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CE 481 Traffic Safety

Usage of Seat Belts in IIT Kanpur

by
Aditya Suman (10043, 14.28%),
Ajay Nehra (10045, 14.28%),
Bhim Singh Meena (10197, 14.28%),
Dhanraj Meena (10236, 14.28%),
Harshit Shihara (10292, 14.28%),
Himanshu Singh (10304, 14.28%),
Tejram Meena (10764, 14.28%).

Supervised by
Prof. Vinod Vasudevan

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KANPUR
KANPUR 208 016

[April, 2014]

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Introduction:
With increase in motor vehicles in India, the transportation methods of people have changed
considerably. These motor vehicles have brought in different kinds of vehicles, mainly cars and
younger drivers on Indian roads. After 1990s, the cars on Indian roads have increased
significantly. Although, two wheelers of different types occupy a major space, motorcars have
also increased at a rapid speed. Among the total registered vehicles in India, motorcars comprise
of 9% of total vehicles that are running on Indian roads right now, double the number it was
during the last decade. The numbers are even expected to increase in the upcoming years. Hence
the road safety priorities have also increased and are expected to increase further so as to provide
a safer environment to pedestrians, bicyclists and motorized vehicles while they are on roads.
Lap and shoulder belts were made compulsory for all motor vehicles after the Ministry of Road
Transport and Highways, Government of India published a rule. Some vehicles were exempted
from this rule like vehicles with engine capacity less than 500 cc. After this rule was implicated,
all the vehicle companies sold the vehicles which have been equipped with belts in front seats.
A new rule that seat belts by front seat occupants was made mandatory nationally five years later
on 18th March 1999. Use of Installation of seat belts on all seats in cars was mandated in
September 2000 but the use of seat belts by rear seat occupants is not yet governed by any
national law. Since traffic is a state subject in the federal structure of the Indian constitution,
traffic regulations have to be notified and enforced by each state. Example: The Delhi Traffic
Police made use of seat belts by front seat passengers compulsory with effect from 15th February
2002 and initiated enforcement of the same. Noncompliance of the seat belt regulation would be
punished with a fine of Rs. 100 (~2 Euro) in the first instance and Rs. 300 (~ 6 Euro) for

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subsequent violations. The Delhi Police fine about 23 percent of the motorists every month for
noncompliance.
Law on Use of Seatbelt: CENTRAL MOTOR VEHICLES RULES 1989:
1. As per the provisions of subrule (3) of Rule 138 of the Central Motor Vehicle Rules,
1989, in a motor vehicle, in which seatbelts have been provided under subrule (1) or
subrule (1A) of rule 125 or rule 125A, as the case may be, it shall be ensured that the
driver, and the person seated in the front seat or the persons occupying front facing rear
seats, as the case may be, wear the seat belts while the vehicle is in motion.
2. Rule 125 (1) requires the manufacturer of every motor vehicle other than motor cycles
and three wheelers of engine capacity not exceeding 500 cc, shall equip every such
vehicle with a seat belt for the driver and for the person occupying the front seat.
3. Rule 125 (1A) requires the manufacturer of every motor vehicle that is used for carriage
of passengers and their luggage and comprising no more than 8 seats in addition to the
driver's seat, shall equip it with a seat belt for a person occupying the front facing rear
seat.
All vehicles purchased in India afterwards have been provided with belts on their front seats.
Later use of seatbelts by the seat occupants was made compulsory nationwide on 18th March
1999, but the use of seatbelts by the occupants at rear seats in cars is yet not governed by any
law. Since, car occupants comprise only 2%3% of the fatalities in Delhi, the belt law may have
resulted in an overall fatality reduction of less than 1%, an estimated 1115 lives per year. This is
assuming that front seat occupants comprise about 68% of all car passengers and belt
effectiveness in reducing fatalities is 45%60%.

