Nata

Abstract
Nata de coco is coconut water fermented foods by the bacteria Acetobacter
xylinum. In general, the production of nata de coco is done by direct inoculation
into liquid medium. Immobilization of cells is a technique used to trap the cells
into a matrix. The use of immobilized cells for the production of nata de coco is
one alternative to the product resulted in a cell-free nata. This study used
immobilized Acetobacter xylinum to produce nata on coconut water medium.
Immobilization technique used is to trap Acetobacter xylinum in Ca-alginate
matrix. Immobilized cells were then used for the fermentation of nata de coco
repeatedly. Factors examined included repeatability fermentation, time
consuming on establishment of nata, nata thickness, viability of immobilized cell.
From the results obtained that immobilized cell still produced nata up to two
replications fermentation. The average time for producing nata was 11 days, with
an average thickness of 0.8 cm. While the rate of formation of nata equation y =
0,077x -0.086. After two replications fermentation, cell viability of immobilized cell
was still high.

Characterization of Nata de Coco Produced by

Fermentation of Immobilized Acetobacter xylinum

Darmawan Ari Nugroho ,

Pradipta Aji
,

Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia

Volume 3, 2015, Pages 278282

International Conference on Agro-industry (IcoA): Sustainable and Competitive Agro-industry
for Human Welfare Yogyakarta-INDONESIA 2014

Keywords:

cellulose;

solubility;

bacterial cellulose;

cellulose structure;

cellulose solutions

Solubility of bacterial cellulose and its structural properties

1.

B. askiewicz*
Article first published online: 7 DEC 1998
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19980314)67:11<1871::AID-APP5>3.0.CO;2-I
Copyright 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Abstract
Based on experiments conducted, it has been found that bacterial cellulose, like spruce cellulose, is soluble in
an aqueous NaOH solution with the concentration of 8.5% at a temperature of 5C if the polymerization
degree of the cellulose does not exceed 400. When 1% of urea is added to the NaOH solution, the solubility of
cellulose increases; and, in this solvent, bacterial cellulose may be dissolved so long as its polymerization
degree is below 560. The results of these experiments are of great practical importance since they point to the
possibility of the preparation of cellulose spinning solutions suitable for fiber formation. 1998 John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 67:18711876, 1998

Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2014 Apr;172(8):3844-61. doi: 10.1007/s12010-014-0795-4. Epub 2014 Feb
28.

Structure and properties of bacterial cellulose produced using a

trickling bed reactor.
Lu H1, Jiang X.

Author information
Abstract
Structure and properties of bacterial cellulose (BC) produced by trickling fermentation were studied.
The following indexes, such as extrinsic shapes, microstructure, chemical structure, purity, water
holding capacity, porosity, and thermogravimetric characteristics, are recommended for assessing
the structure and properties of bacterial cellulose. With the comparison to bacterial cellulose
produced by static fermentation and shaking fermentation, the results showed that for different BC
cultivation methods, the extrinsic shapes, synthetic mode, and microstructure were different. The
basic consistency of the infrared spectrogram from three kinds of bacterial cellulose reflected that

the chemical structures were very similar. But the -OH associating degree of trickling fermentation
BC was higher, and the polymerization degree, purity, water holding capacity, porosity, and thermal
stability of trickling fermentation BC were also higher than those of static fermentation BC and
shaking fermentation BC. But the crystallinity and crystal grain size of trickling fermentation BC were
less than those of static fermentation BC and greater than those of shaking fermentation BC and
plant fiber. These above structure and properties of trickling fermentation BC could reference
bacterial cellulose's application in food and material field.

In cellulose, glucose monomers are added to produce linear polymer chains that can align
side by side, favouring interchain hydrogen bonding. These interchain links produce a rigid
structure of layered sheets of cellulose. This bulky and inflexible structure no only imparts
exceptional stregnth to cellulose, it also renders it insoluble in water. It is, of course,
essential for plants that their main building material does not readily dissolve in water!

The answer is chemical in nature, so bear with me.

