Professional Documents
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Sigmund Freud
PRINCIPLES OF THEORY
Freuds Psychoanalysis
explains the relation of past
experience to the in the present
life. It reveals the unconscious
state of mind being the
primary foundation of
personality. Freudian slips and
dreams are explains as
unconscious intentions.
Freud formulated defense
mechanisms as a response to
cope up with anxiety.
Free Association - Technique
or method for exploring the
mental processes.
DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
Sexual Drives are impulses that serve
as motivational forces. Freud uses the
term libido to define the underlying
drives of a person. It is the emotional
psychic energy derives from biological
drive.
Freuds psychosexual stages illustrate
his concept of childhood in relation
with the sexual drives
OBJECTIVES OF THE
THEORY
The psychoanalysis theory
brings forth the relation of
unconscious mind and past
experiences into
consciousness and present
life.
Freud engages to construct
the personality of a person.
Analytical Psychology of
Jung also take in account of
both the conscious and
unconscious level but unlike
Freud, the unconscious portion
Extroversion
An introvert is a person whose interest
is generally directed inward toward his
own feelings and thoughts, in contrast
to an extravert, whose attention is
directed toward other people and the
outside world.
Personal Unconscious with its
Complexes
Collective Unconscious and its
Archetypes; archetypes are universal,
archaic patterns and images that derive
from the collective unconscious.
Functions of Attitude Thinking and
Feeling; Sensation and Intuition
Alfred Adler
Adlers individual
psychology presents an
optimistic view of people
while resting heavily on the
notion of social interest, that
is, a feeling of oneness with all
humankind. Freud saw all
human motivation reduced to
sex and aggression while Adler
saw people as being motivated
mostly by social influences
and the striving for superiority
or success. The subjective
perceptions of a person shape
Adlers Individual
Psychology explained the
drives of striving for
superiority and success as
the dynamic forces of
personality. He concluded
that every person has their
own final goal.
Sullivans Interpersonal
Theory emphasizes positive
interpersonal relationships as
the primary concern for
healthy human development.
Furthermore, there are
tensions in an individual that
requires energy transformation
that will eventually become
covert or overt behavior.
Dynamisms He termed
dynamisms to refer to a typical
pattern of behavior
Erich Fromm
Humanistic Psychoanalysis
of Fromm refers to the
separation of humanity from
the natural world provides the
feeling of loneliness and
isolation; the root of basic
anxiety.
Melanie Klein
Karen Horney
basic anxiety.
Feelings of Loneliness-Needs of
affection- overvaluing love- people see
love and affection as an answer to their
problems.
Neurotic Trends includes:
Erik Homburger
Erikson
Psychosocial Development
Theory-Best known theory
theories of personality in
Psychology. Personality
develops in a series of stages.
Concept of Ego-Erikson
classified the three concept of
ego:
- Body Ego-A way of seeing
our physical self as different
for other people.
- Ego Ideal-Represents the
image of our self rather than
existing.
- Ego Identity-Image we have
of ourselves in the variety of
social roles we play.
Henry Murray
Personology-Study of
personality that is rooted in the
brain. The individuals cerebral
physiology guides and governs
every aspect of the personality.
Everything on which
personality depends exists in
the brain, including feeling
states, conscious and
unconscious memories,
beliefs, attitudes, fears and
values
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
Self-actualization - self-actualization
occurs when a persons ideal self (i.e.
who they would like to be) is congruent
with their actual behavior (self-image).
Rogers describes an individual who is
actualizing as a fully functioning
person. The main determinant of
whether we will become self-actualized
is childhood experience.
Roller May
Anxiety
When we become aware of our
existence or some value identified with
it might be destroyed
- Normal anxiety occurs when it
is proportionate to the threat
- Neurotic anxiety occurs when it
is disproportionate to the threat.
Guilt - Arises when people deny their
potential, fail to accurately perceive the
needs of fellow human, or remain
oblivious to their dependence on the
natural world.
Gordon Allport
Eynsenck, McCrae,
and Costa
Dimensions of Personality
Hans Eysenck developed a model of
personality based upon just three
universal trails:
- Introversion/Extraversion:
- Neuroticism/Emotional
Stability
- Psychoticism:
B.F. Skinner
Skinners conditioning
signifies the role of the
stimuli and the responses
for influencing the
personality of an
individual.
Albert Bandura
George Kelly
meaningful environments.
Psychology of Personal
Constructs-Designed for the
specific realm of clinical
psychology, with emphasis in
helping people overcomes
problems in their interpersonal
relationship.
Characteristics of Personal
Constructs:
Fundamental Postulate-The
psychological processes that
comprise our personality is
naturally active, and are
molded customary patterns by
the ways in which we
anticipate the future.
constructs.
5. Choice Corollary-A person chooses
for himself that alternative in a
dichotomized construct through which
he anticipates the greater possibility for
extension and definition.
6. Range Corollary-Range of
convenience that may be relatively
narrow or wide.
7. Experience Corollary-Ability to
anticipate events.
8. Modulation Corollary-Limiting the
extent to which the system can be
revised.
9. Fragmentation-May be used at
different times of an individual.
Theories of
Personality