Social Dimension Finals

e. Preserving order and providing and maintaining a sense of

purpose.

CHAPTER V Cultural Changes

Multiculturalism is a policy that emphasizes the unique
characteristics of different cutures, especially as they relate to
one another in receiving nations.
Three interrelated of multicultural
a. Demographic-descriptive occurs where the word
multicultural refers to the existence of linguistically, culturally
and ethnically diverse segments in the population of a society
or state.
b. Ideological-normative usage of multiculturalism generates
the greatest level of debate since it constitutes a slogan and
basis for political action.
c. Programmatic-political usage of multiculturalism refers to
the specific policies developed to respond and manage ethnic
diversity.
Multicultural Education is an emerging disciple whose aim is
to create equal educational opportunities from diverse racial,
ethnic, social class and cultural groups.
Approaches to Multicultural Education
1. Contributions approach Heroes, holidays and food
become a special focus on a particular day, recognizing the
contributions of various groups.
2. Additive approach Special units and topics about various
groups are added to but do not fundamentally alter the
curriculum.
3. Transformation Curriculum is changed so that students
see the world from the different perspective of various groups.
4. Social Action Students make decision about their world
and become directly involved in social actions.
Dimensions of Multicultural Education
1. Content integration
2. Knowledge construction process
3. Prejudice reduction
4.Equity pedagogy
5.Empowering school culture and social structure
Subculture refers to cultural patterns that set apart some
segment of a societys population.
Counterculture exists when a subculture adopts values and
beliefs that are predominantly in opposition to those of larger
society.
Functions of Subcultures
1.Permitting specialized activity
2.Identity in mass society
3.Cultural adaptation and change
Cultural differences imply the transmission of ideas from
generation to generation by significant members of the older
generation.
CHAPTER VI Social Institutions
Social Institutions the social structures and social mechanism
of social order and cooperation that govern the behaviour of its
member. Is a social group of social positions connected by
social relations, performing a social role.
Five essential tasks
a. Replacing member or procreation
b. Teaching new members
c. Producing
d. Distributing and consuming goods and services

Characteristics and Function of an institution.

1. Purposive
2. Relatively permanent in their content
3. Structured
4. Unified Structure
5.Necessarily value-laden
Major Social Institutions
1. THE FAMILY
-the smallest social institutions with the unique function or
producing and rearing the young.
Function of the Family
1. Reproduction of the race and rearing of the young
2. Cultural transmission or enculturation
3. Socialization of the child
4. Providing affection and a sense of security
5. Providing the environment for personality development and
the growth of self-concept in relation to others.
6. Providing social status
Structure of Family
a. Conjugal or nuclear Family this is the primary or
elementary family consisting of husband , wife and children.
b. Consanguine or extended family it consists of married
couple, their parents, siblings, grandparents, uncle, aunts and
cousins.
Three types of polygamy
a. Polyandry where one woman is married to two or more men
at the same time.
b. Polygamy where one men is married to two or more women
at the same time.
c. Cenogamy where two or more men mate with two or more
women in group marriage.
Family Descent
a. Patrillineal when the descent is recognized through the
fathers line.
b. Matrilineal the descent is recognized through the mothers
line.
c. Bilineal descent is recognized through both the fathers and
mothers line.
Place of Residence
a. Patrilocal when the newly married couple lives with the
parents of the husband.
b. Matrilocal the newly married couple lives with the parents of
the wife.
c. Neolocal the newly married pair maintains a separate
household and live by themselves.
Reference of Authority
a. Patriarchal the father is considered the head and plays a
dominant role.
b. Matriarchal when the mother or female is the head and
makes the major decisions.
c. Equalitarian when both father mother share in making
decisions and are equal in authority.
2. EDUCATION
- the basic purpose is the transmission of knowledge.
School the first and foremost a social institutions, that is, an
established organization having an identifiable structure and a
set of functions meant to preserve and extend social order.

Set of Curriculum
a. Knowledge Subjects
b. Skills subject
c. Enabling Subjects
Aspects Children develop
a. Intellectual
b. Political
c. Social
d. Economic
Multiple Functions of Schools
1. Technical-Economic refers to the contributions of school to
the technical or economic development and needs of the
individual, the institution, the local community, the society and
the international community.
2. Human/Social Functions refers to the contribution of
schools to human development and social relationships at
different levels of the society.
3. Political function refers to the contribution of schools to the
political development at different levels of society.
4. Cultural functions refer to the contribution of schools to
cultural transmission and development at different levels of
society.
5. Education functions refer to the contribution of schools to the
development and maintenance of education at the different
levels of society.
Manifest functions the open and intended goals or
consequences of activities within an organization or institution.
Manifest functions of schools
a. Socialization
b. Social control
c. Social placement
d. Transmitting culture
e. Promoting social and political integration
f. Agent of change
Latent Functions the hidden, unstated and sometimes
unintended consequences of activities within an organization
or institutions.
Latent Function
a. Restricting some activities
b. Matchmaking and production of social networks
c. Creation of generation gap
Function of Schools (Calderon, 1998)
1. Conservation Function
2. Instructional Function
3. Research Function
4. Social Service Function
3.RELIGION
-Defined as any set of coherent answer to the dilemmas of
human existence that makes the world meaningful.
Characteristics of Religion
a. Belief in a deity
1. Atheists believe that no deity exists.
2. Theists believe in a deity or deities.
3. Agnostics say that the existence of a deity cannot be
proved or disproved.
b. Doctrine of Salvation the highest goal of the faithful.
1. Christianity
2. Islam
3. Buddhism
4. Hinduism

