Chapter 1 In Review

1.1
$\dfrac{d}{dx}
(c_1e^{10x})=10c_1e^{10x}$
$\dfrac{dy}{dx}=10y$

Take the derivative

Express $y = c_1e^{10x}$

1.2
1.3
1.4
Solution
$\dfrac{d}{dx}(c_1 \, cosh \, kx + c_2 \,
sinh \, kx) = k c_1 \, sinh \, kx + k c_2 \,
cosh \, kx$ \\
$\dfrac{d^2}{dx^2}=(c_1 \, cosh \, kx
+ c_2 \, sinh \, kx) = k^2c_1 \, cosh \,
kx + k^2c_2 \, sinh \, kx$\\
$k^2c_1 \, cosh \, kx + k^2c_2 \, sinh \,
kx = k^2 (c_1 \, cosh \, kx + c_2 \,
sinh \, kx)$ \\
$\dfrac{d^2y}{dx^2}=k^2y$ \\
$\dfrac{d^2y}{dx^2} - k^2y = 0$

Explanation
Take the 1st derivative

Take the 2nd derivative

Factor out $k^2$

Express in terms of $y$.

1.5
Solution
$y = c_1e^x + c_2xe^x$
$y = c_1e^x + c_2xe^x + c_2e^x$
$y = c_1e^x + c_2xe^x + 2c_2e^x$
$ y + y = 2(c_1e^x + c_2xe^x) +
2c_2e^x$ \\
$= 2(c_1e^x + c_2xe^x + c_2e^x )$
$= 2y$
$y 2y + y = 0$

Explanation
Problem
Take the 1st derivative
Take the 2nd derivative
Add $y$ both side and factor out 2

Since $y = c_1e^x + c_2xe^x +

c_2e^x$

1.6
Solution
$y = c_1e^x \, cos \, x + c_2e^x \, sin \,
x$
$y = -c_1e^x \, sin \,x + c_1e^x \,
cos \,x + c_2e^x \, cos \, x + c_2e^x \,
sin \, x $
$y = -c_1e^x \, cos \,x - c_1e^x \,
sin \,x - c_1e^x \, sin \,x + c_1e^x \, cos
\,x - c_2e^x \, sin \,x + c_2e^x \, cos \,x
+ c_2e^x \, cos \, x + c_2e^x \, sin \, x
$ \\
$= -2c_1e^x \, sin \, x + 2c_2e^x \, cos
\, x $
$y 2y = -2c_1e^x \, cos \, x 2c_2e^x \, sin \, x $ \\
$=-2y$
$y - 2y + 2y = 0$

Explanation
Problem
Take the 1st derivative using Chain Rule

Take the 2nd derivative using Chain Rule

and simplify

Add $-2y$ both side and factor out -2

1.7 $xy = 2y$

$y = 0$
$y = 0$
$x(0) = 2(0)$ \\
$0=0$

Given
Take the 1st derivative
Substitute the given and simplify

$y = 2x^2$
$y = 4x$
$x(4x) =2(2x^2) $ \\
$4x^2 = 4x^2$

Given
Take the 1st derivative
Substitute the given and simplify

1.8 $y = 2$
$y = 2x$
$y = 2$
$2 = 2$

Given
Take the 1st derivative
Substitute the given

1.9 $y = 2y - 4$
$y = 2$
$y = 0$
$0 = 2(2) 4$ \\
$0 = 0$

Given
Take the 1st derivative
Substitute the given and simplify

1.10 $xy = y$
$y = 0$
$y = 0$
$x(0) = 0$ \\
$0 = 0$

Given
Take the 1st derivative
Substitute the given and simplify

$y = 2x$
$y = 2$
$x(2) = 2x$ \\
$2x = 2x$

Given
Take the 1st derivative
Substitute the given and simplify

1.11 $y+9y=18$
$y = 2$
$y = 0$
$y = 0$
$0 + 9(2) = 18$ \\
$18 = 18$

Given
Take the 1st derivative
Take the 2nd derivative
Substitute the given and simplify

1.12 $xy y = 0$
$y = 0$
$y = 0$
$y = 0$
$x(0) 0 = 0$\\
$0 = 0$

Given
Take the 1st derivative
Take the 2nd derivative
Substitute the given and simplify

