screens, misting, or
fogging), and consider the use of an evaporation retarder. Schedule a
preconstruction meeting including all of the participants to discuss the plan to
control the effects specific to the project and expected conditions.

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REFERENCE
http://www.cement.org/
http://www.cipremier.com
http://www.cement.org/for-concrete-books-learning/concretetechnology/concrete-construction/hot-weather-concreting

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