RNE Fundamentals B9 3FL11820

RNE Fundamentals
3FL 11820 ACAA Edition 1
Evolium BSS - RNE Fundamentals

All rights reserved 2005, Alcatel

Section 1 - Module - Page 1
Blank Page
1- -2
RNE Fundamentals -
This page is left blank intentionally

Objectives
1- -3
RNE Fundamentals -
By the end of the course, participants will be able to:

Plan a standard GSM (single band and single layer)
network in urban, suburban and rural areas fulfilling
defined coverage probability;
Choose suitable BTS site configurations for different clutter types:
Omni sites/sectorized sites,
Number of TRX,
Antenna height and antenna type,
Feeder cable.
Plan site locations:
To achieve planned coverage probability
Inter site distance
Antenna azimuth and tilt.

Objectives [cont.]
1- -4
RNE Fundamentals -

Table of Contents
1- -5
RNE Fundamentals -
Page
Switch to notes view!

1 Introduction
1.1 Standardisation & Documentation
1.1.1 www.3GPP.org organizational partners
1.1.2 TSG Organisation
1.1.3 Specifications and Releases
1.1.4 Specifications out of Release 1999
1.2 Radio Network Architecture
1.2.1GSM Network Architecture with out GPRS
1.2.2 GSM Network Architecture with GPRS
1.2.3 OMC-R
1.2.4 GSM Network Elements
1.2.5 RF Spectrum
1.3 Mobile Phone Systems
1.3.1 Access Methods
1.3.2 FDMA
1.3.3 TDMA
1.3.4 CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
1.3.5 Analogue Cellular Mobile Systems
1.3.6 AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System)
1.3.7 AMPS - Technical objectives
1.3.8 AMPS Frequency Range
1.3.9 TACS Total Access Communications System
1.3.10 TACS - Technical objectives
1.3.11 Different TACS-Systems
1.3.12 TACS (Total Access Communications System)
1.3.13 Why digital mobile communication ?
1.3.14 GSM - Technical objectives
1.3.15 DECT (Digital European Cordless Telephone)
1.3.16 DECT - Technical objectives
1.3.17 CDMA - Technical objectives
1.3.18 CDMA - Special Features
1.3.20 TETRA - Features
1.3.21 TETRA - Typical Users
1.3.22 TETRA - Technical objectives
1.3.23 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
1.4 RNP Process Overview
1.4.1 Definition of RN Requirements
1.4.2 Preliminary Network Design
1.4.3 Project Setup and Management
1.4.4 Initial Radio Network Design
1.4.5 Site Acquisition Procedure
1.4.6 Technical Site Survey
1.4.7 Basic Parameter Definition
1.4.8 Cell Design CAE Data Exchange over COF
1.4.9 Turn On Cycle
1.4.10 Site Verification and Drive Test
1.4.11 HW / SW Problem Detection
1.4.12 Basic Network Optimization
1.4.13 Network Acceptance
1.4.14 Further Optimization
2 Coverage Planning
2.1 Geo databases
2.1.1 Why are geographical data needed for Radio Network Planning ?
2.1.2 Maps are flat

14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
Table of Contents [cont.]

1- -6
RNE Fundamentals -
Page

2.1.3 Mapping the earth
2.1.4 Map Projection
2.1.5 Geodetic Ellipsoid
2.1.6 Global & Regional Ellipsoids
2.1.7 Geodetic Datum
2.1.8 Different Map Projections
2.1.9 Geo-Coordinate System
2.1.10 WGS 84 (World Geodetic System 1984)
2.1.11 Transverse Mercator Projection
2.1.13 Universal Transverse Mercator System
2.1.14 UTM - Definitions
2.1.15 UTM Zones (e.g. Europe)
2.1.16 UTM-System
2.1.17 UTM Zone Numbers
2.1.18 UTM-System: Example "Stuttgart"
2.1.19 Lambert Conformal Conic Projection
2.1.20 Geospatial data for Network Planning
2.1.21Creation of geospatial databases
2.1.22 Parameters of a Map
2.1.23 Raster- and Vectordata
2.1.24 Rasterdata / Grid data
2.1.25 Vectordata
2.1.26 Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
2.1.28 Morphostructure (2)
2.1.29 Morphoclasses
2.1.30 Morphoclasses (2)
2.1.31Background data (streets, borders etc.)
2.1.32 Orthophoto
2.1.33 Scanned Maps
2.1.34 Buildings
2.1.35 Buildings (2)
2.1.36 Traffic density
2.1.37 Converting one single point (1a)
2.1.38 Converting one single point (1b)
2.1.41 Converting a list of points (3a)
2.1.42 Converting a list of points (3b)
2.1.43 Converting a list of points (3c)
2.1.44 Provider for Geospatial data
2.1.45 Links for more detailed infos
2.2 Antennas and Cables
2.2.1 The Antenna System
2.2.2 Antenna Theory
2.2.3 Antenna Data
2.2.4 Antenna Pattern and HPBW
2.2.5 EIRP
2.2.6 Linear Antennas
2.2.7 Monopole Antenna Pattern
2.2.8 Panel Antenna with Dipole Array
2.2.9 Dipole Arrangement
2.2.10 Omni Antenna

69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122

1- -7
RNE Fundamentals -
Page

2.3 Antenna Parameters
2.3.1 X 65 T6 900MHz 2.5m
2.3.2 X 65 T6 900MHz 1.9m
2.3.3 X 90 T2 900MHz 2.5m
2.3.4 V 65 T0 900MHz 2.0m
2.3.5 V 90 T0 900MHz 2.0m
2.3.6 X 65 T6 1800MHz 1.3m
2.3.7 X 65 T2 1800MHz 1.3m
2.3.8 X 65 T2 1800MHz 1.9m
2.3.9 V 65 T2 1800MHz 1.3m
2.3.10 V 90 T2 1800MHz 1.9m
2.4 Cable Parameters
2.4.1 7/8" CELLFLEX Low-Loss Coaxial Cable
2.4.2 1-1/4" CELLFLEX Coaxial Cable
2.4.4 1/2" CELLFLEX Jumper Cable
2.5 Radio Propagation
2.5.1 Propagation effects
2.5.1.1 Reflection
2.5.1.2 Refraction
2.5.1.3 Diffraction
2.5.1.4 Fading
2.5.1.5 Fading types
2.5.1.6 Signal Variation due to Fading
2.5.1.7 Lognormal Fading
2.6 Path Loss Prediction
2.6.1 Free Space Loss
2.6.2 Fresnel Ellipsoid
2.6.4 Knife Edge Diffraction
2.6.5 Knife Edge Diffraction Function
2.6.6 "Final Solution" for Wave Propagation Calculations?
2.6.7 CCIR Recommendation
2.6.8 Mobile Radio Propagation
2.6.9 Terrain Modeling
2.6.10 Effect of Morphostructure on Propagation Loss
2.6.11 Okumura-Hata for GSM 900
2.6.12 CORRECTIONS TO THE HATA FORMULA
2.6.13 Hata-Okumura for GSM 900
2.6.14 COST 231 Hata-Okumura GSM 1800
2.6.15 Alcatel Propagation Model (Standard Propagation Model)
2.6.16 Alcatel Propagation Model
2.6.17 Exercise Path Loss
2.7 Link Budget Calculation
2.7.1 Maximum Propagation Loss (Downlink)
2.7.2 Maximum Propagation Loss (Uplink)
2.7.3 GSM900 Macro Evolium Evolution A9100 BTS
2.7.4 GSM1800 Link Budget
2.7.5 Additional Losses Overview

123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171

1- -8
RNE Fundamentals -
Page

2.8 Coverage Probability
2.8.1 Indoor propagation aspects
2.8.2 Indoor propagation: empirical model
2.8.3 Indoor Penetration
2.8.4 Body Loss (1)
2.8.5 Body Loss (2)
2.8.6 Body Loss (3)
2.8.7 Interference Margin
2.8.8 Degradation (no FH)
2.8.9 Diversity Gain
2.8.10 Lognormal margin
2.8.11 Consideration of Signal Statistics (1)
2.9 Cell Range Calcolation
2.9.1 Calculation of Coverage Radius R
2.9.2 Coverage Probability
2.9.3 Coverage Ranges and Hata Correction Factors
2.9.4 Conventional BTS Configuration
2.9.5 Coverage Improvement by Antenna Diversity
2.9.6 Radiation Patterns and Range
2.9.7 Improvement by Antenna Diversity and Sectorization
2.9.8 Improvement by Antenna Preamplifier
2.10 Antenna Engineering
2.10.1 Omni Antennas
2.10.2 Sector Antenna
2.10.3 Typical Applications
2.10.4 Antenna Tilt
2.10.5 Mechanical Downtilt
2.10.6 Electrical Downtilt
2.10.7 Combined Downtilt
2.10.8 Assessment of Required Tilts
2.10.9 Inter Site Distance in Urban Area
2.10.10 Downtilt in Urban Area
2.10.12 Downtilt in Suburban and Rural Area
2.10.13 Antenna configurations
2.10.14 Antenna Configurations for Omni and Sector Sites
2.10.15 Three Sector Antenna Configuration with AD
2.10.16 Antenna Engineering Rules
2.10.17 Distortion of antenna pattern
2.10.18 Tx-Rx Decoupling (1)
2.10.19 TX-RX Decoupling (2)
2.10.21 Space Diversity
2.10.22 Power Divider
2.10.24 Panel Configurations (1)

172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220

1- -9
RNE Fundamentals -
Page
2.10.27 Feeders
221
222
2.10.28 Feeder Installation Set and Connectors
2.10.29 Feeder Parameters
223
2.10.30 Feeder attenuation (1)
224
2.10.31 Radiating Cables
225
2.10.32 Components of a radiating cable system
226
2.10.33 Comparison of field strength: Radiating cable and standard antenna 227
2.10.34 Example of a radiating cable in a tunnel
228
2.10.35 Microwave antennas, feeders and accessories
229
2.10.36 Parabolic antenna
230
2.10.37 High performance antenna
231
2.10.38 Horn antennas
232
2.10.39 Specific Microwave Antenna Parameters (1)
233
234
2.10.41 Data sheet 15 GHz
235
2.10.42 Radiation pattern envelope
236
2.10.43 Feeders (1)
237
2.10.44 Feeders (2)
238
2.10.45 Feeders (3)
239
2.10.46 Feeders (4)
240
2.10.47 Feeders (5)
241
2.10.48 Antenna feeder systems (1)
242
243
244
Evolium BSS
- RNEAlcatel
Fundamentals
All rights
2.11
BSS
245reserved 2005, Alcatel
2.11.1 Architecture of BTS - Evolium Evolution A9100
246
2.11.2 EVOLIUMTM A9100 Base Station (1)
247
248
249
2.11.5 EVOLIUMTM BTS Features (1)
250
251
2.11.7 Generic Configurations for A9100 G4 BTS
252
2.11.8 Generic configurations for cabinets MBI (1)
253
254
2.11.10 Generic configurations for cabinets MBO (1)
255
256
2.11.12 TRX Types
257
2.11.13 BTS Output Power
258
2.11.14 Feature Power Balancing
259
2.11.15 Cell Split Feature
260
2.11.16 Influence of Cell Split feature on BTS configurations
261
2.11.17 Cell Split Example: Deployment of multi-band cells
262
2.11.18 Cell Split Example: Migration to multiband cells
263
2.11.19 Cell Split Example: High Power Configuration
264
2.11.20 Cell Split Example: Configuration extension
265
2.11.21 Cell Split Example: Large configurations
266
2.11.22 Indoor BTS Rack Layout
267
2.11.23 Outdoor BTS Rack Layout
268
2.11.24 3 Level Architecture
269
2.11.25 Micro BTS types
270
2.11.26 Technical Data
271
2.11.27 Evolium BSC Characteristics
272
2.11.28 BSC Architecture
273
2.11.29 BSC Rack Layouts
274


1 - - 10
RNE Fundamentals -
Page

2.12 Coveradge Improvement
2.12.1 Antenna Diversity
2.12.1.1 Diversity
2.12.1.2 Selection Diversity (1)
2.12.1.5 Equal Gain Combining (1)
2.12.1.7 Maximum Ratio Combining (1)
2.12.1.9 Comparison of combining methods
2.12.1.10 Enhanced Diversity Combining (1)
2.12.1.12 Diversity systems in Mobile Radio Networks
2.12.1.13 Space Diversity Systems
2.12.1.14 Space Diversity - General Rules
2.12.1.15 Achievable Diversity Gain
2.12.1.16 Polarization Diversity
2.12.1.17 Principle of Polarization Diversity
2.12.1.18 Air Combining
2.12.1.19 Air Combining with Polarization Diversity
2.12.1.20 Air Combining with Space Diversity
2.12.1.21 Decoupling of Signal Branches
2.12.1.22 Cross Polarized or Hor/Ver Antenna? (1)
2.12.1.24 Conclusion on Antenna Diversity
2.12.2 Repeater Systems
2.12.2.1 Repeater Application
2.12.2.2 Repeater Block Diagram
2.12.2.3 Repeater Applications (2)
2.12.2.4 Repeater Types
2.12.2.5 Repeater for Tunnel Coverage
2.12.2.6 Repeater for Indoor coverage
2.12.2.7 Planning Aspects
2.12.2.8 Repeater Gain Limitation (1)
2.12.2.10 Intermodulation Products
2.12.2.11 Repeater Link Budget
2.12.2.12 High Power TRXs
2.12.2.13 3x6 TRXs High Power Configuration
2.12.2.14 Mixed TRX Configuration
3 Traffic & Frequency Planning
3.1 Traffic Caspacity
3.1.1 Telephone System
3.1.2 Offered Traffic and Traffic Capacity
3.1.3 Definition of Erlang
3.1.4 Call Mix and Erlang Calculation
3.1.5 ERLANG B LAW (2)
3.1.6 Erlangs Formula
3.1.7 Blocking Probability (Erlang B)
3.1.8 BTS Traffic Capacity (Full Rate)

275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
323
324
325
326

1 - - 11
RNE Fundamentals -
Page

3.2 Network Evolution
3.2.1 Network Evolution - Capacity Approach (1)
3.3 Cell Structures
3.3.1 Cell Structures and Quality
3.3.2 Cell Re-use Cluster (Omni Sites) (1)
3.3.2 Cell Re-use Cluster (Omni Sites)(2)
3.3.4 Cell Re-use Cluster (Sector Site) (1)
3.3.5 4x3 Cell Re-use Cluster (Sector Site) (2)
3.3.6 Irregular (Real) Cell Shapes
3.4 Frequency Reuse
3.4.1 GSM Frequency Spectrum
3.4.2 Impact of limited Frequency Spectrum
3.4.3 What is frequency reuse?
3.4.4 RCS and ARCS (1)
3.4.6 Reuse Cluster Size (1)
3.4.8 Reuse Distance
3.4.9 Frequency Reuse Distance
3.4.10 Frequency Reuse: Example
3.5 Cell Planning
3.5.1 Cell Planning - Frequency Planning (1)
3.5.3 Influencing Factors on Frequency Reuse Distance
3.5.4 Conclusion
3.5.5 Examples for different frequency reuses
3.6 Interference Probabiliti
3.6.1 Interference Theory (1)
3.6.3 CPDF - Cumulative Probability Density Function
3.6.4 Interference Probability dependent on Average Reuse
3.7 Carrier Types
3.7.1 Carrier Types - BCCH carrier
3.7.2 Carrier Types - TCH carrier
3.8 Multiple Reuse Pattern MPR
3.8.1 Meaning of multiple reuse pattern (1)
3.8.3 GSM restrictions
3.9 Intermodulation
3.9.1 Intermodulation problems (1)
3.9.3 Intermodulation problems (3) - Summary
3.9.4 Treating neighbor cells
3.9.5 Where can I find neighbor cells?
3.10 Manual Frequency Planning
3.10.1 Frequency planning (1)
3.10.3 Exercise: Manual frequency planning (1)
3.10.5 Discussion: Subdivide Frequency Band?
3.10.6 Hint for creating a future proofed frequency plan
3.10.7 Implementing a frequency plan

327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381

1 - - 12
RNE Fundamentals -
Page

3.11 BSCI Planning
3.11.1 BSCI allocation
3.11.2 BSIC Planning Rules
3.11.3 Spurious RACH
3.11.4 Summary
3.12 Capacity Enhancement Techniques
3.12.1 Capacity enhancement by planning
3.12.2 Capacity enhancement by adding feature
3.12.3 Capacity enhancement by adding TRX
3.12.4 Capacity enhancement by adding cells
3.12.5 Capacity enhancement by adding sites
4 Radio Interface
4.1 GSM Air Interface
4.1.1 Radio Resources
4.1.2 GSM Transmission Principles (1)
4.1.4 Advantages of Signal Processing
4.1.5 Signal Processing Chain
4.2 Channel Coding
4.2.1 Speech Coding
4.2.2 Error Protection
4.2.3 Interleaving and TDMA Frame Mapping
4.2.4 Encryption
4.2.5 Burst Structure
4.2.6 Synchronisation
4.2.7 Modulation
4.2.8 Propagation Environment
4.2.9 Equalizing
4.2.10 Definition of Bit Error Rates
4.2.11 Speech Quality
4.2.12 Dependence of BER on Noise and Interference
4.2.13 Frequency Hopping (1)
4.2.15 The OSI Reference Model
4.2.16 GSM Burst Types (1)
4.2.18 Logical Channels
4.2.19 Possible Channel Combinations
4.2.20 Channel Mapping (1)
4.2.22 TDMA Frame Structure for TCHs

382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
Blank Page
1 - - 13
RNE Fundamentals -

1 - - 14
RNE Fundamentals -
1 Introduction

1 Intruduction

1 - - 15
RNE Fundamentals -

1.1.1 www.3GPP.org organizational partners

1 - - 16
RNE Fundamentals -
Project supported by
ARIB Association of Radio Industries
and Businesses (Japan)
CWTS China Wireless
Telecommunication Standard group
ETSI European Telecommunications
Standards Institut
T1 Standards Committee T1
Telecommunication (US)
TTA Telecommunications
Technology Association (Korea)
TTC Telecommunication
Technology Committee (Japan)
The Organizational Partners shall

determine the general policy and
strategy of 3GPP and perform the
following tasks:
Approval and maintenance of the
3GPP scope
Maintenance the Partnership Project
Description
Taking decisions on the creation or
cessation of Technical Specification
Groups, and approving their scope
and terms of reference
Approval of Organizational Partner
funding requirements
Allocation of human and financial
resources provided by the
Organizational Partners to the
Project Co-ordination Group
Source: www.3gpp.org

1.1.2 TSG Organisation

1 - - 17
RNE Fundamentals -
TSG ORGANIZATION
Project Co-ordination Group
(PCG)
TSG GERAN
GSM EDGE
Radio Access Network
GERAN WG1
Radio Aspects
GERAN WG2
Protocol Aspects
GERAN WG3
Terminal Testing
TSG RAN
Radio Access Networks
RAN WG1
TSG SA
Services & System Aspects
SA WG1
TSG CT
Core Network & Terminals
CT WG1 (ex CN1)

MM/CC/SM (lu)
Radio Layer 1 specification
Services
RAN WG2
Radio Layer2 &3 spec
Architecture
RAN WG3
SA WG3
Security
Networks Interworking
RAN WG4
SA WG4
CT WG4 (ex CN4)
UTRAN O&M requirements
Radio &Protocol Aspects
RAN WG5 (ex T1)
Mobile TerminalTesting
SA WG2
Codec
SA WG5
Telecom Management
CT WG3 (ex CN3)
MAP/GTP/BCH/SS
CT WG5 (ex CN5)
Open Service Access

CT WG6 (ex T3)
Card Application Aspects
Source: www.3gpp.org

1.1.3 Specifications and Releases

1 - - 18
RNE Fundamentals -
GSM/Edge Releases: http://www.3gpp.org/specs/releases.htm

TR 41.103 GSM Phase 2+ Release 5
Freeze date: March - June 2002
TR 41.102 GSM Phase 2+ Release 4

Freeze date: March 2001
TR 01.01 Phase 2+ Release 1999

Freeze date: March 2000
For the latest specification status information please go to the 3GPP

Specifications database:
http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Information/Databases/Spec_Status/
The latest versions of specifications can be found on
ftp://ftp.3gpp.org/specs/latest/
TS Technical Specification
TR Technical Report

1.1.4 Specifications out of Release 1999

1 - - 19
RNE Fundamentals -
TR 01.04 Abbreviations and acronyms

TS 03.22 Functions related to Mobile Station (MS) in idle mode and group
receive mode
TR 03.30 Radio Network Planning Aspects
TS 04.04 Layer 1 - General Requirements
TS 04.06 Mobile Station - Base Stations System (MS - BSS) Interface Data
Link (DL) Layer Specification
TS 04.08 Mobile radio interface layer 3 specification
TS 05.05 Radio Transmission and Reception
TS 05.08 Radio Subsystem Link Control
TS 08.06 Signalling Transport Mechanism Specification for the Base Station
System - Mobile Services Switching Centre (BSS-MSC) Interface
TS 08.08 Mobile-services Switching Centre - Base Station system (MSCBSS) Interface Layer 3 Specification

1 Intruduction

1 - - 20
RNE Fundamentals -

1.2.1GSM Network Architecture with out GPRS

1 - - 21
RNE Fundamentals -
GSM Circuit-switching:
MS
BTS
BTS
BSC
MS - BTS
LapDm
(GSM specific)
BSC
MSC
MSC
E
B
G
VLR
Um
C
D
VLR
H
HLR
AuC EIR
PSTN /
ISDN
GCR
AuC
Abis
BTS - BSC
BSC - MSC
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
PSTN
ISDN
MSC-VLR
(SM-G)MSC-HLR
HLR-VLR
(SM-G)MSC-MSC
MSC-EIR
VLR-VLR
HLR-AuC
MSC-GCR
LapD
(ISDN type)
(SS7 basic) +
BSSAP
(BSSAP = BSSMAP +
DTAP)
(SS7 basic) +
MAP
MSC-PSTN (SS7 basic) + TUP or

ISUP
MSC-ISDN
AuC Authentication Center

BTS Base Transceiver Station
BSC Base Station Controller
BSS Base Station System
EIR Equipment Identity Register
HLR Home Location Register
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
MS Mobile Station
OMC-R Operation and Maintenance Centre Radio
PSTN
Public Switched Telephone Network
VLR Visitor Location Register

GCR Group Call Register -The general architecture of GSM is maintained. In addition, a network function is
required which is used for registration of the broadcast call attributes, the Group Call Register.

1.2.2 GSM Network Architecture with GPRS

1 - - 22
RNE Fundamentals -
GSM Packet-switching (GPRS/EDGE):
MS
Um (Radio)
BSS
with
PCU
Gs
Gn
GGSN
MSC
SGSN
SGSN
MS - BTS
LAPDm
(GSM specific)
BSS
with
PCU
Gr
Gn
Gf
Gc
HLR
Gb
BSS - SGSN
BSSGP
Gn
Gr
Gc
Gf
Gs
SGSN-SGSN
SGSN-GGSN
SGSN-HLR
GGSN-HLR
SGSN-EIR
SGSN-MSC/VLR
IP
IP
SS7
IP/SS7
SS7
SS7
Gi
GGSN-Data Network
IP
EIR
Data
Network
Note: according to GSM 03.60, the PCU function (Packet Control Unit) may be implemented on the BTS, the BSC
or the SGSN site.
MFS Multi BSS Fast Packet Server A935
PSTN
Public Switched Telephone Network
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node

GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
VLR Visitor Location Register

1.2.3 OMC-R
1 - - 23
RNE Fundamentals -
GPRS CN
BSS
OMC-G
OMC-R
SGSN
MS
BTS
BSC
Gn
GGSN
Gb
Alcatel
9135
MFS
TC
SSP
+ RCP
NSS
BTS
A bis
A ter
GPRS Core Network (CN): Alcatel 1000 GPRS

Packet Control Unit (PCU) function for several BSS: Alcatel 9135 MFS
TC Transcoder

1.2.4 GSM Network Elements

1 - - 24
RNE Fundamentals -
Base Station System BSS
Network Subsystem NSS
Base Transceiver Station BTS

Base Station Controller BSC
Terminal Equipment
Mobile Station MS
Operation and Maintenance CenterRadio OMC-R
Mobile Services Switching Center

MSC
Visitor Location Register VLR
Home Location Register HLR
Authentication Center AuC
Equipment Identity Register EIR
Operation and Maintenance Center

OMC
Multi-BSS Fast Packet Server (GPRS)
MFS
Serving GPRS Support Node SGSN
Gateway GPRS Support Node
GGSN

1.2.5 RF Spectrum
1 - - 25
RNE Fundamentals -
System
Total Bandwidth
Downlink
frequency band
/MHz
460.4-467.6
Carrier
Spacing
2x7.5MHz
Uplink
frequency
band /MHz
450.4-457.6
GSM 450
GSM 480
2x7.2MHz
478.8-486
488.8-496
200 kHz
GSM 850
2x25MHz
824-849
869-894
200 kHz
GSM 900
2x25MHz
890-915
935-960
200 kHz
E-GSM
2x35MHz
880-915
925-960
200 kHz
DCS 1800
(GSM)
2x75MHz
1710-1785
1805-1880
200 kHz
PCS 1900
(GSM)
2x60MHz
1850-1910
1930-1990
200 kHz
200 kHz
AMPS : UK
TACS : UK
DECT: Cordless
CDMA: System of next Generation
TETRA: Digital communication System for Commercial use
Frequency Ranges depends on country.

1 Intruduction
1.3 Mobile Phone Systems

1 - - 26
RNE Fundamentals -

1.3 Mobile Phone Systems Access Methods
1.3.1 Access Methods

1 - - 27
RNE Fundamentals -
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

1.3.2 FDMA
@@SECTIONTITLE - @@MODULETITLE
@@SECTION - @@MODULE -
25
Used for standard analog cellular mobile systems

(AMPS, TACS, NMT etc.)
Each user is assigned a discrete slice of the RF spectrum
Permits only one user per channel since it allows the user to use the
channel 100% of the time.
@@PRODUCT - @@COURSENAME

1.3.3 TDMA
1 - - 29
RNE Fundamentals -
Multiple users share RF carrier on a time slot basis

Carriers are sub-divided into timeslots
Information flow is not continuous for an user, it is sent and received in
"bursts"

1.3.4 CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

1 - - 30
RNE Fundamentals -
Multiple access spread spectrum technique

Each user is assigned a sequence code during a call
No time division; all users use the entire carrier
What is CDMA ?
One of the most important concepts to any cellular telephone system is that of "multiple access", meaning that
multiple,
simultaneous users can be supported. In other words, a large number of users share a common pool of radio
channels and
any user can gain access to any channel (each user is not always assigned to the same channel). A channel can
be thought
of as merely a portion of the limited radio resource which is temporary allocated for a specific purpose, such as
someone's phone call. A multiple access method is a definition of how the radio spectrum is divided into channels
and
how channels are allocated to the many users of the system.

