Professional Documents
Culture Documents
[Tables or other self--supporting sections may be quoted or extracted. Credit lines should
read: Extracted from AGMA 927--A01, Load Distribution Factors -- Analytical Methods for
Cylindrical Gears, with the permission of the publisher, the American Gear Manufacturers
Association, 1500 King Street, Suite 201, Alexandria, Virginia 22314.]
Approved October 22, 2000
ABSTRACT
This information sheet describes an analytical procedure for the calculation of the face load distribution. The
iterative solution that is described is compatible with the definitions of the term face load distribution (KH) of
AGMA standards and longitudinal load distribution (KH and KF) of the ISO standards. The procedure is easily
programmable and flow charts of the calculation scheme as well as examples from typical software are
presented.
Published by
ii
AGMA 927--A01
Contents
Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
1
Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3
Definitions and symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
4
Iterative analytical method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
5
Coordinate system, sign convention, gearing forces and moments . . . . . . . . . 4
6
Shaft bending deflections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
7
Shaft torsional deflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8
Gap analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
9
Load distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
10 Future considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Annexes
A
B
Figures
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Base tangent coordinate system for CW driven rotation from reference end . 5
Base tangent coordinate system for CCW driven rotation from reference end 6
Hand of cut for gears and explanation of apex for bevel gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Gearing force sense of direction for positive value from equations . . . . . . . . . . 8
Example general case gear arrangement (base tangent coordinate system) . 8
View A--A from figure 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Example shaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Calculated shaft diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Torsional increments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Shaft number 3 gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Shaft number 4 gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Total mesh gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Relative mesh gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Tooth section with spring constant Cm, load L, and deflection Cd . . . . . . . . . 19
Deflection sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Mesh gap section grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Tables
1
2
3
4
iii
AGMA 927--A01
Foreword
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, in this document are provided for
informational purposes only and are not to be construed as a part of AGMA Information
Sheet 927--A01, Load Distribution Factors -- Analytical Methods for Cylindrical Gears.]
This information sheet provides an analytical method to calculate a numeric value for the
face load distribution factor for cylindrical gearing.
This is a new document, which provides a description of the analytical procedures that are
used in several software programs that have been developed by various gear
manufacturing companies. The method provides a significant improvement from the
procedures used to define numeric values of face load distribution factor in current AGMA
standards. Current AGMA standards utilize either an empirical procedure or a simplified
closed form analytical calculation. The empirical procedure which is used in ANSI/AGMA
2101--C95 only allows for a nominal assessment of the influence of many parameters which
effect the numeric value of the face load distribution factor. The closed form analytic
formulations which have been found in AGMA standards suffer from the limitation that the
shape of the load distribution across the face width is limited to a linear form.
The limitations of the previous AGMA procedures are overcome by the method defined in
this information sheet. This method allows for including a sufficiently accurate
representation of many of the parameters that influence the distribution of load along the
face width of cylindrical gears. These parameters include the elastic effects due to
deformations under load, and the inelastic effects of geometric errors as well as the tooth
modifications which are typically utilized to offset the deleterious effects of the deformations
and errors.
The analytical method described in this information sheet is based on a thin slice model of
a gear mesh. This model treats the distribution of load across the face width of the gear
mesh as being independent of the any transverse effects. The method also represents all of
the elastic effects of a set of meshing teeth (tooth bending, tooth shear, tooth rotation,
Hertzian deflections, etc.) by one constant, i.e., mesh stiffness (Cm). Despite these
simplifying assumptions, this method provides numeric values of the face load distribution
factor that are sufficiently accurate for industrial applications of gearing which fall within the
limitations specified.
The first draft of this information sheet was made in February, 1996. This version was
approved by the AGMA membership on October 22, 2000.
Special mention must be made of the devotion of Louis Lloyd of Lufkin for his untiring efforts
from the submittal of the original software code through the prodding for progress during the
long process of writing this information sheet. Without his foresight and contributions this
information sheet may not have been possible.
Suggestions for improvement of this document will be welcome. They should be sent to the
American Gear Manufacturers Association, 1500 King Street, Suite 201, Alexandria,
Virginia 22314.
iv
AGMA 927--A01
PERSONNEL of the AGMA Helical Rating Committee and Load Distribution SubCommittee
Chairman: D. McCarthy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dorris Company
Vice Chairman: M. Antosiewicz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Falk Corporation
SubCommittee Chairman: J. Lisiecki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Falk Corporation
J.J. Luz . . . . . . . .