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Literature Review:
Mark G Solomon in his paper Taking the Click It or Ticket model nationwide mentioned that
Click It or Ticket is a Selective Traffic Enforcement Program (STEP) that combined both
intensive paid and publicity with enforcement within short period of time. States like North
Carolina showed gradual increase in safety belt use after the program was implemented in 1993.
Seeing positive results it was implemented in South Carolina too. In 2001, Click It or Ticket was
implemented across all eight states of the southeast as it was showing good results. In 2002, ten
states in various parts of the country implemented Click It or Ticket; four states implemented
parts of the full Click It or Ticket program; and four states were used as comparisons. Belt use
increases were greatest in the full implementation states. Click It or Ticket was implemented
nationally in 2003.
Many efforts are being done to increase the seat belt usage. Mackay, 1985, Robertson,
1977 and Robertson et al., 1974 found that people are very less convinced through persuasion
and education and it is very difficult to convince them to wear seat belts in this way.
Similarly, Block, 2001 in his survey found that many people even those who dont use seatbelts
responded that seat belts are effective in reducing injury and that using belts is advisable. For
example, in a national survey of drivers, the importance of using seat belts was endorsed by 94%
of the respondents, and even 56% of those who said they rarely or never use belts agreed that
they would like to be belted in a crash.
Canadianstyle publicity and enforcement campaigns to increase seat belt use were subsequently
adopted and used successfully in the United States. Initially their use was confined to small and
mediumsized cities. These programs differed somewhat in style and content, but they all

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successfully increased belt use. The 1983 Elmira program consisted of three phasesa week of
publicity including television and radio spots featuring local enforcement personnel, a week of
publicity and warnings, and a week of ticketing. Seat belt use increased from 49% to 77%. A
supplemental program the following year increased belt use to 80% Williams, Preusser,
Blomberg, & Lund, 1987.
Ruth A. Shults in his paper Effectiveness of primary enforcement safety belt laws and enhanced
enforcement of safety belt laws considered that use of safety belts is the single most effective
means of reducing fatal and nonfatal injuries in motorvehicle crashes. He summarized the
systematic reviews of two interventions to increase safety belt use: primary enforcement safety
belt laws and enhanced enforcement of safety belt laws. These reviews provide strong evidence
that primary laws are more effective than secondary laws in increasing safety belt use and
decreasing fatalities and that enhanced enforcement is effective in increasing safety belt use.
Increases in belt use are generally highest in states with low baseline rates of belt use. Based on
the strong evidence for effectiveness of primary safety belt laws and enhanced enforcement
programs, the Task Force on Community Preventive Services recommended that all states enact
primary safety belt laws and that communities implement enhanced enforcement programs.
According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration wearing a seat belt can reduce
the risk of crash injuries by 50 percent. They saved lives for more than 75,000 lives from 2004 to
2008. They also found that Fortytwo percent of passenger vehicle occupants killed in 2007 were
unbelted. A 2009 NHTSA study estimated more than 1,600 lives could be saved and 22,000
injuries prevented if seat belt use was 90 percent in every state. Yet seat belt use remains lowest
among young drivers. NHTSA also reports that, in 2007 that seat belt use was lower

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among blacks than any other race, seat belt use was higher among females than males ,seat belt
use was lower among drivers who drove alone than drivers with passengers.
A thorough study of statistics suggested that nearly 80 per cent of the fatalities could have been
averted if the drivers and those sitting in the front seats were wearing seat belts at the time of the
accident.
Varun Chadha on 5th July 2009 stated that Superintendent of Police (Traffic) Hardeep Singh
Doon said that lives of passengers sitting on back seats are as precious as those sitting in the
front seats. Keeping the safety of city residents in mind, the Chandigarh traffic police have
decided to moot a proposal to make wearing seat belts mandatory even for passengers on the
back seat. Hence, rear seat belt usage may be made compulsory.
Jennifer Bell on 17th September, 2013 in The National UAE stated that study of car crashes in
Al Ain has found that 98 per cent of passengers were not wearing a seat belt and not a single
child restraint was used in any of the vehicles.
Yanerkang in wiki answers stated that 63% of people killed in accidents are not wearing seat
belts. Data suggests that education alone is not doing the job with young people, especially
males ages 16 to 25 the age group least likely to buckle up. If 90 percent of Americans buckle
up, we will prevent more than 5,500 deaths and 132,000 injuries annually.