1.3.5 Analogue Cellular Mobile Systems

1 - - 31
RNE Fundamentals -
Analogue transmission of speech

One TCH/Channel
Only FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
Different Systems
AMPS (Countries: USA)
TACS (UK, I, A, E, ...)
NMT (SF, S, DK, N, ...)
...
NMT: Nordic Mobile Telephone System. Allianz von Nordischen Systembetreibern.

AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System
TACS: Total Access Communications System
UK United Kingdom
I Italy
A Austria
E Spain
SF Finnland
S Schweden
DK Denmark
N Norwegen

1.3.6 AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System)

1 - - 32
RNE Fundamentals -
Analogue cellular mobile telephone system

Predominant cellular system operating in the US
Original system: 666 channels (624 voice and 42 control channels)
EAMPS - Extended AMPS
Current system: 832 channels (790 voice, 42 control); has replaced
AMPS as the US standard
NAMPS - Narrowband AMPS
New system that has three times more voice channels than EAMPS with
no loss of signal quality
Backward compatible: if the infrastructure is designed properly, older
phones work on the newer systems

1.3.7 AMPS - Technical objectives

1 - - 33
RNE Fundamentals -
Technology
RF frequency band
Channel Spacing
Carriers
Timeslots
Mobile Power
Transmission
HO
Roaming
FDMA
825 - 890 MHz
30 kHz
666 (832)
1
0.6 - 4 W
Voice, (data)
possible
possible

1.3.8 AMPS Frequency Range

1 - - 34
RNE Fundamentals -
Extended AMPS
Uplink
Channel number
AMPS
991 1023 1
666 667
799
845.010
Frequency of Channel 824.040 825.030 844.980
(MHz)
845.010
Downlink
991 1023 1
Channel number
Frequency of Channel
(MHz)
Extended AMPS
Duplex distance
45 MHz
AMPS
666 667
869.040 870.030 889.980
799
893.980
890.010

1.3.9 TACS Total Access Communications System

RNE Fundamentals -
1- -
35
Analogue cellular mobile telephone system

The UK TACS system was based on the US AMPS system
TACS - Original UK system that has either 600 or 1000 channels (558 or
958 voice channels, 42 control channels)
RF frequency band: 890 - 960
Uplink: 890-915 Downlink: 935-960
Channel spacing: 25 KHz

1.3.10 TACS - Technical objectives

1 - - 36
RNE Fundamentals -
Technology
RF frequency band
Channel Spacing
Carriers
Timeslots
Mobile Power
Transmission
HO
Roaming
FDMA
890 - 960 MHz
25 kHz
1000
1
0.6 - 10 W
Voice , (data)
possible
possible
Tacs disturb GSM because the same frequency- range!

1.3.11 Different TACS-Systems

1 - - 37
RNE Fundamentals -
ETACS - Extended TACS

Current UK system that has 1320 channels (1278 voice, 42 control)
and has replaced TACS as the UK standard
ITACS and IETACS - International (E)TACS

Minor variation of TACS to allow operation outside of the UK by allowing flexibility in
assigning the control channels
JTACS - Japanese TACS

A version of TACS designed for operation in Japan
NTACS - Narrowband TACS

New system that has three times as many voice channels as ETACS with no loss of
signal quality

1.3.12 TACS (Total Access Communications System)

1 - - 38
RNE Fundamentals -
Original concept (1000 channels)
Mobile Station
TX
(Base Station TX)
Number of
Channel
Frequency
of channel
[Mhz]
1st Assignment in the UK

(600 channels)
E-TACS - 1320 Channels
1329
872.0125
(917.0125
)
2047
11
890.0125
(935.0125
)
889.9625
(934.9625
)
23
44
Organisatio
nA
32
34
4
3
Organisatio
nB
60
0
1000
889.9875
(934.9875
)
Borders of
channels
[Mhz]
872
917
890
935
905
(950
)
915
(960
)

1.3.13 Why digital mobile communication ?

1 - - 39
RNE Fundamentals -
Easy adaptation to digital networks

Digital signaling serves for flexible adaptation to operational needs
Possibility to realize a wide spectrum of non-voice services
Digital transmission allows for high cellular implementation flexibility
Digital signal processing gain results in high interference immunity
Privacy of radio transmission ensured by digital voice coding and
encryption
Cost and performance trends of modern microelectronics are
in favour of a digital solution

1.3.14 GSM - Technical objectives

1 - - 40
RNE Fundamentals -
Technology
RF frequency band
Channel Spacing
Carriers
Timeslots
Mobile Power (average/max)
BTS Power class
MS sensitivity
BTS sensitivity
Transmission
HO
Roaming
TDMA/FDMA
890 - 960 MHz
200 kHz
124
8
2 W/ 8 W
10 ... 40 W
- 102 dBm
- 104 dBm
Voice, data
possible
possible

1.3.15 DECT (Digital European Cordless Telephone)

1 - - 41
RNE Fundamentals -
European Standard for Cordless Communication

Using TDMA-System
Traditional Applications
Domestic use ("Cordless telephone")
Cordless office applications
Combination possible with

ISDN
GSM
High flexibility for different applications

1.3.16 DECT - Technical objectives

1 - - 42
RNE Fundamentals -
Technology
RF frequency band
Channel Spacing
Carriers
Timeslots
BTS Power class
MS sensitivity
BTS sensitivity
Transmission
HO
TDMA/FDMA
1880 - 1900 MHz
1.728 MHz
10
12 (duplex)
10 mW/250 mW
250 mW
-83 dBm
-83 dBm
Voice, data
possible
Frequency Range with 10 carriers, 1728 KHz channel spacing

10 carrier 24 timeslots
120 Duplex channels
cell radius 200-300 meter
no Equalizer
HO und Macro Diversity Optional


1 - - 43
RNE Fundamentals -
Spread spectrum technology

(Code Division Multiple Access)
Several users occupy continuously one CDMA channel
(bandwidth: 1.25 MHz)
The CDMA channel can be re-used in every cell
Each user is addressed by
A specific code and
Selected by correlation processing
Orthogonal codes provides optimum

isolation between users

1.3.18 CDMA - Special Features

1 - - 44
RNE Fundamentals -
Vocoder allows variable data rates

Soft handover
Open and closed loop power control
Multiple forms of diversity
Data, fax and short message services possible
Vocoder:
8Kbps oder 13 Kbps.
Multiple Forms of diversity:
Frequency diversity (Spektrum 1.25 MHz)
Spatial diversity (2 different receiving Antennas)
Path diversity (Usage of Multi-path propagation)
Time diversity (Interleaving, error correction codes.)


1 - - 45
RNE Fundamentals -
Technology
RF frequency band
Channel Spacing
Channels per 1250 kHz
Transmission
HO ("Soft handoff")
Roaming
CDMA
869-894 / 824-849
or 1900 MHz
1250 kHz
64
1-6.3 W / 6.3 W
Voice, data
possible
possible

1.3.20 TETRA - Features

1 - - 46
RNE Fundamentals -
Standard for a frequency efficient european digital trunked radio

communication system (defined in 1990)
Possibility of connections with simultaneous transmission of voice and
data
Encryption at two levels:
Basic level which uses the air interface encryption
End-to-end encryption (specifically intended for public safety users)
Open channel operation

"Direct Mode" possible
Communication between two MS without connecting via a BTS
MS can be used as a repeater

1.3.21 TETRA - Typical Users

1 - - 47
RNE Fundamentals -
Public safety
Police (State, Custom, Military, Traffic)
Fire brigades
Ambulance service
...
Railway, transport and distribution companies
For use in:

Police, ambulance and fire Services
Security Services
Military
Transport Services
Closed User Groups (CUGs)
Factory site services

1.3.22 TETRA - Technical objectives

1 - - 48
RNE Fundamentals -
Technology
RF frequency band
Channel Spacing
Carriers
Timeslots
Mobile Power (3 Classes)
BTS Power class
MS sensitivity
BTS sensitivity
Transmission
HO
Roaming
TDMA/FDMA
380 - 400 MHz
25 or 12.5 KHz
not yet specified
4
1, 3, 10 W
0.6 - 25 W
-103 dBm
-106 dBm
Voice, data, images,
short message
possible
possible

1.3.23 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

1 - - 49
RNE Fundamentals -
Third generation mobile communication system

Combining existing mobile services (GSM, CDMA etc.) and fixed
telecommunications services
More capacity and bandwidth
More services (Speech, Video, Audio, Multimedia etc.)
Worldwide roaming
"High" subscriber capacity
http://www.vtt.fi/tte/nh/UMTS/

1 Intruduction

1 - - 50
RNE Fundamentals -

1.4.1 Definition of RN Requirements

1 - - 51
RNE Fundamentals -
The Request for Quotation (RfQ) from the customer prescribes the
requirements mainly
Coverage
Definition of coverage probability
Percentage of measurements above level threshold
Definition of covered area
Traffic
Definition of Erlang per square kilometer
Definition of number of TRX in a cell
Mixture of circuit switched and packed switched traffic
QoS
Call success rate
RxQual, voice quality, throughput rates, ping time

1.4.2 Preliminary Network Design

1 - - 52
RNE Fundamentals -
The preliminary design lays the

foundation to create the Bill of
Quantity (BoQ)
List of needed network elements
Geo data procurement

Digital Elevation Model
DEM/Topographic map
Clutter map
Expected receiving level
Definition of roll out phases

Areas to be covered
Number of sites to be installed
Date, when the roll out takes place.
Network architecture design
Definition of standard equipment

configurations dependent on
clutter type
traffic density
Coverage Plots
Planning of BSC and MSC locations

and their links
Frequency spectrum from license

conditions

1.4.3 Project Setup and Management

1 - - 53
RNE Fundamentals -
This phase includes all tasks to be performed before the on site part of
the RNP process takes place.
This ramp up phase includes:
Geo data procurement if required
Setting up general rules of the project
Define and agree on reporting scheme to be used
Coordination of information exchange between the different teams which are
involved in the project
Each department/team has to prepare its part of the project

Definition of required manpower and budget
Selection of project database (MatrixX)

1.4.4 Initial Radio Network Design

1 - - 54
RNE Fundamentals -
Area surveys
As well check of correctness of geo data
Frequency spectrum partitioning design

RNP tool calibration
For the different morpho classes:
Performing of drive measurements
Calibration of correction factor and standard deviation by comparison of
measurements to predicted received power values of the tool
Definition of search areas (SAM Search Area Map)

A team searches for site locations in the defined areas
The search team should be able to speak the national language
Selection of number of sectors/TRX per site together with project

management and customer
Get real design acceptance from customer based on coverage
prediction and predefined design level thresholds

1.4.5 Site Acquisition Procedure

1 - - 55
RNE Fundamentals -
Delivery of site candidates
Site candidate acceptance and

Several site candidates shall be the result ranking
out of the site location search
Find alternative sites

If no site candidate or no satisfactory
candidate can be found in the search area
Definition of new SAM (Search Area Map)
Possibly adaptation of radio network design
If the reported site is accepted as

candidate, then it is ranked
according to its quality in terms of
Check and correct SAR (Site Acquisition

Report)
Location information
Land usage
Object (roof top, pylon, grassland)
information
Site plan
Radio transmission
-High visibility on covered area
-No obstacles in the near field of the
antennas
-No interference from other
systems/antennas
Installation costs
-Installation possibilities
-Power supply
-Wind and heat
Maintenance costs
-Accessibility
-Rental rates for object
-Durability of object

1.4.6 Technical Site Survey

1 - - 56
RNE Fundamentals -
Agree on an equipment installation

solution satisfying the needs of
RNE Radio Network Engineer
Transmission planner
Site engineer
Site owner
BTS/Node B location
Power and feeder cable mount
Transmission equipment installation
Final Line Of Site (LOS)
confirmation for microwave link
planning
E.g. red balloon of around half a
meter diameter marks target
location
The Technical Site Survey Report

(TSSR) defines
Antenna type, position,
bearing/orientation and tilt
Mast/pole or wall mounting
position of antennas
EMC rules are taken into account
Radio network engineer and
transmission planner check electro
magnetic compatibility (EMC) with
other installed devices
If the site is not acceptable or the

owner disagrees with all suggested
solutions
The site will be rejected
Site acquisition team has to
organize a new date with the next
site from the ranking list

1.4.7 Basic Parameter Definition

1 - - 57
RNE Fundamentals -
After installation of equipment the

basic parameter settings are used for
Commissioning
Functional test of BTS and VSWR check
Call tests
RNEs define cell design data

Operations field service generates the
basic software using the cell design
CAE data
Cell design CAE data to be defined for

all cells are for example:
CI/LAC/BSIC
Frequencies
Neighborhood/cell handover
relationship
Transmit power
Cell type (macro, micro, umbrella, )

1.4.8 Cell Design CAE Data Exchange over COF

1 - - 58
RNE Fundamentals -
ACIE
A9156 RNO
A955 V5 /A9155 V6
RNP
OMC 1
COF
A9155
PRC Generator
Module
Conversion
ACIE
OMC 2
POLO
BSS Software offline production
3rd Party RNP

or Database
ACIE = PRC file

ACIE ASCII Configuration Import Export

PRC Provisioning Radio Configuration
SC Supervised Configuration
COF CMA Offsite
CMA Customer Management Application
CAE Customer Application Engineering

1.4.9 Turn On Cycle

1 - - 59
RNE Fundamentals -
The network is launched step by step during the TOC

A single step takes typically two or three weeks
Not to mix up with rollout phases, which take months or even years
For each step the RNE has to define TOC Parameter

Cells to go on air
Determination of frequency plan
Cell design CAE parameter
Each step is finished with the Turn On Cycle Activation

Upload PRC/ACIE files into OMC-R
Unlock sites

1.4.10 Site Verification and Drive Test

1 - - 60
RNE Fundamentals -
RNE performs drive measurement to compare the real coverage with the
predicted coverage of the cells.
If coverage holes or areas of high interference are detected
Adjust the antenna tilt and orientation
Verification of cell design CAE data

To fulfill heavy acceptance test requirements, it is absolutely essential to
perform such a drive measurement.
Basic site and area optimization reduces the probability to have
unforeseen mysterious network behavior afterwards.

1.4.11 HW / SW Problem Detection

1 - - 61
RNE Fundamentals -
Problems can be detected due to drive tests or equipment monitoring

Defective equipment
will trigger replacement by operation field service
Software bugs
Incorrect parameter settings
are corrected by using the OMC or in the next TOC
Faulty antenna installation

Wrong coverage footprints of the site will trigger antenna re-alignments
If the problem is serious

Lock BTS
Detailed error detection
Get rid of the fault
Eventually adjusting antenna tilt and orientation

1.4.12 Basic Network Optimization

1 - - 62
RNE Fundamentals -
Network wide drive measurements

It is highly recommended to perform network wide drive tests before doing
the commercial opening of the network
Key performance indicators (KPI) are determined
The results out of the drive tests are used for basic optimization of the
network
Basic optimization
All optimization tasks are still site related
Alignment of antenna system
Adding new sites in case of too large coverage holes
Parameter optimization
No traffic yet -> not all parameters can be optimized
Basic optimization during commercial service

If only a small number of new sites are going on air the basic optimization
will be included in the site verification procedure

1.4.13 Network Acceptance

1 - - 63
RNE Fundamentals -
Acceptance drive test

Calculation of KPI according to acceptance requirements in contract
Presentation of KPI to the customer
Comparison of key performance indicators with the acceptance targets in
the contract
The customer accepts
the whole network
only parts of it step by step
Now the network is ready for commercial launch

1.4.14 Further Optimization

1 - - 64
RNE Fundamentals -
Network is in commercial operation

Network optimization can be performed
Significant traffic allows to use OMC based statistics by using A9156
RNO and A9185 NPA
End of optimization depends on contract and mutual agreement between
Alcatel and customer
Usually, Alcatel is only involved during the first optimization activities directly
after opening the network commercially

1 - - 65
RNE Fundamentals -
2 Coverage Planning

2 Coverage Planning
2.1 Geo databases

1 - - 66
RNE Fundamentals -

2.1.1 Why are geographical data needed for Radio

Network Planning ?
1 - - 67
RNE Fundamentals -
Propagation models depend

on geographical data
Geographical information for site acquisition
Latitude (East/West) / Longitude (North/South)
Rectangular coordinates
(e.g. UTM coordinates)

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.2 Maps are flat

1 - - 68
RNE Fundamentals -
Latitude
x, y
Longitude
Problem: Earth is 3D, the maps are 2D

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.3 Mapping the earth

1 - - 69
RNE Fundamentals -
The Earth is a very complex shape

To map the geography of the earth,
a reference model (-> Geodetic Datum) is needed
The model needs to be simple so that it is easy to use
It needs to include a Coordinate system which allows the
positions of objects to be uniquely identified
It needs to be readily associated with the physical world so that
its use is intuitive

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.4 Map Projection

1 - - 70
RNE Fundamentals -
Ellipsoid
e.g. WGS84,
International 1924
Map Projection
e.g. Transverse Mercator (UTM),

Lambert Conformal Conic
Geodetic Datum
e.g. WGS84, ED50
Geocoordinate
System
e.g. UTM

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.5 Geodetic Ellipsoid

1 - - 71
RNE Fundamentals -
Definition:
A mathematical surface (an ellipse
rotated around the earth's polar axis)
which provides a convenient model of
the size and shape of the earth. The
ellipsoid is chosen to best meet the
needs of a particular map datum system
design.
Reference ellipsoids are usually defined
by semi-major (equatorial radius) and
flattening (the relationship between
equatorial and polar radii).

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.6 Global & Regional Ellipsoids

1 - - 72
RNE Fundamentals -
Global ellipsoids
e.g. WGS84, GRS80
Center of ellipsoid is
Center of gravity
Worldwide consistence of
all maps around the world
Regional ellipsoids
e.g. Bessel, Clarke, Hayford, Krassovsky
Best fitting ellipsoid for a part of the world
(local optimized)
Less local deviation

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.7 Geodetic Datum

1 - - 73
RNE Fundamentals -
A Geodetic Datum is a Reference

System which includes:
A local or global Ellipsoid
One Fixpoint
Attention: Referencing
geodetic coordinates to the
wrong map datum can result
in position
errors of
hundreds of meters
Info:
In most cases the shift, rotation
and scale factor of a Map
Datum is relative to the
satellite map datum WGS84.

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.8 Different Map Projections

1 - - 74
RNE Fundamentals -
Cylindrical
e.g. UTM,
Gauss-Krueger
Conical
e.g.Lambert Conformal
Conic
Planar/Azimuthal
Info: In 90% of the cases

we will have a cylindrical
projection in 10% of the
cases a conical projection

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.9 Geo-Coordinate System

1 - - 75
RNE Fundamentals -
To simplify the use of maps a

Cartesian Coordinates is used
To avoid negative values a
False Easting value and a
False Northing value
is added
Also a scaling factor is used to

minimize the projection error
over the whole area
X = Easting
Y = Northing

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.10 WGS 84 (World Geodetic System 1984)

1 - - 76
RNE Fundamentals -
Most needed Geodetic Datum

in the world today (Satellite Datum)
It is the reference frame used
by the U.S. Department of Defense
is defined by the National Imagery
and Mapping Agency (NIMA)
The Global Positioning System (GPS)
system is based on the World Geodetic
System 1984 (WGS-84).
Optimal adaption to the surface of the earth

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.11 Transverse Mercator Projection

1 - - 77
RNE Fundamentals -
Projection cylinder is
rotated 90 degrees from
the polar axis (transverse)
Geometric basis
for the UTM
and the
Gauss-Krueger
Map Projection
Conformal
Map projection

2.1 Geo databases

2.1.12 Transverse Mercator Projection (e.g. UTM )
1 - - 78
RNE Fundamentals -
Middle-Meridian

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.13 Universal Transverse Mercator System

1 - - 79
RNE Fundamentals -
60 zones, each 6o (60 6o = 360o )

3o around each center meridian
Beginning at 180o longitude
(measured eastward from
Greenwich)
Zone number = (center meridian + 183o ) / 6o

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.14 UTM - Definitions

1 - - 80
RNE Fundamentals -
False Easting: 500 000 m

(Middle-meridian x = 500 000 m)
False Northing:
Northern Hemisphere: 0 m
Southern Hemisphere: 10 000 000 m
Scaling Factor: 0,9996
(used to minimize the
projection error over the whole area)

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.15 UTM Zones (e.g. Europe)

1 - - 81
RNE Fundamentals -
UTM-Zones
-6
-3
9 15 21 27 33 39 Middle-Meridian

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.16 UTM-System
1 - - 82
RNE Fundamentals -
UTM-System
False origin on the central
meridian of the zone has an
easting of 500,000 meters.
All eastings have a positive values
for the zone
Eastings range from 100,000 to
900,000 meters
The 6 Degree zone ranges from
166,667 to 833,333 m, leaving
about a 0.5 overlap at each end
of the zone
(valid only at the equator)
This allows for overlaps and
matching between zones

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.17 UTM Zone Numbers

1 - - 83
RNE Fundamentals -

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.18 UTM-System: Example "Stuttgart"

1 - - 84
RNE Fundamentals -
Transformation: latitude / longitude
North 48o 45' 13.5''

East
UTM system
y = 5 400 099 m
9o 11' 7.5''
x = 513 629 m
UTM-Zone: 32
Middle meridian: 9o
(9o = 500 000 m
False Easting)

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.19 Lambert Conformal Conic Projection

1 - - 85
RNE Fundamentals -
Maps an ellipsoid onto a cone whose central axis coincides with the
polar axis
Cone touches the ellipsoid

=> One standard parallel (1SP)
(e.g. NTF-System in France)
Cutting edges of cone and ellipsoid

=> Two standard parallels (2SP)
(e.g. Lambert-Projection in Austria)

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.20 Geospatial data for Network Planning

1 - - 86
RNE Fundamentals -
DEM (Digital Elevation Model)/ Topography

Morphostructure / Land usage / Clutter
Satellite Photos /
Orthoimages
Scanned Maps
Background data
(streets, borders,
coastlines, etc. )
Buildings
Traffic data

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.21Creation of geospatial databases

1 - - 87
RNE Fundamentals -
Satellite imagery
Digitizing maps Aerial photography
Geospatial
data

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.22 Parameters of a Map

1 - - 88
RNE Fundamentals -
Coordinate system
Map Projection
(incl. Geodetic Datum)
Location of the map (Area )
Scale:
macrocell planning
1:50000 - 1:100000
microcell planning
1:500 -1:5000
Thematic
Source
Date of Production

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.23 Raster- and Vectordata

1 - - 89
RNE Fundamentals -
Raster data
DEM /Topography
Morphostructure /
Land usage / Clutter
Traffic density
Vector data
Background data
(streets, borders, coastlines, etc. )
Buildings
(x1,y1)
(xn,yn)

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.24 Rasterdata / Grid data

1 - - 90
RNE Fundamentals -
Pixel-oriented data
Stored as row and column
Each Pixel stored in one or two
byte
Each Pixel contents information
(e.g. morphoclass,
colour of a scanned map,
elevation of a DEM)

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.25 Vectordata
1 - - 91
RNE Fundamentals -
Vector mainly used are: airport, coastline, highway,

main roads, secondary roads, railway, rivers/lakes
Each vector contents
Info about kind of vector
(x1,y1)
(e.g. street, coastline)
A series of several points
Each point has a corresponded x / y -value
(e.g. in UTM System or as Long/Lat)
Info about Map projection and used
Geodetic Datum
(xn,yn
)

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.26 Digital Elevation Model (DEM)

1 - - 92
RNE Fundamentals -
Raster dataset that shows

terrain features such as hills
and valleys
Each element (or pixel) in
the DEM image represents the
terrain elevation at that location
Resolution in most cases:
20 m for urban areas
50-100 m for other areas
DEM are typically generated
from topographic maps,
stereo satellite images,
or stereo aerial photographs

2.1 Geo databases

2.1.27 Morphostructure / Land usage / Clutter (1)
1 - - 93
RNE Fundamentals -
Land usage classification

according to the impact
on wave propagation
In most cases:
7...14 morpho classes
Resolution in most cases:
20 m for cities
50100m other areas
for radio network
planning
The clutter files describe the land cover (dense urban, buildings, residential, forest, open, villages....). Ground is
represented by a grid map where each bin is characterised by a code corresponding to a main type of cover (a
clutter
class). The clutter maps are 8 bits/pixel (256 classes)-raster maps, they show an image with a colour assigned to
each
clutter class (by default, grey shading).
Clutter file provides clutter code per bin. Bin size is defined by pixel size (P stated in metre). Pixel size must be the
same
in both directions. Abscissa and ordinate axes are respectively oriented in right and down directions. First point
given in
the file corresponds to the upper-left corner of the image. This point refers to the northwest point geo-referenced
by A9155

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.28 Morphostructure (2)

1 - - 94
RNE Fundamentals -
Besides the topo database the basic

input for radio network planning
Each propagation area has different
obstacles like buildings, forest etc.
Obstacles which have similar effects
on propagation conditions are
classified in morphoclasses
Each morphoclass has a
corresponding value for the
correction gain
The resolution of the morpho
databases should be adapted
to the propagation model
Morpho correction factor for
predictions:
0 dB (skyscapers") 30 dB (water")
Morphodatabases (Landuse/Clutter) are a special kind of geodatabases. The morphobdatabase is beside the
topodatabase the basic input for radio network planning. Each morphoclass has a corresponding value of
propagation loss. Together with a topobgraphical database it is possible to predict the radio wave propagation.
Each propagation area has different obstacles like buildings, forest etc. Those obstacles, which have similar effects
on propagation conditions are classified in morphoclasbses.
This resolution of the morphodatabases should be adapted to the empirical propagation model for macrocellular
radio network planning and the necessary planning resolution. In most cases the resolution of the rasterdatabases
for morphostructure is around 50 ...100 m. With those values an optimum between calculation time and the
necessary resolution of the prediction is reached in most radio network planning projects.
For microcellular radio network planning a buildingdatabase is needed with a higher resolution.
Each morphoclass is corresponding with a morpho-correction factor. The propagation loss is between 30 dB
("skyscrapers") ... and around 0 dB ("open area") The morphobcorrection factors are achieved by calibration
measurements

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.29 Morphoclasses
1 - - 95
RNE Fundamentals -
Code
0
1
2
3
4
MorphoDescription
structure
not classified e.g. edge of a database
skyscrapers / very high buildings ( >40m), very high density of buildings,
no vegetation on ground level
buildings
e.g. cities like NewYork, Tokio etc.
dense urban 4 or more storeys, areas within urban perimeters, inner city,
very little vegetation, high density of buildings, most
buildings are standing close together, small pedestrian
zones and streets incl.
medium
3 or 4 storeys, areas within urban perimeters, most buildings
urban / mean are standing close together, less vegetation, middle density
urban
of buildings, small pedestrian zones and streets included
lower urban / 2 or 3 storeys, middle density of buildings,
suburban
some vegetation, terraced houses with gardens
residential
1-2 storeys, low density of buildings with gardens

e.g. farmhouses, detached houses
industrial zone factory, warehouse, garage, shipyards

/ industrial

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.30 Morphoclasses (2)

1 - - 96
RNE Fundamentals -
Code
7
8
9
Morphostructure
forest
agriculture /
rural
Description
all kinds of forest, parks, with high tree density
high vegetation, plants: 1... 3 m,
high density of plants, e.g. crop fields, fruit plantation
low vegetation, low height of plants,

low tree
density / parks low density of plants, some kinds of parks, botanical
garden
10
water
sea, rivers, all kind of fresh- and saltwater
11
open area
12
(optional)
no buildings, no vegetation
e.g. desert, beach, part of an airport, big streets etc.
huge parking areas, large
defined by networkplanner if necessary
13
(optional)
defined by networkplanner if necessary

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.31Background data (streets, borders etc.)

