Euclidian Geometry

Grade 10 to 12
(CAPS)
Compiled by Marlene Malan
marlene.mcubed@gmail.com

Prepared by
Marlene Malan

CAPS DOCUMENT (Paper 2)

Grade 10
(a) Revise basic results
established in earlier
grades.
(b) Investigate line segments
joining the midpoints of two
sides of a triangle.
(c) Properties of special
quadrilaterals.

Grade 11

Grade 12

(a) Investigate and prove theorems of

the geometry of circles assuming
results from earlier grades, together
with one other result concerning
tangents and radii of circles.

(a) Revise earlier (Grade 9) work on the necessary

and sufficient conditions for polygons to be similar.

(b) Solve circle geometry problems,

providing reasons for statements
when required.
(c) Prove riders.

(b) Prove (accepting results established in earlier

grades):
that a line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle
divides the other two sides proportionally (and the
Mid-point Theorem as a special case of this
theorem);
that equiangular triangles are similar;
that triangles with sides in proportion are similar;
the Pythagorean Theorem by similar triangles;
riders.

REVISION FROM EARLIER GRADES

SIMILARITY

AAA
or

SSS

CONGRUENCY

SSS

AAS

SAS
(included angle)

RHS

PROPERTIES OF SPECIAL QUADRILATERALS

PARALLELOGRAM
Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel
Both pairs of opposite side are equal
Both pairs of opposite angles are equal
Diagonals bisect each other
RECTANGLE
All properties of parallelogram PLUS:
Both diagonals are equal in length
All interior angles are equal to 90
RHOMBUS
All properties of parallelogram PLUS:
All sides are equal
Diagonals bisect each other perpendicularly
Diagonals bisect interior angles
SQUARE
All properties of a rhombus PLUS:
All interior angles are 90
Diagonals are equal in length
KITE

Two pairs of adjacent sides are equal

Diagonal between equal sides bisects other
diagonal
One pair of opposite angles are equal
(unequal sides)
Diagonal between equal sides bisects
interior angles (is axis of symmetry)
Diagonals intersect perpendicularly

TRAPEZIUM
One pair of opposite sides are parallel

HOW TO PROVE THAT A QUADRILATERAL IS A PARALLELOGRAM

Prove any ONE of the following:
Prove that both pairs of opposite sides are parallel
Prove that both pairs of opposite sides are equal
Prove that both pairs of opposite angles are equal
Prove that the diagonals bisect each other
Prove that ONE pair of sides are equal and parallel

HOW TO PROVE THAT A PARALLLELOGRAM IS A RHOMBUS

Prove ONE of the following:
Prove that the diagonals bisect each other perpendicularly
Prove that any two adjacent sides are equal in length
TRIANGLES BETWEEN PARALLEL LINES
The AREA of two triangles on the SAME (OR EQUAL) BASE between two parallel lines, are EQUAL.

Area of  = Area of 

MIDPOINT THEOREM
The line segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle, is parallel to the third side
of the triangle and half the length of that side.
( Midpt Theorem )

If AD = DB and AE = EC, then DE BC and DE = BC

CONVERSE OF MIDPOINT THEOREM

If a line is drawn from the midpoint of one side of a triangle parallel to another side, that line will bisect
the third side and will be half the length of the side it is parallel to.
( line through midpoint to 2nd side )

If AD = DB and DE BC, then AE = EC and DE = BC.

GRADE 11 GEOMETRY

Note: THEOREMS OF WHICH PROOFS ARE EXAMINABLE ARE INDICATED WITH

Theorem 1

Converse of Theorem 1

If AC = CB in circle O, then OC AB.

(line from centre to midpt of chord)

If OC
chord AB , then AC = BC .
(line from centre
to chord)

Theorem 2
The angle at the centre of a circle subtended by an arc/a chord is double the angle at the circumference
 B = 2  ACB
subtended by the same arc/chord.
AO
( at centre = 2 at circumference )

Theorem 3
The angle on the circumference subtended by
the diameter, is a right angle.
The angle in a semi-circle is 90.
(s in semi circle OR
diameter subtends right angle)

Converse of Theorem 3
If  = 90, then AB is the diameter
of the circle.
(chord subtends 90 OR
converse s in semi circle)

Theorem 4
The angles on the circumference of a
circle subtended by the same arc or
chord, are equal.

Converse of Theorem 4
If a line segment subtends equal angles
at two other points, then these four points
lie on the circumference of a circle.

(s in the same seg)

(line subtends equal s OR

converse s in the same seg)

Corollary of Theorem 4
Equal chords subtend equal
angles at the circumference
of the circle.
(equal chords; equal s)
s)

Equal chords subtend equal angles

at the centre of the circle.

Equal chords of equal circles

subtend equal angles at the
circumference.