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Objective:
Although many awareness programs have been initiated by Indian government and traffic
police of various states but they are not specifically on usage of seat belts. Government
research team has developed an educational film on No mobile when mobile to highlight the
causes of distracted driving among drivers and way to control it. Other programs like Road
Safety and Anti Aggression campaign, finding effective interventions for reducing aggressive
driving.
After going through various literature and government sites we found that no survey has been
directed to increase awareness among drivers for the usage if seat belts in recent years.
Hence, it was decided to conduct a survey a survey on the usage of seat belts. Since,
conducting a survey on the national basis was difficult task and would require a lot of time
therefore we tried to concentrate on a particular city. We started our survey in the city of
Kanpur but we faced many problems. Some of the problems were like residents of the city were
not willing to fill our survey forms, they thought that they might face some legal action if they
say that they dont wear seat belts. At the end we were able to collect only 52 filled forms after
3 hours and that too biased. Due to time constraints and all the problems faced it was decided
that the survey should be conducted among 621 students and 7 workers in the campus.

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Methodology:
Mail surveys were given survey forms to sample of people containing Males and Females
93.78% and 6.22% respectively, with explaining them how to fill out the survey and return it.
We adopted this kind because it has historically been one of the cheapest and most efficient
methods of survey distribution. However it is not without drawbacks: because the survey is
selfadministered, participants cannot ask for clarification, and there is no way to definitely
control the order the questions are answered in. We gave the survey forms to students
belonging to every year i.e. from freshmen to doctorate students. After a week we collected
those forms and entered the full data in excel so as to analyze it.
Table 1: Hall Wise Distribution of Sample Space

Place

Date

Sample Space

Hall-1

209

Hall-2

42

Hall-3

29

Hall-4

11

Hall-5

27/3/2014 5/4/2014

34

Hall-6

39

Hall-7

12

Hall-8

23

Hall-9

181

Hall-10

49

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Results:
From the following pie chart we can see
that majority of the students (40%) in IIT
Kanpur wear seat belts while driving. There
are chances that 5% of the students might
not have told the truth and hence taking
some error we can say that only around
40% of the sample students wear seat belts
while driving. The percentage is too low as
compared to people in America which is
around 88%. Although percentage of
people who never wear seat belt is very low
(4%), most of the people wear seat belts
but they are not consistent and hence
seatbelt awareness programs should be
held informing and educating them to wear
it regularly and consistently.

Do you wear Seat Belt ?

Always

Never

Rarely

Sometimes

Usually

24%

40%

4%
10%
22%

Figure 1: Response Distribution for question no.1

35, 18%

25%

7, 4%

75, 39%

41%

4%

21, 11%

9%
21%

Always

Never

Sometimes

Usually

54, 28%

Rarely

Figure 2: Response distribution intermediate

students

Always

Never

Sometimes

Usually

Rarely

Figure 3: Response distribution graduate

students

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17, 37%

18, 39%

1, 2%

7, 15%

3, 7%

Always

Never

Rarely

Sometimes

Usually

From Figure 2, 3, 4 it can be stated that as

age increases tendency to wear seat belts
increases (in our case it came to be 12%)
and this increment might be because post
graduate students are more mature. Only
2% of the post graduate students never
wear seat belts attributing to the fact that
post graduate students are more aware of
the benefits of wearing seat belts. Survey
results contributed by post graduate
students were very less as compared to the
undergraduate students leading to increase
in standard error for post graduate
students.

Figure 4: Response distribution post graduate

Students

7, 18%

142, 24%

12, 31%
3, 8%

239, 40%
22, 4%

4, 10%

58, 10%
128, 22%

Always

Never

Rarely

Sometimes

13, 33%

Usually

Figure 5: Usage of Seat Belts among Males

Always

Never

Rarely

Sometimes

Usually

Figure 6: Usage of seat Belts among

Females

The gender distribution of our sample space is 93.78% (male) and 6.22% (female). Hence,
standard error in case of data collected from females might be more. From figure 5 and 6 it can
be found that the proportion of males wearing seat belts is far more compared to females.
Hence awareness programs should be more focused on enlightening females about the benefits

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of seat belts. It is even supported by the fact that percentage of males never wearing seat belts
is half of that of the females (4% for males and 8% for females).

