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Chapter Objectives
Concept of moment of a force in two and three
dimensions
Method for finding the moment of a force about a
specified axis.
Define the moment of a couple.
Determine the resultants of non-concurrent force
systems
Reduce a simple distributed loading to a resultant force
having a specified location
Chapter Outline
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Direction
Example 4.1
For each case, determine the moment of the force about
point O.
Solution
Line of action is extended as a dashed line to establish
moment arm d.
Tendency to rotate is indicated and the orbit is shown as
a colored curl.
(a)Mo (100N )(2m) 200N.m(CW )
Solution
(b)Mo (50N )(0.75m) 37.5N.m(CW )
Solution
(d )M o (60N )(1sin 45 m) 42.4N.m(CCW )
Magnitude
Magnitude of C is the product of
the magnitudes of A and B
For angle , 0 180
C = AB sin
AXB Ax
Ay
Az
Bx
By
Bz
Magnitude
For magnitude of cross product,
MO = rF sin
Treat r as a sliding vector. Since d = r sin,
MO = rF sin = F (rsin) = Fd
M O r XF rx
ry
rz
Fx
Fy
Fz
Example 4.4
Two forces act on the rod. Determine the resultant
moment they create about the flange at O. Express the
result as a Cartesian vector.
Solution
Position vectors are directed from point O to each force
as shown.
These vectors are
rA 5 j m
rB 4i 5 j 2k m
M O r F rA F rB F
i
0 4
60 40 20
80 40 30
30i 40 j 60k kN m
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 4.5
Determine the moment of the force about point O.
Solution
The moment arm d can be found from trigonometry,
d 3sin 75 2.898 m
Thus,
M O Fd 52.898 14.5 kN m
Since the force tends to rotate or orbit clockwise about
point O, the moment is directed into the page.
M a u ax (r XF ) rx
u ay
u az
ry
rz
Fx
Fy
Fz
Example 4.8
Determine the moment produced by the force F which
tends to rotate the rod about the AB axis.
Solution
Unit vector defines the direction of the AB axis of the rod,
where
rB 0.4i 0.2 j
uB
0.8944i 0.4472 j
2
2
rB
0.4 0.2
For simplicity, choose rD
rD 0.6im
The force is
F 300k N
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 4.12
Determine the couple moment acting on the pipe.
Segment AB is directed 30 below the xy plane.
M R O M O M
If force system lies in the xy plane
and couple moments are
perpendicular to this plane,
FR x Fx
FR y Fy
M R O M O M
Example 4.16
A structural member is subjected to a couple moment M
and forces F1 and F2. Replace this system with an
equivalent resultant force and couple moment acting at its
base, point O.
Solution
Express the forces and couple moments as Cartesian
vectors.
F1 {800k }N
rCB
0.15i 0.1 j
300
{249.6i 166.4 j }N
2
2
(0.15) (0.1)
4
3
Solution
Force Summation.
FR F ;
M Ro M C M O M rC XF1 rB XF2
0 .1
249.6 166.4 0
FR F
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Reduction to a Wrench
Example 4.18
The jib crane is subjected to three coplanar forces.
Replace this loading by an equivalent resultant force and
specify where the resultants line of action intersects the
column AB and boom BC.
Solution
Force Summation
FRx Fx ;
3
Solution
For magnitude of resultant force,
FR ( FRx )2 ( FRy )2 (3.25)2 (2.60)2
4.16kN
1 2.60
q tan 1 Ry
tan
F
3
.
25
Rx
38.7
Solution
Moment Summation
Summation of moments about point A,
M RA M A ;
3.25kN ( y ) 2.60kN (0)
1.75kn(1m) 0.6kN (0.6m)
3
4
2.50kN (2.2m) 2.50kN (1.6m)
5
5
y 0.458m
Solution
Moment Summation
Principle of Transmissibility
M RA M A ;
3.25kN (2.2m) 2.60kN ( x)
1.75kn(1m) 0.6kN (0.6m)
3
4
2.50kN (2.2m) 2.50kN (1.6m)
5
5
x 2.177 m
FR w x dx dA A
L
M Ro M O
Solving for x
x
w( x)dx
L
dA
A
Example 4.21
Determine the magnitude and location of the equivalent
resultant force acting on the shaft.