(equal chords; equal s)

(equal circles; equal chords; equal

Theorem 5

Converse of Theorem 5

The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral

are supplementary.
   = 180

180
  
(opp s of cyclic quad )

If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral

are supplementary, then it is a cyclic
quadrilateral.
( opp s quad sup OR
converse opp s of cyclic quad )

Theorem 6
The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral
is equal to the opposite interior angle.
(ext of cyclic quad )

Theorem 7
The tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the
radius at the point of tangency.
( tan radius OR
tan diameter )

Converse of Theorem 6
If the exterior angle of a quadrilateral is equal
to the opposite interior angle, then it is a
cyclic quadrilateral.
(ext = int opp OR converse ext of cyclic quad)

Converse of Theorem 7
If a line is drawn perpendicularly to the radius
through the point where the radius meets the
circle, then this line is a tangent to the circle.
( line radius OR converse tan radius OR
converse tan diameter )

Theorem 8
If two tangents are drawn from the same point outside a circle, then they are equal in length.
(tans from common pt OR Tans from same pt )

Theorem 9 (Tan chord theorem)

Converse of Theorem 9

The angle between the tangent to a circle

and a chord drawn from the point of tangency,
is equal to the angle in the opposite circle
segment.

If a line is drawn through the endpoint of

a chord to form an angle which is equal to
the angle in the opposite segment, then this
line is a tangent.

( tan chord theorem )

( converse tan chord theorem OR

between line and chord )

Acute angle

Obtuse angle

THREE WAYS TO PROVE THAT A QUADRILATERAL IS A CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL

Prove that :

one pair of opposite angles are supplementary

the exterior angle is equal to the opposite interior angle
two angles subtended by a line segment at two other vertices of the quadrilateral, are equal.

GRADE 12 GEOMETRY
The Concept of Proportionality (Revision)

6 cm

4 cm

9 cm

AB : BC = 6 : 4 = 3 : 2

C
E

and

6 cm

DE : EF = 9 : 6 = 3 : 2

Although, AB : BC = DE : EF it does NOT mean that AB = DE, AC = DF or BC = EF.

Theorem 1

Converse of Theorem 1

A line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle

that intersects the other two sides, will divide
the other two sides proportionally.
( line || one side of
OR prop theorem; name || lines )

If a line divides two sides of a triangle proportionally, then the line is parallel to the third
side of the triangle.
( line divides two sides of in prop )



If DE BC then  =


or
!

AD : DB = AE : EC

If

Theorem 2 (Midpoint Theorem)

(Special case of Theorem 1)
The line segment joining the midpoints of two
sides of a triangle, is parallel to the third side
of the triangle and half the length of that side.
( midpt theorem )


If AD = DB and AE = EC, then DE BC and DE = BC





!

then DE BC.

Converse of Theorem 2
If a line is drawn from the midpoint of one
side of a triangle parallel to another side, that
line will bisect the third side and will be half
the length of the side it is parallel to.
( line through midpt || to 2nd side )


If AD = DB and DE BC, then AE = EC and DE = BC.

Theorem 3

Converse of Theorem 3

The corresponding sides of two equiangular

triangles are proportional and consequently
the triangles are similar.

If the sides of two triangles are proportional,

then the triangles are equiangular and
consequently the triangles are similar.

( ||| s OR equiangular s )

( Sides of in prop )

If  ||| "# then




!
$

!
$

If




!
$

!
$

then  |||"#

Theorem 4
The perpendicular drawn from the vertex of the right angle of a right-angled triangle, divides the triangle in
two triangles which are similar to each other and similar to the original triangle.

Corollaries of Theorem 4

 |||




!


!


'
'. '

 |||




!
!

!
!

|||

)
). )

Theorem 5 (The Theorem of Pythagoras)

From the corollaries it can be proven that:


  





!


!

*
*. *

TIPS TO SOLVING GEOMETRY RIDERS

READ-READ-READ the information next to the diagram thoroughly
TRANSFER all given information to the DIAGRAM
Look for KEYWORDS, e.g.
TANGENT: What do the theorems say about tangents?
CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL: What are the properties of a cyclic quad?
NEVER ASSUME something!
- Dont assume that a certain line is the DIAMETER of a circle unless it is clearly
state or unless you can prove it
- Dont assume that a point is the CENTRE of a circle unless it is clearly stated
(circle M means the circle with midpoint M)
Set yourself SECONDARY GOALS, e.g.
- To prove that  =  (primary goal), first prove that
 =  (secondary goal) and vice versa

To prove that line AC is a tangent (primary goal), first prove that the line is
perpendicular to radius OB (secondary goal)

AC is tangent

To prove that BC is the diameter of the circle (primary goal), first prove that  =
90 (secondary goal)

BC is the diameter of the circle

For questions like: Prove that 

 . Start with ONE PART.
Move to the OTHER PART step-by-step stating reasons.
Remember it has to be clear and logical to the reader!
E.g.  =  ;  =  ;  =  ;  = 

GRADE 11 GEOMETRY SAMPLE QUESTIONS

Question 1
AB and CD are two chords of the circle with centre O.
+"  , AF = FB, OE = 4 cm, OF = 3 cm and AB = 8 cm.
Calculate the length of CD.