3.97
4.00
3.90
3.80
3.70
3.60
3.50
3.40
3.30
3.20
3.10

3.85
3.76

3.75

3.61
3.41

Average of Average of Average of Average of Average of Average of

After
When police
when
When the
When you When you
witnessing
are
someone
driver is are drunk (as are driving
an accident2 patrolling
else in the
drunk
a driver)
with your
the area
vehicle is
family
wearing their
seat belt

Figure 7: Response distribution to question no.4 (question mentioned in appendix A)

Observing the data mentioned in figure 7, it can be seen that people tend to wear seat belts
more when they are driving with their family followed by; when the police is patrolling the
area. Watching other people wearing seat belts had the least impact on the minds of the driver
or user compared to other situations.

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250

250

200

200

150

150
244
100

153

130

174

50

141
50
23

220

100
70

55

46

0
Very Unlikely
No
Unlikely
Change

Likely

Very
likely

Figure 8: Distribution of answers for the

Figure 9: Distribution of answers for the

response to the Question No. 5, Option 2

response to the Question No. 5, Option 1

4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00

3.91
3.00

Average of There is a law that Average of You think it is

tells you to wear it
helpful to you and you do not
need a law to wear it

Figure 10: Average Ratings for Question no. 5

From figure 8, 9 and figure 10 it can be observed that people are aware of the fact that they are
safer when they are wearing seat belts and they dont need a law to change their minds. But it is
also a fact that people who resist wearing seat belts need a law to force them to wear it as they
think that wearing seat belt will have effect on their status or make others think that they are
frighten of driving.

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Wearing seat belt

at rear seat is help
full

Benefits of
Wearing Seat Belt
2% 11%

It makes
uncomfortable

5%
No
Uncertain

87%

32%

Yes

63%

26%

21%

53%

13:

Figure 11: Response to

Figure 12: Response to

Figure

Response

Question No. 6(a)

Question No. 6(b)

Question No. 6(c)

to

By comparing the results found in figure 11, 12, and 13 most of people are aware of wearing
seat belts and also most of them find that having rear seat is helpful. It was also found that
wearing seat belts does not make driving uncomfortable.

250

NUMBER OF PEOPLE

200
192
176

150

119

100
99
50

42
0
ExpressWays

Highways

Within City

Always

Never

Figure 14: Response to question no. 7

By seeing the above trend it is found that people feel that highways are not as safe as
expressways and hence are more careless on expressways and not wear seat belts there. Ideally
people should have been wearing seat belts on expressways more often compared to city as
speed limit is more on expressways but data estimates were not consistent with the ideal

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situation. The possible reason could be due to the fact that the city is under the surveillance of
more police patrolling.
Don't Find it
Necessary
18%
Fine is Less
26%

Speed
9%

Risk is less
47%

Fine is Less

Risk is less

Speed

Don't Find it Necessary

Figure 15: Response to Question no. 8

Most of the people not wearing seat in all places think that fine is less at other places hence
they tend not to wear seat belts.

160
140
120
100
80

143

60

120

113

Rs. 400

Rs. 500

40
20

44

42

Rs. 200

Rs. 300

Figure 16: Response to Question No. 9

Rs. 500+Suspension
of license

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In the above figure it has been shown that people think that the current fine is not enough for
them to force them to wear seat belts and they want a stricter action. Majority of the people
want that suspension of license along with some amount of fine should be the punishment.

STATISTICAL TESTS
1. Testing of proportions between the number of 2nd year students and 4th year
students who always use their seatbelts:
Age group

Number of students

30

273

105

219

25 years

(blank)
Grand Total

628

Age group

Number of students who always wear their seatbelts

Always

149

69

19

51

25 years

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Sample size:
2nd year students (n1) = 273
4th year students (n2) = 219
Successful events:
Number of 2nd year students who always put on their seatbelts (x1) = 69
Number of 4th year students who always put on their seatbelts (x2) = 51
Through Statistical test we want to find out if there is meaningful difference between the
proportions of 2nd and 4th year students who always wear a seatbelt.
P1 = true proportion of 2nd year students who always wear a seatbelt
P2 = true proportion of 4th year students who always wear a seatbelt
Mean of the distribution of 2nd year students who always wear seatbelts = P1
Variance for this distribution, 2 = P1 (1 P1)
Sampling distribution for the mean:

Mean= P1
Variance for this distribution is = P1 (1 P1)/n1
Mean of the distribution of 2nd year students who always wear seatbelts = P2
Variance for this distribution, 2 = P2 (1 P2)

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Mean= P2
Variance for this distribution is = P2 (1 P2)/n2
We are trying to come up with 95% confidence interval for the diference (P1 P1) for we do not
know what the true difference between these two proportions is.
1 = proportion of 2nd year students who wear seatbelts coming from the survey
= 69/273 = 0.253
2 = proportion of 4th year students who wear seatbelts coming from the survey
= 51/219 = 0.233
Now, the sampling distribution for the difference:

Mean = (P1 P1)

Variance, 2 = P1 (1 P1)/n1 + P2 (1 P2)/n2

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Now, the difference between the proportions coming from our data
1 2 = 0.02
We want 95% chance that 0.02 lies within d of the actual difference, (P1 P2) i.e., if we take a
random sample then there is 95% chance that the difference lies within the range d.
So our objective is to find d.

1.96

So the range d = Stand. Deviation for sampling distribution of mean difference x 1.96
=sqrt [P1 (1 P1)/n1 + P2 (1 P2)/n2 ] x 1.96
=sqrt [1 (1 1)/n1 + 2 (1 2)/n2 ] x 1.96
=0.076
So the 95% confidence interval for (P1 P2) = (0.020.076, 0.02+0.076)
= (0.056, 0.096)

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2. Testing of proportions between the 2nd year students and 4th year students who
know the benefits of wearing a seatbelt:
Age group

Students saying yes

26

240

83

192

Sample space:
No. of 2nd year students = 273
No. of 4th year students = 219
Through Statistical test we want to find out if there is meaningful difference between the
proportions of 2nd and 4th year students who know the benefits of seatbelts.
P1 = true proportion of 2nd year students who know the benefits of seatbelts
P2 = true proportion of 4th year students who know the benefits of seatbelts
Mean of the distribution of 2nd year students who know the benefits of seatbelts = P1
Variance for this distribution, 2 = P1 (1 P1)
Sampling distribution for the mean:

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Mean= P1
Variance for this distribution is = P1 (1 P1)/n1
Mean of the distribution of 2nd year students who know the benefits of seatbelts = P2
Variance for this distribution, 2 = P2 (1 P2)

Mean= P2
Variance for this distribution is = P2 (1 P2)/n2
We are trying to come up with 95% confidence interval for the diference (P1 P1) for we do not
know what the true difference between these two proportions is.
1 = proportion of 2nd year students who know the benefits of seatbelts coming from the survey
= 240/273 = 0.879
2 = proportion of 4th year students who wear seatbelts coming from the survey
= 192/219 = 0.877
Now, the sampling distribution for the difference:

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Mean = (P1 P1)

Variance, 2 = P1 (1 P1)/n1 + P2 (1 P2)/n2
Now, the difference between the proportions coming from our data
1 2 = 0.002
We want 95% chance that 0.002 lies within d of the actual difference, (P1 P2) i.e., if we take a
random sample then there is 95% chance that the difference lies within the range d.
So our objective is to find d.

1.96

So the range d = Stand. Deviation for sampling distribution of mean difference x 1.96
=sqrt [P1 (1 P1)/n1 + P2 (1 P2)/n2 ] x 1.96
=sqrt [1 (1 1)/n1 + 2 (1 2)/n2 ] x 1.96

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=0.058
So the 95% confidence interval for (P1 P2) = (0.0020.058, 0.002+0.058)
= (0.056, 0.06)

Discussion:
The data collected from survey was analyzed by two types of methods. The first one was through
simple analyzing by making pie charts and bar graphs and second was done by statistical
method. Statistical Test was carried out to compare 2nd and 4th year students behavior. Statistical
methods give good comparisons when the sample size is large. The survey data was dominated
by the 2nd and 4th year students, hence we chose them to compare the proportions.
Seeing all the above results it can be seen that as age increases or as maturity increases tendency
to wear seat belts increase. More male candidates are interested to wear seat belts compared to
females. Anomalous behavior was observed after statistical test for proportions of 2nd year and
4th year students always wearing seat belts. The results show that the students are well aware
about the benefits of the seat belts and they dont require any law to wear it. People think that the
current fine is not enough for them to force them to wear seat belts and they want a stricter
action. Majority of the people want that suspension of license along with some amount of fine
should be the punishment.