1 - - 97
RNE Fundamentals -
All kinds of information data like

streets,
borders, coastlines etc.
Necessary for orientation
in plots of calculation results
The background data are
not needed for the calculation
of the fieldstrength, power etc.
These data represent either polygons (regions...), or lines (roads, coastlines...) or points (towns...).

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.32 Orthophoto
1 - - 98
RNE Fundamentals -
Georeferenced Satellite Image

Resolution:
most 10 or 20 m
Satellite: e.g. SPOT, Landsat
These geographic data regroup the road maps and the satellite images ; they are only used for display and
provide information about the geographic environment. A9155 supports scanned image files with TIFF (1, 4, 8,
24-bits/pixel), BIL (1, 4, 8, 24-bits/pixel), PlaNET (1, 4, 8, 24-bits/pixel), BMP (1-24-bits/pixel) and Erdas
Imagine (1, 4, 8, 24-bits/pixel) formats.

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.33 Scanned Maps

1 - - 99
RNE Fundamentals -
Mainly used as
background data
Not used for calculation
but for localisation
Has to be geocoded
to put it into a GIS (Geographic
Information System) e.g. a Radio
Network Planning Tool

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.34 Buildings
1 - - 100
RNE Fundamentals -
Vectordata
Outlines of
single buildings
building blocks
Building heights
Material code
not: roof shape

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.35 Buildings (2)

1 - - 101
RNE Fundamentals -
Microcell radio network planning

is mainly used in urban environment
The prediction of mircowave
propagation is calculated with
a ray-tracing/launching model
A lot of calculation
steps are needed
Optimum building database
required (data reduction) to
minimize the pre-calculation time

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.36 Traffic density

1 - - 102
RNE Fundamentals -
Advantageous in the
interference calculation,
thus for frequency
assignment and
in the calculation
of average figures in
network analysis
Raster database of
traffic density
values (in Erlangs) of the
whole planning area
Resolution: 20...100 m

2.1 Geo databases

1 - - 103
RNE Fundamentals -
Example Stuttgart (Example 1)

Long/Lat (WGS84) => UTM (WGS84)
Exercise: Convert following example with the program Geotrans:
Input:
Longitude: 9 deg 11 min 7.5 sec
Latitude: 48 deg 45 min 13.5 sec
Datum WGE: World Geodetic System 1984; Projection: Geodetic
Output:
Easting:
513629 m
Northing: 5400099 m
Datum WGE: World Geodetic System 1984
Projection: Universersal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
Zone: 32 ; Hemisphere: N (North)
Values, which will

calculated by program
Preset of this
values necessary

2.1 Geo databases

1 - - 104
RNE Fundamentals -

GEOTRANS
(Geographic Translator)
is an application program
which allows you to convert
geographic coordinates easily
among a wide variety of
coordinate systems, map
projections, and datums.
Source: http://164.214.2.59/GandG/geotrans/geotrans.html

2.1 Geo databases

1 - - 105
RNE Fundamentals -

Long/Lat (WGS84) => UTM (ED50)
(ED50 = EUR-A = European Datum 1950)
Exercise: Convert following example with the program Geotrans:

Input:
Longitude: 9 deg 11 min 7.5 sec
Latitude: 48 deg 45 min 13.5 sec
Datum WGE: World Geodetic System 1984; Projection: Geodetic
Output:
Easting:
513549 m
Northing: 5403685 m
Datum EUR-A: EUROPEAN 1950, Western Europe
Projection: Universersal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
Zone: 32 ; Hemisphere: N (North)
Values, which will

calculated by program
Preset of this
values necessary

2.1 Geo databases

1 - - 106
RNE Fundamentals -

Long/Lat (WGS84) => UTM (ED50)
(ED50 = EUR-A = European Datum 1950)
Diff. X (Ex.2 - Ex.1): 69 m

Diff. Y (Ex.2 - Ex.1): 200 m
Difference because of different Geodetic Datums
Attention:
For flat coordinates (e.g. UTM)
as well as for geographic coordinates
(Long/Lat) a reference called
Geodetic Datum is necessary.

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.41 Converting a list of points (3a)

1 - - 107
RNE Fundamentals -
Example Stuttgart (Example 3 )

Input:
text-file with the values (list) of the longitude
and latitude of different points
(How to create the inputfile see on page 3c)
Output:
Datum: WGE: World Geodetic System 1984
Preset of this
Projection: Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) values necessary
Zone: 32

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.42 Converting a list of points (3b)

1 - - 108
RNE Fundamentals -
Example Stuttgart (Example 3 )

Long/Lat (WGS84)
=> UTM (WGS84)

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.43 Converting a list of points (3c)

1 - - 109
RNE Fundamentals -

Long/Lat (WGS84)=> UTM (WGS84)
Geotrans V2.2.3
Geotrans V2.2.3
Latitude Longitude
deg min sec
deg min sec
Optional: different error-infos,

UTM Hem Eas
N
depending on the input-data
-Zo isph ting ( orthing
ne
ere x)
(y) default: Unk=unknown

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.44 Provider for Geospatial data

1 - - 110
RNE Fundamentals -
Geodatasupplier
BKS
ComputaMaps
Geoimage
Infoterra
Istar
RMSI
Internet
www.bks.co.uk
www.computamaps.com
www.geoimage.fr
www.infoterra-global.com
www.istar.fr
www.rmsi.com

2.1 Geo databases
2.1.45 Links for more detailed infos

1 - - 111
RNE Fundamentals -
Maps Projection Overview
http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/mapproj/mappr
oj.html
http://www.ecu.edu/geog/faculty/mulcahy/mp/
http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection
Coordinate Transformation (online)

http://jeeep.com/details/coord/
http://www.cellspark.com/UTM.html
Map Collection
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/index.html
Finding out Latitude/Longitude of cities etc.

http://www.maporama.com

2 Coverage Planning

1 - - 112
RNE Fundamentals -

2.2.1 The Antenna System

1 - - 113
RNE Fundamentals Lightning

rod
Antennas
Power divider
Cables (jumper)
Feeder cables
Connectors
Clamps
Lightning protection
Wall glands
Planning
Tx
Antennas
Rx
Rx div
Mechanical
antenna
support
structure
Mounting
clamp
Jumper
cable
Jumper
cable
Earthing kit
Feeder
installation
clamps
Earthing
kit
Plugs
7/16
Wall
gland
Sockets
7/16
Feeder
cable
Grounding
Jumper cables

2.2.2 Antenna Theory

1 - - 114
RNE Fundamentals -
50 is the impedance of the cable

377 is the impedance of the air
Antennas adapt the different impedances
They convert guided waves, into free-space waves (Hertzian waves)
and/or vice versa
Z =50
Z =377

2.2.3 Antenna Data

1 - - 115
RNE Fundamentals -
Polarization
Specification due to certain wave polarization (linear/elliptic, crosspolarization)
Half power beam width (HPBW)

Related to polarization of electrical field
Vertical and Horizontal HPBW
Antenna pattern
Yields the spatial radiation characteristics of the antenna
Front-to-back ratio
Important for interference considerations

2.2.4 Antenna Pattern and HPBW

1 - - 116
RNE Fundamentals -
vertical
0 dB
0 dB
-3 dB
-3 dB
-10 dB
-10 dB
HPBW
horizontal
sidelobe
main beam
null direction

2.2.5 EIRP
1 - - 117
RNE Fundamentals -
Isotropic radiated Power Pt
Effective isotropic
radiated power:
EIRP = Pt+Gain
= 56 dBm
V1
Gain =
11dBi
V2 = V1
Pt = 45 dBm
radiated
power

2.2.6 Linear Antennas

1 - - 118
RNE Fundamentals -
For the link between base station and mobile station, mostly linear
antennas are used:
Monopole antennas
MS antennas, car roof antennas
Dipole antennas
Used for array antennas at base stations for increasing the directivity of RX and TX
antennas

2.2.7 Monopole Antenna Pattern

1 - - 119
RNE Fundamentals -
Influence of antenna length on the antenna pattern

2.2.8 Panel Antenna with Dipole Array

1 - - 120
RNE Fundamentals -
Many dipoles are arranged in a grid layout

Nearly arbitrary antenna patterns may be designed
Feeding of the dipoles with weighted and phase-shifted signals
Coupling of all dipole elements

2.2.9 Dipole Arrangement

1 - - 121
RNE Fundamentals -
Dipole
arrangement
Weighted
and
phase
shifted
signals
Typical flat panel

antenna
Dipole
element

2.2.10 Omni Antenna

1 - - 122
RNE Fundamentals -
Antenna with vertical HPBW for omni sites

Large area coverage
Advantages
Continuous coverage around the site
Simple antenna mounting
Ideal for homogeneous terrain
Drawbacks
No mechanical tilt possible
Clearance of antenna required

2 Coverage Planning
2.3 Antenna Parameters

1 - - 123
RNE Fundamentals -

2.3 Antennas Parameters
2.3.1 X 65 T6 900MHz 2.5m

1 - - 124
RNE Fundamentals -
Rural road coverage with

mechanical uptilt
Antenna
RFS Panel Dual Polarized Antenna
872-960 MHz
APX906516-T6 Series
Electrical specification
Gain in dBi: 17.1
Polarization: +/-45
HBW: 65
VBW: 6.5
Electrical downtilt: 6
Mechanical specification
Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 2475 x
306 x 120
Weight in kg: 16.6
Horizontal Pattern

2.3.2 X 65 T6 900MHz 1.9m

1 - - 125
RNE Fundamentals -
Dense urban area

Antenna
872-960 MHz
APX906515-T6 Series
Gain in dBi: 16.5
Polarization: +/-45
HBW: 65
VBW: 9
306 x 120
Weight in kg: 16.6
Vertical Pattern

2.3.3 X 90 T2 900MHz 2.5m

1 - - 126
RNE Fundamentals -
Rural area with mechanical uptilt

Antenna
872-960 MHz
APX909014-T6 Series
Gain in dBi: 15.9
Polarization: +/-45
HPBW: 90
VBW: 7
306 x 120
Weight in kg: 15.5
Vertical Pattern

2.3.4 V 65 T0 900MHz 2.0m

1 - - 127
RNE Fundamentals -
Highway
Antenna
RFS CELLite Panel Vertical
Polarized Antenna 872-960 MHz
AP906516-T0 Series
Gain in dBi: 17.5
Polarization: Vertical
HBW: 65
VBW: 8.5
265 x 130
Weight in kg: 10.9
Vertical Pattern

2.3.5 V 90 T0 900MHz 2.0m

1 - - 128
RNE Fundamentals -
Rural Area
Antenna
AP909014-T0 Series
Gain in dBi: 16.0
HBW: 65
VBW: 8.5
265 x 130
Weight in kg: 9.5
Vertical Pattern

2.3.6 X 65 T6 1800MHz 1.3m

1 - - 129
RNE Fundamentals -
Dense urban area

Antenna
1710-1880 MHz
APX186515-T6 Series
Gain in dBi: 17.5
Polarization: +/-45
HBW: 65
VBW: 7
198 x 50
Weight in kg: 5.6
Vertical Pattern

2.3.7 X 65 T2 1800MHz 1.3m

1 - - 130
RNE Fundamentals -
Dense urban area

Antenna
1710-1880 MHz
APX186515-T2 Series
Gain in dBi: 17.5
Polarization: +/-45
HBW: 65
VBW: 7
198 x 50
Weight in kg: 5.6
Vertical Pattern

2.3.8 X 65 T2 1800MHz 1.9m

1 - - 131
RNE Fundamentals -
Highway
Antenna
1710-1880 MHz
APX186516-T2 Series
Gain in dBi: 18.3
Polarization: +/-45
HBW: 65
VBW: 4.5
198 x 50
Weight in kg: 8.6
Vertical Pattern

2.3.9 V 65 T2 1800MHz 1.3m

1 - - 132
RNE Fundamentals -
Highway
Antenna
AP186516-T2 Series
Gain in dBi: 17.0
HBW: 65
VBW: 7.5
198 x 50
Weight in kg: 4.7
Horizontal Pattern

2.3.10 V 90 T2 1800MHz 1.9m

1 - - 133
RNE Fundamentals -
Highway
Antenna
AP189016-T2 Series
Gain in dBi: 17.0
HBW: 90
VBW: 5.5
198 x 50
Weight in kg: 6.0
Vertical Pattern

2 Coverage Planning

1 - - 134
RNE Fundamentals -

2.4.1 7/8" CELLFLEX Low-Loss Coaxial Cable

1 - - 135
RNE Fundamentals -
Feeder Cable
7/8" CELLFLEX Low-Loss FoamDielectric Coaxial Cable

LCF78-50J Standard
LCF78-50JFN Flame Retardant
Installation temperature >-25C
Electrical specification 900MHz
Cable weight kg\m: 0.53

Minimum bending radius
Single bend in mm: 120
Repeated bends in mm: 250
Bending moment in Nm: 13.0

Recommended clamp spacing: 0.8m
Attenuation: 3.87dB/100m
Average power in kW: 2.65



1 - - 136
RNE Fundamentals -
Feeder Cable
1-1/4" CELLFLEX Low-Loss FoamDielectric Coaxial Cable

LCF114-50J Standard





1 - - 137
RNE Fundamentals -
Feeder Cable
1-5/8" CELLFLEX Low-Loss FoamDielectric Coaxial Cable

LCF158-50J Standard




2.4.4 1/2" CELLFLEX Jumper Cable

1 - - 138
RNE Fundamentals -
CELLFLEX LCF12-50J Jumpers

Feeder Cable
LCF12-50J CELLFLEX Low-Loss FoamDielectric Coaxial Cable
Connectors

Attenuation: 0.068db/m
Total losses with connectors are
0.108dB, 0.176dB and 0.244dB
7/16 DIN male/female

N male/female
Right angle
Molded version available in 1m, 2m,

3m
Attenuation: 0.099dB/m
Total losses with connectors are
0.139dB, 0.238dB and 0.337dB

2 Coverage Planning

1 - - 139
RNE Fundamentals -


1 - - 140
RNE Fundamentals -
Free space loss

Fresnel ellipsoid
Reflection, Refraction, Scattering
in the atmosphere
at a boundary to another material
Diffraction
at small obstacles
over round earth
Attenuation
Rain attenuation
Gas absorption
Fading

2.5.1.1 Reflection
1 - - 141
RNE Fundamentals -
Pr = Rh/v P0
Rh/v = f( , , , h)
Rh horizontal reflection
Rv factor
vertical reflection factor
angle of incidence
permittivity
conductivity
h surface roughness
Pr
h
P0

2.5.1.2 Refraction
1 - - 142
RNE Fundamentals -
Considered via an effective earth

radius factor k
k = 4/3
k=
k=1
k = 2/3
radio path
k = 2/3
k=1
true earth
k = 4/3
k=
Radio path plotted as a straight line by

changing the earth's radius
Ray paths with different k over true

2.5.1.3 Diffraction
1 - - 143
RNE Fundamentals -
Occurs at objects which sizes are in the order of the wavelength

Radio waves are bent or curved around objects
Bending angle increases if object thickness is smaller compared to
Influence of the object causes an attenuation: diffraction loss
radio
obstacle
shadow
zone
diffracted
radio

2.5.1.4 Fading
1 - - 144
RNE Fundamentals -
Caused by delay spread of original signal

Multi path propagation
Time-dependent variations in heterogeneity of environment
Movement of receiver
Short-term fading, fast fading

This fading is characterised by phase summation and cancellation of signal
components, which travel on multiple paths. The variation is in the order of
the considered wavelength.
Their statistical behaviour is described by the Rayleigh distribution (for nonLOS signals) and the Rice distribution (for LOS signals), respectively.
In GSM, it is already considered by the sensitivity values, which take the
error correction capability into account.

2.5.1.5 Fading types

1 - - 145
RNE Fundamentals -
Mid-term fading, lognormal fading

Mid-term field strength variations caused by objects in the size of 10...100m
(cars, trees, buildings). These variations are lognormal distributed.
Long-term fading, slow fading

Long-term variations caused by large objects like large buildings, forests, hills,
earth curvature (> 100m). Like the mid-term field strength variations, these
variations are lognormal distributed.

2.5.1.6 Signal Variation due to Fading

1 - - 146
RNE Fundamentals -
0
Lognormal fading
Raleygh fading
-10
Received Power [dBm]
-20
-30
-40
-50
Fading hole
-60
49.9
47.3
44.7
42.1
39.4
36.8
34.2
31.6
29.0
26.3
23.7
21.1
18.5
15.9
13.2
8.0
10.6
5.4
2.8
0.1
-70
Distance [m]
Raylaight/Rician Fading: Fast Fading.

Rayleight : Statistical behaviour of Fast Fading signals for NON LOS-Signals.
Lognormal Fading

2.5.1.7 Lognormal Fading

1 - - 147
RNE Fundamentals -
Lognormal fading (typical 20 dB

loss by entering a village)
Fading hole
Lognormal fading (entering
a tunnel)

2 Coverage Planning

1 - - 148
RNE Fundamentals -

2.6.1 Free Space Loss

1 - - 149
RNE Fundamentals -
The simplest form of wave propagation is the free-space propagation

The according path loss can be calculated with the following formula
Path Loss in Free Space Propagation
L free space loss
d distance between transmitter and receiver antenna
f operating frequency
Lfreespace
d
f
= 32.4 + 20 log + 20 log
km
MHz


1 - - 150
RNE Fundamentals -
The free space loss formula can only be applied if the direct line-of-sight (LOS)
between transmitter and receiver is not obstructed
This is the case, if a specific region around the LOS is cleared from any obstacles
The region is called Fresnel ellipsoid
Transmitter
LOS
Receiver


1 - - 151
RNE Fundamentals -
d1 d2
r=
d1 + d2
The Fresnel ellipsoid is the set of all

points around the LOS where the total
length of the connecting lines to the
transmitter and the receiver is longer
than the LOS length by exactly half a
wavelength
It can be shown that this region is
carrying the main power flow from
transmitter to receiver
Fresnel zone
Transmitter
Receiver
LOS
LOS + /2

2.6.4 Knife Edge Diffraction

1 - - 152
RNE Fundamentals -
path of
diffracted wave
BTS
h0
line of
sight
MS
1st Fresnel zone

d1
d2
h0 = height of obstacle over line of

sight
d1, d2 = distance of obstacle from
BTS and MS
replaced obstacle (knife

edge)
h0
r
d1
d2
Knife edge diffraction

In case of an obstruction of the LOS path, the free-space formula with an additional correction term can be used if
the obstacle is small compared to the distance from transmitter to receiver. Based on the assumption that this
obstacle can be replaced by an ideal conducting half-plane which extends to infinity in the direction perpendicular
to the propagation path and which is of infinitesimal thickness (knife-edge), this situation refers to a field theory
problem which can be solved in a deterministic way.
In the case that this knife-edge obstacle type enters the Fresnel region, diffraction occurs (similar to the diffraction
known from optics) and introduces some additional diffraction loss compared to the free-space propagation.
The diffraction loss can be described by
Ldiff = F (v)
where v =
h0
= h0
r
d1 + d 2 2
d1 d 2
with h0 the height of the obstacle above the LOS. v is a parameter which represents the number of cleared
Fresnel ellipsoids. The function F(v) is shown in . One can see that the diffraction loss is 6dB if the obstacle is just
touching the LOS.

2.6.5 Knife Edge Diffraction Function

1 - - 153
RNE Fundamentals -
Knife-edge diffraction function

35
Additional diffraction loss F(v)

v: clearance parameter, v=-h0/r
Note: h0 = 0
v =0
L = 6 dB
30
F(v) [dB]
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
Clearance of Fresnel ellipsoid (v)
h0
V=0:1=0
LOS
h0
LOS
r
d2
d1
The function F(v) is shown on the top . One can see that the diffraction loss is 6dB if the obstacle is just touching
the LOS. For v>1, some oscillation is noted, which appears due to the fact that the obstacle moves over several
Fresnel regions where the phase of the transmitted signal is alternating between +180 and -180 phase shift.
In reality, the conductivity of the obstacles material is not ideal, and the oscillations appears smoothed to an
average value.

2.6.6 "Final Solution" for Wave Propagation Calculations?

1 - - 154
RNE Fundamentals -
Exact field solution requires too much computer resources!

Too much details required for input
Exact calculation too time-consuming
Field strength prediction rather than calculation
Requirements for field strength prediction models

Reasonable amount of input data
Fast (it is very important to see the impact of changes in the network layout
immediately)
Accurate (results influence the hardware cost directly)
Tradeoff required (accurate results within a suitable time)
Parameter tuning according to real measurements should be possible

2.6.7 CCIR Recommendation

1 - - 155
RNE Fundamentals -
The CCIR Recommendations provide various

propagation curves
Based on Okumura (1968)
Example (CCIR Report 567-3):
Median field strength in urban area
Frequency = 900 MHz
hMS = 1.5 m
Dashed line: free space
How to use this experience in field strength

prediction models?
Model which fits the curves in certain ranges
Hata's model
was modified later by the European

Cooperation in Science and Technology
(COST): COST 231 Hata/Okumura

2.6.8 Mobile Radio Propagation

1 - - 156
RNE Fundamentals -
Free-space propagation (Fresnel zone not obstructed)
L ~ d2
Fresnel zone heavily obstructed near the mobile station
L ~ d3.7

2.6.9 Terrain Modeling

1 - - 157
RNE Fundamentals -
Topography
Effective antenna height
Knife edge diffraction
single obstacles
multiple obstacles
Surface shape/Morpho-structure
Correction factors for Hata-Okumura
formula

2.6.10 Effect of Morphostructure on Propagation Loss

1 - - 158
RNE Fundamentals -
Fieldstrength
Open area
Urban area
Open area
open area
urban area
Distance

2.6.11 Okumura-Hata for GSM 900

1 - - 159
RNE Fundamentals -
Path loss (Lu) is calculated (in dB) as follows:

Lu= A1 + A2 log(f) + A3 log(hBTS) + (B1 + B2log(hBTS)) log d
The parameters A1, A2, A3, B1 and B2 can be user-defined.
Default values are proposed in the table below:
Parameters
Okumura-Hata
f< 1500 MHz
Cost-Hata
F>1500 MHz
A1
69.55
46.30
A2
26.16
33.90
A3
-13.82
-13.82
B1
44.90
44.90
B2
-6.55
-6.55
Hata formula empirically describes the path loss as a function of frequency, receiver-transmitter distance and
antenna heights for an urban environment. This formula is valid for flat, urban environments and 1.5 metre
mobile antenna height.

2.6.12 CORRECTIONS TO THE HATA FORMULA

1 - - 160
RNE Fundamentals -
As described above, the Hata formula is valid for urban environment and a receiver
antenna height of 1.5m. For other environments and mobile antenna heights, corrective
formulas must be applied.
Lmodel1=Lu-a(hMS) for large city and urban environments
Lmodel1=Lu-a(hMS) -2log (f/28) -5.4 for suburban area
Lmodel1=Lu -a(hMS) - 4.78log (f)+ 18.33 log(f) 40.94 for rural area
a(hMS) is a correction factor to take into account a receiver antenna height different from 1.5m.
Environments
A(hMS)
Rural/Small city
(1.1log(f) 0.7)hMS (1.56log(f) -0.8)
Large city
3.2log (11.75hMS) 4.97
Note: When receiver antenna height equals 1.5m, a(hMS) is close to 0 dB regardless of frequency.

2.6.13 Hata-Okumura for GSM 900

1 - - 161
RNE Fundamentals -
LossHata = 69.55 + 26.16 log (f) - 13.82 log (hBTS)

- a(hMS) +(44.9 - 6.55 log (hBTS)) log (d) - Lmorpho
a (hMS) = (1.1 log (f) - 0.7) hMS - (1.56 log (f) - 0.8)
Formula valid for frequency range: 1501000 MHz
2.6 Path Loss Prediction 2.6 Path Loss Prediction
Lmorpho [dB]
f [MHz]
hBTS [m]
hMS [m]
d [km]
Morpho/surface shape-Correction factor

0 dB: Skyscrapers->27 dB: open area
Frequency (150 - 1000 MHz)
Height of BTS (30 - 200 m)
Height of Mobile (1 - 10m)
Distance between BTS and MS (1 - 20 km)
Power law exponent shown colored

2.6.14 COST 231 Hata-Okumura GSM 1800

1 - - 162
RNE Fundamentals -
LossHata = 46.3 + 33.9 log (f) - 13.82 log (hBTS)

- a(hMS) +(44.9 - 6.55 log (hBTS)) log (d) - Lmorpho
a (hMS) = (1.1 log (f) - 0.7) hMS - (1.56 log (f) -0.8)
Formula is valid for frequency range: 1500...2000 MHz

Hatas model is extended for GSM 1800
Modification of original formula to the new frequency range
For cells with small ranges the COST 231 Walfish-Ikegami model is more
precisely

2.6.15 Alcatel Propagation Model (Standard Propagation Model)

1 - - 163
RNE Fundamentals -
Lmodel = K1 + K 2 log(d ) + K 3 log(HTxeff ) + K 4 Diffraction loss + K 5 log(d ) log(HTxeff ) + K 6 (H Rxeff ) + K clutter f (clutter )
With:
K1: constant offset (dB).
K2: multiplying factor for log(d).
d: distance between the receiver and the transmitter (m).
K3: multiplying factor for log(HTxeff).
HTxeff: effective height of the transmitter antenna (m).
K4: multiplying factor for diffraction calculation. K4 has to be a positive number.
Diffraction loss: loss due to diffraction over an obstructed path (dB).
K5: multiplying factor for log(HTxeff)log(d).
K6: multiplying factor for .
: effective mobile antenna height (m).
Kclutter: multiplying factor for f(clutter).
f(clutter): average of weighted losses due to clutter.