$y = 2$
$y = 0$
$y = 0$
$x(0) 0 = 0$\\
$0 = 0$

Given
Take the 1st derivative
Take the 2nd derivative
Substitute the given and simplify

$y = 2x^2$
$y = 4x$
$y = 4$
$x(4) 4x = 0$\\
$0 = 0$

Given
Take the 1st derivative
Take the 2nd derivative
Substitute the given and simplify

1.13 $y = y$
$y = 0$
$y = 0$
$y = 0$
$0 = 0$

Solution
Take the 1st derivative
Take the 2nd derivative
Substitute

$y = c$
$y = 0$
$y = 0$
$0 = 0$

Solution
Take the 1st derivative
Take the 2nd derivative
Substitute

$y = e^x$
$y = e^x$
$y = e^x$
$e^x = e^x $

Solution
Take the 1st derivative
Take the 2nd derivative
Substitute

1.14 $y = y(y - 3)$

$y = 0$
$y = 0$
$0 = 0(0 - 3)$\\
$0 = 0$

Solution
Take the 1st derivative
Substitute and simplify

$y = 3$
$y = 0$
$0 = 3(3 - 3)$ \\
$0 = 0$

Solution
Take the 1st derivative
Substitute and simplify

1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21
1.22

1.23

$y = x \, sin \, x + x \, cos \, x$
$y = x \, cos \, x + sin \, x x \, cos \, x
+ cos \, x$
$y = -x \, sin \, x + cos \, x + cos \, x
x\, cos \, x - sin \, x sin \, x$ \\
$= - x \, sin \, x x \, cos \, x + 2 \,
cos \, x 2 \, sin \, x$
$y + y = - x \, sin \, x x \, cos \, x + 2
\, cos \, x 2 \, sin \, x + x \, sin \, x + x
\, cos \, x $
$= 2\, cos \, x 2 \, sin \, x$
$(-\infty, \infty)$

Given
Take the 1st derivative
Take the 2nd derivative and simplify

Substitute and simplify

Interval of definition for the solution

1.24
$y=x\, sin \, x + (cos \, x)\, ln (cos \, x)
Given
$
$y' = x \, cos \, x + sin \, x + cos \, x \,
Take the 1st derivative and simplify
\left(\frac{-sin \, x}{cos \,x}\right) - (sin
\, x) \, ln (cos \, x)$\\
$= x \, cos \, x + sin \, x - sin \, x- (sin \,
x) \, ln (cos \, x)$ \\
$= x \, cos \, x - (sin \, x) \, ln (cos \, x)$
$y' = -x \, sin \, x + cos \, x - sin \, x \,
Take the 2nd derivative and simplify
\left(\frac{-sin \, x}{cos \,x}\right) - (cos
\, x) \, ln (cos \, x)$\\
$= -x \, sin \, x + cos \, x +
\frac{sin^2x}{cos \,x}- (cos \, x) \, ln
(cos \, x)$\\
$= -x \, sin \, x + cos \, x + \frac{1cos^2x}{cos \,x}- (cos \, x) \, ln (cos \,
x)$\\
$= -x \, sin \, x + cos \, x + sec \, x - cos
\,x- (cos \, x) \, ln (cos \, x)$\\
$= -x \, sin \, x + sec \, x - (cos \, x) \, ln
(cos \, x)$
$y +y =-x \, sin \, x + sec \, x - (cos \,
Substitute and simplify
x) \, ln \, (cos \, x) + x\, sin \, x + (cos \,
x)\, ln \, (cos \, x) $\\
$= sec \, x$
Since the domain of $ln \, x$ is $(0, \infty)$, so we must have $cos \, x > 0$.
$\left(-\frac{\pi}{2},\frac{\pi}{2}\right) Interval of definition for the solution
$

1.25
$y = sin (ln \, x)$
$y = \frac{cos (ln \, x)}{x}$
$y = \frac{-[sin (ln \, x) + cos (ln \,
x)]}{x^2}$
$x^2y + xy + y= x^2 \left(-\frac{sin
(ln \, x) + cos (ln \, x)}{x^2}\right) +
x\frac{cos (ln \, x)}{x} + sin (ln \, x)$\\
$= 0$
$(0, \infty)$

Given
Take the 1st derivative
Take the 2nd derivative
Substitute and simplify

Interval of definition for the solution

1.26
$y=cos (ln \, x)\, ln (cos (ln \, x))+(ln \, x
)\, sin (ln \, x)$
$y = cos(ln \, x)\frac{1}{cos(ln \,
x)}\left(-\frac{sin (ln \, x)}{x}\right)
+ln(cos(ln\,x))\left(-\frac{sin(ln\,x)}
{x}\right)+ln \,x \frac{cos (ln \,x)}{x}
+\frac{sin(ln\,x)}{x}$\\
$=-\frac{ln(cos(ln\,x))sin(ln\,x)}{x}+
\frac{(ln\,x)cos(ln\,x)}{x}$
$y'' = -x\left[ln(cos(ln\,x))
\frac{cos(ln\,x)}{x} + (ln\,x) \frac{1}
{cos(ln\,x)}\left(-\frac{sin(ln \, x)}
{x}\right)\right] \frac{1}{x^2} +
ln(cos(ln\,x)) sin (ln\,x)\frac{1}{x^2} +
x \left[(ln\,x)\left(-\frac{sin(ln\,x)}
{x}\right) + \frac{cos(ln\,x)}{x}
\right]\frac{1}{x^2} - (ln\,x)cos(ln\,x)
\frac{1}{x^2}$\\
$=\frac{1}{x^2}\left[
-ln(cos(ln\,x))cos(ln\,x) +
\frac{sin^2(ln\,x)}{cos(ln\,x)} +
ln(cos(ln\,x))sin(ln\,x) (ln\,x)sin(ln\,x)
+ cos(ln\,x) (ln\,x)cos(ln\,x)\right]$
$x^2y + xy + y =
-ln(cos(ln\,x))cos(ln\,x) +
\frac{sin^2(ln\,x)}{cos(ln\,x)} +
ln(cos(ln\,x))sin(ln\,x) (ln\,x)sin(ln\,x)
+ cos(ln\,x) (ln\,x)cos(ln\,x) ln(cos(ln\,x))sin(ln\,x) + (ln\,x)cos(ln\,x)

Given
Take the 1st derivative and simplify

Take the 2nd derivative and simplify

Substitute and simplify

+ cos (ln \, x)\, ln (cos (ln \, x))+(ln \,

x )\, sin (ln \, x )$\\
$= \frac{sin^2(ln\,x)}{cos(ln\,x)}
+cos(ln\,x)$\\
$= \frac{sin^2(ln\,x) + cos^2(ln\,x)}
{cos(ln\,x)}$\\
$= \frac{1}{cos(ln\,x)}$\\
$=sec(ln\,x)$
Note that the domain of $ln \, x$ is $(0, \infty)$, so we must have $cos(ln\,x)>0$.
Since $cos \, x >0$ when $-\frac{\pi}{2}<x<\frac{\pi}{2}$, it follows that
$-\frac{\pi}{2}<ln \,x<\frac{\pi}{2}$. Moreover, since $e^x$ is an increasing
fuction, this is equivalent to $e^{-\frac{\pi}{2}}<x<e^{\frac{\pi}{2}}$
$(e^{-\frac{\pi}{2}},e^{\frac{\pi}
Interval of definition for the solution
{2}})$
1.27
1.28
1.29
1.30
1.31
$y=c_1e^{3x}+c_2e^{-x}-2x$
$y=3c_1e^{3x}-c_2e^{-x}-2$
$c_1+c_2=0$\\
$c_1= - c_2$
$3c_1 c_2 - 2 = 0$\\
$3c_1 + c_1=2$\\
$4c_1=2$\\
$c_1=\frac{1}{2}$
$3c_1 c_2 -2 = 0$\\
$-3c_2 c_2=2$\\
$-4c_2=2$\\
$c_2=-\frac{1}{2}$
$y=\frac{1}{2}e^{3x}-\frac{1}
{2}e^{-x}-2x$

Given
Take the derivative
Initial condition
Substitute $c_1= - c_2$

Substitute $c_1= - c_2$

1.32
$y=c_1e^{3x}+c_2e^{-x}-2x$
$y=3c_1e^{3x}-c_2e^{-x}-2$
$c_1+c_2=1$\\
$c_1= 1 - c_2$
$c_1+c_2=1$\\
$c_2 = 1 c_1$
$3c_1 c_2 - 2 = -3$\\