D.R. McVittie . . . .
M.W. Neesley . . .
W.P. Pizzichil . . .
F.C. Uherek . . . . .
G. Lian . . . . . . . . .
J.V. Lisiecki . . . . .
L. Lloyd . . . . . . . .
J.J. Luz . . . . . . . .
D.R. McVittie . . . .
A.G. Milburn . . . .
G.W. Nagorny . . .
M.W. Neesley . . .
B. OConnor . . . .
W.P. Pizzichil . . .
D.F. Smith . . . . . .
K. Taliaferro . . . .
M. Hirt . . . . . . . . .
R.W. Holzman . .
R.S. Hyde . . . . . .
V. Ivers . . . . . . . .
A. Jackson . . . . .
H.R. Johnson . . .
J.G. Kish . . . . . . .
R.H. Klundt . . . . .
J.S. Korossy . . . .
I. Laskin . . . . . . . .
J. Maddock . . . . .
J. Escanaverino .
G.P. Mowers . . . .
R.A. Nay . . . . . . .
M. Octrue . . . . . .
T. Okamoto . . . . .
J.R. Partridge . . .
M. Pasquier . . . .
J.A. Pennell . . . . .
A.E. Phillips . . . . .
J.W. Polder . . . . .
Renk AG
Milwaukee Gear Company, Inc.
The Timken Company
Xtek, Incorporated
Mobil Technology Company
The Horsburgh & Scott Co.
Sikorsky Aircraft Division
The Timken Company
The Horsburgh & Scott Co.
Consultant
The Gear Works -- Seattle, Inc.
ISPJAE
Consultant
UTC Pratt & Whitney Aircraft
CETIM
Nippon Gear Company, Ltd.
Lufkin Industries, Inc.
CETIM
Univ. of Newcastle--Upon--Tyne
Rockwell Automation/Dodge
Delft University of Technology
AGMA 927--A01
E. Sandberg . . . .
C.D. Schultz . . . .
E.S. Scott . . . . . .
A. Seireg . . . . . . .
Y. Sharma . . . . . .
B.W. Shirley . . . .
L.J. Smith . . . . . .
L. Spiers . . . . . . .
A.A. Swiglo . . . . .
J.W. Tellman . . . .
vi
F.A. Thoma . . . . .
D. Townsend . . . .
L. Tzioumis . . . . .
F.C. Uherek . . . . .
A. Von Graefe . . .
C.C. Wang . . . . .
B. Ward . . . . . . . .
R.F. Wasilewski .
H. Winter . . . . . . .
1 Scope
This information sheet covers a method for the
evaluation of load distribution across the teeth of
parallel axis gears. A general discussion of the
design and manufacturing factors which influence
load distribution is included.
The load distribution factors for use in AGMA parallel
axis gear rating standards are defined, to improve
communication between users of those standards.
Historically, analytical methods for evaluating load
distribution in both AGMA and ISO standards have
been limited by the assumption that load is linearly
distributed across the face width of the meshing gear
set. The result of this assumption is often overly
conservative (high) values of load distribution factors. The method given here is considered more
correct.
1.1 Method
A simplified iterative method for calculation of the
face load distribution factor, based on combined
twisting and bending displacements of a mating gear
and pinion, is presented. The transverse load
distribution (in the plane of rotation) is not evaluated
in this information sheet. This method assumes that
the mesh stiffness is a constant through the entire
contact roll and across the face. General guidance
for design modifications to improve load distribution
is also included.