The basic formula for all sugar is C6H12O4, which is table sugar.Glycogen is a disaccharide, or
double sugar. This means that two sugar molecules are bonded together to form one. A double
sugar like this usually has open-ended molecules, where its atoms are attracted to atoms of a solute,
like water. This is called a polar molecule. All polar molecules, including glycogen, are soluable in
water.
Cellulose is a pollysacchride, or complex sugar. In its molocule, the maximum number of sugar
molecules are already bonded together in a long chain. Because they are all bonded, the cellulose is

a non-polar molecule, which is repelled by water, rather than attracted to it. Therefore, it is not
soluable in water.

J AOAC Int. 2011 Mar-Apr;94(2):660-3.

An easy and practical method for detection and estimation of

microcrystalline cellulose in pasteurized milk.
Zhang C1, Yang J, Qiao L.
Author information
Abstract
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is suspected to be a new adulteration in pasteurized milk in China, yet
an efficient method for MCC detection in dairy has not been established. This study presents a novel
procedure to detect and estimate MCC in pasteurized milk using dialysis, cellulase hydrolysis, and a
reducing sugar assay. The background value of reducing sugar was eliminated by dialysis, and cellulase
activity toward MCC was stable in dialyzed milk. A criterion for MCC detection and an empirical formula
for MCC estimation were summarized based on the reducing sugar variation after hydrolysis. The
detection sensitivity was below 0.5 g/L. Reducing sugar distribution after cellulase-catalyzed hydrolysis
was examined by HPLC, and revealed that most of the detected sugar was glucose. This paper describes
a practical method for detection of MCC in pasteurized milk that might benefit dairy QC.
PMID:

21563704

[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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UV -VIs spectrophotometer. There is a small peak ~350nm but I am worried if considering

that peak would be effective. I would also like to know what is the effect of the fibers on the
UV-Vis spectra?

If the characteristics (height, centre, width) peak at the 350 nm band clearly varies on
different cellulosic and non-cellulosic samples, then it could be used in detecting cellulose.
However, exactly how would have to be predetermined by experimentation.

Detection of cellulose with improved specificity using laserbased instruments.

Taylor JG1, Haigler CH, Kilburn DG, Blanton RL.

Author information
Abstract
Specific detection of cellulose has not been possible using laser based instruments such as laser
scanning confocal microscopes (LSCM) and fluorescently activated cell sorters (FACS). Common
cellulose dyes are nonspecific and/or nonexcitable with common lasers. Furthermore, many lasers
emit wavelengths that overlap with autofluorescence from chlorophyll and other plant molecules. We
demonstrate that a cellulase and an isolated bacterial cellulose binding domain (CBD) conjugated to
fluorescent dyes can be used for laser detection of cellulose with improved specificity. Cell walls of
differentiating tracheary elements and spores of Dictyostelium discoideum were tested in this study.
For double labeling, autofluorescence interfering with the rhodamine signal was eliminated by
collecting each excitation channel separately followed by computer recombination or by using a
narrow band pass barrier filter allowing simultaneous channel collection. Using these methods,
cellulose and microtubules tagged with a monoclonal antibody to alpha-tubulin were effectively
colocalized in chlorophyll-containing tracheary elements using a LSCM. Also, Dictyostelium
discoideum spores labeled or unlabeled with CBD-FITC were separated into two populations by
FACS indicating that this tag should be useful in future mutagenesis experiments. Therefore, the
presence or absence of cellulose can now be analyzed using common lasers.
PMID:

8896793

[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

The mucic acid test gives a positive result with several galactose-containing
substances such as lactose and dulcite. With these other sugars, there is no
formation of a white precipitate when heated with nitric acid, but an acid that is
soluble in water. To test the presence of other sugars, the Benedict's test,
Barfoed's test and other tests in sugar analysis are usually conducted.

MucicAcidTestforGalactose
Oxidation of most monosaccharides by nitric acid yields soluble dicarboxylic acids. However, oxidation of
galactose yields an insoluble mucic acid. Lactose will also yield a mucic acid, due to hydrolysis of the glycosidic
linkage between its glucose and galactose subunits.

Best Answer: When galactose is oxidized by nitric acid, insoluble mucic acid is formed. A positive
result is the formation of a precipitate.
Lactose is a dimer of glucose and galactose. The nitric acid will hydrolyze the dimer and so lactose
will also give a positive result.