2.6.16 Alcatel Propagation Model

1 - - 164
RNE Fundamentals -
Using of effective antenna height in the Hata-Okumura formula:
hRx eff = f( , d, hBTS, hMS)

2.6.17 Exercise Path Loss

1 - - 165
RNE Fundamentals -
Scenario
Height BTS = 40m
Height MS = 1.5m
D (BTS to MS) = 2000m
1. Calculate free space loss for

A.) f=900MHz
B.) f=1800MHz
2. Calculate the path loss for f = 900MHz

A.) Morpho class skyscraper
B.) Morpho class open area

A.) Morpho class skyscraper
B.) Morpho class open area
Morpho correction factors:

-Skyscraper: 0dB;
-Open area: 27dB
1. Calculate free space loss for
A.) f=900MHz: 97.6dB
B.) f=1800MHz: 103.6dB
A.) Morpho class skyscraper: 135dB
B.) Morpho class open area: 108dB
A.) Morpho class skyscraper: 144.8dB
B.) Morpho class open area: 117.8dB

2 Coverage Planning

1 - - 166
RNE Fundamentals -

2.7.1 Maximum Propagation Loss (Downlink)

1 - - 167
RNE Fundamentals -
Effective Isotropic Radiated Power

EIRPBTS = 59.5 dBm
BTS Antenna Gain
GantBS = 16.5 dBi
Propagation Loss
Lprop
Minimum Received Power

PRX,min,MS = -102 dBm
MS Antenna Gain
GantMS = 2 dBi
Feeder Cable Loss

Lcable = 3 dB
Output Power
at antenna
connector
46.0 dBm
MS RX
Sensitivity
-102 dBm
Internal Losses
Lint = 2 dB
ALCATEL EvoliumTM
Maximum allowed downlink propagation loss:
Lprop,max = EIRPBTS - PRX,min,MS = 161.5 dB
Add. Losses:
ANx =
1.8 dB
ANy =
3.5 dB
---------5.3 dB
Pathloss without ANy = 153.6 dB

2.7.2 Maximum Propagation Loss (Uplink)

1 - - 168
RNE Fundamentals -
Minimum Received Power

PRX,min,BTS = -124.5 dBm
BTS Antenna Gain
GantBS = 16.5 dBi
Propagation Loss
Lprop
EIRPMS = 33 dBm
MS Antenna Gain
GantMS = 2 dBi
Feeder Cable Loss

Lcable = 3 dB
Receiving
sensitivity at
ant. conn.
-111 dBm
MS TX Power
33 dBm
Internal Losses
Lint = 2 dB
ALCATEL EvoliumTM
Max. allowed uplink propagation loss:

With antenna diversity gain of 3dB:
With TMA compensating cable loss:
Lprop,max = EIRPMS - PRX,min,BTS

= 157.5 dB
Lprop,max,AD = EIRPMS - PRX,min,BTS + GAD
= 160.5 dB
Lprop,max,AD,TMA = EIRPMS - PRX,min,BTS + GAD + GTMA = 163.5 dB
AD
= Antenna Diversity
~3dB Gain
TMA = Tower Mounted Amplifier ~3-4 dB Gain

2.7.3 GSM900 Macro Evolium Evolution A9100 BTS

1 - - 169
RNE Fundamentals -
TX
Internal Power
Comb+Filter Loss, Tol.
Output Power
MS to BS
BS to MS
Uplink
Downlink
33,0
0,0
33,0
dBm
dB
dBm
Cable,Connectors Loss
2,0
dB
Body/Indoor Loss
4,0
dB
2,0
Antenna Gain
EIRP
29,0
RX
Uplink
Rec. Sensitivity
-104,0
3,0
38,0
dBm
dB
dBm
3,0
dB
dBi
11,0
dBi
dBm
46,0
dBm
Downlink
dBm
Body/Indoor Loss
Cables, Connectors Loss
41,0
-102,0
dBm
4,0
dB
3,0
dB
2,0
dB
Antenna Gain
11,0
dBi
2,0
dBi
Diversity Gain
3,0
dB
Interferer Margin
3,0
dB
3,0
dB
Lognormal Margin 50%
8,0
dB
8,0
dB
Degradation (no FH)
0,0
dB
0,0
dB
Antenna Pre-Ampl.
0,0
dB
90,9%
Isotr. Rec. Power:
Max. Pathloss
-104,0
133,0
dBm
-87,0
dBm
dB
133,0
dB

2.7.4 GSM1800 Link Budget

1 - - 170
RNE Fundamentals -
TX
Internal Power
Comb+Filter Loss
Output Power
Cable+Conn Loss
Body/Indoor Loss
Antenna Gain
EIRP
Uplink
33 dBm
- 0 dBm
33 dBm
- 2 dB
- 4 dB
+ 2 dBi
29.0 dBm
Downlink
45.4 dBm
- 5.3 dBm
40.1 dBm
- 3 dBm
RX
Rec. Sensitivity
Body/Indoor Loss
Cables, Con. Loss
Antenna Gain
Diversity Gain
Interferer Margin
Lognormal Margin
Uplink
- 109 dBm
Downlink
- 102 dBm
+ 4 dB
+ 2 dB
- 2 dBi
Isotr. Rec. Power

Max. Pathloss
- 109 dB
138 dB
+
+
+
3 dB
11 dBi
3 dBi
3 dB
8 dB

+ 11 dBi
48.1 dBm
+ 3 dB
+ 8 dB
- 87 dBm
135.1 dB
2.7.5 Additional Losses Overview

1 - - 171
RNE Fundamentals -
Loss type
Reason
Indoor loss
Electrical properties of wall material
20dB (3...30dB)
Incar loss
Brass influencing radio waves
7dB (4...10dB)
Body loss
Absorption of radio waves by the

human body
Both signal-to-noise ratio and C/I low
3dB (0...8dB)
Receiving the minimum field strength

with a higher probability
According to
probability
Interferer margin
Lognormal margin
Value
3 dB

2 Coverage Planning

1 - - 172
RNE Fundamentals -

2.8.1 Indoor propagation aspects

1 - - 173
RNE Fundamentals -
Penetration Loss
Multiple Refraction
Multiple Reflection
Exact modeling of
indoor environment
not possible
Practical solution:
empirical model!

2.8.2 Indoor propagation: empirical model

1 - - 174
RNE Fundamentals -
Additional Loss in [dB] relative to loss at

vertical incidence
Power relative to power at

d=0
Additional attenuation in dB
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
90
84
78
Angle of incidence in degree
72
66
60
54
48
42
36
30
24
18
12

2.8.3 Indoor Penetration

1 - - 175
RNE Fundamentals -
Depending on
environment
Line-of-sight to antenna?
Interior unknown
-0.3 dB / floor
(11th ... 100th floor)
general assumptions
Incident wave
Lindoor = 3 ... 15 dB
-2.7 dB / floor
(1st ... 10th floor)
Incident wave
(ground floor)
Lindoor =
dB (deep basement)

2.8.4 Body Loss (1)

1 - - 176
RNE Fundamentals -
Measured
attenuation versus
time for a test person
walking
around in an
anechoic chamber

2.8.5 Body Loss (2)

1 - - 177
RNE Fundamentals -
Near field of MS antenna

without head
with head
Calculation model
Head modeled as sphere

2.8.6 Body Loss (3)

1 - - 178
RNE Fundamentals -
Test equipment for indirect

field strength measurements
Indirect measured field

strength penetrated into the
head (horizontal cut)

2.8.7 Interference Margin

1 - - 179
RNE Fundamentals -
In GSM, the defined minimum carrier-to-interferer ration (C/I) threshold

of 9 dB is only valid if the received server signal is not too weak.
In the case that e.g. the defined system threshold for the BTS of -111dBm
is approached, a higher value of C/I is required in order to maintain the
speech quality.
According to GSM, this is done by taking into account a correction of 3
dB.

2.8.8 Degradation (no FH)

1 - - 180
RNE Fundamentals -
GSM uses a frame correction system, which works with checksum coding
and convolutional codes.
Under defined conditions, this frame correction works successfully and
copes even with fast fading types as Rayleigh or Rician fading.
For lower mobile speed or stationary use, the fading has a bigger
influence on the bit error rate and hence the speech quality is reduced.
In such a case, a degradation margin must be applied. The margin
depends on the mobile speed and the usage of slow frequency hopping,
which can improve the situation for slow mobiles again.

2.8.9 Diversity Gain

1 - - 181
RNE Fundamentals -
This designates the optional usage of a second receiver antenna.

The second antenna is placed in a way, which provides some
decorrelation of the received signals.
In a suitable combiner, the signals are processed in order to achieve a
sum signal with a smaller fading variation range.
Depending on the receiver type, the signal correlation, and the antenna
orientation, a diversity gain from 26 dB is possible.

2.8.10 Lognormal margin

1 - - 182
RNE Fundamentals -
Lognormal margin is also called fading margin

Due to fading effects, the minimum isotropic power is only received with a certain
probability
Signal statistics, lognormal distribution with median power value Fmed and standard deviation
(sigma)
Without any margin, the probability is 50%, which is not a sufficient value in order to
provide a good call success rate.
A typical design goal should be a coverage probability of 90...95%. The following
normalised table can be applied to find fading margins for different values of . The
fading margin is calculated by multiplying the value of k (in the table) with the standard
deviation:
Lognormal/Fading Margin = k .
Coverage
Probability
-0.5
1.3
1.65
2.33
0%
30%
50%
84%
90%
95%
97.7
%
99%
100
%


1 - - 183
RNE Fundamentals -
10
0
Field strength at location x

lognormally distributed
arround Fmedian
100 m
BS


1 - - 184
RNE Fundamentals -
PDF
0,3
0,25
0,2
Area representing the

coverage probability
0,15
0,1
0,05
0
Fthreshold Fmedian
Local coverage probability:
received signal level F [dBm]
Pcov = P [ F > Fthreshold ]
probability density function (pdf)

Folie large Scale (slow) Fading:
The lognormal distribution, described by a mean fieldstrength Fmed and a standard deviation s, is shown in the
diagram. A coverage probability Pcov can be calculated, which defines the chance that a certain fieldstrength
threshold Fthr is reached or exceeded by the calculated (or predicted) mean fieldstrength level Fmed.
The variation of the probability in dependence on Fmed is shown in the diagram. The required difference between
Fmed and Fthr in order to achieve a required probability is called the fading margin.
Without any margin, the probability is 50% (Fmedian), which is not a sufficient value in order to provide a good
call success rate. A typical design goal should be a coverage probability of 90...95%. This can be reached by
applying a factor s (Fthreshold). (Additional System margin). -> Next Chapter

2 Coverage Planning
2.9 Cell Range Calcolation

1 - - 185
RNE Fundamentals -

2.9 Cell Range Calculation
2.9.1 Calculation of Coverage Radius R

1 - - 186
RNE Fundamentals -
For what Radius R is the average coverage probability in the cell area
95% ?
F rec
Frec,med (r) = EIRP - LossHata (r)

Loss
Hata
Frec,med (r)
= f(hBS, hMS, f, r) + Kmor
Pcov(r)= P(Frec (r) > Frec,thr)

2
<Pcov(R)> =
R
0
Pcov (r) dr !
= 0.95
R
F rec, thr
R = f (hBS, hMS, f, Kmor, EIRP, Frec,thr)
r
= distance between BTS and MS
Frec = received power
= Standard deviation

2.9.2 Coverage Probability

1 - - 187
RNE Fundamentals -
Pcov
0,95
(r)
Pcov = P ( Frec > Frec, thr )
0,5
0
R
r

2.9.3 Coverage Ranges and Hata Correction Factors

1 - - 188
RNE Fundamentals -
Clutter type
95%
Ref erence
Pathloss [dB ]
90%
155
150
Pcov
[dB]
0
2
4
6
8
10
8
20
15
27
27
6
6
7
7
6
10
8
6
8
5
6
Skyscrapers
Dense urban
Medium urban
Lower urban
Residential
Industrial zone
Forest
Agricultural
Low tree density
Water
Open area
Area Coverage Probability

100%
145
85%
Cor [dB]
140
135
130
125
80%
120
115
110
75%
Calculation conditions:
70%
0,0
1,5
3,0
4,5
6,0
7,5
9,0
10,5
d [km]
Correction = 3; Sigma = 7
hBS = 30 m; hMS = 1.7m; f = 900 Mhz
The lognormal distribution, described by a mean fieldstrength Fmed and a standard deviation s, is shown in in the
left diagram. A coverage probability Pcov can be calculated, which defines the chance that a certain fieldstrength
threshold Fthr is reached or exceeded by the calculated (or predicted) mean fieldstrength level Fmed. This probability
is represented by the area enclosed by the graph of the probability density function and the vertical line at F=Fthr
in the left diagram. The variation of the probability in dependence on Fmed is shown in the right diagram. The
required difference between Fmed and Fthr in order to achieve a required probability is called the fading margin.
Without any margin, the probability is 50%, which is not a sufficient value in order to provide a good call success
rate. A typical design goal should be a coverage probability of 90...95%. The following normalized table can be
applied to find fading margins for different values of s. The fading margin is calculated by multiplying the value of
k (in the table) with the standard deviation (Fading Margin = k s).
k
Coverage
Probability
-0.5
1.3
1.65
2.33
0%
30%
50%
84%
90%
95%
97.7%
99%

+
100%
2.9.4 Conventional BTS Configuration

1 - - 189
TX and RX
TX
RNE Fundamentals -
1 BTS
Omnidirectional antenna for both TX and RX
Coverage Range R0
Coverage Area A0
ALCATEL EvoliumTM
TX
RX
R0
45.4 dBm
-109dBm
A0

2.9.5 Coverage Improvement by Antenna Diversity

1 - - 190
RNE Fundamentals -
one for both RX and TX

one for RXDIV
RXDIV
TX and TX
RX
1 BTS
Omnidirectional antennas
Antenna diversity gain (2...6 dB)

Example: 3 dB
Coverage range
RDiv = 1.23 R0
Coverage area
ADiv = 1.5 A0
R0
ALCATEL EvoliumTM
TX
RX
45.4 dBm
-109dBm
RDiv
A0
ADiv

2.9.6 Radiation Patterns and Range

1 - - 191
RNE Fundamentals -
sector
omni
3 antennas at sector site,

Gain: 18 dBi, HPBW: 65
Resulting antenna footprint ("cloverleaf")

compared to an 11 dBi omni antenna

2.9.7 Improvement by Antenna Diversity and Sectorization

1 - - 192
RNE Fundamentals -
TX
RXDIV
3 BTS
Directional antennas (18 dBi)
Antenna diversity (3 dB)
Max. coverage range
Rsec,div = 1.95 R0
Coverage area
Asec,div = 3 A0
R0
ALCATEL
EvoliumTM
ALCATEL
EvoliumTM
Rsec,div
ALCATEL
EvoliumTM
Asec,div

2.9.8 Improvement by Antenna Preamplifier

1 - - 193
RNE Fundamentals -
RXDIV
3 BTS
Directional antennas (18 dBi)
Antenna diversity (3 dB)
Antenna preamplifier (3dB)
Max. coverage range
Rsec,div,pre = 2.22 R0
Coverage area
Asec,div,pre = 3.9 A0
TX
General:
Asec = g A0
g: Area gain factor
R0
ALCATEL
EvoliumTM
Rsec,div,pre
ALCATEL
EvoliumTM
ALCATEL
EvoliumTM
Asec,div,pre

2 Coverage Planning

1 - - 194
RNE Fundamentals -

2.10.1 Omni Antennas

1 - - 195
RNE Fundamentals -
Application
Large area coverage
Umbrella cell for micro cell layer
Advantages
Continuous coverage around the site
Simple antenna mounting
Ideal for homogeneous terrain
Drawbacks
No mechanical tilt possible
Clearance of antenna required
Densification of network difficult

2.10.2 Sector Antenna

1 - - 196
RNE Fundamentals -
Antenna with horizontal HPBW of e.g. 90 or 65

Advantages
Coverage can be focussed on special areas
Low coverage of areas of no interest (e.g. forest)
Allows high traffic load
Additional mechanical downtilt possible
Wall mounting possible
Drawbacks
More frequencies needed per site compared to omni sites
More hardware needed
Lower coverage area per sector

2.10.3 Typical Applications

1 - - 197
RNE Fundamentals -
Wide horizontal beam width (e.g. 90)

For areas with few reflecting and scattering objects (rural area)
Area coverage for 3-sector sites
Sufficient cell overlap to allow successful handovers
Small horizontal beam width (e.g. 65)

For areas with high scattering (city areas)
Coverage between sectors by scattering and by adjacent sites (mostly site
densification in urban areas)

2.10.4 Antenna Tilt

1 - - 198
RNE Fundamentals -
Downtilting of the Antenna main beam related to the horizontal

line
Goals:
Reduction of overshoot
Removal of insular coverage
Lowering the interference
Coverage improvement of the near area (indoor coverage)
Adjustment of cell borders (handover zones)
Mechanical / Electrical or Combined downtilt

2.10.5 Mechanical Downtilt

1 - - 199
RNE Fundamentals -
Advantages
Later adjustment of vertical tilt possible
Antenna diagram is not changed, i.e. nulls and side lobes remain in
their position relative to the main beam
Cost effective (single antenna type may be used)
Fast adjustments possible
Drawbacks
Side lobes are less tilted
Accurate adjustment is difficult
Problems for sites with difficult access

2.10.6 Electrical Downtilt

1 - - 200
RNE Fundamentals -
=0
Advantages
=t
Same tilt for both

downtilt angle
main and side lobes
Antenna mounting is more simple
adjustment errors
= delay time
=2t
no
=3t
Drawbacks
Introduction of additional antenna types necessary

New antenna installation at the site if downtilting is introduced
Long antenna optimization phase
Adjustment of electrical tilt mostly not possible

2.10.7 Combined Downtilt

1 - - 201
RNE Fundamentals -
Combination of both mechanical and electrical downtilt

High electrical downtilt: Distinct range reduction in sidelobe direction
(interference reduction)
Less mechanical uptilt in main beam direction
Choose sector antennas with high electrical downtilt (6...8) and apply
mechanical uptilt installation for optimum coverage range in main beam
direction

2.10.8 Assessment of Required Tilts

1 - - 202
RNE Fundamentals -
Required tilt is estimated using Geometrical Optics

Consideration of
Vertical HPBW of the antenna
Antenna height above ground
Height difference antenna/location to be covered
Morpho-structure in the vicinity of the antenna
Topography between transmitter and receiver location
Tilt must be applied for both TX and RX antennas!

2.10.9 Inter Site Distance in Urban Area

1 - - 203
RNE Fundamentals -
Using sectorized sites with antennas of

65 horizontal half power beam width
The sidelobe is approximately reduced
by 10dB.
This is a reduction of cell range to
50%.
X
B
The inter site distance calculation

factor depends on
Type of antenna
Type of morpho class
Multi path propagation
Scattering
Sigma (fading variations)
R2
0.5* R2


1 - - 204
RNE Fundamentals -
Site A
Tilt 2
Tilt 2
ai
n
e
Sid
be
am
Site B
be
lo
Cell range R2
0.5* R2
Inter Site Distance A-B = 1.5* R2


1 - - 205
RNE Fundamentals -
The upper limit of the vertical half power beam width

is directed towards the ground at maximum cell range
Upper 3dB point of the vertical antenna pattern
To be used in areas with

Multi path propagation condition
Good scattering of the beam
Aim
Reduction of interference
Optimization
Coverage Optimization in isolated cases using less downtilt
Interference Reduction in isolated cases using more downtilt

2.10.12 Downtilt in Suburban and Rural Area

1 - - 206
RNE Fundamentals -
Downtilt planning for

Suburban
Rural
Highway Coverage
The main beam is directed towards the ground at maximum cell range
Tilt 1
Tilt 1
Site C
Ma
in b
e am
Cell range R1
Site D
Ma
e am
in b
Cell range R1
Inter Site Distance C-D = 2* R1

2.10.13 Antenna configurations

1 - - 207
RNE Fundamentals -
Rx/Tx
Application of Duplexer
Consists of a TX/RX Filter and a combiner
one antenna can be saved
Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA)

Increase Uplink Sensitivity
TMA needs to have TX bypass
=> in case of duplexer usage
Diversity
Space diversity
Polarization diversity
Duplex
Filter
Tx Rx
To BTS

2.10.14 Antenna Configurations for Omni and Sector Sites

1 - - 208
RNE Fundamentals -
Antenna Configurations for Omni and Sector Sites

Pole mounting for
roof-top mounting
Sector
antenna
Bracons
Rxdiv
Tx
Rxdiv
Rx
Pole
Rx
Tx
Sector
Antenna
Pole
Tower mounting for omni antennas
Pole mounting for wall

or parapet mounting
Tower mounting for

directional antennas

2.10.15 Three Sector Antenna Configuration with AD

1 - - 209
RNE Fundamentals -

2.10.16 Antenna Engineering Rules

1 - - 210
RNE Fundamentals -
Distortion of antenna pattern: No obstacles within

Antenna near field range
HPBW Rule plus security margin of 20
First fresnel ellipsoid range (additional losses!)
TX-RX Decoupling to avoid blocking and intermodulation

Required minimum separation of TX - RX antennas dependent on antenna
configuration (e.g. duplexer or not)
Diversity gain
Required antenna separation for space diversity

2.10.17 Distortion of antenna pattern

1 - - 211
RNE Fundamentals -
Antenna Near Field Range: Rmin = 2D/

D = Aperture of antenna (e.g. 3m)
=> Rmin = 60 / 120m for GSM / DCS
HPBW Rule with securtiy margin of 20 and tilt
H
Roof Top = Obstacle
D
= HPBW/2 + 20 +
D[m] 1
5
H[m] 0.5 2.5
HPBW = 8,
10
5
= 2

2.10.18 Tx-Rx Decoupling (1)

1 - - 212
RNE Fundamentals -
Out of Band Blocking Requirement (GSM Rec. 11.21)

GSM 900
GSM 1800
= +8 dBm
= 0 dBm
Required Decoupling
TX-TX
TX-RX GSM
TX-RX DCS
(n = number of transmitters)
= 20 dB
= 30 + 10 log (n) dB
= 40 + 10 log (n) dB
Receiver
Pout Characteristic
P [dBm]
-13
-101
fuse
fint
n*200kHz
fuse
fint
TX
P1dB
RX
f[MHz]
Pblock
Pin


1 - - 213
RNE Fundamentals -
Horizontal separation (Approximation)

Isolation for Horizontal Separation - omni 11dBi
45
dH
I =22+20log(d/ )-(G +G ) [dB]

H
Isolation [dB]
40
GSM1800
35
GSM900
30
25
20
14
14
,4
14
,8
15
,2
12
12
,4
12
,8
13
,2
13
,6
9,
7
10
,4
10
,8
11
,2
11
,6
8,
7
7,
7
6,
7
5,
7
4,
7
3,
7
2,
7
1,
7
15
Separation [m]


1 - - 214
RNE Fundamentals -
Vertical separation (Approximation)

Isolation for Vertical Separation
70
60
dv
50
Isolation [dB]
Mast
dm
GSM1800
40
30
GSM900
20
I =28+40log(d / ) [dB]
V
10
0
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
Separation [m]

2.10.21 Space Diversity

1 - - 215
RNE Fundamentals -
Required separation for max. diversity gain = F( )
RXA
dH
RXA
RXB
For a sufficient low correlation coefficient
dV
< 0.7:
RXB
dH = 20 => GSM 900: 6m / GSM1800: 3m

dV = 15 => GSM 900: 4.5m / GSM1800: 2.25m


1 - - 216
RNE Fundamentals -
Power dividers connect several

antennas to one feeder cable
For combination of individual
antenna patterns for a
requested configuration
Quasi-omni configuration
Bidirectional configuration
(road coverage)
Quasi-Omni
Configuration
4-to-1 Power splitter

(6 dB loss)
To BTS: Duplexer output

(TX plus RX diversity)
To BTS:
Receiver input


1 - - 217
RNE Fundamentals -
Power divider
Also called "power splitter" or "junction box"
Passive device (works in both (transmit and receive)
direction)
Pin
Pin
Pin
Pin
Pin
Pin
Pin
Pin
Pin
3 dB
Pin
4.5 dB
Pin
6 dB
Pin


1 - - 218
RNE Fundamentals -
Radial Arrangement
of 6 Panel Antennas with horizontal beamwidth = 105
gain = 16.5 dBi, mast radius = 0.425 m, mounting radius =
0.575 m


1 - - 219
RNE Fundamentals -
Example 2: Quasi Omni Arrangement

of 3 antennas with horizontal beamwidth = 105 , gain =13.5
dBi,
mounting radius = 4 m


1 - - 220
RNE Fundamentals -
Example 3: Skrew Arrangement
of 4 Panel Antennas with horizontal beamwidth =

65 ,
gain = 12.5 dBi, mast radius = 1 m,
mounting radius = 1.615 m

2.10.27 Feeders
1 - - 221
RNE Fundamentals -
Technical summary
Inner conductor: Copper wire
Dielectric:
Low density
foam PE
Inner conductor Outer conductor
Outer conductor: Corrugated

copper tube
Jacket:
Polyethylene (PE)
black
Dielectric
Jacket

2.10.28 Feeder Installation Set and Connectors

1 - - 222
RNE Fundamentals -
1Cable Clamps
2Antenna Cable
3Double Bearing
4Counterpart
5Anchor tape
7/16 Connector:
Coaxial Connector
Robust
Good RF-Performance

2.10.29 Feeder Parameters

1 - - 223
RNE Fundamentals -
Type
Jacket
(outer diameter)
Weight (m)
Recommended
clamp spacing
Single bending
Repeated bending
LCF 1/2
70 mm
210 mm
16 mm
0.35 kg
0.6 m
LCF 7/8
120 mm
360 mm
28 mm
0.62 kg
0.8 m
LCF 1 5/8
300 mm
900 mm
49.7 mm
1.5 kg
1.2 m
GSM 900
Type
LCF 1/2
LCF 7/8
LCF 1_5/8
Attenuation
/100 m [dB]
6.6
4.0
2.6
GSM 1800
Recommended
max length [m]
45
75
115
Attenuation
/100 m [dB]
10.3
6.0
4.0
Recommended
max length [m]
30
50
75
GSM 1900
Attenuation
/100 m [dB]
10.6
6.3
4.2
Recommended
max length [m]
28
47
71
These values are based on feeder types with an impedance of 50 ohms

2.10.30 Feeder attenuation (1)

1 - - 224
RNE Fundamentals -
Main contribution is given by feeder loss

Feeder Cable 4dB/100m => length 50m
Jumper Cable 0.066dB/1m => 5m
Insertion Loss of connector and power splitter
Total Loss 2.0dB+2x0.33dB+5x0.1dB+0.1dB
Loss =2.0dB
Loss =0.33dB
< 0.1dB
=3.26dB
Cable type is trade off between

Handling flexibility
Cost
Attenuation

2.10.31 Radiating Cables

1 - - 225
RNE Fundamentals -
Provide coverage in Tunnels, buildings, along side tracks or lines

Principle: Radiate a weak but constant electromagnetic wave
Suitable for coverage over longer distances (Repeater)
Fieldstrength distribution more constant as with antennas
Repeater
F
F
F
Thr
Terminating Load
Thr

2.10.32 Components of a radiating cable system

1 - - 226
RNE Fundamentals -
Components are shown with black lines

N-connections
Radiating cable
Tx
Termination load
BTS
Rx
Jumper cabel
Mounting clips
with 50 mm wall standoff
Earthing kit
1-leg radiating cable

system

2.10.33 Comparison of field strength: Radiating cable and standard antenna

1 - - 227
RNE Fundamentals -
-40
-50
[dBm]
-60
Cable attenuation
between the antennas
-70
-80
Radiating cable field

strength
-90
-100
Antenna field strength
-110
Distance

2.10.34 Example of a radiating cable in a tunnel

1 - - 228
RNE Fundamentals -
Example of a
radiating cable
in a tunnel

2.10.35 Microwave antennas, feeders and accessories

1 - - 229
RNE Fundamentals -
Microwave point to point systems use highly directional antennas

Gain
4 A e
G = 10 lg
with
G = gain over isotropic, in dBi

A = area of antenna aperture
e = antenna efficiency
Used antenna types

parabolic antenna
high performance antenna
horn lens antenna
horn antenna

2.10.36 Parabolic antenna

1 - - 230
RNE Fundamentals -
Parabolic dish, illuminated by a feed

horn at its focus
Available sizes: 1 (0.3 m) up to 16 (4.8
m)
Sizes over 4 seldom used due to
installation restrictions
Single plane polarized feed vertical (V)
or horizontal (H)
Also: dual polarized feeder (DP), with
separate V and H connections (lower
gain)
Front-to-back ratios of 45 dB not high
enough for back-to-back configuration
on the same frequency
Antenna patterns are absolutely
necessary for interference calculations
Parabolic dish, illuminated by a feed horn at its focus.