AGMA 927--A01
2 References
The following documents were used in the development of this information sheet. At the time of
publication, the editions were valid. All publications
are subject to revision, and the users of this manual
are encouraged to investigate the possibility of
applying the most recent editions of the publications
listed:
AGMA Technical Paper P109.16, Profile and
Longitudinal Corrections on Involute Gears, 1965
ANSI/AGMA 1012--F90, Gear Nomenclature,
Definitions Of Terms With Symbols
ANSI/AGMA 2101--C95, Fundamental Rating Factors And Calculation Methods For Involute Spur
And Helical Gear Teeth
ANSI/AGMA ISO 1328--1, Cylindrical Gears -- ISO
System of Accuracy -- Part 1: Definitions and
Allowable Values of Deviations Relevant to Corresponding Flanks of Gear Teeth
ISO 6336--1:1996, Calculation of load capacity of
spur and helical gears -- Part 1: Basic principles,
introduction and general influence factors
Dudley, D.W., Handbook of Practical Gear Design,
McGraw--Hill, New York, 1984
Timken Engineering Design Manual, Volume 1
AGMA 927--A01
Definition
Apex factor
Axis in the base tangent plane
Axis normal to base tangent plane
Axis in the base tangent plane perpendicular to BT
Tooth stiffness constant, for the analysis
Helical/bevel gear face width
Drive factor
Operating pitch diameter, gear
Outside effective twist diameter
Inside shaft diameter
Outside diameter, effect outside diameter of the teeth
Modulus of elasticity
Axial thrust force, gear member
Axial thrust force, pinion member
Total load in the plane of action
Gearing or external force at a distance
Separating force, gear member
Separating force, pinion member
Tangential force, gear member
Tangential force, pinion member
Modulus of elasticity in shear
Hand factor
Moment of inertia
Units
-- --- --- --- -N/mm/mm
mm
-- -mm
mm
mm
mm
N/mm2
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N/mm2
-- -mm4
First
referenced
5.3
5.2
5.2
5.2
9.1
5.3
5.3
5.3
7.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
5.3
5.4
9.2
6.1
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
7.1
5.3
6.1
(continued)
AGMA 927--A01
Table 1 (concluded)
Symbol
IC
i
KH
Ls
Lj
L
M
MG
n
P
R
RL
RR
S
SLi
ti
V
xi
Xj
Xfi
x
y
ti
G
P
Definition
Units
Integration constant
Station number
Load distribution factor
Distance between the supports (reactions)
Load at station
Load intensity
Bending moment
Moment due to axial thrust force
Station number at end support
Power transmitted through the mesh
Rotation factor
Reaction at the left bearing
Reaction at the right bearing
Speed of shaft
Station slope value
Torsional deflection at a station
Shear
Length of face where point load applied
Distance between adjacent stations
Distance from left support to load location
Distance between stations
Deflection along the line of action
Tooth deflection at a load point
Bevel pitch angle of gear
Bevel pitch angle of pinion
Helix angle/spiral angle
Normal pressure angle
First
referenced
6.1
6.1
9.4
6.1
7.1
9.1
6.1
5.4
6.1
5.3
5.3
6.1
6.1
5.3
6.3
7.1
6.1
9.2
7.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
9.1
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
--
--
This information sheet presents an iterative analytical method for determining a value of load distribution factor. The iterative method combines the
calculated elastic deflection of the pinion and the
gear with other misalignments. The result defines a
mesh gap in the base tangent plane which is the net
mismatch between the gear and the pinion. The
teeth in mesh are modeled by an equally spaced
series of independent parallel compression springs
which represent the mesh stiffness. The mesh gap is
then mathematically closed by compressing the
springs until the sum of the spring forces equals the
total tooth force.
AGMA 927--A01
-- elastic deflection
foundations;
of
the
housing
and
-- elastic deflection
foundations;
--
--
-- double helical
overloaded.
gears
with
one
helix
4.1 Methodology
of
the
--
--
housing
and
-- shear coupling between the mesh gap compression springs representing the mesh stiffness
is ignored;
2) Calculate a new load distribution by mathematically closing the mesh gap. This is accomplished by compressing the springs until the sum
of the spring forces equals the total tooth force;
--
AGMA 927--A01
Driver
Base diameter -driving element
Input
torque
Target shaft -driver
Target mesh
+BTZ
+BT
*
Reference
end
+BTN
Driven
Figure 1 -- Base tangent coordinate system for CW driven rotation from reference end
AGMA 927--A01
Driver
Base diameter -driving element
Input
torque
+BTZ
Target mesh
Base diameter -driven element
Base tangent
plane
+BT
Reference
end
+BTN
Driven
Figure 2 -- Base tangent coordinate system for CCW driven rotation from reference end
5.3 Gearing forces and signs
1.91 10 7 P (D R )
S D pG b sin G
(1)
cos
F (A )A D H R sin cos
tG
G tan sin G
cos
(2)
where
where
where
FaG is axial thrust force, gear member, N.
(3)
AGMA 927--A01
Factor
H
Apex (bevel)
Rotation
Drive
Value
+1
--1
0
+1
--1
+1
--1
+1
--1
Condition
Right hand helix or spiral (see figure 3)
Left hand helix or spiral (see figure 3)
Spur, straight bevel, or herringbone
Apex toward reference end (see figure 3), or no apex
Apex away from reference end (see figure 3)
Clockwise viewed from reference end
Counterclockwise viewed from reference end
Driving element
Driven element
above equations. The forces must be determined for
each mesh on each of the target mesh shafts.
