Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2. slavery was reintroduced largely due to the shortages in labor caused by the
Black Death
3. slaves from Africa and Eastern Mediterranean used mainly as domestic servants
and skilled workers in Renaissance Italy
4. serfdom declined in Western Europe compared to Eastern Europe
5. in the 16th Century, aristocracy still dominated society as it had done in the
Middle Ages
6. nobility made up roughly 2 to 3 % of total population in most European countries
7. banquets were used to express wealth and power of aristocratic families
I. Baldassare Castiglione (1478-1529)
1. Italian writer
2. wrote The Book of the Courtier
3. laid out what was expected of an aristocrat including:
Aristocrats should:
a. impeccable character and grace
b. should participate in the military and physical pursuits
c. must be classically educated
d. must have well developed personality
e. must follow code of conduct
J. The Family in Renaissance Italy
1. family played an important role in Renaissance society
2. families that were related and bore the surname often lived near each other and
might dominate an entire urban district
3. a crime committed by one family member fell on the entire family (vendetta)
4. marriages were arranged by parents often to strengthen business or family ties
5. average age difference between husbands and wives was 13 years (often led to
infidelity)
6. Italian families were patriarchal
7. women managed the household which gave them a certain amount of
independence in their daily lives
8. women were supposed to bear large families
A. 10% of all women died during childbirth
B. mortality rate was 50% for children under 20.
9. charitable action by wealthy families often included giving to the homeless
III. ITALIAN STATES OF THE RENAISSANCE
A. by the 15th Century, five major powers dominated the Italian peninsula
1. duchy of Milan
} dominated Northern Italy
2. Venice
3. Florence
} dominated Tuscany
4. The Papal States } Central Italy
5. Kingdom of Naples } Southern Italy---most residents were poor and didnt
see any of the benefits of the Renaissance
B. Federigo da Montefeltro
1. ruled independent Italian city-state of Urbino from 1444 to 1482
2. received a classical humanist education in Mantua
3. compensated for poverty of Urbino by hiring himself out as a condottiere
(mercenary): surprisingly honest and able
4. good ruler who kept his word
5. great patron of Renaissance culture
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4. main effect on the writing of history was the secularization of historiography and
the explanation of change over time (Guicciardini considered best historian of
era.)
B. Petrarch (1304-1374)
1. considered by many to be the father of humanism during the Renaissance
2. he was the first intellectual to characterize the Middle Ages as a period of
darkness whose people were ignorant of antiquity
3. emphasized use of pure classical Latin
4. viewed intellectual life as one of solitude
C. Leonardo Bruni (1370-1444)
1. humanist & Florentine patriot
2. used Cicero as a role model
3. thought literary creation could & should be fused with political action
4. thought person could only mature by being actively involved in society
D. Lorenzo Valla (1407-1457)
1. raised in Rome and educated in both Latin & Greek
2. became secretary to Pope Nicholas V
3. concentrated on critiquing ancient texts
4. gained lasting fame by proving that the Donation of Constantine, a document
long used by popes to back their claims to temporal power in the west, was a
complete papal forgery
E. Poggio Bracciolini (1380-1459)
1. born and educated in Florence
2. avid collector of manuscripts while papal secretary
3. best known for his work Facetiae (collection of jokes)
4. believed study of classics was completely compatible with Christianity
Neoplatonism
1. based on the ideas of a hierarchy of substances and spiritual love
2. was revived when Marsilio Ficino (Florentine Scholar) translated many of Platos
works
Corpus Hermeticum
1. Greek work translated into Latin by Ficino upon request of Cosimo d Medici
2. contained writings on the occult as well as theological and philosophical
speculations of great interests to humanists
Oration on the Dignity of Man
1. written by Giovanni Pico della Mirandola in the late 1400s as a preface to his
900 Conclusions
2. states that humans could choose to be earthly or spiritual creatures
Education in the Renaissance
1. humanism had a profound effect on education
2. primary goal was the creation of well-rounded, virtuous, and ethical citizens
(Renaissance Man)
3. emphasized liberal arts instruction including:
a. Grammar & Logic
b. Greek & Latin
c. Poetry
d. Mathematics
e. Astronomy
f. Music
g. Physical Education
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f. Louis XI (1461-1483)
1. called the Spider because of his clever and devious ways
2. strengthened royal authority and control of purse strings
3. encouraged growth of commerce & industry
4. eventually consolidated various noble lands under his control
6. ENGLAND
a. Hundred Years War caused economic turmoil and strengthened nobility in
England
b. Hundred Years War brought about a civil war in England (War of the
Roses)
c. Lancasters (Red) vs. Yorks (White)
d. Henry Tudor defeated Richard III (last York king) at Bosworth Field and
founded Tudor dynasty
e. Henry VII (1485-1509)
1. established a strong central government
2. weakened power of nobility by eliminating their private armies
3. established Star Chamber to deal with problem nobles
4. very successful at extracting income from royal lands, judicial fees and
fines, and custom duties
5. kept taxes low by using diplomacy to avoid wars
6. encouraged commercial activity
7. SPAIN
a. emerged from wars with Muslim Moors with Spain fractured into several
independent Christian kingdoms
b. Isabella of Castile (1474-1504) & Ferdinand of Aragon (1479-1516)
1. marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella in 1469 helped put Spain on path of
reunification
2. kingdoms of Castile & Aragon still operated separately
3. bureaucrats replaced nobility in government posts in both kingdoms
4. monarchy strengthened
5. formed national militia to check noble power
6. given power to select high ranking church officials within
Spain----------------------------------7. persecuted and expelled Muslims and Jews
8. enforced religious orthodoxy through Inquisition
9. grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand, Charles I, became powerful
monarch of a mostly unified Spain
8. HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
a. failed to develop strong monarchial authority
b. after 1438, Hapsburg family controlled H.R.E
c. use dynastic marriages to come to power
1. Frederick lll (1440-1493)
a. lost Bohemia & Hungary
b. gained Franche-Comte in east-central France, Luxembourg, and a
large part of low countries
c. new territories made them a power
d. Brought undying opposition of the French who feared Hapsburg
encirclement
2. Maximilian I (1493-1519)
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