Available in a wide variety of sizes [1 (0.3 m), 2 (0.6 m), 4 (1.2 m), 6 (1.8 m), 8 (2.4 m), 10 (3.0 m) and
sometimes up to 16 (4.8 m) in most frequency bands.
Sizes over 4 are seldom used due to the installation restrictions on private buildings
Mostly with single plane polarised feed, which can be either vertical (V) or horizontal (H)
Dual polarized feeds (DP), with separate V and H connections possible
DP`s usually have lower gain than single polarized antennas
Front-to-back ratios of about 45 dB are not high enough to use these antennas back-to-back on the same
frequency (interference calculations)
Antenna patterns are absolutely necessary for interference calculations

2.10.37 High performance antenna

1 - - 231
RNE Fundamentals -
Similar to common parabolic antenna,

except for attached cylindrical shield
Improvement of front-to-back ratio and
wide angle radiation discrimination
Available in same sizes as parabolic,
single or dual polarized
Substantially bigger, heavier, and more
expensive than parabolic antennas
Allow back-to-back transmission at the
same frequency in both directions (refer
to interference calculation)
Similar to the common parabolic antenna, except for an attached cylindrical shield
Improvement of the front-to-back ratio, and wide angle radiation discrimination
Available in the same sizes as parabolic ones, either single or double polarised
Substantially bigger, heavier, and more expensive than the ordinary parabolics
Allow back-to-back transmision at the same frequency in both directions (refer to interference calculation)

2.10.38 Horn antennas

1 - - 232
RNE Fundamentals -
Horn lens antenna

For very high frequencies > 25 GHz
Replacement for small parabolic
antennas (1)
Same electrical data, but easier to
install due to size and weight
Horn reflector antenna
Large parabola, energy from the feed
horn is reflected at right angle (90)
Gain like 10 parabolic antenna (60
dBi), but higher front-to-back ratios >
70 dB
Big and heavy, requires a complex installation procedure

Only used on high capacity microwave backbones (e.g. MSC-MSC interconnections)
Horn lens antenna

Only available for very high frequencies (above 25 Ghz)
Replacement for small parabolic antennas (1)
Electrical data nearly the same, but easier to install due to their size and weight
Horn reflector antenna
Consists of a very large parabola, mounted at such an angle that the energy from the feed horn is reflected at
right angle (90)
Gain in the region of a 10 parabolic antenna (60 dBi), but it has much higher front-to-back ratios ( 70 dB or
more)
Very big, heavy and requires a complex installation procedure
Only used on high capacity microwave backbones (example: MSC-MSC interconnections).


1 - - 233
RNE Fundamentals -
Cross polarization discrimination (XPD)

highest level of cross polarisation radiation relative to the main
beam; should be > 30 dB for parabolic antennas
Inter-port isolation
isolation between the two ports of dual polarised antennas; typical
value: better than 35 dB
Return loss (VSWR)

Quality value for the adaption of antenna impedance to the
impedance of the connection cable
Return loss is the ratio of the reflected power to the power fed at
the antenna input (typical> 20 dB)


1 - - 234
RNE Fundamentals -
Radiation pattern envelope (RPE)

Tolerance specification for antenna pattern (specification of antenna
pattern itself not suitable due to manufacturing problems)
Usually available from manufacturer in vertical and horizontal
polarisation (worst values of several measurements)
Weight
Wind load

2.10.41 Data sheet 15 GHz

1 - - 235
RNE Fundamentals -
14.4 - 15.35 14.4 - 15.35 14.4 - 15.35

PA2 - 144 PA4 - 144 PA6 - 144
0.6
1.2
1.8
2
4
6
Bandwidth
Model number
Nominal diameter
(GHz)
Half-power beamwidth
Gain low band
Gain mid band
Gain high band
Front-to-back ratio
Cross polar discrimination
Return loss
(deg)
(dBi)
(dBi)
(dBi)
(dB)
(dB)
(dB)
2.3
36.2
36.5
36.7
42
28
26
1.2
42.3
42.5
42.8
48
30
26
0.8
45.8
46.0
46.3
52
30
28
Weight
Windload
Elevation adjustment
(kg)
19
43
73
(deg)
+/- 5
+/- 5
+/- 5
(m)
(ft)
Parabolic antenna 15 GHz
Bandwidth
Model number
Nominal diameter
(GHz)
Half-power beamwidth
Gain low band
Gain mid band
Gain high band
Front-to-back ratio
Cross polar discrimination
Return loss
(deg)
(dBi)
(dBi)
(dBi)
(dB)
(dB)
(dB)
2.3
36.2
36.5
36.7
65
28
26
1.2
42.3
42.5
42.8
68
30
26
0.8
45.8
46.0
46.3
68
30
26
Weight
Windload
Elevation adjustment
(kg)
28
55
130
(deg)
+/- 12
+/- 12
+/- 12
(m)
(ft)
14.4 - 15.35 14.4 - 15.35 14.4 - 15.35

DA2 - 144 DA4 - 144 DA6 - 144
0.6
1.2
1.8
2
4
6
High performance antenna 15 GHz

2.10.42 Radiation pattern envelope

1 - - 236
RNE Fundamentals -

2.10.43 Feeders (1)

1 - - 237
RNE Fundamentals -
Coaxial cables or waveguides (according to frequency)

Most important characteristic: loss and return loss
Coaxial cables
Used between 10 MHz and 3 GHz
Dielectric material: foam or air
Parameters of common coaxial cables:
type
dielectric
diameter
(mm)
loss
(dB/100m)
power
rating (kW)
bending
radius (mm)
LCF 1/2 CU2Y
foam
16.0
0.47
200
LCF 7/8 CU2Y
foam
28.0
0.95
360
LCF 1 5/8 CU2Y
foam
49.7
10,9 / 2 GHz
13.8 / 3 GHz
6.5 / 2 GHz
8.5 / 3 GHz
4.4 / 2 GHz
5.6 / 3 GHz
1.7
380
Depending on the frequency coaxial cables and waveguides are used for the transmission of RF energy between
radio systems and antennas. The most important characteristic of feeders is their loss, but also
their impedance (return loss).

2.10.44 Feeders (2)

1 - - 238
RNE Fundamentals -
Waveguides
Used for frequency bands above 2.7 GHz
Three basic types available: circular, elliptical and rectangular
Rigid circular waveguide

Very low loss
Supports two orthogonal polarisations
Capable to carry more than one frequency band
Usually, short components of this type are used
Disadvantages: cost, handling and moding problems

2.10.45 Feeders (3)

1 - - 239
RNE Fundamentals -
Elliptical semiflexible waveguides

Acceptable loss, good VSWR performance
Low cost and easy to install
Various types optimised for many frequency bands up to 23 GHz
Used for longer distances (easy and flexible installation)
Can be installed as a "single run" (no intermediate flanges)
type
loss /100 m
Frequency
EW 34
EW 52
EW 77
EW 90
EW 220
2.0
4.0
5.8
10.0
28.0
4 GHz
6GHz
8GHz
11 GHz
23 GHz

2.10.46 Feeders (4)

1 - - 240
RNE Fundamentals -
Solid and flexible rectangular waveguides

Solid rectangular waveguides
Combination of low VSWR and low loss
High cost and difficult to install
Used for realising couplers, combiners, filters
type
loss /100 m
Frequency
WR 229
WR159
WR112
WR 90
WR 75
2.8
4.5
8.5
11.7
15.0
4 GHz
6GHz
8GHz
11 GHz
13 GHz

2.10.47 Feeders (5)

1 - - 241
RNE Fundamentals -
Flexible rectangular waveguides

Worse VSWR and losses than for solid waveguides
Often used in short lengths (<1 m), where position between connection
points depends on actual installation place
Common applications: connection of microwave system to antenna
(close together on rooftops or towers) for frequencies >13 Ghz
type
loss / m
Frequency
PDR140
PDR180
PDR220
0.5
1
2
15GHz
18 GHz
23 GHz


1 - - 242
RNE Fundamentals -
Direct radiating system

Most commonly used for frequencies up
to 13 Ghz
Depending on accepted feeder
loss/length, higher frequencies may be
possible
Excessive attenuation and costs in long
runs of wave guide
Occurence of echo distortion due to
mismatch in long runs of waveguide
possible


1 - - 243
RNE Fundamentals -
Periscope antenna system

Used for
considerable antenna heights
waveguide installation problems
Negligible wave guide cost and easy

installation
System gain is a function of antenna and
reflector size, distance and frequency
Used above 4 GHz , because reflector
size is prohibitive for lower frequencies


RNE Fundamentals -
1- -
244
Combined antenna with transceiver

Antenna and transceiver are combined as a
single unit to cut out wave guide loss (higher
frequencies)
Units are mounted on top of a mast and
connected to multiplex equipment via cable

2 Coverage Planning
2.11 Alcatel BSS

1 - - 245
RNE Fundamentals -

2.11 Alcatel BSS
2.11.1 Architecture of BTS - Evolium Evolution A9100

1 - - 246
RNE Fundamentals -
Air interface
3 levels
Antenna network stage
Antenna network stage
ANc
ANc
Antenna
coupling level
Combiner stage (ANy)
TRX level
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
Combiner stage (ANy)
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
Station unit module
BCF level
Abis interface
Abbreviations
BCF Base station Control Function
TRX Transceiver

2.11 Alcatel BSS

1 - - 247
RNE Fundamentals -
The Antenna network Combiner (ANc)- combining mode

Antenna A
TX A , R X A , R X Bdiv
Antenna B
TX B , R X B , R X Adiv
D uplexer
D uplexer
Filter Filter
Filter Filter
W BC
TX
RX
LN A
LN A
Splitter
Splitter
Splitter Splitter
RX div
TR X 1
TX
RX
RX div
TR X 2
Splitter Splitter
R x div RX
TX
TR X 3
W BC
R x div RX
TX
TR X 4

2.11 Alcatel BSS

1 - - 248
RNE Fundamentals -
The Antenna network Combiner (ANc)- bypass mode

Antenna A
TX A , RX A , RX Bdiv
Antenna B
TX B , RX B , RX Adiv
Duplexer
Duplexer
Filter Filter
Filter Filter
By-pass
function
WBC
TX
RX
LNA
LNA
Splitter
Splitter
Splitter Splitter
RX div
TRX 1
By-pass
function
WBC
Splitter Splitter
Rx div RX
TX
TRX 2

2.11 Alcatel BSS

1 - - 249
RNE Fundamentals -
ANy: Twin Wide Band Combiner Stage

TXA
WBC
TX
RX
RXA
RXAdiv
Splitter Splitter
RXdiv
TRX 1
TX
RX
RXdiv
TRX 2
RXBdiv
RXB
TXB
WBC
Splitter Splitter
Rxdiv RX
TX
TRX 3
Rxdiv RX
TX
TRX 4
2 types of Any
For GSM 900 and GSM 1800, two versions each are available:
Band
Variant
Function
GSM 900
3BK 07237 AAxx
Up to four standard TRX, up to two high-power TRX
3BK 07237 ABxx
Up to four standard TRX, up to four high-power TRX
3BK 07245 AAxx
Up to four standard TRX, up to two high-power TRX
3BK 07245 ABxx
Up to four standard TRX, up to four high-power TRX
GSM 1800

2.11 Alcatel BSS

1 - - 250
RNE Fundamentals -
Standard Features according to GSM

DR (Dual Rate), EFR (Enhanced Full Rate coder), AMR (Adaptive Multi Rate) requires
that the BSS software release and the other network elements also support these
codecs
HW supports GSM 850, E-GSM, GSM 900, GSM 1800 and GSM 1900 bands
Multi Band Capabilities (supporting of 850/1800 TRX, 850/1900TRX, and, 900
/1800 can be located in the same cabinet)
All known A5 algorithms to be supported; HW provisions done
Standard Features due to new Architecture and new SW Releases

SUS (Station Unit Sharing)
Only one central control unit (SUM) for all BTS per cabinet
Multiband BTS (GSM 900/1800) in one cabinet
Static (Release 4) and statistical (Release 6) submultiplexing on Abis
- Better use of Abis-interface capacity: More BTS/TRX to be supported in a multidrop loop
Introduction of GPRS and HSCSD without HW changes

EDGE compatible TRX

2.11 Alcatel BSS

1 - - 251
RNE Fundamentals -
Features specific to Radio Performance

TX Output Power
RX Sensitivity:
-111 dBm certified

(GSM request: -104 dBm)
Synthesized Frequency Hopping as general solution
Standard RF hopping mode
Pseudo baseband RF hopping mode
Antenna Diversity in general
Two antennas per sector
One cross-polarized antenna
Duplexer (TX and RX on one antenna)

as general solution

2.11 Alcatel BSS
2.11.7 Generic Configurations for A9100 G4 BTS

1 - - 252
RNE Fundamentals -
The configurations for indoor (MBI) and outdoor (MBO) cabinet are
presented in the next slides
larger configurations with more than one cabinet can be derived from
the tables
configurations are valid for EDGE capable TRX (Evolution step 2)
availability of multiband configurations other than GSM 900 / GSM
1800 must be checked with product management (authorization
required)
Notation:
BBU - Battery Backup Unit
BATS - Small Battery Backup
LBBU - Large Battery Backup Unit

2.11 Alcatel BSS

1 - - 253
RNE Fundamentals -
RAC
K
C O N F IG U R A T IO N T Y P E
DC
A C w /o
A C w ith
A C w it h
G SM
G SM
G SM
GSM
BBU
BATS
LBBU
850
900
1800
1900
S t a n d a r d c o n f ig u r a t io n s
M B I3
1 x 1 ...4
M B I3
1 x 1 ...8
M B I3
2 x 1 ...2
M B I3
2 x 1 ...4
M B I3
3x1
M B I3
3 x 1 ...2
X
X
X
X
M B I5
1 x 1 ...8
M B I5
1 x 9 ...1 2
M B I5
2 x 1 ...4
M B I5
2 x 1 ...6
M B I5
1 x 1 .. . 8 + 1 x 1 . . .4
M B I5
3 x 1 ...2
M B I5
3 x 1 ...4
M B I5
4x1 3
M B I5
2x4 + 2x2
(2 )
(2 )
(1 )
(2 )
(2 )
(1 )
(2 )
(2 )
(2 )
(1 )
(2 )
(1 )
(2 )
(2 )
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
X
X
( 1 ) R e s t r ic tio n s f o r G S M 1 9 0 0 :
(1 )
U p t o + 4 5 C a m b ie n t t e m p e r a t u r e p o s s ib le if m a x im u m 6 T R E s in M B I 3 , 1 0 T R E s in
M B I5
(2 )
L im it a t io n t o + 4 0 C o th e r w is e ( + 4 5 C p o s s ib le if p o w e r is r e d u c e d to 2 8 W ( P m a x 2
d B ))
( 2 ) N o t i n g e n e r ic l is t , b u t p o s s ib l e ( c h e c k w i t h S D o r p r o d u c t m a n a g e m e n t b e f o r e u s e )

2.11 Alcatel BSS

1 - - 254
RNE Fundamentals -
RAC
K
CONFIGURATION TYPE DC
AC w/o
AC with
AC with
GSM
GSM
BBU
BATS
LBBU
850
900
GSM GSM
1800
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
1900
Low Losses configurations

MBI3
1x3...4
MBI5
1x3...8
MBI5
1x9...12
MBI5
2x3...6
High Power configurations

MBI3
2x1
MBI5
1x1...4
MBI5
2x1...4
MBI5
3x1...3
Extended Cells configurations

MBI5
1x1...4LL/1x1...4
MBI5
1x1...4/1x1...4 with TMA
(1) Restrictions for GSM 1900:

(1)
Up to +45C ambient temperature possible if maximum 6 TREs in MBI3, 10 TREs in
MBI5
(2)
Limitation to +40C otherwise (+45C possible if power is reduced to 28W (Pmax 2
dB))
(2) Not in generic list, but possible (check with SD or product management before use)

2.11 Alcatel BSS

1 - - 255
RNE Fundamentals -
RAC
K
CONFIGURATION TYPE
DC
AC w/o
AC with
GSM
GSM
BBU
BBU
850
900
GSM GSM
1800
1900
Standard configurations
CBO
1x12
(1)
(2)
(1)
CBO
2x1
(1)
(2)
(1)
MBO1
1x1...6
MBO1
1x1...8
MBO1
2x1...3
MBO1
2x1...4
MBO1
3x1...2
MBO2
1x9...12
MBO2
2x1...6
MBO2
1x1...8+1x1...4
MBO2
3x1...4
MBO2
4x13
MBO2
X
X
2x4 + 2x2
X
X
X
X
X
(1) CBO for GSM 850 and GSM 1900 are planned for 2004. For availability, check with SD or the
product management (authorization required).
(2) CBO for GSM 1800 planned for Q4 2003 (check with SD)

2.11 Alcatel BSS

1 - - 256
RNE Fundamentals -
RAC
K
CONFIGURATION TYPE
DC
AC w/o
AC with
GSM
GSM
BBU
BBU
850
900
GSM GSM
1800
1900
Low Losses configurations

MBO1
1x5...6
MBO1
1x5...8
MBO2
2x3...6
MBO2
3x3...4
High Power configurations

CBO
1x12
(2)
CBO
2x1
(2)
MBO1
1x1...4
MBO1
2x1...2
MBO1
3x1...2
MBO2
2x14
MBO2
3x14
X
X
X
(1) CBO for GSM 850 and GSM 1900 are planned for 2004. For availability, check with SD or the
product management (authorization required).
(2) CBO for GSM 1800 planned for Q4 2003 (check with SD)

2.11 Alcatel BSS
2.11.12 TRX Types

1 - - 257
RNE Fundamentals -
This slide is referring only to Evolium macro BTS A9100

Overview on TRX types of A9100 Evolium Evolution BTS (G4)
M o d u le
nam e
E v o lu tio n S te p 1
T RG M
G SM 9 0 0
T RD M
G SM 1800
TR D H
G SM 1800
E v o lu tio n S te p 2
T RA L
G SM 8 5 0
TR A G
G SM 9 0 0
TAG H
G SM 9 0 0
TR A D
G SM 1800
TAD H
G SM 1800
TRAP
G SM 1900
O u tp u t p o w e r
G M SK
8PSK
3 5 W a tts
3 5 W a tts
6 0 W a tts
4 5 .4 4 d B m
4 5 .4 4 d B m
4 7 .7 8 d B m
45
45
60
35
60
45
4 6 .5 3
4 6 .5 3
4 7 .7 8
4 5 .4 4
4 7 .7 8
4 6 .5 3
W a tts
W a tts
W a tts
W a tts
W a tts
W a tts
dB m
dB m
dB m
dB m
dB m
dB m
15
15
25
12
25
25
W a tts
W a tts
W a tts
W a tts
W a tts
W a tts
4 1 .7 6
4 1 .7 6
4 3 .9 8
4 0 .7 9
4 3 .9 8
4 3 .9 8
dBm
dBm
dBm
dBm
dBm
dBm
GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying

8PSK 8 phase shift keying

2.11 Alcatel BSS
2.11.13 BTS Output Power

1 - - 258
RNE Fundamentals -
What is monitored during validation is the BTS output power at antenna

connector
The individual losses for duplexer, combiner and internal cabling are not
systematically measured
for detailed info consult the BTS product description

2.11 Alcatel BSS
2.11.14 Feature Power Balancing

1 - - 259
RNE Fundamentals -
G4 BTS it is allowed to use TRXs of different power within the same

sector, or to use of different combining path for TRX belonging to the
same sector.
Reason: the G4 BTS is able to detect unbalanced losses/powers within a
sector and automatically compensate it for GMSK modulation.
Consequence: All TRX connected to one ANc are automatically adjusted
to the GMSK output power of the weakest TRX (required for BCCH
recovery)

2.11 Alcatel BSS
2.11.15 Cell Split Feature

1 - - 260
RNE Fundamentals -
Principle
Cell Split allows to provide one logical cell with one common BCCH over
several BTS cabinets. The cabinets must be synchronized
Benefits
Same number of TRX in fewer racks

No need to touch/modify the configuration of existing BTS (cabling)
Take full benefit of 12 TRX per cabinet
Drawback: more complex antenna system

Applications
Multi-band cells
Configuration extension of sites by adding TRX
Large configurations
Condition: BTS must be synchronized

2.11 Alcatel BSS
2.11.16 Influence of Cell Split feature on BTS configurations

1 - - 261
RNE Fundamentals -
One slave cabinet can only have one master

One master can control three slave cabinets
Cabinet 1
Cabinet 2
Cabinet 3
4 TRX
GSM 900
4 TRX
GSM 1800
4 TRX
GSM 1800
4 TRX
GSM 900
4 TRX
GSM 1800
4 TRX
GSM 1800
4 TRX
GSM 900
4 TRX
GSM 1800
4 TRX
GSM 1800
Master
Master
Master
Slave
Slave
Slave
Slave
Slave
Slave
Possible cell split configuration
Cabinet 1
Cabinet 2
Cabinet 4
6 TRX
GSM 1800
Master
6 TRX
GSM 1800
Master
2 TRX
GSM 1800
Slave
6 TRX
GSM 900
Master
6 TRX
GSM 900
Master
2 TRX
GSM 1800
Slave
Not allowed cell split configuration

2.11 Alcatel BSS
2.11.17 Cell Split Example: Deployment of multi-band cells

1 - - 262
RNE Fundamentals -
BTS 1
BTS 1
4TRX
cell1
cell2
4TRX
cell3
4TRX
GSM 900
BTS 1
4TRX
4TRX
4TRX
2TRX
4TRX
2TRX
cell1
4 TRX 900
2TRX 1800
cell2
cell3
GSM 900
cell1
cell2
4TRX
2TRX cell3
GSM 900 GSM1800
BTS1
cell1
4TRX
BTS 2
With
Withcell
cellsplit:
split:
- -No
antenna
No antennarerecabling
cabling
- -No
NoTRX
TRXmoving
moving
- -Connection
Connectiontotothe
the
first
firstBTS
BTSwhile
whilethe
the
BTS
BTSisisworking
working
- -Short
Shortservice
service
interruption
interruptionduring
during
radio
radioconf.
conf.change
change
BTS 2
4 TRX 900
2TRX 1800 cell3
Without
Withoutcell
cellsplit:
split:
- -Complete
Completerereconfiguration
configuration
4 TRX 900
2TRX 1800
cell2

2.11 Alcatel BSS
2.11.18 Cell Split Example: Migration to multiband cells

1 - - 263
RNE Fundamentals -
Example: Migration from multiband BSS (single BCCH) to multiband

cells (dual BCCH)
No more limitation to have the 900 and the 1800 TRXs installed inside
the same cabinet
BTS 2
BTS 1
4TRX
Cell 1
4TRX
Cell 4
4TRX
4TRX
Cell 3
GSM 900
BTS 2
4TRX
4TRX
4TRX
4TRX
4TRX
4TRX
Cell 5
Cell 2
4TRX
BTS 1
4TRX
Cell 6
GSM 1800
Cell 1
Cell 2
Cell 3
GSM 900 GSM1800

2.11 Alcatel BSS
2.11.19 Cell Split Example: High Power Configuration

1 - - 264
RNE Fundamentals -
For a MBI5, in a 3 sector configuration, max. 3 HP TRX /sector are allowed (thermal reasons).
The only wayto have 3x6 in MBI5 is with the cell split feature.