Hand
Right hand
helix
Left hand
helix
Right hand
spiral
Left hand
spiral
Apex
Away from
reference
Toward
reference
Figure 3 -- Hand of cut for gears and explanation of apex for bevel gears
AGMA 927--A01
Mating target
shaft
One target
shaft
Mate
shaft
If mate to target
shaft is on the
left, use these
positive force
directions
Ft
Fa
Fa
Fs
Fs
Ft
Figure 4 -- Gearing force sense of direction for positive value from equations
Mesh 1
Shaft 1
FtG1
FaP1
FaG1
A Driver
RH
FsG1
FtP1
Driver
LH
Shaft 2
Reference end
and origin of
shaft for mesh 2
FsP2
FsG1
FtP2
Driven
LH
Driver
RH
FaG2
Shaft 3
Reference end
and origin of
shaft for mesh 3
FaP2
Base tangent
FtG2
plane for mesh 2
Mesh 2
FsG2
FsP3
+BT
FtG3 Mesh 3
FaG3
FaP3
FtP3
+BTZ
Driven
RH
Bearing
+BTN
Base tangent coordinate
system for mesh 2
Base tangent
plane for
mesh 3
Shaft 4
FsG3
Driven
LH
CL
Gear
face
Example showing actual direction of the forces as determined from the sign of the values calculated in the
force equations.
Figure 5 -- Example general case gear arrangement (base tangent coordinate system)
AGMA 927--A01
MG =
F aG D pG
(4)
This section presents a simplified computer programmable integration method for calculating the
bending deflection of a stepped shaft with radial
loads imposed and two bearing supports.
Rules for calculating bending deflection when calculating load distribution factor are also presented.
where
MG moment due to axial thrust force, N mm.
To obtain the moment due to an axial thrust force on
the pinion member, replace the gear values by the
corresponding pinion values.
Figure 6 shows the tangential and separating forces
and the axial thrust moments acting on shafts 3 and 4
of figure 5. These forces affect the load distribution
of mesh 3. Figure 6 demonstrates the resolution of
the shaft 3 and 4 forces and moments into the base
tangent coordinate system for mesh 3.
Driver
LH
Base tangent coordinate
system for mesh 3
Shaft 2
+BTZ
Driven
RH
Mesh 2
FsG23
Shaft 3
Driven
LH
FtG34
FsP33
MG23
Driver
RH
+BTN
Base tangent
line
FtG23
+BT
MP33
FsG34
Shaft 4
FtP33
Target
Mesh #3
MG34
AGMA 927--A01
10
AGMA 927--A01
--13500
22.0
1
28.0
2
35.0
+9000
28.0
25.0
4
50.0
25.0
5
44.0
22.0
6
38.0
+6180
--1680
Fi Xfi
Ls
(5)
Ls
Xfi
Fi RR
(7)
where
X fi = x i + X fi1 i = 1, 2, 3, n
where
(8)
11
AGMA 927--A01
(9)
where
V
is the shear, N;
AMEI i =
d4
sh i
d4
64
in i
i = 1, 2, 3, n
(11)
where
dsh
din
(12)
12
MEI ui =
Mi
i = 1, 2, 3, n 1
EI i
(13)
MEI li =
M i+1
i = 1, 2, 3, n 1
EI i
(14)
MEI ui + MEI li
i = 1, 2, 3, n 1
2
(15)
(16)
SL i + SL i+1
i = 1, 2, 3, n 1 (17)
2
(18)
i=1
DI i
(19)
xi
(20)
Ls =
IC =
i=1
Sy
Ls
(21)
will
change
the
AGMA 927--A01
--13500
22.0
1
35.0
28.0
2
+9000
28.0
25.0
4
25.0
5
44.0
50.0
+6180
22.0
6
38.0
--1680
+10000 (N)
0.0
--10000 (N)
Shear Diagram, V
350000 (Nmm)
0.0
--150000 (Nmm)
Moment Diagram, M
+0.01 (1/mm)
0.0
--0.01 (1/mm)
M Diagram
EI
0.4 (mrad)
0.0
Slope Curve
0.0
--10 (mm)
Deflection Curve
13
AGMA 927--A01
(22)
--
j
j4 d
j
=
1
j
=
1
10 3
t i =
(24)
G d 4 d 4in
where
ti
When calculating bending deflection for load distribution factor, the following rules also apply:
Lj
is load at a station, N;
Xj
din
is station number;
14
AGMA 927--A01
Undeformed
position
Facewidth
X1
X2
L1
X3
L2
X4
L3
X5
L4
din
Torsional
deflection
Torque
input
L5
L6
Torque
input
Li Load on teeth
t i =
(i 1) k
10 3
L j X k8 d 2
k = 1j = 1
(25)
G d 4 d 4in
7.2 Rules
8 Gap analysis
Elastic bending and torsional deflections, tooth
modifications, lead variations and shaft misalignments cause the gear teeth to not be in contact
across the entire face width. The distance between
non contacting points along the face width of the
mating teeth is defined as the gap. This gap is closed
to some degree when the gear set is loaded due to
the compliance of the gear teeth along the face width
of the target mesh.