c. Code of Conduct a set of moral teachings and values that

all religions have in some form.
d. Religious Rituals
Church tends to be large, with inclusive membership, in low
tension with surroundings society.
Sect has a small, exclusive membership, high tension with
society. It tends towards the emotional, mystic, stress faith,
feeling, conversion experience, to be born again.
Cults are referred as the more innovative institutions and are
formed when people create new religious beliefs and practices.
Types of Cults
a. Audience Cults
b. Client Cults
c. Cult Movements
The Elements of Religion
1. Sacred refers to the phenomena that are regarded as
extraordinary, transcendent and outside the everyday course
of events that is, supernatural. Profane refers to all
phenomena that are not sacred.
2. Legitimation of norms religious sanctions and beliefs
reinforce the legitimacy of may rules and norms in he
community.
3. Rituals are formal patterns of activity that express
symbolically a set of shared meanings, in the case of rituals
such as baptism or communication, the shared meanings are
sacred.
3. Religious Community religion establishes a code of
behavior for the members, who belong and who does not.
4.ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS
- human behavior is mainly concerned with the satisfaction of
materials wants.
Microeconomics is concerned with the specific economic
units of parts that makes an economic system and relationship
between those parts.
Macroeconomics is concerned with the economy as a whole,
or large segments of it. It focuses on such problems as the role
of unemployment, the changing level of prices, the nations
total output of goods and services and the ways in which
government raises and spends money.
What are the basic economic problems ?
1. What goods and services to produce and how much.
2. How to produce goods and services.
3. For whom are the goods and services.
5. GOVERNMENT AS A SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
- resolves conflict that are public in nature and involve more
than a few people.
Three branches of Government
a. Executive proposes and enforces rules and laws.
b. Legislative makes rules and laws.
c. Judicial adjudicates rules and laws.
Politics is the pattern of human interaction that serves to
resolve conflicts between peoples, institutions and nations.
Administration which refers to the aggregate of persons in
whose hands the reigns of government are for the time being.
Functions of Government
a. Constituent Function contribute to the very bonds of
society and therefore compulsory.

b. Ministrant Function are those undertaken to advance the

general interest of society, such as public works, public charity
and regulations of trade and industry.
CHAPTER VII Gender and Development
- 1980 Alternative Women in Development (WID)
- with the way in which a society assigns roles, responsibilities
and expectations to both women and men.
Gender extremely important part of an individuals identity
and one that begins at least at birth.
Sex Physical and biological characteristics of body.
Gender all the physical, cognitive and behavioural traits that
characterize people of one sex.
Gender role (Sex Role) The social expectations for each
sex within a particular culture.
Gender concept the understanding that a persons sex is a
permanent feature and cannot be altered through changes in
surface features like hair or clothing.
Sex typed behavior behavior that matches and gender-role
expectations of culture.
*Cognitive
Verbal Skills Girls
Spatial Skills Boys
*Social Behavior and Personality
Infancy onward Boys
Flexibility and Fine-motor coordinations- Girls
Physical Aggressive and assertive Boys
Relational Aggression
Gender Intensification the process of conforming more and
more closely to gender stereotypes in behavior, emotions and
activities.
Sexual Orientation Tendency
a. Homosexual Orientation attracted to people of the same
sex.
b. Heterosexual Orientation - attracted to people of the
opposite sex.
c. Bisexual Orientation - attracted to people of the both
sexes.
Development of Homosexual Identity
Stage 1 Sensitization
Stage 2 Identity confusion
Stage 3 Identity Assumption
Stage 4 Commitment
Theories of Gender Development
a. Psychoanalytic Theory
b. Social Learning Theory
c. Cognitive and Developmental Theory
d. Gender Schema Theory
Gender Stereo-typing is defined as the beliefs humans hold
about the characteristics associated with males and females.
CHAPTER VII Globalization and Education
Globalization refers to an increasing interconnectedness and
convergence of activities and forms of life among diverse
cultures throughout the world.
Characteristics of Globalization
a. Educational terms
b. Economic terms

c. Political terms
d. Cultural terms
Aspect of Globalization
1. Industrial Globalization
2. Financial Globalization
3. Political Globalization
4. Information Globalization
5. Cultural Globalization
6. Globalism
Education System constitute the core of the globalization
process.
Global education extends students awareness of the world in
which they live by opening them to the diverse heritage of
human thoughts and actions and creativity.
1.Socio-cultural issues on Globalization
a. Massive Migration
b. Managing Difference
c. Global changes in culture.
2. Economic Issues on Globalization
3. Political Issues on Globalization
Reforms needed in Education
1. Content of Education
a. Curriculum Up-graduation
b. Productivity Orientation
2. The Fall Out of Globalization
a. Internationalization of Education
b. Finance-related issues
c. Privatization of secondary and higher education