Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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the 95 Theses were copied and then printed and widely distributed.
the ideas expressed in the 95 Theses include:
Salvation by faith alone
No need for sacraments
Bible is the only authority
Consubstantiation
Challenged the concept of monastic life
everyone has an equal relationship with god
dont need priests
Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther
Luther is put on trial by Charles V at the Diet of Worms
Charles V declared Luther an outlaw
Luther was supported by the German people
Luthers Ideas spread:
Translated Bible into German
Followers of Luther became known as Lutherans
mass held in German language
no priests
3. Group of German Princes join Luther and protest against the pope
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1. Princes
Deep religious convictions
Helped them centralize their control, kept tax money from going to
Rome
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Mid 16th Century Spain was the greatest social and econ. Power of
Europe
Spain, Netherlands, Milan, Naples, Portugal and New World
Great Naval power (Sp. + Port.)
Phillip II: Militant Catholic, great administrator of government
Spain under Phillip II:
very wealthy (gold / silver from New World)
very Catholic (used force and cruelty)
very strong control of nobles
Netherlands were predominately Protestant (problem)
Phillip II was also engaged to Mary Tudor
Problems facing Phillip and Spain:
Wealth was based on money, not production
Catholicism brought them into foreign wars with the Ottomans,
Netherlands and English
The rest of Europe saw Spain as a threat
Rebellion in Netherlands over taxation and religion
Philip:
Great Administrative mind: "King of Paper"
Stood against Ottoman expansion in the Mediterranean Sea
Battle of Lepanto: Coast of Greece, defeated Ottoman Navy (decisive
victory)
Devout Catholic
Inquisition
Involvement in the French Wars of Religion
Marriage to Mary Tudor
Rivalry w/ England
Religious
Personal (Elizabeth said no)
Economic: English "Sea Dogs" (Francis Drake)
Military: Netherlands and France (keep others fighting, stay out of
conflict)
Spanish Armada 1588, bad plan
Turning point, people did not know it
Results:
Spains heyday as a continental power was over
England ensured that it would remain protestant
England prepared to become a world power
Dutch emerge as an independent group and a commercial center of
Europe
Netherlands revolted
17 independent provinces
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