15
AGMA 927--A01
At final verification stage use actual shaft misalignment. The shaft misalignment that corresponds to
material removal on the tooth flank has the same
sign as the load on the tooth flank when entered in
table 4.
Shaft #4
Station
number
Bending
deflection
Torsional
deflection
Tooth
modification
Lead
variation
Shaft misalignment
11.8
--9.1
5.0
0.0
11.7
--8.9
3.5
0.3
10
11.5
--8.5
2.7
11
11.3
--7.9
2.0
12
11.0
--7.1
13
10.7
14
Total
mesh
gap
Relative
mesh
gap
--4.2
11.9
0.0
--5.4
12.8
0.9
--1.3
--6.5
14.1
2.2
--1.8
--7.6
15.6
3.7
--1.0
--2.3
--8.8
17.3
5.4
0.0
--1.3
--2.8
--10.3
19.7
7.8
4.4
0.0
--1.5
--3.3
--11.8
22.0
10.1
--11.0
3.0
0.0
--1.7
--3.8
--13.5
25.4
13.5
--10.5
1.6
0.0
--2.0
--4.3
--15.2
29.9
18.0
0.8
0.0
--2.2
--4.8
--16.1
34.9
23.0
Shaft #3
gap
Bending
deflection
Torsional
deflection
Tooth
modification
0.0
7.7
--12.8
8.6
0.0
0.8
7.4
--12.7
8.4
0.0
0.6
1.3
7.6
--12.6
8.0
0.0
0.8
1.8
8.0
--12.4
7.4
0.0
1.3
1.0
2.3
8.5
--12.1
6.6
--6.1
0.7
1.3
2.8
9.4
--11.8
10.3
--4.9
0.0
1.5
3.3
10.2
15
9.9
--3.5
0.0
1.7
3.8
16
9.5
--2.1
1.0
2.0
4.3
17
9.1
--0.8
3.5
2.2
4.8
18.8
16
Lead
variation
Shaft misalignment
Shaft #4
gap
0.0
0.0
--0.3
--0.8
--0.6
--0.8
0.0
5.6
--11.4
11.9
14.7
--9.9
AGMA 927--A01
20
18
16
SHAFT #3
14
12
Micrometers
10
8
6
4
2
0
8
--2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
15
16
17
--4
--6
--8
--10
--12
--14
--16
--18
--20
20
18
16
14
12
Micrometers
10
8
6
4
2
0
8
--2
10
11
12
13
14
--4
--6
--8
--10
--12
--14
--16
SHAFT #4
--18
--20
17
AGMA 927--A01
SHAFT #3
14
12
Micrometers
10
8
6
4
2
0
8
--2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
14
15
16
17
--4
--6
--8
--10
--12
SHAFT #4
--14
--16
--18
--20
20
18
16
14
12
Micrometers
10
8
SHAFT #3
6
4
2
0
8
--2
10
11
12
13
--4
--6
--8
--10
--12
--14
--16
SHAFT #4
SHAFT #4
--18
--20
18
9 Load Distribution
L i = ti C m
AGMA 927--A01
(27)
where
Xi
Li
where
Li
ti
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
L6
X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6
Xi
Cm
Face width
Bearing
Figure 15 -- Deflection sections
Li
mesh
gap,
i
Face width
Figure 14 -- Tooth section with spring constant
Cm, load L, and deflection
This assumed linearity differs from previous AGMA
(AGMA 218) and ISO (ISO 6336--1, C) analytical
methods where the load distribution was assumed
as a straight line over the whole face width.
