I

1.

Infectious diseases
(a) Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Describe how
Mycobacterium tuberculosis enters the human body. [2]

The graph shows the death rate from tuberculosis in England and Wales.

(graph)
(b) The population of England and Wales in 1860 was 20 066 000. Calculate the number of people
who died of tuberculosis that year. Show your working. [2]

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(c) There was an increase in the number of cases of tuberculosis between 1990 and 2000. Suggest
how each of the following might have contributed to this increase:
(i) an increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. [1]

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(ii) an increase in the number of people with AIDS. [1]

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2.

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Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite.

(a) (i) What is a parasite? [1]

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(ii) Describe and explain one adaptation of the malaria parasite which enables it to avoid being
affected by the bodys immune system. [2]

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(b) Children are more vulnerable to malaria than adults. Suggest a reason for this. [1]

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+,3.

(a) The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) contains reverse transcriptase. What is the function
of reverse transcriptase? [2]

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(b) People with HIV are usually given a combination of several drugs, rather than just one drug.
Suggest a reason for this. [1]

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(c) Tuberculosis is more common among people who are infected with HIV than in people who are
not infected with HIV. Explain why. [2]

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4.

2,

(a) Give two ways in which HIV may be transmitted, other than by sexual contact. [2]

The graph shows some of the changes in the blood of an AIDS patient after infection with HIV.

(graph)
(b) Explain the decrease in the number of HIV particles in the blood plasma shortly after infection.
[1]

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(c) Use the information in the graph to explain why AIDS patients are likely to suffer from
opportunistic infections. [2]

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5.

(a) In an investigation, two sterile agar plates were inoculated with bacteria from the same culture.
Then, using a syringe, 2cm3 of an antibiotic solution were added to plate 1 and 2cm3 of sterile
water were added to plate 2. The diagram shows the plates after 24 hours.

(pic)

(i) At the start of the investigation, the agar was sterilised. Explain why. [1]

(ii) The water was added to plate 2 as a control. Explain why this control was necessary. [1]

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(b) Give two ways in which antibiotics kill bacteria or prevent them from multiplying. [2]

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(c) Explain why some bacteria were able to grow on plate 1. [1]

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Some strains of the bacterium that causes gonorrhoea are resistant to antibiotics. This makes the
disease difficult to treat. One way of testing the effectiveness of antibiotics is to use discs of paper
soaked in antibiotic. These are placed in the centre of an agar plate covered by bacteria. A clear
zone forms around the disc if the antibiotic is effective. The table shows some results of an
investigation into the effect of four different antibiotics on gonorrhoea bacteria.

(table)

(a) Give one reasons why it would be important to use sterile techniques during this investigation.
[1]
(b) (i) Give two ways in which an antibiotic could prevent bacteria from dividing. [2]

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(ii) Which antibiotic used in the investigation would be most useful for treating gonorrhoea?
Explain your answer. [2]

1.

Immunity

The figure below is a diagram show a differentiation of cells from pluripotent stem cell in the bone
marrow.

(pic)
(a) Name organ A. [1]

(b) Describe one role (each) of Tc and Th as part of the third line of defence. [2]

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The figure below is the mechanism of activation of a B lymphocyte.

(c) Name the structures labeled P to S. [4]

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(pic)

2.

(a) A second infection by the same species of bacterium took place later. The response to the
second infection was faster than the response to the first infection. Explain why the response to
the second infection was faster. [2]

In twelfth-century China, people seeking protection from smallpox removed scabs from people
mildly scarred from the disease. These scabs were then ground and inhaled as powder. Similarly,
in the seventeenth century, an Englishwoman, Mary Montague, injected bits of smallpox scabs
into healthy children to protect them from the disease.
(b) In the light of our current knowledge about the immune response, explain why these practices
were successful. [2]

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