Given
Take the derivative
Initial condition
Initial condition
Substitute $c_1= 1 - c_2$

$3c_1 + (1 - c_1) - 2 = -3$\\

$2c_1 = 0$\\
$c_1 = 0$
$3c_1 c_2 -2 = 0$\\
$3(1 - c_2) c_2=2$\\
$3 - 3c_2 c_2 =2$\\
$-4c_2 = -4$\\
$c_2=1$
$y= e^{-x} - 2x$

Substitute $c_2 = 1 c_1$

3.33
$y=c_1e^{3x}+c_2e^{-x}-2x$
$y=3c_1e^{3x}-c_2e^{-x}-2$
$c_1e^3+c_2e^{-1}-2=4$\\
$c_1e^3= 6 - c_2e^{-1}$
$c_1e^3+c_2e^{-1}-2=4$\\
$c_2e^{-1}=6 c_1e^3$
$3c_1e^{3} c_2e^{-1} - 2 = -2$\\
$3c_1e^3 (6 c_1e^3)- 2 = -2$\\
$3c_1e^3 6 + c_1e^3 = 0$\\
$4c_1e^3 = 6$\\
$c_1= \frac{3}{2}e^{-3}$
$3c_1e^{3} c_2e^{-1} - 2 = -2$\\
$3(6 c_2e^{-1}) c_2e^{-1} - 2 =
-2$\\
$18 - 3c_2e^{-1} c_2e^{-1} = 0$\\
$-4c_2e^{-1}= -18$\\
$c_2= \frac{9}{2}e$
$y= \frac{3}{2}e^{3x-3} + \frac{9}
{2}e^{-x+1}-2x$

Given
Take the derivative
Initial condition
Initial condition
Substitute $c_1e^3= 6 - c_2e^{-1}$

Substitute $c_2e^{-1}=6 c_1e^3$

3.34
$y=c_1e^{3x}+c_2e^{-x}-2x$
$y=3c_1e^{3x}-c_2e^{-x}-2$
$c_1e^{-3}+c_2e+2=0$\\
$c_1e^{-3}= -2 - c_2e$
$c_1e^{-3}+c_2e+2=0$\\
$c_2e=-2 c_1e^{-3}$
$3c_1e^{-3}-c_2e-2=1$\\
$3c_1e^{-3} ( c_1e^{-3} - 2) - 2 =
1$\\
$3c_1e^{-3} + c_1e^{-3} = 1$\\
$4c_1e^{-3} = 1$\\
$c_1= \frac{1}{4}e^{3}$
$3c_1e^{-3}-c_2e-2=1$\\

Given
Take the derivative
Initial condition
Initial condition
Substitute $c_1e^{-3}= -2 - c_2e$

Substitute $c_2e=-2 c_1e^{-3}$

$3( c_2e-2) c_2e - 2 = 1$\\

$- 3c_2e - 6 c_2e = 3$\\
$-4c_2e= 9$\\
$c_2= -\frac{9}{4}e^-1$
$y= \frac{1}{4}e^{3x+3} - \frac{9}
{4}e^{-x-1}-2x$

3.35
We see that estimates for $y_0$ and
$y_i$ are $y_0 = - 3$ and $y_i = 0.$

3.36
$\frac{dh}{dt}=-\frac{cA_0}
{A_w}\sqrt{2gh}$
$A_0=\pi\left(\frac{1}{24}\right)^2$\\
$= \frac{\pi}{576}$
$A_w= \pi(2)^2$\\
$=4\pi$
$\frac{dh}{dt}=-\frac{\frac{c\pi}
{576}}{4\pi}\sqrt{64h}$\\
$=-\frac{\frac{c\pi}{576}}
{4\pi}8\sqrt{h}$\\
$=-\frac{8c\pi}{4(576)\pi}\sqrt{h}$\\
$=\frac{c}{288}\sqrt{h}$
3.37

Since $g=32$.

$P(t)$
$\frac{dP}{dt}=k(P-200+10t)$

the number of owls present at time $t$

Differential equation governing the
population of owl

3.38
$A(t)=-0.002$
$A(t)=-0.0004332A(t)$
$A(t)=\frac{A(t)}{- 0.0004332}$\\
$=\frac{-0.002}{- 0.0004332}$\\
$\approx{4.6}grams$

Radium sample remains at the time $t$