(28)
where
Fg
19
AGMA 927--A01
(29)
L i L j = i j C m
(30)
Li L1
= i 1 C
Xi X1
(31)
Or:
XL C
(32)
XL C
(33)
L1 = X 1
And:
Li = Xi
XL XL + XL XL + XL XL
Face width
Total pinion deflection
= 1 1 + 2 1 + n 1 C m
(34)
Simplifying equation 34 gives:
XL + XL + XL nXL
1
Mesh gap,i
= 1 1 + 2 1 + n 1 C m
(35)
0.0
XL + XL + XL = XF
1
(36)
L1 =
F g C m X i
i
i
1 1 + 2 1
+ n 1
Figure 16 -- Mesh gap section grid
(37)
L i peak
L i ave
(38)
where:
Fg
L i ave = n
(39)
AGMA 927--A01
10 Future considerations
10.1 Differential thermal conditions
Temperature differences are developed between the
pinion and mating gear elements and they may vary
along the face width. Both of these phenomena
produce distortions that may require lead compensations to achieve acceptable load distribution.
Under running conditions the pinion element of a
gear set operates at a higher temperature than its
mating gear. This thermal differential will cause
pinion base pitch increases that exceed those of the
cooler mating gear.
In speed reducers the base pitch differential increase is partially offset by elastic tooth deformations (refer to 5.1). Profile modification is often used
to compensate for this.
In helical gear meshes there is also a temperature
differential along the face width due to the heat
generated as lubricant is displaced in wave--like
fashion from leading end to trailing end of the helix.
Lead correction may be used to compensate for this.
10.2 Mesh stiffness variations
The stiffness of a gear tooth at any given location
along its length is buttressed by adjacent tooth
length. A tooth portion at mid--face width is buttressed on both sides and has greater stiffness than
a similar tooth portion at the tooth end.
21
AGMA 927--A01
Annex A
Flowcharts for load distribution factor
Input
Elastic
Data
Non--elastic
Data
Bending
No
is
P&G
Done
Yes
Torsional
No
is
P&G
Done
Yes
Gap Analysis
Load Distribution
No
New
Gap
Difference
Small
Yes
Output
AGMA 927--A01
Case ID
U.S.
SI
Units
?
Units
Labels
Manual
Adjustment
in BTCS
Target mesh
data
External forces,
moments, torques
(Timken convention)
Convert to
BTCS
Analysis
Yes
Test
No
Output
KH
Figure A.2 -- Data flow
23
AGMA 927--A01
INPUT Values
The gear mesh is divided into sections of equal length with loads placed in the center of each section.
The sign convention is critical, positive loads and deflections are in same direction.
Cm = tooth stiffness constant
N = total number of sections
i (j) = gap at each section
Li (j) = initial load at each section
Xi (j) = length of each section
k = number of sections across the face width
Yes
No
CALL SUBROUTINE
calculate deflections and perform
gap analysis based on new load
distribution
No
OUTPUT
C5 = misalignment factor Km
Z(j) = final gap analysis
W(j) = final load distribution
AGMA 927--A01
INPUT Values
The helix is divided into sections of equal length with loads placed in the center of each section.
The sign convention is critical.
G = shear modulus
m = total number of sections
D(j) = major diameter at section j (outside diameter minus 4 standard addendums)
A(j) = inside diameter at section j
W(j) = load at each section j (in base tangent plane)
Y(j) = length of each section
A = sign multiplier to correct for direction of torsional deflection
for j = 1 to m
L(j) = L(j--1) + W(j) sum of load to station j
U(j) = U(j--1) + Y(j--1) sum of length to station j
T(j) = A * L(j) * U(j) * 4D(j)2/[G * 3.1416 * (D(j)4 -- A(j)4)] torsional deflection
OUTPUT
T(j) = torsional deflection across mesh
25
AGMA 927--A01
Annex B
Load distribution examples
XL + XL + XL = 4560
1
75
Fg = Li = 104 090 N
L1
L4
L2 L3
Miscellaneous
mismatch
65
L
L5 6
Torsional deflection
115.6
X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6
55
115.6
22.83
135.6
137
Face width
Rotation
135.6
Mesh gap
Torque path
45
Bearing support
Figure B.1 -- Example sections
22.8
45.7
68.5
91.3
114
Table B.1
Sta. No., i
1
2
3
4
5
6
26
Bending
67.35
72.05
74.45
74.45
72.05
67.35
Deflections, micrometers
Torsional
Misc.