Solution
For the colored differential area element,
dA wdx 60 x 2 dx
For resultant force
FR F ;
2
FR dA 60 x 2 dx
A
0
2
x
23 03
60 60
3 0
3 3
160 N
3
Solution
For location of line of action,
2
x
24 04
2
A xdA 0 x(60 x )dx 60 4 0 60 4 4
x
160
160
160
dA
2
1. 5 m
Checking,
ab 2m(240 N / m)
A
160
3
3
3
3
x a ( 2 m ) 1 .5 m
4
4
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
QUIZ
1. What is the moment of the 10 N force about point A
(MA)?
F = 12 N
A) 3 Nm
B) 36 Nm C) 12 Nm
D) (12/3) Nm E) 7 Nm
A
d=3m
QUIZ
3. If a force of magnitude F can be applied in 4 different
2-D configurations (P,Q,R, & S), select the cases
resulting in the maximum and minimum torque values
on the nut. (Max, Min).
S
A) (Q, P)
B) (R, S)
R
C) (P, R)
D) (Q, S)
QUIZ
5. Using the CCW direction as positive, the net moment
of the two forces about point P is
A) 10 N m
B) 20 N m
C) - 20 N m
D) 40 N m
E) - 40 N m
10 N
3m
2m
5N
QUIZ
7. When determining the moment of a force about a
specified axis, the axis must be along _____________.
A) the x axis
B) the y axis
C) the z axis
D) any line in 3-D space
E) any line in the x-y plane
8. The triple scalar product u ( r F ) results in
A) a scalar quantity ( + or - )
B) a vector quantity.
C) zero.
D) a unit vector.
E) an imaginary number.
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
QUIZ
9. The vector operation (P Q) R equals
A) P (Q R).
B) R (P Q).
C) (P R) (Q R).
D) (P R) (Q R ).
10. The force F is acting along DC. Using the triple
product to determine the moment of F about the bar
BA, you could use any of the following position vectors
except
A) rBC B) rAD
C) rAC
D) rDB
E) rBD
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
QUIZ
11. For finding the moment of the force F about the x-axis,
the position vector in the triple scalar product should
be ___ .
A) rAC
B) rBA
C) rAB
D) rBC
QUIZ
13. In statics, a couple is defined as __________
separated by a perpendicular distance.
A) two forces in the same direction
B) two forces of equal magnitude
C) two forces of equal magnitude acting in the same
direction
D) two forces of equal magnitude acting in opposite
directions
14. The moment of a couple is called a _____ vector.
A) Free
B) Spin
C) Romantic
D) Sliding
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
QUIZ
15. F1 and F2 form a couple. The moment of the couple
is given by ____ .
F1
A) r1 F1
B) r2 F1
r1
r2
C) F2 r1
D) r2 F2
F2
QUIZ
17. A general system of forces and couple moments
acting on a rigid body can be reduced to a ___ .
A) single force
B) single moment
C) single force and two moments
D) single force and a single moment
18. The original force and couple system and an
equivalent force-couple system have the same
_____ effect on a body.
A) internal
B) external
C) internal and external
D) microscopic
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
QUIZ
18. The forces on the pole can be reduced to a single
Z
force and a single moment at point ____ .
S
A) P
B) Q
C) R
R
Q
D) S
E) Any of these points.
P
QUIZ
20. Consider three couples acting on a body. Equivalent
systems will be _______ at different points on the
body.
A) Different when located
B) The same even when located
C) Zero when located
D) None of the above.
QUIZ
21. The resultant force (FR) due to a distributed load is equivalent to
the _____ under the distributed loading curve, w = w(x).
A) Centroid
B) Arc length
y
Distributed load curve
w
C) Area
D) Volume
x
FR
22. The line of action of the distributed loads equivalent force passes
through the ______ of the distributed load.
A) Centroid
B) Mid-point
C) Left edge
D) Right edge
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
QUIZ
23. What is the location of FR, i.e., the distance d?
A) 2 m B) 3 m C) 4 m
D) 5 m
E) 6 m
BA
3m 3m
FR
d
x1
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
QUIZ
25. FR = ____________
A) 12 N
B) 100 N
C) 600 N
D) 1200 N
100 N/m
12 m
26. x = __________.
A) 3 m
B) 4 m
C) 6 m
D) 8 m
FR
x
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd