PARASITIC INFECTIONS IN GEH SYSTEM

PROTOZOA OF GEH SYSTEM

1. Entamoeba histolytica
Pathogenic

HELMINTHS OF GEH SYSTEM

Ascaris lumbricoides
Trichuris trichiura

2. Entamoeba hartmanni

Necator americanus

3. Entamoeba coli
Ancylostoma duodenale

4. Endolimax nana

Strongyloides stercoralis

5. Iodamoeba butschlii

Oxyuris vermicularis

6. Dientamoeba fragilis
7. Giardia lamblia
Pathogenic

Trichinella spiralis

Taenia saginata

8. Chilomastix mesnili

Taenia solium

9. Enteromonas hominis

Hymenolepis nana

10.Retortamonas intestinalis

Hymenopelis diminuta

11.Trichomonas hominis
12.Balantidium coli
Pathogenic
13.Isospora belli

Dipylidium caninum

Diphyllobothrium latum

Echinostoma ilocanum

Fasciola hepatica
Clonorchis sinensis
Opisthorchis felineus
Opisthorchis viverrini
Dicrocoelium
dendriticum

Entamoeba histolytica
Host : Human
Disease : Amebiasis
Geographic distribution : Cosmopolitan
Trophozoite

Shape : indefinite
Size : 10 - 60 m
The clear, refractile, hyaline
ectoplasm,
sharply separated from the
endoplasm, Ectoplasm in outer part,
endoplasm in inner part The thin,
finger-like ectoplasmic
pseudopodia are extended rapidly,
so its motility is quick. The fine
granular endoplasm contains rbc It
has single nucleus not visible in
unstained preparation . With stain,
the nucleus has a small, compact
karyosome located centrally
nucleus, clearly nuclear membrane,

Precyst

Morphology :
1. Trophozoite
2. Precyst
3. Cyst
Cyst

Shape : indefinite
Size : 10 - 30 m
The ectoplasm unclear,
only visible when
pseudopodia are formed
slowly, so its motility is
slow. The fine granular
endoplasm contains
bacteria and food
particles without rbc .
It has one nucleus; the
structure of nucleus is
similar to the nucleus in
trophozoite .
The precyst lives commensal
in lumen of the colon,
multiplies by binary fission, is

Shape : round or oval

Size : 10 - 20 m
Wall : thin
It has 1, 2 or 4 nuclei
In 1-, and 2-nucleate cysts (immature cysts)
contain glycogen vacuole and sausage-shaped
chromatoid bodies with blunty rounded ends In 4nucleate cysts (mature cysts) glycogen vacuole
and chromatoid bodies are usually not found.
The cysts are formed in lumen of the colon, non-pathogenic,
but infective stages

and uniform fine granules of

chromatin .

essential stage because it can

change to trophozoite or cyst.

The trophozoites are pathogenic, live in

lumen and wall of the colon, liver, lung,
brain, and other tissues, multiply by binary
fission, and can destruct the tissue

LIFE CYCLE
The life cycle of E. histolytica is comparatively simple. Mode of infection is ingestion of cysts. The cysts pass out in
the feces, and immediately infective. On ingestion the mature cysts, which are resistant to the acidic gastric juices,
pass to the lower part of small intestine. Here, under influence of neutral or alkaline digestive juices and the activity of
the ameba, the cyst wall desintegrated (excystation), liberating a four-nucleated metacyst that ultimately divides into
eight small metacystic trophozoites, then these metecystic trophozoites move downward to the large intestine.
Intestinal stasis often enables the amebas to establish a site of infection in the cecal region of the colon, but they may
be swept along to the sigmoidorectal region or even out of body. Once the ameba begin feed and grow, they develop
into normal trophozoites. The changes of establishing a foothold in the intestinal epithelium are reduced when the
organisms are few, the volume of food large, or there is intestinal hypermotility.
In the lumen of colon, under condition not yet known, the trophozoite discharges food and condenses into
a spherical mass, this is the precyst. Then a relatively thin, tough wall is secreted, so that the unripe cyst (immature
cyst) is formed (encystation). Ripening (maturing) of the cyst consists of two consecutive mitotic divisions of the
nucleus to produce four nuclei. Trophozoites do not become encysted after evacuation from the bowel. In semiformed
stools, it is sometimes possible to find precysts, uninucleate, binucleate, and occasionally 4-nucleate cysts. In well-