0.00
0.00
--0.94
--1.03
--2.82
--2.06
--5.64
--3.07
--9.40
--4.08
--14.1
--5.08
Total, i
67.35
70.08
69.58
65.74
58.57
48.18
i -- 1
0.00
--2.73
--2.23
1.61
8.78
19.20
Load
Li, N
17 348
17 348
17 348
17 348
17 348
17 348
(B.7)
AGMA 927--A01
Table B.2
Sta. no., i
1
2
3
4
5
6
Bending
66.98
71.72
74.21
74.31
72.02
67.41
Deflections, micrometers
Torsional
Misc.
0.00
0.00
--0.87
--1.03
--2.58
--2.06
--5.23
--3.07
--8.98
--4.08
--14.1
--5.08
Total, i
66.98
69.82
69.57
66.01
58.95
48.24
i -- 1
0.00
--2.85
--2.59
0.97
8.02
18.7
Load
Li, N
16 410
15 690
15 760
16 660
18 430
21 140
27
AGMA 927--A01
CmSolve Version
4.2.1
01/15/00
AGMA
07:01:00 AM
Crowned
**********************DEFLECTIONS***********************
LENGTH
STATION
LOAD
BENDING
TORSIONAL
MISC.
TOTAL
RELATIVE
(MM)
NUMBER
(N*100)
(MU--M)
(MU--M)
(MU--M)
(MU--M)
(MU--M)
36.223
15.4
15.4
6.7
44.706
18.0
--0.1
--9.5
8.5
7.0
13.41
52.231
20.5
--0.3
--17.9
2.3
13.2
20.11
10
58.850
22.8
--0.7
--25.3
--3.2
18.6
26.81
11
64.605
25.0
--1.2
--31.7
--7.9
23.4
33.52
12
69.535
26.9
--1.9
--37.0
--12.0
27.4
40.22
13
73.668
28.7
--2.8
--41.2
--15.4
30.8
46.92
14
77.030
30.3
--4.0
--44.5
--18.1
33.6
53.62
15
79.640
31.7
--5.3
--46.7
--20.3
35.7
60.33
16
81.508
32.8
--6.8
--47.8
--21.8
37.3
67.03
17
82.642
33.7
--8.5
--48.0
--22.8
38.2
73.73
18
83.040
34.4
--10.5
--47.0
--23.1
38.5
80.44
19
82.694
34.9
--12.6
--45.1
--22.8
38.2
87.14
20
81.590
35.1
--14.9
--42.1
--21.9
37.3
93.84
21
79.708
35.1
--17.4
--38.0
--20.3
35.8
100.55
22
77.017
34.8
--20.0
--33.0
--18.1
33.6
107.25
23
73.483
34.4
--22.7
--26.9
--15.2
30.7
113.95
24
69.064
33.7
--25.5
--19.7
--11.6
27.0
1.179508
100
80
Load / Deflection
60
40
20
0 5
10
15
20
--20
--40
--60
25
LOAD (N*100)
BENDING (MU--M)
TORSIONAL (MU--M)
MISC. (MU--M)
TOTAL (MU--M)
RELATIVE (MU--M)
AGMA 927--A01
0,-3,0,.364,0
0,3,0,.364,0
0,4.22,0,.2685,0
0,4.22,0,.2675,0
1763.0507,4.22,0,.001,0
0,4.22,0,.1319,0
1584.0435,4.22,0,.2639,0
1584.0435,4.22,0,.2639,0
1584.0435,4.22,0,.2639,0
1584.0435,4.22,0,.2639,0
1584.0435,4.22,0,.2639,0
1584.0435,4.22,0,.2639,0
1584.0435,4.22,0,.2639,0
1584.0435,4.22,0,.2639,0
1584.0435,4.22,0,.2639,0
1584.0435,4.22,0,.2639,0
1584.0435,4.22,0,.2639,0
1584.0435,4.22,0,.2639,0
1584.0435,4.22,0,.2639,0
1584.0435,4.22,0,.2639,0
1584.0435,4.22,0,.2639,0
1584.0435,4.22,0,.2639,0
1584.0435,4.22,0,.2639,0
1584.0435,4.22,0,.1319,0
0,4.2,0,.001,0
-1763.0507,4.2,0,.4115,0
0,4.2,0,.4125,0
-2621.35,11.451,0,1.5,0
7735.76,11.451,0,1.5,0
2621.35,3.5,0,.3,0
0,3.5,0,.3,0
0,3,0,.46,0
0,3,0,.46,0
0,-3,0,0,0
3.77,0,6,0,0,25
2.632,-775.8483,1477.6644
1,1
10.5,4.091,16.604,9,20
0,0,-696.528,85,-99,0,1574.8031
300,340.48,1,4.22
2,.728,0,3,0
2,.537,0,4.22,0
0,0,0,0,0
0,0,0,0,0
0,0,0,0,0
18,4.75,28512.7834,4.22,0
