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shrimp cultivation, faulty management of sluice gates, regular saline tidal water flooding in
unpoldered area, capillary upward movement of soluble salts due to presence of high saline
ground water table at shallow depth (SRDI, 2003). The salinity has very significant effect on
physical, chemical and biological characteristics of soil. The hydraulic properties, the
aggregate stability, soil strength and soil aeration are influenced by soil salinity. The changes
in soil physical behavior are controlled by salt characteristics of the saline soil (Kaur, 1994).
Soil salinity also affects nutrient availability and microbial transformations in soil (Swarup,
1994). The existing reports on soil salinity mainly deals with the chemical properties of salt
affected soil and little light has been put forward to evaluate physical properties and to
determine the changes in microbial processes in saline soils. Apart from the evaluating the
physical and chemical properties of saline soil it is also very important to evaluate the effect
of salt water intrusion in non saline soils because the soil salinity has been expanding its
claws over Bangladesh. The intrusion of salt water will change the aggregate stability of soil
by enhancing the rate of slaking. The rate of slaking is controlled by salt characteristics, salt
concentration and exchangeable sodium percentage of soil (Rost and Rowles, 1941). The
rapid slaking can seal the pores and decrease hydraulic conductivity, water retention
characteristics and aeration capacity of soil. It is inevitable to determine the rate of change in
nutrient availability and microbial processes due to the increase in salt concentration. This
information will help to adopt best measures for managing the saline soils.
The aim of this research work is to investigate the effect of saline water application on
physical and chemical properties of soils.
Mg were determined after each sampling. The changes in micro-aggregation were analyzed
prior and after the completion of incubation.
Table 1. Analyses of treatment water
Salinity
pH
S042-
(dS m-1)
K+
Ca2+
(g g-1)
Na+
Cl-
HCO3-
(cmol(+)kg-1)
7.97
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
6.5
8.3
0.03
7.13
0.54
1.25
4.18
50.00
244.00
13
8.44
0.05
18.15
1.38
3.20
10.56
67.50
305.00
Salinity
(dS m-1)
Calcareous soil
C0
NC0
6.5
C6.5
NC6.5
13
C13
NC13
x
100
y
7.2.3. Soil pH: Soil pH (2:1) was determined electrochemically with the help of glass
electrode pH meter as suggested by Jackson (1973).
7.2.4. EC: The electrical conductivity of the soil was measured at a soil water ratio of
1:1 by EC meter (USDA, 2004).
7.2.5. Available P: After extraction of soil sample with 0.5M NaHCO3 (pH 8.5)
solution (Olsen et al., 1954) the concentration of P was determined by ascorbic acid blue
color method (Murphy and Riley, 1962).
7.2.6. Available S: After extraction of soil with 500 ppm of P from Ca-phosphate
(Fox et al., 1964) the concentration was determined by turbidity method as described by
Hunt, 1980.
7.2.7. Water Soluble and Exchangeable Na+ and K+: Exchangeable Na+ and K+ was
extracted with 1N NH4OAc solution (pH 7.0) as described by piper (1950) and Jackson
(1973) and then analyzed by Flame Photometer. Water soluble sodium and potassium was
determined after extraction with distilled water.
7.2.8. Water Soluble and Exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+: Exchangeable Ca2+and
Mg2+ was extracted with 1N NH4OAc solution (pH 7.0) as described by piper (1950) and
Jackson (1973) and then analyzed by atomic adsorption spectrophotometer.
7.2.9. Chloride: Water soluble chloride was determined by titration with silver nitrate
as described by Reitemeier (1943).
7.3. Statistical Analysis: The data was analyzed statistically by MINITAB (release 13.20).
8. Results:
8.1. Particle size and Microaggregate analysis:
The percentages of sand, silt and clay in calcareous soil were 13.05, 55.0 and 31.95,
respectively. The percentages of soil separates slightly varied in non-calcareous soil where
the percentages of sand, silt and clay were 13.05, 52.5 and 34.45, respectively. State of
aggregation slightly increased due to saline water application whereas dispersion factor
showed slight variation (Fig. 1-2).
8.4. Available P:
Available soil phosphorus decreased with time in non-calcareous soil whereas slight
increase was observed in calcareous soils during 7days incubation and decline thereby. After
15 days available P increased sharply in non-calcareous soil but in calcareous soil this change
was barely discernable. However, after 30 days of incubation the available P in noncalcareous soils tended to be leveled off. In calcareous soil after 30 days available P increased
sharply and tended to be leveled off after 60 days of incubation. There was marked decrease
of available P in higher salinity treatments at the initial stage but after 120 days incubation
available P was higher in the soils treated with highly saline water (Fig. 5). The effect of
saline water application on available P dynamics was statistically insignificant but the
duration of incubation had a significant impact in both calcareous (p<0.001) and noncalcareous (p<0.000) soils.
8.5. Available S:
Available soil sulfur increased due to salinity treatments and highest increase was
observed in 13 dS m-1 treatment in both soils. The initial increment showed a sharp decline
after 7 days incubation (Fig. 6). On the other hand available S showed a sharp increase after
15 days of incubation in all salinity treatments except 6.5 dS m-1 salinity treatment in noncalcareous soil. This increment was followed by another sharp decrease after 30 days
incubation with few exceptions. However, after 60 days the S concentration tended to be
leveled off. Initially changes in S concentration due to salinity treatment was higher in noncalcareous except in 6.5 dS m-1 treatment but in later stage S concentration was higher in
calcareous soil in 13 dS m-1 treatment. The effect of salinity treatment was statistically
significant (p<0.001) but incubation period had no significant effect.
