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semi-quantitative
determination and is used as
the following scale:
0% - 5% very bad porosity
(can be ignored)
5% - 10% bad porosity
10% - 15% sufficent porosity
15% - 20% well porosity
> 25%
excellent
porosity
2.2. Saturation
Reservoir
fluid
saturation is defined as the
ratio between the volume of a
particular fluid (water, oil, or
gas) to total pore volume.
Generally, the formation of the
water content in the oil zone is
called interstitial formation
water or connate water. Water
saturation is defined as:
Sw=
......
Sw + So + Sg = 1 ..................
(7)
2.3. Permeability
Basis for determining
the permeability of the rock is
from trials conducted by
Darcy. In the experiments,
Henry
Darcy
using
sandstone that is not
compact by flowing water.
The porous sandstone
saturated with 100% fluid
viscosity, cross-sectional
area A, length L. Then, by
applying
pressure
P1
entrance at one end, then
the flow occurs at a rate
of q, while the external
pressure
P2.
In
this
experiment it can be
shown that q is constant
and will be equal to the
price
of
the
rock
permeability
is
independent of the fluid,
the pressure difference
and the dimensions of the
rock used.
Because Henry is
considered
a
pioneer
darcy
permeabilitys
investigation
then
is
Darcy permeability for the
unit. Permeability itself is
divided into two, namely:
1. Absolut Permeability is
the permeability where
fluid flow in porous media
consists of only one
phase, ex: only gas, oil, or
water.
2. Effective Permeability
is a permeability where
fluid is flowing through a
porous medium is more
than one phase, ex: oil
and water, oil and gas,
water and gas, or all
three.
3. Relative Permeability is
the ratio between the
effective
permeability
absolute permeability.
to
Q x x L
A (P1 P2 )
Where in:
K
=
q
=
=
A
=
cm
L
=
P1P2 =
atm
................. (8)
permeability, Darcy
flow rate, cc/sec
Viscosity, cp
cross-sectional area,
length, cm
pressure difference,
1.Tight
2.Fair
md
3.Good
md
4.Very good
1000 md
: < 5 md
: 5 10
: 10 100
: 100
HCl
Prior to stimulation
with acidizing must be
planned
precisely
laboratory data obtained
from
samples
of
formation fluid and the
fluid reservoir stimulation
so that the information
obtained
from
the
laboratory can be used to
plan
operations
with
proper stimulation. And,
in turn, increase the
productivity
of
the
formation
can
be
obtained as expected.
One of the required
up
entirely,
can
formulated
by
following equation:
be
the
ra =
+ rw2 .....
(10)
If qi is expressed in barrels / min
and t in seconds, then the
equation can:
ra =
(11)
5615qi.t
60..h
+ rw2...
where:
ra = radial distance of acid
penetration, ft.
= porosity, fraction.
qi = acid injection rate, bbl /
min.
rw = radius of wellbore, ft.
h = thickness of the formation.
In the above equation,
the unknown factor is spending
time, which must be specified in
laboratory.spending
time
depends on the ratio of the rock
with an acid solution, which is
called the surface area.
For specific matrix acidizing the
area are:
1
this
experiment
a
reservoir rock porosity
measurements,
carried
out in two ways: with
mercury injection and by
weighing. But we only use
the
weighing
method
only, due to damage of
mercury
injection
apparatus. Where in this
experiment the number of
porosity obtained from
experiments
with
the
weighing
method
obtained
at
18.375%
effective porosity, thus
belonging to the good
porosity.
Measurement
of
Fluid
Saturation
its
purpose to determine the
pore space of reservoir
rocks
containing
fluid
especially oil. The pores
of the reservoir rock
containing fluid usually
consists of oil, water and
gas. This is related to the
estimated size of the
reserve reservoir. In this
experiment,
fluid
saturation measurements
performed by the method
of distillation. From the
experiment, obtained oil
saturation (So) of 0.8824,
water saturation (Sw) of
0.1176,
and
gas
saturation (Sg) of 0. This
indicates that the core
sample saturated by two
kinds of fluids, oil and
water. Where there is no
gas saturation, so that
the gas saturation is 0.
Permeability
measurements are used to
determine the ability of a fluid
reservoir rocks passed without
damaging the structure of the
constituent
rocks.
With
permeability
measurements
we can determine the fluid
flow rate. In experiments using
the
absolute
permeability
permeameter measurements
were performed with two
methods: liquid permeameter
and gas permeameter which
each method performed 3
times in order to get the price
of permeability K1, K2 and K3.
Getting
a
number
of
permeability
with
Liquid
permeameter
method
as
follows K = 0.0236 darcy.
Whereas the gas permeameter
method obtained price =
0.01235 darcy permeability
K1, K2 and K3 = 0.01395 =
0.0125 darcy darcy. Where K is
the value of K that has not
been corrected by the effect
Klikenberg. When the amount
of permeability is inserted into
the table K vs. 1 / P then
expressed in the graph. From
the graph obtained linear
equation y = 0,0004x +
0.0126. The equation used to
find the factors Klikenberg
permeability (K *). K *
generated at 0.1329.
Determination
of
formation samples dissolved in
acid solution, determine the
levels of soluble formation in
acid solution, in order to
obtain important information
prior to stimulation. In
this experiment the aim
to clean up or dissolve
impurities reservoir rocks
with an acid solution, can
also increase the average
rate
of
production.
Acidification is done in
this experiment using 5 N
HCL with concretration
due to the nature of HCL
that
reacted
with
carbonate.
From
this
experiment price percent
solubility obtained was
15.78% or mean pore
blockage in the core of
15.7% acid.
5. CONCLUTION
Of all the experiments
that have been carried
out in general it can be
concludand that:
1. Analysis of the core is
an attempt to get
information about the
physical properties of
rocks. In its application is
very useful for a lot of
help in the withdrawal of
oil and gas, particularly in
deciding how best to do
the production.
2. Porosity shows the
amount of pores in the
rock cavities that can be
occupied by the fluid.
The surface obtained is
effective porosity. In
experiments obtained
18.375% porosity
sandstone with the
Reference
1. Buku Petunjuk Praktikum
Analisa
Inti
Batuan,
Laboratorium
Fakultas
Teknologi
Mineral,
Jurusan
Teknik
Perminyakan,
Universitas
Pembangunan Nasional
Veteran
Yogyakarta.2013.
2. Tiab , Djebbar and
Donaldson
Erle
C.
Petrophysics : theory
and
practice
of
measuring reservoir rock
and
fluid
transport
properties. United States
of America, 2004.
Appendix
Graphic 1/P vs K