0,0,0,0,0
2,.825,0,4.2,0
2,3,0,11.451,0
2,.6,0,3.5,0
2,.92,0,3,0
1
7.2,2.707,11.37,20,11,1,3
AGMA
ISO Double - LS Pinion - CW - fma=(fHB1**2+fHHB2**2)**0.5
0
29
AGMA 927--A01
EXTERNAL
FORCE N
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
7835.78
0.00
7040.19
7040.19
7040.19
7040.19
7040.19
7040.19
7040.19
7040.19
7040.19
7040.19
7040.19
7040.19
7040.19
7040.19
7040.19
7040.19
7040.19
7040.19
0.00
-7835.78
0.00
-11650.44
34381.16
11650.44
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
FREE BODY
FORCE N
-95459.35
0.00
0.00
0.00
7835.78
0.00
7040.19
7040.19
7040.19
7040.19
7040.19
7040.19
7040.19
7040.19
7040.19
7040.19
7040.19
7040.19
7040.19
7040.19
7040.19
7040.19
7040.19
7040.19
0.00
-7835.78
0.00
-11650.44
34381.16
11650.44
0.00
0.00
0.00
-65645.28
*SHAFT DIAMETER*
OUTSIDE INSIDE
-76.200
76.200
107.188
107.188
107.188
107.188
107.188
107.188
107.188
107.188
107.188
107.188
107.188
107.188
107.188
107.188
107.188
107.188
107.188
107.188
107.188
107.188
107.188
107.188
106.680
106.680
106.680
290.855
290.855
88.900
88.900
76.200
76.200
-76.200
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
SHAFT
LENGTH
9.246
9.246
6.820
6.795
0.025
3.350
6.703
6.703
6.703
6.703
6.703
6.703
6.703
6.703
6.703
6.703
6.703
6.703
6.703
6.703
6.703
6.703
6.703
3.350
0.025
10.452
10.478
38.100
38.100
7.620
7.620
11.684
11.684
0.000
0.0
6.7
13.4
20.1
26.8
33.5
40.2
46.9
53.6
60.3
67.0
73.7
80.4
87.1
93.8
100.5
107.2
114.0
30
X10^6
07:10:04
0.0
4.2
8.2
11.0
13.7
13.7
15.0
17.5
19.9
22.1
24.2
26.1
27.8
29.3
30.6
31.7
32.6
33.2
33.6
33.8
33.8
33.5
33.1
32.4
32.0
32.0
30.3
28.2
19.7
11.1
9.2
7.2
3.8
0.0
0.0
-0.2
-0.5
-1.0
-1.7
-2.5
-3.5
-4.7
-6.0
-7.5
-9.2
-11.0
-13.0
-15.2
-17.5
-20.0
-22.7
-25.5
15.0
17.4
19.4
21.1
22.5
23.6
24.3
24.6
24.6
24.2
23.4
22.2
20.6
18.6
16.3
13.5
10.4
6.9
AGMA 927--A01
24
24
24
CM= 1.186654
CM= 1.179403
CM= 1.179508
STA.
NO.
LOAD
(N)
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
3622.3
4470.6
5223.1
5885.0
6460.5
6953.5
7366.8
7703.0
7964.0
8150.8
8264.2
8304.0
8269.4
8159.0
7970.8
7701.7
7348.3
6906.4
07:10:04
SUM 239200.325
SUM 247301.066
SUM 247066.229
0.0
-0.1
-0.3
-0.7
-1.2
-1.9
-2.8
-4.0
-5.3
-6.8
-8.5
-10.5
-12.6
-14.9
-17.4
-20.0
-22.7
-25.5
0.0
-9.5
-17.9
-25.3
-31.7
-37.0
-41.2
-44.5
-46.7
-47.8
-48.0
-47.0
-45.1
-42.1
-38.0
-33.0
-26.9
-19.7
15.4
8.5
2.3
-3.2
-7.9
-12.0
-15.4
-18.1
-20.3
-21.8
-22.8
-23.1
-22.8
-21.9
-20.3
-18.1
-15.2
-11.6
0.0
7.0
13.2
18.6
23.4
27.4
30.8
33.6
35.7
37.3
38.2
38.5
38.2
37.3
35.8
33.6
30.7
27.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
31
PUBLISHED BY
AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
1500 KING STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 22314