2.11 Alcatel BSS
2.11.20 Cell Split Example: Configuration extension

1 - - 265
RNE Fundamentals -
3x4 sector cells extended to cell 1(6 TRX), cell 2 (4 TRX), cell 3 (8 TRX)
BTS 1 (with
900 or 1800
TRX)
4TRX
4TRX
4TRX
cell1
cell2
cell3
BTS 1 (with 12 TRX

900 or 1800)
BTS 2 (with 6 TRX
900 or 1800)
4TRX
2 TRX
cell2
4TRX
4TRX
cell1
4TRX
cell3
Linked
BTS
Two shared sectors

2.11 Alcatel BSS
2.11.21 Cell Split Example: Large configurations

1 - - 266
RNE Fundamentals -
3x8 TRX with 2 racks:

BTS 1
BCCH
BTS 2
4TRX
4TRX
4TRX
4TRX
4TRX
4TRX
Without
Withoutcell
cellsplit:
split:
-3
racks
with
-3 racks with88
TRX/sector,
TRX/sector,empty
emptyspace
space
With
cellsplit:
split:
Withcell
-2
racks
-2 rackswith
with12
12TRX,
TRX,88
TRX
per
sector
TRX per sector
16 TRXs per cell

2.11 Alcatel BSS
2.11.22 Indoor BTS Rack Layout

1 - - 267
RNE Fundamentals -
IND mini: 4carrier, 1 Duplexer (Anx), 1 Combiner (Any), SUM (CPU, Link to BSC)
IND Medi: 12carrier, 3 Duplexer (Anx), 3 Combiner (Any), SUM (CPU, Link to BSC)

2.11 Alcatel BSS
2.11.23 Outdoor BTS Rack Layout

1 - - 268
RNE Fundamentals -

2.11 Alcatel BSS
2.11.24 3 Level Architecture

1 - - 269
RNE Fundamentals -

2.11 Alcatel BSS
2.11.25 Micro BTS types

RNE Fundamentals -
1- -
270
EVOLIUM A910 Micro Base Station (internal reference M4M)

still operational in a large number
is being out phased
up to 6 TRX-es
M5M EVOLIUM A9110 Micro-BTS (M5M)

Introduced in Q3 2003
up to 12 TRX-es
site configurations can mix older A910 with newer A9110-E
support for GPRS and EDGE (release dependent)
13

14
2.11 Alcatel BSS
2.11.26 Technical Data

1 - - 271
RNE Fundamentals -
A910
A9110
(2 TRX)
(2 TRX)
GSM 850, E-GSM,
GSM 850, E-GSM,
GSM900, GSM 1800, GSM GSM900, GSM 1800, GSM
1900
1900
Up to 4.5 W
7W
Frequency band
Tx output power
(at antenna connector)
Rx sensitivity
-107 dBm
-110 dBm
Yes
yes
Temperature range (max.)
55 C
55 C
Max. power consumption
130 W
145 W
Size (volume)
54 litres
54 litres
39.6 kg (incl. connection

box)
32.5
Radio FH
Weight

2.11 Alcatel BSS
2.11.27 Evolium BSC Characteristics

1 - - 272
RNE Fundamentals -
Capacity
Maximum physical capacity: 352 FR TRX or 176 DR TRX in 255 BTS
Traffic and signalling capacity: up to 1500 erlang-> 13,5 erl/BTS traffic capacity
Flexibility
6 Abis interfaces per SM module with integrated cross connect function
Integrated in BSC subracks (no cabling), 100% Alcatel
No BSC internal recabling for network extensions/modifications
Compactness
Maximum BSC configuration in three standard Alcatel 1000 S12 cabinets (90 cm width,
52 cm depth)
Technology
Two stage Alcatel 1000 S12 switching technology
Distributed processing in trunk control units and processing resources
Same application SW running on both BSC generations

2.11 Alcatel BSS
2.11.28 BSC Architecture

1 - - 273
RNE Fundamentals -
Group Switch
8 Planes
2 Stages
self-routing, non-blocking
Abis TSU
TCUC
6x
G.703
Abis
I/F
Ater TSU
DTCC
TCUC
DTCC
TCUC
DTCC
TCUC
DTCC
TCUC
DTCC
TCUC
DTCC
TCUC
BIUA
TSL
TCUC
ASMB
DTCC
AS
AS
DTCC
ASMB
2x
G.703
Ater
muxed
I/F
Q1 bus
AS
TSCA
CPRC CPRC CPRC CPRC CPRC CPRC CPRC CPRC
Broadcast bus
Common Functions TSU

2.11 Alcatel BSS
2.11.29 BSC Rack Layouts

1 - - 274
RNE Fundamentals -
6 Configurations possible
GS
Stage 2
Group Switch
Stage 2
GS
Stage 2
GS
Stage 2
Group Switch
Stage 2
GS
Stage 2
A-TER TSU
A-BIS TSU
A-TER TSU
A-BIS TSU
A-TER TSU
A-BIS TSU
A-BIS TSU
A-BIS TSU
A-BIS TSU
A-BIS TSU
A-BIS TSU
A-BIS TSU
AIRBAFFLE
A-TER TSU
GS
Stage 1
TSCA
AIRBAFFLE
A-TER TSU
A-BIS TSU
COMMON TSU
Cabinet #1
Clock
GS
Stage 2
A-TER TSU
GS
Stage 1
TSCA
AIRBAFFLE
A-TER TSU
A-BIS TSU
A-BIS TSU
Clock
GS
Stage 2
Cabinet #2
A-TER TSU
GS
Stage 1
TSCA
A-TER TSU
A-BIS TSU
Clock
A-BIS TSU
Cabinet #3

2 Coverage Planning

1 - - 275
RNE Fundamentals -


1 - - 276
RNE Fundamentals -

2.12.1.1 Diversity
1 - - 277
RNE Fundamentals -
Purpose
Demands
Improvement in fading probability

statistics
leads to a better total signal level or
better total S/N ratio
Principle
Combining signals with same
information from different signal
branches
correlation between different signal

branches should be low
Combining methods
Selection Diversity
Maximum Ratio Combining
Equal Gain Combining
Purpose
The purpose of using diversity is to reduce short-term fading effects, such that an acceptable level of
performance (receiver sensitivity) can be achieved, without having to increase the transmitted power or the
bandwidth.
Principle
The principle relies on the combination of two or more signals, containing the same information, which are at
least partially de-correlated. If two signals of the same level are completely de-correlated, the probability that both
signals experience the same depth of fade is very low. Therefore the signal reliability is increased.


1 - - 278
RNE Fundamentals -
Fieldstrength [dBm]
Principle
selection of the highest baseband
signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) or of the
strongest signal (S+N)
-80
Correlation of signal levels

a lower correlation between signal
levels of different branches improves
the total signal level
-90
-100
Correlation of signal levels should

be low
Antenna 1 Antenna 2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Time [sec]
The algorithm for the selective diversity combining technique is based on the principle of selecting the best signal
among all of the signals received from different branches, at the receiving end.


1 - - 279
RNE Fundamentals -
Fieldstrength [dBm]
Difference in signal level

a high difference in signal levels of two
branches doesnt improve the total
signal level
-80
Difference in signal levels should be

low
-90
-100
Antenna 2
Antenna 1
0.1
0.2
Time [sec]
0.3
0.4


1 - - 280
RNE Fundamentals -
Theoretical diversity gain

10dB for two-branch diversity at the
99% reliability level
16dB for four branches at the 99%
reliability level
The theoretical diversity gain

doesnt improve linear with the number
of branches


RNE Fundamentals -
1- -
281
Principle
cophase signal branches
sum up signals
Coherent addition of signals and

incoherent addition of noises
Theoretical diversity gain
11dB for two-branch diversity at the
99% reliability level
In comparison with MRC, in this technique the branch weights are all set to unity but the signal from
each branch are co-phased to provide equal gain combining diversity.
The possibility of producing an acceptable signal from a number of unacceptable inputs is still retained,
and performance is only marginally inferior to maximal ratio combining an superior to selection
diversity.


1 - - 282
RNE Fundamentals -

the total S/N ratio
Assuming equal noise in the branches,

the higher the difference in signal levels
is, the higher is the loss of S/N ratio of
the better signal branch after
summation

be low

low


1 - - 283
RNE Fundamentals -
Principle
weight signals proportionally to their
S/N ratios
cophase signal branches
sum up the weighted signals
Coherent addition of signals and

incoherent addition of noises
Improved S/N
In this method the signals from all the branches are weighted according to their individual S/N and then summed.
Here the individual signals must be co-phased before being summed ( unlike selection diversity ) which generally
requires an individual receiver and phasing circuit for each antenna .
Maximal ratio combining produces an output SNR equal to the sum of the individual SNRs. Thus, it has the
advantage of producing an output with an acceptable SNR even when none of the individual signals are
themselves acceptable.
This technique gives the best statistical reduction of fading of any known diversity combiner. Modern DSPs and
digital receivers are now making this optimal form of diversity practical.


1 - - 284
RNE Fundamentals -

the total S/N ratio
Assuming equal noise in the branches,

the higher the difference in signal levels
is, the higher is the loss of S/N ratio of
the better signal branch after
summation
comparing to equal ratio combining,
this combining reduces influence of
worse signal branches

be low

low

2.12.1.9 Comparison of combining methods

1 - - 285
RNE Fundamentals -
Improvement of average SNR from a

diversity combiner compared to one
branch
(a) Maximum Ratio Combining
(b) Equal Gain Combining
(c) Selection Diversity
The maximum ratio combining,

which is used in the ALCATEL BTS,
gives the best statistical reduction of
any known linear diversity combiner.


1 - - 286
RNE Fundamentals -
Principle:
2 algorithms
Beam forming algorithm (available also for MRC)
Interference reduction algorithm (new)
best efficiency when the useful signal and the interfering signals come from
different directions.
Requirements to benefit from this feature:

Hardware: G4 TRE (Edge capable TRX) installed in Evolium Evolution BTS
step1 resp. step 2 (internal name: G3 resp. G4)
Software release: from B6.2 onwards
For a maximum gain: antenna engineering rules respected
Correct antenna choice for the considered environment
Correct antenna spacings and orientations (in case of space diversity)
Beam forming algorithm (available also for MRC):

improves the received signal by steering a beam into the direction of the mobile; it estimates the phase difference
between the two antennas, corrects this phase difference, weightens the signals in proportion to their signal to
noise ratio before the co-phased signals are added; there is coherent addition of the signals and incoherent
addition of the noises; this increases the signal to noise ratio
Interference reduction algorithm (new)
it cancels interferers by steering a null into their directions (it estimates the phase difference between the two
antennas for the interfering signals and then, it rejects these interfering signals by adding the signals with an
inversed phase).


1 - - 287
RNE Fundamentals -
A n ten na d iversity g ain reco m m e n d a tio n fo r lin k b ud ge t

Enviro nm e n t
Evo lu tio n
Evo lutio n
ste p 1,
step 2
Evo lu tio n
since
B 6 .2
step 2 u p
to B5
U rb a n, de nse urba n
5 dB
6 dB
Resid e n tia l, sub urb an
3 .5 d B
5 dB
Rura l (h o rizo nta l sp a ce d iversity)
3 dB
3 .5 d B
The values in the right column are due to the feature Enhanced Diversity
Combining, Selective Beam-forming Combining

2.12.1.12 Diversity systems in Mobile Radio Networks

1 - - 288
RNE Fundamentals -
Two diversity systems are used in

Mobile Radio Networks :
Space Diversity
horizontal
vertical
Polarization Diversity
dH
RXA
RXB
+45
45
RXA RXB

2.12.1.13 Space Diversity Systems

1 - - 289
RNE Fundamentals -
Diversity gain depends on spatial separation of antennas

Horizontal separation
(e.g. Roof Top)
Vertical
separation
(e.g. Mast)
RXA
dV
dH
RXA
RXB
RXB
For Optimum Diversity Gain

15
dH
= 20
dV
GSM900 = 6m
GSM1800 = 3m
GSM900
GSM1800
=
= 4.5m
= 2.25m

2.12.1.14 Space Diversity - General Rules

1 - - 290
RNE Fundamentals -
The larger the separation the higher the diversity gain

Prefer horizontal separation (more effective)
The higher the antenna the higher the required
d
separation, rule: d > h/10
h
Highest diversity gain from the "broadside
Select orientation of diversity setup according to orientation of cell /
traffic
Optimum
diversity
Gain

2.12.1.15 Achievable Diversity Gain

1 - - 291
RNE Fundamentals -
Depends on fading conditions

Varies in between 2.5 - 6dB
Higher diversity gain in areas with multipath propagation (urban and
suburban areas)
General rule: consider diversity gain with 3dB in the link budget

2.12.1.16 Polarization Diversity

1 - - 292
RNE Fundamentals -
Diversity gain in using orthogonal orientated antennas
Horizontal / vertical polarization:

Hor/Ver Antenna
RXA RXB
Polarization of +/- 45:

cross polarized antenna
or Slant antenna
+45
45
RXA RXB
Big Advantage: Only one panel antenna is required to profit

from diversity gain using this configuration

2.12.1.17 Principle of Polarization Diversity

1 - - 293
RNE Fundamentals -
multipathpropagation
reflection,
diffraction
reception with
a hor / ver
polarised
antenna
EV
Diversity
Gain
EH
G = f( , )
EX1
Ex2 or Eh
reception with
a X-polarised
antenna
EX2
Ex1 or Ev
Time [sec]
correlation coeficient (0.7)

difference in signal level
---> diversity gain with dual polarized antennas depends on :
,
and the orientation of the sending and receiving antenna
To achieve low correlation and low differences in signal level, reflection and diffraction under multipath condition
is necessary. ---->
In rural areas neglectible diversity gain can be expected from polarization diversity.

2.12.1.18 Air Combining

1 - - 294
RNE Fundamentals -
Features
only one TX per antenna
combining signals "on air" and not in a
combiner
3dB combiner loss can be saved to
increase coverage
Can be realized with

two vertical polarized antennas
one cross polarized panel antenna
TX1 TX2
TX1
TX2
The idea of air combining is to combine transmitted signals in the air and not with an internal combiner, in order to
save combining losses. Thus the maximum achievable coverage range will be increased.
Air combining can be realized with
two sector or omni antennas
one cross polar antenna transmitting different carriers on +/-45.

2.12.1.19 Air Combining with Polarization Diversity

1 - - 295
RNE Fundamentals -
One antenna system

1 TRX
2 TRX
cross polarized antennas

recommended for urban/suburban
area (less space req.)
or
V
DUPL
TX RXA
H
BF
RXB
No Air combining
Bandfilter if Decoupling too low
DUPL
DUPL
TX1 RX1 TX2 RX2

RX2D
RX1D
Air combining
Recommended for
Evolium BTS

2.12.1.20 Air Combining with Space Diversity

1 - - 296
RNE Fundamentals -
Two antenna system

Vertical or horizontal spacing
(recommended for rural area)
or
or
RXA
RXB
RXA RXB TX
TX

2.12.1.21 Decoupling of Signal Branches

1 - - 297
RNE Fundamentals -
One antenna system: TX / RX decoupling cannot be achieved by

spatial separation
Decoupling between both polarization branches needs to be
sufficiently high to avoid
blocking problems
intermodulation problems
Required decoupling values

G2 BTS:
Evolium A9100 BTS:
30 dB
25dB (Integrated duplexer Anx)


1 - - 298
RNE Fundamentals -
Receiving Application
same diversity gain for cross polarized and hor/ver antennas
in urban and suburban area polarization diversity gain equal to space
diversity gain (2.5 - 6dB)
negligible polarization diversity gain in rural areas (not recommended)
accordingly consider polarization diversity gain with 3dB in the link budget


1 - - 299
RNE Fundamentals -
Transmission Application: Air

combining
3dB
2dB
3dB loss when transmitting

horizontal/vertical polarized (use of
combiner)
1-2dB losses when transmitting at 45
(optimum antenna is straighten
vertically)
Air combining only recommended with
cross polarized antenna

2.12.1.24 Conclusion on Antenna Diversity

1 - - 300
RNE Fundamentals -
Rural Areas
installation space not limited
apply Space Diversity (higher gain)
Urban and Suburban Area

apply space or polarization diversity
use cross polarized antennas for air combining
Diversity Gain
consider diversity gain in link budget with 3dB

2.12. Coveradge Improvement

1 - - 301
RNE Fundamentals -

2.12.2.1 Repeater Application

1 - - 302
RNE Fundamentals -
repeater
area covered by repeater
BTS (donor cell)
original service area

2.12.2.2 Repeater Block Diagram

1 - - 303
RNE Fundamentals -
Required Isolation > 7090 dB
A repeater is a bi-directional amplifier. It receives the downlink signal from the BTS, amplifies it and transmits the
signal to the mobile. In the uplink direction, the signal of the mobile is received, amplified and transmitted to the
BTS.

2.12.2.3 Repeater Applications (2)

1 - - 304
RNE Fundamentals -
Coverage Improvement of Cells (Cell Enhancer)

removal of coverage holes caused by
topography (hills, ravines, ...)
man made obstacles
Provision of tunnel coverage

street, railway tunnels
underground stations
Provision of indoor coverage at places of low additional traffic

2.12.2.4 Repeater Types

RNE Fundamentals -
1- -
Channel selective repeaters
305
Broad band repeaters
high selectivity of certain channels

high traffic areas, small cell sizes
Band selective repeaters

adjustment to operators frequency
band
no (accidental) usage by competitors
low cost solution for low traffic areas

(rural environment)
medium to high repeater gain
Personal repeaters
low gain
broad band
indoor coverage improvement for
certain rooms

2.12.2.5 Repeater for Tunnel Coverage

1 - - 306
RNE Fundamentals -
Choice of repeater type due to

tunnel dimensions
wall materials
Antenna
to
donor cell
feeding by
directional antennas
leaky feeder cables
long tunnels
Radiating
cable
Repeater
chains of several repeaters

fiber optic backbone for repeater
feeding
Tunnel

2.12.2.6 Repeater for Indoor coverage

1 - - 307
RNE Fundamentals -
For smaller buildings

Compensation for wall losses, window
losses (heat insulated windows)
Low cost personal repeaters installed in
certain rooms
Personal repeater
For larger buildings (shopping malls,

convention centers, sport centers)
multispot transmission using
co-axial distribution network
fiber-optic distribution network
Antenna
to
donor cell
Master unit
Remote
units
Fiber optic
distribution
Radiating
cable

2.12.2.7 Planning Aspects

1 - - 308
RNE Fundamentals -
Repeater does not provide additional traffic capacity

risk of blocking if additional coverage area catches more traffic
possible carrier upgrading required
Repeater causes additional signal delay

delay: 4..8s
max. cell range of 35 km reduced by 1 to 2km
special care needed for total delay of repeater chain!
delayed signal and original signal could cause outage in urban environment if
total delay exceeds 16 ... 22s


1 - - 309
RNE Fundamentals -
Intermodulation products should be low

when amplifier reaches saturation point, intermodulation products go up
Signal to noise ratio should be high

when amplifier reaches saturation point, signal to noise ratio is getting worse
Antenna isolation between transmission and receiving antenna should be

high
if signal feedback from transmission antenna to receiving antenna is too high,
amplifier goes into saturation


1 - - 310
RNE Fundamentals -
Repeater gain limited by antenna isolation:

GRepeater < IDonor, Repeater - M
Pin
Pback =
Pin - 12 dB
M (Margin) ~ 12 dB
gain
78 dB
Pout
isolation
90 dB
Measure isolation after installation
I = G Amplifier +
M arg in

2.12.2.10 Intermodulation Products

1 - - 311
RNE Fundamentals -
A Non-linear system
produces higher-order intermodulation
products as soon as output power reaches
the saturation point
Parameter
1 dB compression point
3rd order intercept point (ICP3)
Intermodulation reduction (IMR)
Amplifier back-off
GSM900/GSM1800 requirements
IM products -36 dBm or
IM distance > 70 dBc whichever is higher
Each amplifier has a limited linear operation range.

In the linear range the input power is amplified by the amplification factor v. But this is only valid until a certain
maximum input power. As soon as you feed the amplifier with too high input power the input signal will less and
less amplified. The point were the degradation from the specified amplification is 1dB is called the one dB
compression point.
Lower amplification is one effect when you operate an amplifier in the non linear region, another effect which can
cause even worse problems is the intermodulation. Especially the 3rd order intermodulation product (2f1+-f2) is
very significant. The amplifier produces interfering signals based on available frequencies (f1 and f2).
dbc = is the power of one signal referenced to a carrier signal

2.12.2.11 Repeater Link Budget

1 - - 312
RNE Fundamentals -
Uplink Loss = Downlink Loss

Downlink Path
Received power at repeater
Link antenna gain
Cable loss
Repeater input power
Repeater gain
Repeater output power
Cable loss
Repeater antenna gain
EIRP
Uplink Gain = Downlink Gain

Unit
dBm
dBi
dB
dBm
dB
dBm
dB
dBi
dBm
Value
-65
+19
-2
-48
+78
30
-2
+18
46
Different gains may be needed in Up- and Downlink if the

sensitivity of the repeater is worse than the sensitivity of the BTS

2.12.2.12 High Power TRXs

1 - - 313
RNE Fundamentals -
High Power TRXs: solution for coverage improvement

HP must be used together with TMA: due to unbalanced Link Budget
A9100 BTS supports
High Power TRX
Medium Power
TRX type is chosen by:
environment conditions
required data throughput (GPRS/EDGE)
TX power of EVOLIUM Evolution step 2 TRX :
Frequency band
TX output power, GMSK
TX output power, 8-PSK (EDGE)
GSM 900 HP
60 W = 47.8 dBm
25 W = 44.0 dBm
GSM 1800 HP
60 W = 47.8 dBm
25 W = 44.0 dBm

2.12.2.13 3x6 TRXs High Power Configuration

1 - - 314
RNE Fundamentals -
Configuration made with EVOLIUM A9100 Base Station

Obs:
All TRX are HP
The configuration is using cell split feature
Cabinet1
(High power 3x3TRX)
Cabinet2
(High power 3x3TRX)
Combining
ANc
No-combining
HPTRX1 HPTRX 2 MPTRX 3
Combining
ANc
No-combining
Sector1: 1x6 TRX
Combining
ANc
No-combining
Combining
ANc
No-combining
Sector2: 1x6 TRX
Combining
ANc
No-combining
Combining
ANc
No-combining
Sector3: 1x6 TRX

2.12.2.14 Mixed TRX Configuration

1 - - 315
RNE Fundamentals -
BTS EVOLIUM supports a mix of:

EVOLIUM TRX (TRE) - supports GSM/GPRS and EDGE
EVOLIUM Evolution step 2 TRX (TRA) with Medium Power
EVOLIUM Evolution step 2 TRX (TRA) with High Power
Hardware configuration
T
R
A
T
R
A
HP
MP
T
R
E
T
R
E
Logical cell
Allocation
Packet Voice
TRX1 (BCCH)
TRX2 (1 SDCCH)
TRX3
TRX4

1 - - 316
RNE Fundamentals -
3 Traffic & Frequency Planning

3 Fraffic & Frequency Planning
3.1 Traffic Caspacity

1 - - 317
RNE Fundamentals -

3.1 Traffic Capacity
3.1.1 Telephone System

1 - - 318
RNE Fundamentals -
blocked call
attempts
subscriber
sub 1
1
2
line to PSTN
sub 3
sub 4
automatic
switch
sub 2
observation period, e.g.

main busy hour (MBH)
Parameters:
:
:
1/:
arrival rate [1/h]

release rate [1/h]
mean holding time [sec]
time
"offered" traffic = # of calls arriving in MBH mean

holding time
= 1/ [Erlang]

3.1.2 Offered Traffic and Traffic Capacity

1 - - 319
RNE Fundamentals -
Offered
Traffic ( )
Loss System
(n slots)
Handled
Traffic (T)
T=
-R
Rejected Traffic (R)
Handled Traffic, Traffic Capacity: T

Blocking Probability, Grade of Service (GoS): pblock = R /
System load: = T / n, i.e. T < n

3.1.3 Definition of Erlang

1 - - 320
RNE Fundamentals -
ERLANG : Unit used to quantify traffic
T = (resource usage duration)/(total observation duration) [ERLANG]

3.1.4 Call Mix and Erlang Calculation

1 - - 321
RNE Fundamentals -
CALL MIX EXAMPLE

350 call/hour
3 LU/call
TCH duration : 85 sec
SDCCH duration : 4,5 sec
ERLANG COMPUTATION
TCH = (350 * 85)/3600 = 8,26 ERLANG
SDCCH = [ (350 + 350*3) * 4,5 ] / 3600 = 1.75 ERLANG

3.1.5 ERLANG B LAW

1 - - 322
RNE Fundamentals -
ERLANG B LAW
Relationship between
Offered traffic
Number of resources
Blocking rate

3.1.5 ERLANG B LAW (2)

1 - - 323
RNE Fundamentals -
call request arrival rate (and leaving) is not stable

number of resources = average number of requests mean
duration
is sometime not sufficent => probability of blocking
=> Erlang B law

Pblock : blocking probability
N : number of resources
E : offered traffic [Erlang]
Calculated with Excel - Makro or Table

3.1.6 Erlangs Formula

1 - - 324
RNE Fundamentals -
How to calculate the traffic capacity T?