[8]

Question 2
O is the centre of the circle. STU is a tangent at T.
BC = CT
-
105 and -/ = 40
Calculate, giving reasons, the size of:
2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4


(2)
(2)
(3)
(6)
[13]

Question 3
3.1
3.2

Write down with reasons four other angles

which are equal to 1.
Prove that ABC||| EDC.

3.3

Prove that  =

!. !
!

(8)
(4)
(2)
[14]

Question 4
O is the centre of the circle. BC = CD
Express the following in terms of 1:
4.1

4.2
  
4.3


(2)
(3)
(4)
[9]

Question 5
LOM is the diameter of circle LMT. The centre of
the circle is O. TN is a tangent at T.
23 34
Prove that:
5.1
MNPT is a cyclic quadrilateral.
5.2
NP = NT

(3)
(6)
[9]

Question 6
PA and PC are tangents to the circle at C and A.
AD PC and PD intersects the circle at B.

Prove that:
6.1
 bisects 4
6.2

5
6.3
4


(6)
(6)
(4)
[16]

Question 7
TA is a tangent to the circle. M is the centre of chord PT.
- 4. O is the centre of the circle.
Prove that:
7.1
MTAR is a cyclic quadrilateral.
(3)
7.2
PR = RT
(4)
7.3
TR bisects PTA
(4)

(4)
7.4
-
+

[15]

GRADE 12 GEOMETRY SAMPLE QUESTIONS

Example
8

Given: : 
2: 3 and "
" .
5

Instruction: Determine the ratio of 4: 4.

Solution:


In ":

'; = <"
8

But it was given that '; = "

8

" = <"
5
!

>

= =

In < :

!?
?

4: 4 = 15: 8

!
9

:
>

Question 1
" = 22 @A, 
33 @A, 
15@A CDE 
1.
Calculate the value of 1.

[4]

Question 2
5

#|| ",  = >  CDE ": "

4: 3
Determine the ratio F: F.

[8]

Question 3
G
GH

5 , 4: I
1: 2 CDE 4J||.

3.1

Write down the values of I: I4 and I: K. (2)

3.2

Determine J: I

(1)

3.3

Prove that IJ
JK.

(6)
[9]

Question 4
Given: 4KL| CDE 4I|L
Prove that KI||.

[4]

Question 5
4K- is inscribed in a circle. +||KI, 4 = K CDE 4
PR is the diameter of the circle.
Prove that:
5.1
5.2
5.3

||KO is the centre of the circle

BORT is a trapezium.

(2)
(2)
(2)
[6]

Question 6
Given: 4: K = 5: 4 CDE 4: I
5: 2
S is the midpoint of AQ
6.1

Prove that -
2MI

6.2

If I<||KN, determine 4N: N-

(8)
(6)
[14]

Question 7
Rectangle DEFK is drawn inside right-angled ABC.
Prove that:
7.1
.  = ". <
7.2
": " = ": #
7.3
<#: " = ": #
7.4




!

=

(4)
(4)
(1)
(3)
[12]

Question 8
ABOC is a kite with  =  = 90
8.1
Why is + |||+ ?
8.2
Complete:
8.2.1 + =. . .
8.2.2  =. . .
8.2.3  =. . .
 P
QP


Q

8.3

Prove that

8.4

Prove that + + = +. 

8.5

If + =  = 1, prove that  = 2. +

(2)

(3)
(3)
(2)
(2)
[12]

MIXED EXERCISES
1.

In the diagram, TBD is a tangent to circles BAPC and BNKM at B.

AKC is a chord of the larger circle and is also a tangent to the smaller circle at K.
Chords MN and BK intersect at F. PA is produced to D.
BMC, BNA and BFKP are straight lines.
Prove that:

a)

MN CA

b)

<J3 is isosceles

c)
d)

9
9?

T
T!

DA is a tangent to the circle passing through

points A, B and K.

2.

In the diagram below, chord BA and tangent TC of circle ABC are produced to meet at R.
BC is produced to P with RC=RP. AP is not a tangent.
Prove that:

a)

ACPR is a cyclic quadrilateral.

b)

|||I4

c)

I =

d)

I.  = I . 

e)

Hence prove that I = I. I

3.

