A.

Atoms
Atoms are the basic building blocks of ordinary matter. Atoms can join together to form
molecules, which in turn form most of the objects around you.
Atoms are composed of particles called protons, electrons and neutrons. Protons carry a
positive electrical charge, electrons carry a negative electrical charge and neutrons carry no
electrical charge at all. The protons and neutrons cluster together in the central part of the
atom, called the nucleus, and the electrons 'orbit' the nucleus. A particular atom will have the
same number of protons and electrons and most atoms have at least as many neutrons as
protons.

B. Ions
An ion is a charged atom or molecule. It is charged because the number of electrons do not
equal the number of protons in the atom or molecule. An atom can acquire a positive charge
or a negative charge depending on whether the number of electrons in an atom is greater or
less then the number of protons in the atom.
Cations are ions with a net positive charge. Has a net positive charge, and is attracted to the
cathode (negative electrode) during electrolysis.
Anions is an ion that is negatively charged, and is attracted to the anode (positive electrode)
in electrolysis

C. Ionic bond
Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bond that involves the electrostatic attraction between
oppositely charged ions. These ions represent atoms that have lost one or more electrons
(known as cations) and atoms that have gained one or more electrons (known as anions).

D. Covalent Bond
Covalent Bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.
These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs and the stable balance of
attractive and repulsive forces between atoms when they share electrons is known as covalent
bonding.
Nonpolar covalent bonds are a type of chemical bond where two atoms share a pair of
electrons with each other.
Polar covalent bonding is a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is unequally
shared between two atoms.

E. Hydrogen Bond
Hydrogen Bond is the electrostatic attraction between polar molecules that occurs when a
hydrogen (H) atom bound to a highly electronegative atom such as nitrogen (N), oxygen (O)
or fluorine (F) experiences attraction to some other nearby highly electronegative atom.

F. Water
Water (chemical formula: H2O) is a transparent fluid which forms the world's streams, lakes,
oceans and rain, and is the major constituent of the fluids of organisms. As a chemical
compound, a water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms that are
connected by covalent bonds.
G. Minerals
Minerals is a naturally occurring substance that is solid and inorganic representable by a
chemical formula, usually abiogenic, and has an ordered atomic structure.
Micro minerals are often referred to as trace minerals, meaning they are present at low levels
in the body or required in smaller amounts in the animals diet.
e.g. chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and
zinc.
Macro minerals are present at larger levels in the animal body or required in larger amounts
in the diet.
e.g. calcium, chlorine, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and sulfur.
H. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are one of the main types of nutrients. They are the most important source of
energy for your body. Your digestive system changes carbohydrates into glucose (blood
sugar). Your body uses this sugar for energy for your cells, tissues and organs.
Sugar is the generalized name for sweet, short-chain, soluble carbohydrates, many of which
are used in food. They are carbohydrates, composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Monosaccharide is a simple sugar consist only of one unit. They serve as building blocks for
more complex carbohydrate forms.
e.g. Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Lyxose, and Xylose.
Disaccharides are a group of sugars composed of two monosaccharide groups linked together
through the loss of sugar.
e.g. Maltose, Sucrose and Lactose.
Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates composed of numerous monosaccharides
combined through the loss of water molecules.
e.g Starch, Amylose, Amylopectin, Dextrins and Glycogen.

I. Lipids
Lipids is any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are
insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include many natural oils, waxes, and
steroids.
Classifications
1. Simple
Simple lipids- These are esters of fatty acids with alcohol.
e.g. Acyl, glycerols and waxes
2. Compound
Compound lipids- These are esters of fatty acids with alcohol, but they also contain other
groups.
e.g. Phospholipids, glycolipids, etc.

Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or large biomolecules, essential for all known forms of life. It
is a long molecule made up of smaller molecules called nucleotides.
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in
the development and functioning of all modern living organisms. The blueprint of biological
guidelines that a living organism must follow to exist and remain functional. Medium of
long-term, stable storage and transmission of genetic information.
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) is the information found in DNA determines which traits are to be
created, activated, or deactivated, while the various forms of RNA do the work. Helps carry
out DNA's blueprint guidelines. Transfers genetic code needed for the creation of proteins
from the nucleus to the ribosome.

L. Vitamins
Vitamins is any of a group of organic compounds that are essential for normal growth and
nutrition and are required in small quantities in the diet because they cannot be synthesized
by the body.

Fat-soluble vitamins are those which disperse and are stored in fat. Fat-soluble vitamins are
stored in the body. Because they can build up over long periods of time, it's possible to
develop a toxicity from too much. This is very unlikely to happen from food consumption (or
in the case of Vitamin D, exposure to sun), but could happen by consuming large amounts in
"mega" vitamin pills.

e.g. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble vitamins.

Water soluble vitamins are vitamins that our bodies do not store. These vitamins dissolve in
water when they are ingested, then go in to the blood stream. The body keeps what it needs at
that time, and excess amounts are excreted in the urine. Since they cant be stored, everybody
needs a continuous supply of water soluble vitamins in order to stay healthy.
e.g Vitamin C and vitamin B-complex group: thiamin (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2),
niacin (vitamin B3), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), folate (folic acid), vitamin B12, biotin and
pantothenic acid.