Basics: Markov Chain (queue statistics)
p0
p1
p2
pi
pn
n
no call
establishe
d
i channels
occupied
all
channels
occupied
Calculation of the blocking probability using Erlangs

formula (Erlang B statistics):
p block =
n!
i= 0
i!
Varation of
until pblock reached:

3.1.7 Blocking Probability (Erlang B)

1 - - 325
RNE Fundamentals -
Nr. of
channels
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
30
35
40
45
50
Blocking Probability Erlang B

0.1%
0.2%
0.5%
0.001
0.046
0.194
0.439
0.762
1.146
1.579
2.051
2.557
3.092
3.651
4.231
4.831
5.446
6.077
6.721
7.378
8.046
8.724
9.411
10.108
10.812
11.524
12.243
12.969
16.684
20.517
24.444
28.447
32.512
0.002
0.065
0.249
0.535
0.900
1.325
1.798
2.311
2.855
3.427
4.022
4.637
5.270
5.919
6.582
7.258
7.946
8.644
9.351
10.068
10.793
11.525
12.265
13.011
13.763
17.606
21.559
25.599
29.708
33.876
0.005
0.105
0.349
0.701
1.132
1.622
2.157
2.730
3.333
3.961
4.610
5.279
5.964
6.663
7.376
8.099
8.834
9.578
10.331
11.092
11.860
12.635
13.416
14.204
14.997
19.034
23.169
27.382
31.656
35.982
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
10%
15%
20%
50%
0.010
0.153
0.455
0.869
1.361
1.909
2.501
3.128
3.783
4.461
5.160
5.876
6.607
7.352
8.108
8.875
9.652
10.437
11.230
12.031
12.838
13.651
14.470
15.295
16.125
20.337
24.638
29.007
33.432
37.901
0.020
0.223
0.602
1.092
1.657
2.276
2.935
3.627
4.345
5.084
5.842
6.615
7.402
8.200
9.010
9.828
10.656
11.491
12.333
13.182
14.036
14.896
15.761
16.631
17.505
21.932
26.435
30.997
35.607
40.255
0.031
0.282
0.715
1.259
1.875
2.543
3.250
3.987
4.748
5.529
6.328
7.141
7.967
8.803
9.650
10.505
11.368
12.238
13.115
13.997
14.885
15.778
16.675
17.577
18.483
23.062
27.711
32.412
37.155
41.933
0.042
0.333
0.812
1.399
2.057
2.765
3.509
4.283
5.080
5.895
6.727
7.573
8.430
9.298
10.174
11.059
11.952
12.850
13.755
14.665
15.581
16.500
17.425
18.353
19.284
23.990
28.758
33.575
38.430
43.316
0.053
0.381
0.899
1.525
2.218
2.960
3.738
4.543
5.370
6.216
7.076
7.950
8.835
9.730
10.633
11.544
12.461
13.385
14.315
15.249
16.189
17.132
18.080
19.031
19.985
24.802
29.677
34.596
39.550
44.533
0.111
0.595
1.271
2.045
2.881
3.758
4.666
5.597
6.546
7.511
8.487
9.474
10.470
11.473
12.484
13.500
14.522
15.548
16.579
17.613
18.651
19.692
20.737
21.784
22.833
28.113
33.434
38.787
44.165
49.562
0.176
0.796
1.602
2.501
3.454
4.445
5.461
6.498
7.551
8.616
9.691
10.776
11.867
12.965
14.068
15.176
16.289
17.405
18.525
19.647
20.773
21.901
23.031
24.164
25.298
30.995
36.723
42.475
48.245
54.029
0.250
1.000
1.930
2.945
4.010
5.109
6.230
7.369
8.522
9.685
10.857
12.036
13.222
14.413
15.608
16.807
18.010
19.216
20.424
21.635
22.848
24.064
25.281
26.499
27.720
33.840
39.985
46.147
52.322
58.508
1.000
2.732
4.591
6.501
8.437
10.389
12.351
14.320
16.294
18.273
20.254
22.238
24.224
26.212
28.201
30.191
32.182
34.173
36.166
38.159
40.153
42.147
44.142
46.137
48.132
58.113
68.099
78.088
88.079
98.072

3.1.8 BTS Traffic Capacity (Full Rate)

1 - - 326
RNE Fundamentals -
Number of
TRX
SDCCH
1
4
2
8
3
8
4
16
5
16
6
24
7
24
8
32
TCH
7
14
22
29
37
44
52
59
Speech Traffic (Erlang

1%
2%
2.501
2.935
7.352
8.2
13.651
14.896
19.487
21.039
26.379
28.254
32.543
34.682
39.7
42.124
46.039
48.7
B)
5%
3.738
9.73
17.132
23.833
31.64
38.557
46.533
53.559
Signalling Traffic (Erlang B)

0.1%
0.2%
0.5%
0.439
0.535
0.701
2.051
2.311
2.73
2.051
2.311
2.73
6.721
7.258
8.099
6.721
7.258
8.099
12.243
13.011
14.204
12.243
13.011
14.204
18.205
19.176
20.678


1 - - 327
RNE Fundamentals -


1 - - 328
RNE Fundamentals -
The roll out of a network is dedicated to provide coverage

Network design changes rapidly
Planning method must be flexible and fast (group method)
Manual frequency planning possible


1 - - 329
RNE Fundamentals -
With the growing amount of subscribers, the need for more installed
capacity is rising
Possible Solutions:
Installing more TRXs on the existing BTS
Implementing additional sites
Discussion!
Also new services like GPRS are demanding more capacity


1 - - 330
RNE Fundamentals -
Installing more TRXs - Advantages

No site search/acquisition process
No additional sites to rent (saves cost)
Trunking efficiency Higher capacity per cell
Installing more TRXs - Disadvantages

More antennas on roof top (Air combining)
Additional losses if WBC has to be used
Less (indoor) coverage
More frequencies per site needed

Tighter reuse necessary decreasing quality
Trunking efficiency
1TRX
2.9 Erl.
+2.9 Erl
2TRX
8.2 Erl
+5.3 Erl (+1 Signalling TS)
3TRX
14.9 Erl
+6.7 Erl
4TRX
21.0 Erl
5TRX
28.3 Erl
+7.3 Erl
6TRX
34.7 Erl
7TRX
42.1 Erl
+7.4 Erl


1 - - 331
RNE Fundamentals -
Implementing additional sites - Advantages

Reuse can remain the same (smaller cell sizes)
Needs less frequency spectrum
higher spectrum efficiency
Implementing additional sites - Disadvantages

Additional site cost (rent)
Re-design of old cells necessary (often not done)

3.3 Cell Structures

1 - - 332
RNE Fundamentals -

3.3 Cell Structures
3.3.1 Cell Structures and Quality

1 - - 333
RNE Fundamentals -
Frequency re-use in cellular radio networks

allow efficient usage of the frequency spectrum
but causes interference
Interdependence of
Cell size
Cluster size
Re-use distance
Interference level
Network Quality
interferer
region

3.3 Cell Structures
3.3.2 Cell Re-use Cluster (Omni Sites) (1)

1 - - 334
RNE Fundamentals -
2
7
1
6
3
2
4
5
3
1
4
5

3.3 Cell Structures
3.3.2 Cell Re-use Cluster (Omni Sites)(2)

1 - - 335
RNE Fundamentals -
1
4
2
5
11
6
8
7
10
9
12

3.3 Cell Structures
3.3.4 Cell Re-use Cluster (Sector Site) (1)

1 - - 336
RNE Fundamentals -

3.3 Cell Structures
3.3.5 4x3 Cell Re-use Cluster (Sector Site) (2)

1 - - 337
RNE Fundamentals -

3.3 Cell Structures
3.3.6 Irregular (Real) Cell Shapes

1 - - 338
RNE Fundamentals -
Network Border
Coverage
Hole
Island

3.4 Frequency Reuse

1 - - 339
RNE Fundamentals -

3.4 Frequency Reuse
3.4.1 GSM Frequency Spectrum

1 - - 340
RNE Fundamentals -
GSM 900
DL: 935-960 MHz
UL: 890-915 MHz
200 kHz channel spacing 124 channels
ARFCN 1 - 124
E-GSM
DL: 925-935 MHz UL: 880-890 MHz
200 kHz channel spacing
Additional 50 channels
ARFCN 0, 975 - 1023
200 kHz channel spacing
124 channels
GSM 850
DL: 869-894 MHz
ARFCN: 128 - 251
UL: 824-849 MHz
GSM 1800
DL: 1805-1880 MHz UL: 1710-1785 MHz
200 kHz channel spacing 374 channels
ARFCN 512 - 885

3.4 Frequency Reuse
3.4.2 Impact of limited Frequency Spectrum

1 - - 341
RNE Fundamentals -
Bandwidth is an expensive resource

Best usage necessary
Efficient planning necessary to contain good QoS when the traffic in
the network is increasing
smaller reuse
Multiple reuse pattern (MRP) usage
implementation of concentric cells / microcells/dual band
implementation of Frequency Hopping
Baseband
Synthezised

3.4 Frequency Reuse
3.4.3 What is frequency reuse?

1 - - 342
RNE Fundamentals -
As the GSM spectrum is limited, frequencies have to be reused to provide

enough capacity
The more often a frequency is reused within a certain amount of cells,
the smaller the frequency reuse
Aim:
Minimizing the frequency reuse for providing more capacity
REUSE CLUSTER:
Area including cells which do not reuse the same frequency (or frequency
group)

3.4 Frequency Reuse

1 - - 343
RNE Fundamentals -
Reuse Cluster Size - RCS

If all cells within the reuse cluster have the same amount of TRXs, the reuse per
TRX layer can be calculated:
RCS =
B
# TRX / cell
Average Reuse Cluster Size - ARCS

If the cells are different equiped, the average number of TRXs has to be
used for calculating the average reuse cluster size:
ARCS =
B
# TRX / cell

3.4 Frequency Reuse

1 - - 344
RNE Fundamentals -
The ARCS is giving the average reuse of the network when using the
whole bandwidth and all TRXs per cell
E.g: if we want to have the reuse of all non hopping TCH TRXs, we have
to use the dedicated bandwidth and the average number of non hopping
TCH TRXs per cell to get the ARCS of this layer type.
Each cell has only one BCCH. Therefore the BCCH reuse is an RCS and
not an ARCS!

3.4 Frequency Reuse

1 - - 345
RNE Fundamentals -
Sectorized sites
4 sites per reuse cluster
3 cells per site
REUSE Cluster Size:
4X3 =12
1
3
1
6
7
8
9
8
9
6
7
10
10
11
12
11
12

3.4 Frequency Reuse

1 - - 346
RNE Fundamentals -
Sectorized sites
3 sites per reuse cluster
3 cells per site
REUSE Cluster Size
3X3 = 9
2
4
6
3
7
8
9
5
6
8
9

3.4 Frequency Reuse
3.4.8 Reuse Distance

1 - - 347
RNE Fundamentals -
cell A
D= f R
"1
f = !2
3
reus
ed
ist
an
ce
3 RCS
omnidirectional cells
three - sectorized cells

interferer
region
cell B
In theory reuse distance and reuse shouldnt be dependent.

In reality, when the cells are not well designed: bigger cell overlapp =>higher frequency reuse, smaller reuse
distance

3.4 Frequency Reuse
3.4.9 Frequency Reuse Distance

1 - - 348
RNE Fundamentals -
D = distance between cell sites with the same frequencies

R = service radius of a cell
B = number of frequencies in total bandwidth
RCS = reuse cluster size, i.e. one cell uses B/RCS frequencies
In hexagonal cell geometry: D/R = f
omni cells:
3 RCS
Examples (omni):
RCS = 7: D/R = 4.6
RCS = 9: D/R = 5.2
RCS =12: D/R = 6.0
f=1; sector cells: f=2/3
Received Power
Frec, A
Frec
Frec, B
C/I
site A
0
site B
R
distance

3.4 Frequency Reuse
3.4.10 Frequency Reuse: Example

1 - - 349
RNE Fundamentals -
BCCH RCS
No sectorization
7 cells per cluster
BCCH RCS = 7
TCH Reuse: Depending on BW

and Number of installed TRXs per
cell
Example:
B= 26
4TRXs per cell
TCH RCS =
interferer
region
TCH RCS
26 7 BCCH 1Guard
=6
3
BCCH reuse is always RCS, because we dont need to use an average (always one BCCH per cell).
Omni cells
To calculate the TCH reuse in the example, the BCCH RCS is subtracted from the bandwidth B and the average
number of TCH TRX per cell is
4 minus 1 BCCH = 3

3.5 Cell Planning

1 - - 350
RNE Fundamentals -

3.5 Cell Planning

1 - - 351
RNE Fundamentals -
Can frequency planning be seen independently from cell planning?
Discussion

3.5 Cell Planning

1 - - 352
RNE Fundamentals -
Bad cell planning

Island coverage
Big overlap areas
disturbing the reuse pattern

bigger reuse necessary
Good cell planning

Sharp cell borders
Small overlap areas
good containment of frequency

tighter reuse possible

3.5 Cell Planning
3.5.3 Influencing Factors on Frequency Reuse Distance

1 - - 353
RNE Fundamentals -
Topography
Hilly terrain Usage of natural obstacles to define sharp cell borders
tighter frequency reuse possible
Flat terrain
design
Achieveable reuse much more dependent on the accurate cell
Morphology
Water
low attenuation
high reuse distance
City
high attenuation
low reuse distance

3.5 Cell Planning
3.5.4 Conclusion
1 - - 354
RNE Fundamentals -
In cellular mobile networks, the frequency reuse pattern has a direct influence
on the interference and hence the network quality
Regular hexagonal patterns allow the deduction of engineering formulas
In real networks, cell sizes and shapes are irregular due to
Variation in traffic density
Topography
Land usage
Engineering formulas allow the assessment of the network quality and worstcase considerations, but the real situation must be proved!

3.5 Cell Planning
3.5.5 Examples for different frequency reuses

1 - - 355
RNE Fundamentals -
Big city in the south of Africa:

BCCH reuse 26
Irregular cell design
Mixed morphology
Lots of water
Flat terrain plus some high sites
Big city in eastern Europe

BCCH reuse 12
Regular cell design
Flat area
Only urban environment

3.6 Interference Probabiliti

1 - - 356
RNE Fundamentals -

3.6 Interference Probability

1 - - 357
RNE Fundamentals -
C/I restrictions
9dB for co-channel interference
-9 dB for adjacent channel interference
P rec
Received Power
Prec, A
Prec, B
C/ I
dista nce
C/I is the difference between the two received power lines

when shifting the two transmitters towards each other, the area where the C/I is > 9dB shrinks
At a certain distance of the two transmitters, the C/I can never fulfil the GSM criteria -> minimum site distance.
It has to be kept in mind, that of course other cells will be inbetween two cells transmitting at the same frequency!


1 - - 358
RNE Fundamentals -
ARCS
6.5..9.0
7.0..9.5
8.5..11.0
12.0..16.0
Interference probability
C/Imed is the calculated carrier to
interference ratio at a certain location (pixel)
Interferer probability [%]
Probability density function [%]
100%
5,0%
4,0%
80%
3,0%
60%
2,0%
40%
Margin
1,0%
0,0%
Pint[%]
10
7.5
5.0
2.5
C/Ithr
20%
C/Imed
C/I [dB]
0%
-20
-15
-10
-5
10
15
20
C/I - C/Ithr[dB]
The marked area left of C/Ithr is the area of interference. Although the received level is above the threshold, there
is a certain probability to get interference because of the standard deviation of the received signal.

3.6.3 CPDF - Cumulative Probability Density Function

1 - - 359
RNE Fundamentals -
Pint = P ( C/I < C/I thr)

P int
1
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
CPDF - Cumulative Probability Density Function
Distance from serving cell

3.6.4 Interference Probability dependent on Average Reuse

1 - - 360
RNE Fundamentals -
ARCS =
Pint [%]
average # of carriers per cell

Examples:
Pint[%]
ARCS
10
6.5...9
7.5
7...9.5
5
8.5...11
2.5
12...16
12
9
6
3
0
# of frequencies in used bandwidth
10
15
20
25
ARCS

3.7 Carrier Types

1 - - 361
RNE Fundamentals -

3.7 Carrier Types
3.7.1 Carrier Types - BCCH carrier

1 - - 362
RNE Fundamentals -
BCCH frequency is on air all the time

If there is no traffic/signaling on TS 1 to 7
dummy bursts are transmitted
PC (Power Control) and DTX (Discontinuous Transmission) are not
allowed
Important for measurements of the mobile
The BCCH frequency must be transmitted with full power all the time!
Otherwise the measurements of the neighborcell levels would be useless.

3.7 Carrier Types
3.7.2 Carrier Types - TCH carrier

1 - - 363
RNE Fundamentals -
PC allowed and recommended for UL and DL

Reduction of transmit power according to the actual path loss
Careful parameter tuning for DL necessary
DTX allowed and recommended for UL and DL

Discontinuous Transmission
If there is no speech, nothing is transmitted
Generation of comfort noise at receiving mobile
TCH not in use
no signal is transmitted
Special case: Concentric cells

Different re-uses for inner and outer zone are possible
PC and DTX are reducing the overall interference in the network.

As a TCH is not transmitting anything when not in use, the interference level is strongly related to the traffic on the
interfereing cells.

3.8 Multiple Reuse Pattern MPR

1 - - 364
RNE Fundamentals -

3.8 Multiple reuse pattern

1 - - 365
RNE Fundamentals -
For different types of carriers, different interference potential is expected

As the BCCH carrier has the highest interferer potential because of being
on air all the time and the BCCH channel itself is accepting only low
interference, the REUSE on the BCCH layer is higher then on other layers
TCH layers can be planned with a smaller REUSE
Inner zones of concentric cells are able to deal with the smallest reuse in
non hopping networks


1 - - 366
RNE Fundamentals -
REUSE clusters for

INNER ZONE layer
TCH layer
BCCH layer
When applying different reuses in the different cell layers, of course separated bands are necessary!

3.8.3 GSM restrictions

1 - - 367
RNE Fundamentals -
Intra site minimum channel spacing 2

Intra cell minimum channel spacing 2 (ETSI recommends 3, but
with Alcatel EVOLIUM capabilities this value can be set to 2)
constrains:
,...
,f C3
,f C2
1
fC
fA1,fA2,fA3,...
Uplink power control enabled

Intra cell interference handover enabled
Frequencies fAx,fBx,fCx, must have at

least 2 channels spacing
Frequencies fx1,fx2,fx3, must have at
least 3 channels spacing
fB
1 ,f
B2 ,
fB
3 ,.
..
The Intra cell minimum channel spacing of 3 is given by the combiner in the BTS, to avaoid IM problems
Important remark: the whole training is compliant to the co-cell constraint of 3 channels ; this is more restrictive
than the BTS capability of filtering the channels on frequency n*200 kHz
Acc to A.Krause: for Evolium BTS standard equipped with WBC the co-cell constraint can be only 2 channels.
(A channel spacing of 2 was tested @Vodacom in 1999 but the result was not better than with channel spacing of
3.)

3.9 Intermodulation
1 - - 368
RNE Fundamentals -

3.9 Intermodulation

1 - - 369
RNE Fundamentals -
IM Products GSM900
In a GSM 900 system intermodulation products of 3rd and 5th order
can cause interference
2 * f1,t f2,t = f2,r / 2 * f2,t f1,t = f1,r
3 * f1,t 2 * f2,t = f2,r / 3 * f2,t 2 * f1,t = f1,r
Frequency planning must avoid fulfilling these equations

Both frequencies must be on the same duplexer
To avoid intra band IM inside GSM900 the following frequency
separations shall be avoided:
75/112/113 channels
IM5
IM3
Info from techn. dept: If a WBC has to be used because of the number of TRXs, the output power is not high
enough to cause problems. -> No intermodulation problems .

3.9 Intermodulation

1 - - 370
RNE Fundamentals -
IM Products GSM1800
In a GSM 1800 system, only intermodulation products of 3rd order can
cause measurable interference
2 * f1,t f2,t = f2,r / 2 * f2,t f1,t = f1,r
Frequency separations to be avoided
237/238 channels
IM Products Dual Band (GSM900/GSM1800)

f1800,t f900,t = f900,r
Decoupling between the GSM 1800 TX path and the GSM 900 RX path
is less than 30 dB (e.g. same antenna used!)

3.9 Intermodulation
3.9.3 Intermodulation problems (3) - Summary

1 - - 371
RNE Fundamentals INSIDE Problem: IM3 / IM5

carrier/antenna
1
G3 900
2 ore more
G3 900
G3 1800
1
2 or more
G3 1800
carrier/antenna
1
G2 900 w/o dupl
2 or more
G2 900 with dupl 1
2 or more
G2 1800 w/o dupl 1
2 or more
G2 1800 with dupl 1
2
2
OUTSIDE Problem: Dual Band

Colocated BTSs
G3 900
G2/G3 1800
G2 900 w/o dupl
G2/G3 1800
G2 900 with dupl
G2/G3 1800
Problem can be solved by hopping over more than 10 frequencies
restriction
no
112/113 (IM3) and 75 (IM5)
no
237/238 (IM3) no IM5 quality degradation measurable
no
no
no
112/113 (IM3) and 75 (IM5)
no
no
no
dud2(high Power) -> no
dupd
-> 237/238
Problem only for non hopping and BCCH carriers

f(1800,t) - f(900,t) = f(900,r)
no
f(1800,t) - f(900,t) = f(900,r)
Caution: SFH doesnt bring additional benefits when hopping over more than 4 frequencies

3.9 Intermodulation
3.9.4 Treating neighbor cells

1 - - 372
RNE Fundamentals -
Cells, which are not declared as neighbor cells but are located in the
neighborhood may use adjacent frequencies if it is not avoidable, but
no co channel frequencies
Cells which are declared as neighbors, thus have HO relationships,
must not use co or adjacent frequencies
If an adjacent frequency is used, the HO will be risky and at least audible
by the user

3.9 Intermodulation
3.9.5 Where can I find neighbor cells?

1 - - 373
RNE Fundamentals -
At the OMC-R for each cell a list of neighbor cells is defined

Maximum number of neighbors: 32
The list of neighbors and their frequencies is transmitted to the mobile to
be able to perform measurements on these frequencies
In case of a HO cause, the HO will be performed towards the best
neighbor


1 - - 374
RNE Fundamentals -


1 - - 375
RNE Fundamentals -
No fixed method
Free frequency assignment possible, but very time consuming for larger
networks
For easy and fast frequency planning: use group assignment
Example:
18 channels, 2TRX per cell
ARCS 9


1 - - 376
RNE Fundamentals -
5 6
7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
A1
B1
A2
B2
A3
B3
A4
B4
A5
GSM restrictions are automatically fulfilled, if on one site only groups A*

or only B* are used


1 - - 377
RNE Fundamentals -
A1
A2
A2
A3
B4
B1 A4
B2
B1
B3
B2
A1
A2
A5
A3
A4
B2
A5
B4
A1
A2
A2

A3
B1

1 - - 378
RNE Fundamentals -
A1
A2
A2
A3
B2
B1
B1
A5
B4
B3
B2
A3
A2
A4
B2
A5
A1
A4
B4
A1
A2
A3
B1
A2

3.10.5 Discussion: Subdivide Frequency Band?

1 - - 379
RNE Fundamentals -
Any subdivision of the frequency band is reducing the spectrum

efficiency!
Separations should be avoided if possible!
As the BCCH has to be very clean, it is nevertheless recommended
to use a separated band and select a bigger reuse
The focus in the discussion is not the fx band splitting by fx management authorities.

3.10.6 Hint for creating a future proofed frequency plan

1 - - 380
RNE Fundamentals -
If a frequency plan is implemented, using all available frequencies in

the most efficient way, it is very difficult to implement new sites in the
future!
New sites would make a complete re-planning of the surrounding
area or the whole frequency plan necessary
To avoid replanning every time when introducing new sites, it is
recommended to keep some Joker frequencies free
These Joker frequencies can be used for new sites (especially BCCH
TRXs) unless it is impossible to implement new sites without changing
a big part of the frequency plan
New frequency plan necessary!

3.10.7 Implementing a frequency plan

1 - - 381
RNE Fundamentals -
If only a few frequencies have to be changed, the changes can be

done at the OMC-R
Disadvantage: Every cell has to be modified separately
Downtime of the cell approx. 5 minutes
If lots of changes have to be done, it is of advantage to use external

tools
Since B6.2 the complete frequency plan can be uploaded from the OMC
the uploaded file can be modified by the tool (A9155 PRC Generator)
the the new plan is downloaded into the network and activated at once

3.11 BSCI Planning

1 - - 382
RNE Fundamentals -

3.11 BSIC Planning
3.11.1 BSCI allocation

1 - - 383
RNE Fundamentals -
Together with the frequencies the Base Transceiver Station Identity

Code (BSIC) has to be planned
The BSIC is to distinguish between cells using the same BCCH
frequency
BSIC = NCC (3bits) + BCC (3bits)
NCC Network (PLMN) Colour Code
BCC - Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Colour Code
BSIC planning is supported by the A9155 (Alcatel Radio Network

Planning Tool)

3.11 BSIC Planning
3.11.2 BSIC Planning Rules

1 - - 384
RNE Fundamentals -
The same combination BCCH/BSIC must not be used on cell influencing

on each other (having a mutual interference <>0)
BSIC allocation rules:
Avoid using same BCCH/BSIC combination of:
neighbours cells
second order neighbour cells (the neighbours of neighbour cell (OMC limitation))
Neighbour Cell
BCCH:24
Neighbour Cell
BSIC: must NOT be

36
BCCH:24
BSIC:36
Serving Cell
BCCH:10
BSIC: any

3.11 BSIC Planning
3.11.3 Spurious RACH

1 - - 385
RNE Fundamentals -
Bad BSIC planning can cause SDCCH congestion cause by the

spurious RACH problem, also known as Ghost RACH
This problem occurs, when a mobile sends an HO access burst to a
TRX of cell A using the same frequency as a nearby cell B uses on
the BCCH
Both cells using the same BSIC and Training Sequence Code
TSQC, the HO access burst is understood by the cell B as a RACH
for call setup
Therefore on cell B SDCCHs are allocated everytime a HO access
burst is sent from the mobile to the cell A
If in cell B the BCCH and TRX 2 exchange their frequencies (BCCH gets the fx of TRX2 and TRX2 gets the fx of
BCCH): no problem with spurious RACH
Cell B
F1
F2
BSIC=1
Cell C

Cell A
F5
F1
BSIC=1
3.11 BSIC Planning
3.11.4 Summary
1 - - 386
RNE Fundamentals -
For optimal usage of your frequency spectrum a good cell design is

essential
Use larger reuse for BCCH frequencies
Use spectrum splitting only when necessary


1 - - 387
RNE Fundamentals -

3.12.1 Capacity enhancement by planning

1 - - 388
RNE Fundamentals -
Interference reduction of cells

Check of antenna type, direction and down tilt
This is a check of cell size, border and orientation
Check of proper cabling

Is TX and RX path on the same sector antenna?
Check of the frequency plan

Introduction of a better frequency plan

3.12.2 Capacity enhancement by adding feature

1 - - 389
RNE Fundamentals -
Frequency hopping
Base band hopping
Synthesized frequency hopping
Concentric cells
Half rate

3.12.3 Capacity enhancement by adding TRX

1 - - 390
RNE Fundamentals -
Adding TRX to existing cells

Multi band cells
Concentric cells

3.12.4 Capacity enhancement by adding cells

1 - - 391
RNE Fundamentals -
Adding of cells at existing site locations

Adding new cell = adding new BCCH
Dual band
Adding cells using another frequency band
Cell splitting
Reduction of cell size
Change of one omni cell into several cells/sector cells

3.12.5 Capacity enhancement by adding sites

1 - - 392
RNE Fundamentals -
Dual band/multi band network

Adding of new sites in new frequency band
Multi layer network

Adding of new sites in another layer
E.g. adding micro cells for outdoor coverage
Indoor coverage
Adding micro cells indoor coverage
Adding macro cells indoor coverage

1 - - 393
RNE Fundamentals -
4 Radio Interface

4 Radio Interface

1 - - 394
RNE Fundamentals -

4.1.1 Radio Resources

1 - - 395
RNE Fundamentals -
Radio Spectrum Allocation
Frequency
(FDMA)
Time
(TDMA)
Carrier Frequencies (ARFCN)

Cell
Allocation
(CA)
Mobile Allocation
(MA)
Timeslot
0<TN<7
FDMA
TDMA
ARFCN
TN
FN
TDMA Frames
0<FN<FN_MAX
Frequency division multiple access
Time division multiple access
Absolute radio frequency channel number
Timeslot number
Frame number


1 - - 396
RNE Fundamentals -
FDMA and TDMA with 8 time slots per carrier

RF frequency band
(E)GSM:
(880) 890 ... 915 MHz Uplink (MS

BS)
(925) 935 ... 960 MHz Downlink (BS
MS)
1710 ... 1785 MHz Uplink
1805 ... 1880 MHz Downlink
GSM1800:
200 kHz bandwidth