Conclusion:
People need stricter for laws to be enforce because there are some kind of people who tend not to
wear seat belts given any situation causing harm in traffic safety. The other reason for increasing

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the fine or taking stricter action is for most of the vehicles are not afraid of this small amount of
fine and they are just of afraid of being caught. Vehicles should be fined at the spot and the
notice should be send through the mail. Since most of the people in Kanpur tend not to wear seat
belts or forget to wear seat belts hence it would be better if more emphasis is laid on Air Bags or
some other protecting parts. Various NGOs and Government organization should also work on
conduction a national survey on usage of seat belts so they can decide what kind of law should
be enforced. Also, various kind of awareness programs should be conducted to educate and
persuade the vehicle or motor drivers regarding usage of seat belts and other protective measures
while driving.

Scope of future work:

A larger sample space i.e. more number of people would have been better since then standard
error would have been decreased and statistical analysis would have given better results. Various
other types of model like discrete model can be used for further analysis. A better form of filling
survey forms could be if the surveyor himself notes all the answers or basically like a personal
interview which consists of both way talks. Usage of seat belts survey should mainly be done in
metro or large cities since there is a strict law regarding it.

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Reference:
1. Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989
2. Seat Belt Law and Road Traffic Injuries in Delhi, MOHAN
3. Wiki Answer by Yanerkang
(http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_many_people_die_a_year_from_wearing_a_seat_belt#s
lide=1)
4. Taking the Click It or Ticket model nationwide, Solomon et all
5. Effectiveness of primary enforcement safety belt laws and enhanced enforcement of
safety belt laws: a summary of the Guide to Community Preventive Services systematic
reviews, Shults et all
6. Seat belt use laws in the United States: trends and prospects, Preusser et all
7. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration website(http://www.nhtsa.gov/)
8. Evaluation of Primary Safety Belt Laws in California, Preusser et all
9. The National, Jennifer Bell (http://www.thenational.ae/uae/transport/98percentof
passengersincarcrasheswerenotwearingseatbeltsstudyfinds)
10. CRRI Annual Report. Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi.

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Appendix A
Seat Belt Survey
IIT Kanpur
Place___________________
Personal Information
Sex ___________
1st year
Matriculate

Age Group
Education

Q.1) As a driver you do wear seat belt

a) Never
b) Rarely
c) Sometimes
Q.2) Do you have a driving license?

2nd year
3rd year 4th year
Intermediate Graduate Post Graduate

d) Usually

e) Always

Q.3) If your answer is yes to the previous question, how often you drive over the speed limit
a) Never
b) Rarely
c) Sometimes
d) Usually
e) Always
Q.4) Which of the following situations would make you more likely to wear your seat belt?
(Rate on a scale of 1-5 where 1: Very unlikely, 2: Unlikely, 3: No change, 4: Likely, 5: Very
likely)
1

After witnessing an accident

When police are patrolling the area
When someone else in the vehicle is wearing their seat belt
When the driver is drunk
When you are drunk (as a driver)
When you are driving with your family

Q.5) You wear the seatbelt because (1: Very unlikely, 2: Unlikely, 3: No change, 4: Likely, 5:
Very likely)
1

There is a law that tells you that you should wear it

You think it is helpful to you and you do not need a law to wear it

Q.6) Give your response to following questions in Yes (Y) No (N) or Uncertain (U)
S.No.

A.
B.
C.

Are you aware of the benefits of wearing a seatbelt

Do you think giving seat belts at the rear seats is helpful
Is it that wearing seat belts make travelling uncomfortable

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Q.7) Where do you wear seat belt

a) Express ways
b) Highways
Never

c) Within City

d) Always

e)

If response to above question is not d, then

Q.8) Why dont you wear seat belt at other places
a) Fine is less
b) Risk is less
necessary

c) Speed

d) You dont find it

Q.9) Currently fine for not wearing seat belt is Rs.100, at what fine you would always wear a seat
belt.
a) Rs.200
b) Rs.300
c) Rs.400
c) Rs.500
d) Rs.500 + driver license suspension