In the diagram alongside, circles ACBN and AMBD

Intersect at A and B.
CB is a tangent to the larger circle at B.
M is the centre of the smaller circle.
CAD and BND are straight lines.
Let 5 = 1

a)

 in terms of 1.
Determine the size of 

b)

Prove that:

!.G
!

i)

CB AN

ii)

AB is a tangent to circle ADN.

4.

In the diagram below, O is the centre of circle ABCD.

DC is extended to meet circle BODE at point E.
OE cuts BC at F. Let" = 1.

a)

Determine  in terms of 1.

b)

Prove that:
i)

BE=EC

ii)

BE is NOT a tangent
to circle ABCD.

5.

In the diagram alongside, medians AM and CN of  intersect at O.

BO is produced to meet AC at P.
MP and CN intersect in D.
ORMP with R on AC.

a)

Calculate, giving reasons, the numerical value of

b)

Use +: J = 2: 3, to calculate the numerical value of

6.

In the diagram, AD is the diameter of circle ABCD.

AD is extended to meet tangent NCP in P.
Straight line NB is extended to Q and intersect AC in M with Q on straight line ADP.
AC NQ at M.

a)

Prove that NQ CD.

b)

Prove that ANCQ is a cyclic quadrilateral.

c)

i)

Prove that 4 |||4 .

ii)

Hence, complete: 4 =

d)

Prove that  = . 3

e)

If it is further given that PC=MC, prove that

1

TP
! P

?.?

= !.U

U
U!

.
G?
?!

SOLUTIONS TO MIXED EXERCISE

1. a)

b)

c)


 = J
 = 
 = 
J

tan chord

J3|| 
corr s =

 = J
alt s
<


< = 3
tan chord
<J3 is isosceles
8 = 3

<
alt s


3 = 5
s in same segment
5 = 5
s in same segment
8 = 5
<
3<||4
alt s=

U

9

U
9?
U
T

But

9

line || to one side of

= T! line || to one side of

U

T

9? =

T!

d)

5 = 5
s in same segment
5 = 
equal chords subt equal s


5 = 
 is a tangent to the circle through A, B and K

2. a)

5 = 4 I
s opp equal sides



5  =    ext of
 = 
tan chord
5 = 
 = 4I both = 5

b)

c)

ACPR is a cyclic quadrilateral (ext of quad)

In  and I4:
4 = 
s in same segment
= 
proven in 2 a
 = 4
 = I 4
ext of cyclic quad

5
3rd of
|||I4
G?
!

G

!

I4

!.G

but I4 = I

!
!.G

I =
d)

from 2 b

!

In I and I :
 = 
tan chord
I is common
I   = I 3rd angle

 I |||I 


e)

!
!

G!
G

W |||

I.  = I . 
!
G?
!
G!

=
=

!

from 2. b)

G
!
G
!.G

 =

RC=RP

G!

From 2.d)  =

!.G
G!

G!.!

G
G!.!
G

I = I. I
3. a)

b. i)

b. ii)

4. a)

b. i)

b. ii)

 = 5 = 1
 = 180 21
J
 = 21


T

X

s opp equal sides

sum s of
at centre =2xcirc

90 1
 
180 (90 1  21Y

90 1


90 1
3

 
3

sum s of

ext of cyclic quad

||3
 = 21
  = 
 





corr s
tan chord
alt s

AB is a tangent

betw line&chord

5
"
1
s in same segment

1
5

s opp = sides

+
180 21 sum s of
 = 90 1
at centre =2x at circumference
ext of cyclic quad

90 1
#
180 (1  90 1Y sum s of
= 90
In "# and "#:
# = # = 90
s on str line
BF = FC
FE is common
"# "#
ss
BE = EC
W

 = 90 1
sum s of
 = 
BE is not a tangent `   b

5. a)

P is midpoint of AC
AB||PM
In 3 :

medians concur
midpt theorem

U

line || one side of

U!

=
b)

T

?!

=
=
=
=

c) i)

c) ii)

?
!

In J4:
Q

b)

!

T

QT
G?

6. a)

T

QT
QT
G?

BP is a median

?
QT

line || one side of

T
QT

5QT

 = 90
 = 90
J

in semi
AMNM
corr s=
|| lines, corr s
tan chord

3K|| 

 = 3
 = 

=3

ANCQ is a cyclic quad

s subt by same line segm
In 4  and 4 :
 = 
tan chord
4 is common
 =   4

3rd
4  ||| 4
4 = 4. 4

In 3 and  :
 = 
3
s in same segm

= 
s in same segm
8 = 
tan chord

=
s in same segm

 =  
3rd
3  

U
U


. 3

eY

!.U

d)

!

!

TP
! P

! P eTP
! P

T! P
! P
?! P

! P
?.?

Pyth.