Number of carriers:
GSM:
Flower
E-GSM: Flower
Flower
DCS :
Flower
(n)
(n)
(n)
(n)
=
=
=
=
124 (GSM); 374 (DCS); 49 (E-GSM)
890 + 0.2 n
890 + 0.2 n
890 + 0.2 (n -1024)
1710.2 + 0.2 (n - 512)
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
with
with
with
with
1
n
0
n
975 n
512 n
124
124
1023
885
(E)GSM: Fupper (n) = Flower (n) + 45 MHz

DCS:
Fupper (n) = Flower (n) + 95 MHz


1 - - 397
RNE Fundamentals -
Channel types
Traffic Channels (TCH)
Full rate
Half rate
Control Channels (CCH)

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
Common Control Channel (CCCH)
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
TDMA frame cycles

26 cycle for traffic channels
51 cycle for control channels

4.1.4 Advantages of Signal Processing

1 - - 398
RNE Fundamentals -
Bad propagation
conditions
Spectrum limitations
Operator
P
t
Good spectrum efficiency
Good transmission quality

4.1.5 Signal Processing Chain

1 - - 399
RNE Fundamentals -
stealing bit and FACCH

speech
input
speech
coding
error
protection
interleaving
encryption
Loss
Noise
Interference
Fading
speech
output speech
decoding
error
correction
de-interleaving
decryption
modulation
radio
channel
demodulation
stealing bit and FACCH

4 Radio Interface
4.2 Channel Coding

1 - - 400
RNE Fundamentals -

4.2 Channel Coding
4.2.1 Speech Coding

1 - - 401
RNE Fundamentals -
20 ms of coded speech
Coding algorithm: RPE-LTP

Pre-computation
RPE = Regular Pulse Excitation
Model of human voice generation
260 bits speech block
LTP = Long Term Prediction

Reduction of bit rate
Bit rate: 13 kBit/s
182 class 1 bits
78 class 2 bits
sensitive to bit errors

must be protected
robust to bit errors
Coding at fixed network: PCM A-law

Bit rate: 64 kBit/s

4.2 Channel Coding
4.2.2 Error Protection

1 - - 402
RNE Fundamentals -
Speech (full rate)
Messages (signalling data)
260 bits
Class 1a
184
bits
50 bits
Fire Code
184
Class 1b
Cyclic
code
Parity
check
4
0
Convolutional Code
r = 1/2, K = 5
Tail bits
5
0
Class 2
132 bits
78 bits
Tail bits
132
Convolutional Code
r = 1/2, K = 5
456 = 24 x
19
37
8
78
= 456
= 8 x 57
456 bits in 20 ms = 22.8

kbit/s

4.2 Channel Coding
4.2.3 Interleaving and TDMA Frame Mapping

1 - - 403
RNE Fundamentals -
57 bits
Block n (456 bits)
Block n-1 (456
bits)
0123 4 5 6 7
0123 4 5 6 7
Block n+1 (456

bits)
0123 4 5 6 7
Interleaving
2 x 57
bits
.... 114 bits 114 bits 114 bits 114 bits 114 bits 114 bits 114 bits 114 bits
.
....
.
Addition of
stealing
flags
.... 116 bits 116 bits 116 bits 116 bits 116 bits 116 bits 116 bits 116 bits
.
....
.
Mapping
onto
bursts
....
.
burst n-3
burst n-2 burst n-1
burst n
burst n+1 burst n+2 burst n+3 burst n+4
....
.
1 time
slot

4.2 Channel Coding
4.2.4 Encryption
1 - - 404
RNE Fundamentals -
Network
Algorithm
A3
AuC
IMSI
Ki
Ki
Random
number
generator
Mobile station
Authenticatio
n
yes/no
+
Algorithm
A3
SRES (32 bit)
RAND (128 bit)
Ki
RAND
RAND
Algorithm
A8
Algorithm
A8
Kc (64 bit)
Kc
Algorithm
A5
original
data
SIM
Card
Algorithm
A5
encrypte
d
data
encrypte
d
data
original
data

4.2 Channel Coding
4.2.5 Burst Structure

1 - - 405
RNE Fundamentals -
A burst contains one data

"portion" of one timeslot
TDMA frame: time between
two bursts with same
timeslot number
The burst also consists of:
Normal Burst
TDMA frame = 4.615 ms
Guard period (GP): allows for

transition and settling times
Tail bits: allow for small shifts in
time delay (synchronisation)
Stealing flags: to indicate FACCH
(control channel) data
Training sequence: for
equalization purposes
GP 3
Data
Training
Sequence
57 bits
tail bits
26 bits
Data
57 bits
3 GP
tail bits
stealing flags
156.25 bit periods = 0.577 ms

4.2 Channel Coding
4.2.6 Synchronisation
1 - - 406
RNE Fundamentals -
transmitted from BTS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1

(downlink)
0 1 2 3
1 2
0 1 2
TT
TT
1 2
3
RACH
non-synchronized
3 TS
delay
received at BTS
(uplink)
received at MS
(downlink)
transmitted from MS
(uplink)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1
TT
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1
TT
synchronized
MS delay line setting
Transmitted bursts need a travelling time (TT) to the receiver

For network access, the MS sends a (non-synchronized) shortened RACH burst
The BSS measures the TT and generates a timing advance value TA which is transmitted
to the MS

4.2 Channel Coding
4.2.7 Modulation
1 - - 407
RNE Fundamentals -
Gaussian minimum shift keying

Based on phase shift keying
Reduction of required bandwidth
Maximum phase change during one bit duration
Baseband filtering to achieve continuous phase changes
cos
Data
to RF modulator
90
sin

4.2 Channel Coding
4.2.8 Propagation Environment

1 - - 408
RNE Fundamentals -
Radio propagation is characterised by dispersive multipath caused by reflection and scattering

Moving MS causes Doppler spectrum
Definition of propagation models in the time
domain to allow channel simulations
TUxx (Typical Urban)
RAxx (Rural Area)
HTxx (Hilly Terrain)
xx = speed in km/h
see also GSM 05.05, 11.20,

11.21

4.2 Channel Coding
4.2.9 Equalizing
RNE Fundamentals -
1- -
409
Purpose: equalize distortions in transmission spectrum

Adaptive filtering required
0.1
Filter parameters determined out of the training sequence

Filter parameters change from burst to burst
BER
Equalizer takes advantage from multipath propagation (path diversity)

0.01
Equalizer
none
Alcatel
MLSE
0.001
0
Delay of second path [chips]

4.2 Channel Coding
4.2.10 Definition of Bit Error Rates

1 - - 410
RNE Fundamentals -
FER = Frame Erasure Rate

Ratio of corrupted frames, indicated by a wrong CRC (cyclic redundancy
checksum) and BFI (bad frame indicator)
RBER = Residual Bit Error Rate

considering corrupted frames not recognized as bad frames
BER = total bit error rate

Consideration of class 1 or 2 bits
e.g. RBER1b, RBER2
see also GSM 05.05, 11.20,

11.21

4.2 Channel Coding
4.2.11 Speech Quality

1 - - 411
RNE Fundamentals -
BER
>0.01
<0.005
<0.0025
<0.0003
<0.0001
Thresholds:
Quality
no communication
bad
marginal
good
excellent
C/I:
Ec/No:
BTS (GSM900):
HH (GSM900):
BTS (GSM1800):
HH (GSM1800):
9 dB
8 dB
-104 dBm
-102 dBm
-104 dBm
-100 dBm
HH - handheld
RXQUAL_0
BER <0,2%
RXQUAL_1
0,2%<BER<0,4%
RXQUAL_2
0,4%<BER<0,8%
RXQUAL_3
0,8%<BER<1,6%
RXQUAL_4
1,6%<BER<3,2%
RXQUAL_5
3,2%<BER<6,4%
RXQUAL_6
6,4%<BER<12,8%
RXQUAL_7
12,8%<BER

4.2 Channel Coding
4.2.12 Dependence of BER on Noise and Interference

1 - - 412
RNE Fundamentals -
BER1 for marginal speech quality: 0.25%

required C/I # 9 dB for TU50 environment
but: signal must not be close to noise floor!
BER1
Variation of BER1 over C/I

Parameter: Ec/N0
How to find a quality figure?
TU50
C/I [dB]

4.2 Channel Coding

1 - - 413
RNE Fundamentals 0
Lognormal fading
Raleygh fading
-10
-20
Received Power [dBm]
Problem: specific fading

pattern for each used
frequency
Fast MS cope with the situation
(due to signal processing)
Slow MS suffer from fading
holes
Solution: change the fading
pattern by frequency hopping
-30
-40
-50
-60
Fading holes
49.9
47.3
44.7
42.1
39.4
36.8
34.2
31.6
29.0
26.3
23.7
21.1
18.5
15.9
13.2
8.0
10.6
5.4
2.8
0.1
-70
Distance [m]

4.2 Channel Coding

RNE Fundamentals -
Variation of BER1 over Ec/N0

TU environment, flat fading, v = 0
km/h (worst case)
Parameter: number of hopping
frequencies
414
BER
1- -
Compensation with 4 hopping

frequencies possible
Ec/N0 [dB]

4.2 Channel Coding
4.2.15 The OSI Reference Model

1 - - 415
RNE Fundamentals -
Application layer 7
Presentation layer 6
Session layer
Transport layer 4
Network layer 3
04.07/08
08.58/4.0
8
04.05/06
08.56
Data link layer 2

Physical layer 1
04.04
08.54
End system
Transportation system
End system
Definition in GSM recommendations: layers 1 to 3

Notion of "Physical" channels and "Logical" channels

4.2 Channel Coding

1 - - 416
RNE Fundamentals -
Normal Burst
For regular transmission
Frequency Correction Burst

Contains 142 zeros (0)
pure sine wave
Allows synchronisation of the mobile's local oscillator
Synchronisation Burst
Consists of an enlarged unique training sequence code (TSC)
Contains the actual FN
time synchronisation
Access Burst
Shortened burst (unique TSC and enlarged guard period)

Timeslot overlapping avoided at BTS when MS accesses network
Dummy Burst
"Filler" for unused BCCH timeslots
BCCH permanently on air
Similar to normal burst (defined mixed bits for data, no stealing flag)

4.2 Channel Coding

1 - - 417
RNE Fundamentals -
Normal burst
TB
3
57 data bits
26 bit training
1
sequence
TB GP
3 8.25
57 data bits
Frequency correction burst

TB
3
TB GP
3 8.25
142 fixed bits (pure sine wave)
Synchronisation burst
TB
3
39 data bits
64 bit training
sequence
39 data bits
TB GP
3 8.25
Access burst
TB 41 bit synchronisation
8
sequence
36 data bits
TB
3
enlarged GP
68.25 bit

4.2 Channel Coding
4.2.18 Logical Channels

1 - - 418
RNE Fundamentals -
Traffic
channel
Control
channel
Speech
Data
Broadcast
channel
CCCH
Associated Dedicated
channel
channel
TCH/FS
TCH/F9.6
FCCH
RACH
FACCH
SDCCH
TCH/HS
TCH/F4.8
SCH
PCH
SACCH
CBCH
TCH/F2.4
BCCH
AGCH
TCH/H4.8
TCH/H2.4

4.2 Channel Coding
4.2.19 Possible Channel Combinations

1 - - 419
RNE Fundamentals -
TCH/F+FACCH/F+SACCH/TF
TCH/H(0.1)+FACCH/H(0.1)+SACCH/TH(0.1)
TCH/H(0.0)+FACCH/H(0.1)+SACCH/TH(0.1)+TCH/H(1.1)
FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH
FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH+SDCCH/4(0..3)+SACCH/C4(0..3)
BCCH+CCCH
SDCCH/8(0..7)+SACCH/C8(0..7)
CCCH = PCH+RACH+AGCH
Combination 4 and 5 is only possible on TS0 of the first (BCCH)
carrier
Combination 6 is possible on TS2, TS4, or TS6 of the BCCH carrier

4.2 Channel Coding

1 - - 420
RNE Fundamentals -
.......
0 12 3 4 5 6 70 12 3 4 5 6 7 0 12 3 4 5 6 7 0 12 3 4
.......
time
.......
one TDMA
frame = 4.616 ms
Presentation of consecutive
TDMA frames on the vertical
axis
Information packages are always

related to the same timeslot number!
Bursts are transmitted and received
every TDMA frame duration (4.616 ms)

4.2 Channel Coding

1 - - 421
RNE Fundamentals not combined BCCH

0
combined BCCH
downlink
uplink
FCCH
RACH
FCCH
FCCH
SCH
RACH
SCH
downlink
SCH
BCCH
BCCH
RACH
BCCH
RACH
RACH
RACH
uplink
CCCH
Follows a 51-cycle
Duration: 235.4 msec
Consists mostly of four consecutive
blocks
Synchronisation with FCCH and
SCH
RACH
RACH
CCCH
TCH
FCCH
FCCH
RACH
SCH
SCH
RACH
CCCH
RACH
CCCH
CCCH
RACH
RACH
TCH
RACH
RACH
TCH
SACCH0
SACCH2
SACCH1
SACCH3
TCH
TCH
RACH
RACH
TCH
RACH
RACH
TCH
RACH
RACH
TCH
RACH
RACH
TCH
FCCH
RACH
FCCH
FCCH
RACH
RACH
TCH
SCH
RACH
SCH
SCH
RACH
RACH
TCH
RACH
RACH
TCH
RACH
RACH
CCCH
Traffic channels
CCCH
RACH
RACH
SDCCH0
SDCCH0
RACH
RACH
RACH
25
RACH
RACH
RACH
RACH
RACH
TCH
RACH
RACH
SDCCH1
SDCCH1
RACH
TCH
RACH
RACH
TCH
FCCH
FCCH
RACH
RACH
TCH
SCH
RACH
SCH
SCH
RACH
RACH
TCH
RACH
RACH
TCH
SDCCH2
SDCCH2
RACH
RACH
TCH
RACH
RACH
TCH
RACH
RACH
TCH
RACH
RACH
RACH
RACH
RACH
CCCH
RACH
RACH
SDCCH0
SDCCH0
SDCCH1
SDCCH1
RACH
RACH
RACH
TCH
RACH
RACH
RACH
TCH
RACH
RACH
SDCCH3
40
FCCH
RACH
FCCH
FCCH
SCH
RACH
SCH
SCH
RACH
CCCH
CCCH
RACH
RACH
RACH
RACH
RACH
50
SACCH0
SACCH1
30
SDCCH2
SDCCH2
SACCH7
SACCH3
SDCCH3
SDCCH3
SDCCH0
SDCCH0
SDCCH4
SDCCH4
SDCCH1
SDCCH1
SDCCH5
SDCCH5
SDCCH2
SDCCH2
SDCCH6
SDCCH6
SDCCH3
SDCCH3
SDCCH7
SDCCH7
SDCCH4
SDCCH4
SACCH0
SACCH4
SDCCH5
SDCCH5
SACCH1
SACCH5
SDCCH6
SDCCH6
SACCH2
SACCH6
SDCCH7
SDCCH7
SACCH3
SACCH7
SACCH0
SACCH4
TCH
TCH
SDCCH3
RACH
SACCH2
20
TCH
RACH
CCCH
SACCH6
TCH
FCCH
RACH
30
SDCCH1
TCH
RACH
RACH
RACH
10
TCH
RACH
RACH
SDCCH1
TCH
RACH
RACH
20
TCH
RACH
CCCH
SACCH1
12 SACCH
RACH
CCCH
SACCH5
TCH
RACH
RACH
SDCCH0
TCH
RACH
RACH
uplink
SDCCH0
TCH
TCH
RACH
SCH
RACH
downlink
0
TCH
CCCH
FCCH
CCCH
TCH
TCH
SDCCH3
RACH
10
SDCCH
up/downlink
0
SDCCH3
RACH
Control channels
Follows a 26-cycle
Duration: 120 msec
TCH
12 SACCH
TCH
TCH
40
TCH
TCH
TCH
SACCH2
TCH
TCH
SACCH3
SDCCH2
TCH
SDCCH2
TCH
RACH
TCH
50
25

4.2 Channel Coding
4.2.22 TDMA Frame Structure for TCHs

1 - - 422
RNE Fundamentals -
Hyperframe
2048 superframes of 6.12 s duration
Superframe
51 multiframes of 120 ms duration
Multiframe
Frame
Time slot
3 h 28 m 53 s
6.12 s
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
TB
3
57 data bits
26 bit training
1
sequence
57 data bits
TB
3
GP
8.2
5
120 ms
4.615 ms
0.577 ms

Abbreviations and Acronyms

1 - - 423
RNE Fundamentals -
AMR
AMSS
AN
ARCS
ARFCN
AS
AS
ASMA
ASMB
AuC
BC
BCU
BCLA
BCR
BCU
BCCH
BCF
BG
Advanced Multi Rate (TC)

Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Services
Antenna Network (BTS)
Average Reuse Cluster Size
Absolute Radio Frequency Channel
Access Switch (BSC)
Alarm Surveillance (O&M)
A-ter Submultiplexer A
A-ter Submultiplexer B
Authentication Center
Broadcast
Broadcast Unit
BSC Clock A
Broadcast Register
Broadcast Unit
Broadcast Common Control Channel
(GSM TS)
Base station Control Function (BTS)
Border Gate (GPRS)
BIE
BIEC
BIUA
BPA
BSC
BSIC
BSS
BSSGP
BTS
CAE
CAL
CBC
CBCH
CBE
CCCH
CCU
Base Station Interface Equipment

Base Station Interface Equipment (BSC)
Base Station Interface Unit A
Back Panel Assembly
Base Station Controller
Base Transceiver Station Identity Code
Base Station (sub)System
Base Station System GPRS Protocol
(GPRS)
Base Transceiver Station
Customer Application Engineering
Current Alarm List (O&M)
Cell Broadcast Center
Cell Broadcast Channel (GSM TS)
Cell Broadcast Entity
Common Control Channel (GSM TS)
Channel Coding Unit

Abbreviations and Acronyms [cont.]

1 - - 424
RNE Fundamentals -
CDMA
CE
CEK
C/I
CLK
CLSI
CMA
CMDA
CMFA
CPR
CRC
CS
CS
CU
DCE
DCN
DL
Code Division Multiple Access

Control Element (BSC)
Control Element Kernel
Carrier to Interferer ratio
Clock
Custom Large Scale Integrated circuit
Configuration Management Application (O&M)
Common Memory Disk A
Common Memory Flash A
Common Processor (Type: CPRA, CPRC)
Cyclic Redundancy Check
Circuit Switching (Telecom)
Coding Scheme (GPRS):
CS-1, CS-2, CS-3, CS-4
Carrier Unit (BTS)
Data Circuit Terminating Equipment
Data Communication Network
DownLink
DLS
DMA
DRFU
DRX
DSE
DSN
DTX
DTC
DTE
EDGE
EI
EML
EPROM
ETSI
FPE
FR
Data Load Segment

Direct Memory Access
Dual Rate Frame Unit
Discontinuous Reception (GSM TS)
Digital Switching Element
Digital Switching Network
Discontinuous Transmission (GSM TS)
Digital Trunk Controller
(Type: DTCA, DTCC)
Data Terminal Equipment
Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
Extension interface
Element Management Level
Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory
European Telecom Standard Institute
Functional and Protective Earth
Full Rate (GSM TS)


1 - - 425
RNE Fundamentals -
FR
FRDN
FU
FW
GCR
GGSN
GMLC
GMM
GMSC
GPRS
GPU
GS-1
GS-2
GSL
GSM
GSM TS
HAL
HDSL
HDLC
Frame Relay (Telecom)

Frame Relay Data Network (Telecom)
Frame Unit (BTS)
Firmware
Group Call Register
Gateway GPRS Support Node (GPRS)
Gateway Mobile Location Center
GPRS Mobility Management (GPRS)
Gateway Mobile Switching Center
General Packet Radio Service
GPRS Packet Unit
Group Switch of stage 1 (BSC)
Group Switch of stage 2 (BSC)
GPRS Signalling Link
Global System for Mobile Communications
GSM Technical Specification
Historical Alarm List (O&M)
High rate Digital Subscriber Line
High Level Datalink Control
HLR
HMI
HO
HR
HW
IDR
ILCS
IMT
IND
IP
ISDN
IT
LA
LAC
LAN
LED
LEO
LCS
Home Location Register

Human Machine Interface
HandOver
Half Rate
Hardware
Internal Directed Retry
ISDN Link Controller
Installation and Maintenance Terminal
(MFS)
Indoor (BTS)
Internet Protocol
Integrated Services Data Network
Intelligent Terminal
Location Area (GSM TS)
Location Area Code (GSM TS)
Local Area Network
Light Emitting Diode
Low Earth Orbit (Satellite)
Location Services


1 - - 426
RNE Fundamentals -
PCH
PCM
PCU
PDCH
PDN
PDU
PLL
PLMN
PMA
PMC
PPCH
PRACH
Prec
PRC
PSDN
Paging CHannel (GSM TS)

Pulse Coded Modulation
Packet Control Unit (GPRS)
Packet Data CHannel
Packet Data Network (Telecom)
Protocol Data Unit (generic terminology)
Phase Locked Loop
Public Land Mobile Network
Prompt Maintenance Alarm (O&M)
Permanent Measurement Campaign
(O&M)
Packet Paging CHannel (GPRS)
Packet Random Access CHannel (GPRS)
Received Power
Provisioning Radio Configuration (O&M)
Packet Switching Data Network
(Telecom)
PSTN
PTP-CNLS
QoS
RA
RACH
RAM
RCP
RLC
RLP
RML
RNO
RNP
RSL
Public Switching Telephone Network

(Telecom)
Point To Point CoNnectionLeSs data
transfer (GPRS)
Quality of Service
Radio Access
Random Access CHannel (GSM TS)
Random Access Memory
Radio Control Point
Radio Link Control (GPRS)
Radio Link Protocol (GSM TS)
Radio Management Level
Radio Network Optimisation
Radio Network Planning
Radio Signalling Link


1 - - 427
RNE Fundamentals -
RTS
RxLev
RxQual
SACCH
SAU
SC
SCC
SCP
SCCP
SCSI
SDCCH
SDU
SGSN
SIEA
Radio Time Slot

Received Level
Received Quality
Slow Associated Control Channel
(GSM TS)
Subrack assembly unit (BSC)
Supervised Configuration (O&M)
Serial Communication Controller
Service Control Point
Signalling Connection Control Part
Small Computer Systems Interface
Standalone Dedicated Control Channel
(GSM TS)
Service Data Unit (generic terminology)
Serving GPRS Support Node (GPRS)
SCSI Interface Extension A
SM
SMLC
SMP
SMS
SMS-CB
SM-GMSC
SRAM
SRS
SS7
SSD
SSP
SW
SWEL
TBF
TAF
Submultiplexer
Serving Mobile Location Center
Service Management Point
Short Message Service
Short Message Service - Cell Broadcast
Short Message Gateway Mobile Switching
Center
Static RAM
SubRate Switch
Signalling System ITU-T N7 (ex CCITT)
Solid State Disk
Service Switching Point
Software
Switch Element
Temporary Block Flow (GPRS)
Terminal Adaptor Function


1 - - 428
RNE Fundamentals -
TC
TC
TCC
TCH
TCIL
TCSM
TCU
TDMA
TFO
TFTS
TLD
TMN
TRAC
TRAU
TRCU
TRE
TRS
TRU
Transcoder
Terminating Call
Trunk Controller Chip
Traffic CHannel (GSM TS)
TransCoder Internal Link
TransCoder / SubMultiplexer equipment
TRX Control Unit (Type: TCUA, TCUC)
Time Division Multiple Access
Tandem Free Operation (TC)
Terrestrial Flight Telecom Systems
Top Level Design
Telecommunication Management
Network
Trunk Access Circuit
Transcoder and Rate Adapter Unit
Transcoder Unit
Transceiver Equipment
Technical Requirement Specification
Top Rack Unit
TRX
TS
TS
TSS
TSCA
TSU
TU
UL
UMTS
USSD
VBS
VGCS
VLR
VPLMN
VSWR
WAN
WAP
WBC
Transceiver
Time Slot
Technical Specification (GSM TS)
Time Space Switch
Transmission Sub-System Controller A
(BSC)
Terminal Sub Unit (BSC)
Terminal Unit (BSC)
UpLink
Universal Mobile Transmission System
Unstructured Supplementary Services Data
Voice Broadcast Service
Voice Group Code Service
Visitor Location Register
Visited PLMN
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (BTS)
Wide Area Network
Wireless Application Protocol
Wide Band Combiner

1 - - 429
RNE Fundamentals -
End of Module


RNE Fundamentals B9 3FL11820

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

RNE Fundamentals B9 3FL11820

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

RNE Fundamentals

3FL 11820 ACAA Edition 1

Evolium BSS - RNE Fundamentals

3FL 11820 ACAA Edition 1

Evolium BSS - RNE Fundamentals

This page is left blank intentionally

3FL 11820 ACAA Edition 1

All rights reserved 2005, Alcatel

By the end of the course, participants will be able to:

Evolium BSS - RNE Fundamentals

All rights reserved 2005, Alcatel

3FL 11820 ACAA Edition 1

Evolium BSS - RNE Fundamentals

This page is left blank intentionally

3FL 11820 ACAA Edition 1

All rights reserved 2005, Alcatel

Switch to notes view!

3FL 11820 ACAA Edition 1

Table of Contents [cont.]

Switch to notes view!

3FL 11820 ACAA Edition 1

Table of Contents [cont.]

Switch to notes view!

3FL 11820 ACAA Edition 1

Table of Contents [cont.]

Switch to notes view!

3FL 11820 ACAA Edition 1

Table of Contents [cont.]

Switch to notes view!

3FL 11820 ACAA Edition 1

Table of Contents [cont.]

Switch to notes view!

3FL 11820 ACAA Edition 1

Table of Contents [cont.]

Switch to notes view!

3FL 11820 ACAA Edition 1

Table of Contents [cont.]

Switch to notes view!

3FL 11820 ACAA Edition 1

Evolium BSS - RNE Fundamentals

This page is left blank intentionally

3FL 11820 ACAA Edition 1

All rights reserved 2005, Alcatel

Evolium BSS - RNE Fundamentals

All rights reserved 2005, Alcatel

3FL 11820 ACAA Edition 1

1.1 Standardisation & Documentation

Evolium BSS - RNE Fundamentals

All rights reserved 2005, Alcatel

3FL 11820 ACAA Edition 1

1.1 Standardisation & Documentation

1.1.1 www.3GPP.org organizational partners

The Organizational Partners shall

Evolium BSS - RNE Fundamentals

All rights reserved 2005, Alcatel

3FL 11820 ACAA Edition 1

1.1 Standardisation & Documentation

1.1.2 TSG Organisation

Radio Access Networks

Services & System Aspects

Core Network & Terminals

CT WG1 (ex CN1)

Radio Layer 1 specification

CT WG4 (ex CN4)