8.6. Available K:
Available K content of non-calcareous soil sharply decreased due to saline water
application and then showed a slight change over time. In calcareous soil available K did not
vary considerably during incubation (Fig. 7). The saline water application had no significant
impact on available K in soil whereas K concentration was significantly varied with
incubation period in both calcareous (p<0.002) and non-calcareous (p<0.000) soils.
The increase in Mg concentration was higher in higher salinity treatment in both calcareous
and non-calcareous soils.
NC
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
EC0
EC6.5
EC13
Salinity Treatments
D is persion Factor
NC
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
EC0
EC6.5
EC13
Salinity Treatments
C0
C6.5
C13
NC0
NC6.5
NC13
9
8.8
8.6
8.4
pH
8.2
8
7.8
7.6
7.4
7.2
7
6.8
0
15
30
60
120
C0
C6.5
C13
NC0
NC6.5
NC13
30
60
120
2
1.8
1.6
EC (dS/m)
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
15
C0
C6.5
C13
NC0
NC6.5
NC13
30
Available P (g g)
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
15
30
60
120
C6.5
C13
NC0
NC6.5
NC13
500
Available S (g g)
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
15
30
60
120
10
C0
C6.5
C13
NC0
NC6.5
NC13
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
15
30
60
120
C0
C6.5
C13
NC0
NC6.5
30
60
NC13
45
Available Ca Cm ol(+) Kg
Available K Cmol(+) Kg
0.8
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
15
120
11
C0
C6.5
C13
NC0
NC6.5
NC13
Available Mg Cmol(+) Kg
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
15
30
60
120
C0
C6.5
C13
NC0
NC6.5
NC13
Available Na Cm ol(+) Kg
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
15
30
60
120
12
C0
C6.5
C13
NC0
NC6.5
30
60
NC13
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
15
120
C6.5
C13
NC0
NC6.5
NC13
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
15
30
60
120
9. Discussion:
Soil salinity is one of the most critical aspects that may influence the future agriculture of
Bangladesh in future. So, the short and long term effect of soil salinity need to be
investigated. In the present work short term effect of saline water application was studied.
Saline water application increased EC of the soil. As the studied soils were non-saline
addition of highly saline water (13 dSm-1) did not increase EC of soil greater than 2 dSm-1.
13
This increase was greater in the later stage of incubation may be because of dissolution of
soluble salts in soil. Several investigators also reported that addition of saline water during
irrigation markedly increase soil salinity (Goorahoo et al., 2003 & Moreno et al., 2001).
Increase in soil salinity has direct positive and negative impact on soil aggregate stability.
Soil salinity associated with high exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and sodium
adsorption ratio (SAR) is responsible for clay swelling and dispersion (Halliwell et al. 2001
& Warrence et al., 2002). Whereas other investigators concluded that presence of dissolve
salt of Ca and Mg increase the stability of aggregates (Warrence et al., 2002). In the present
investigation increase in state of aggregation was reported. Reaction of soil and nutrient
dynamics is also affected by level of soil salinity. In the present work it was observed that pH
and EC were negatively correlated both calcareous and non-calcareous soils. Al-Busaidi and
Cookson (2003) reported that readings from the pH electrode from non-saline soils tended to
fluctuate more than when readings were taken from saline soils. However, pH readings from saline
soils in different electrolytes also fluctuated but not to the same extent as in non-saline soils.
Electrolytes appeared to suppress fluctuations in pH readings, probably due to, both, reducing the
liquid junction effect (especially in water) and minimizing alkaline errors. The reduction in
fluctuation between pH values in non-saline and saline soils supports the use of electrolytes especially
in non-saline soils. However, Gupta et al. (1989) argued that sodium ions react in calcareous soils to
form sodium carbonate and bicarbonate, which by hydrolyzing at pH values more than of 8.8, leads to
a direct relationship between soil salinity and pH. Soil pH, EC has direct influence on Ca, P and S
dynamics in calcareous and non-calcareous soils. CaCO3 plays a pivotal role in P dynamics in
calcareous soil. In the present investigation P availability in soils varied with cyclic variation in Ca
availability. In calcareous soil addition of saline water increased the Ca concentration in soil solution
and thus leaded to precipitation of CaCO3 according to the theory of common ion effect. Thus Ca
concentration in soil reduced and P availability increased. But with time of incubation Ca
concentration increased. This may be due to dissolution of CaCO3. The dissolution of precipitated
CaCO3 can occur if the value of equilibrium constant of the reaction of CaCO3 precipitation is less
than 10-10 (Al-Busaidi and Cookson, 2003). This precipitation and dissolution may repeat in the
incubation period and controlled P concentration in soil. The bicarbonate ion produced during
dissolution of CaCO3 may react with Na and Mg of soil solution and thus caused to reduce bicarbonte
continuously during incubation. The initial increase in SO42- may be due to the addition of saline
water. The subsequent decrease may due to co-precipitation with CaCO3 (Al-Busaidi and Cookson,
2003). Potassium availability decreased with time in various salinity treatments in both the soils
indicates the K fixation by 2:1 type minerals and may be favored by the increase in soil moisture
14
(Sparks and Huang, 1985). Although it was not observed in the present research, other scientists
reported that K decreased with increasing salinity in different soils (Bang, 2005).
12. References:
Al-Busaidi, A.S., and P. Cookson. 2003. SalinitypH Relationships in Calcareous
Soils. Agricultural and Marine Sciences 8(1):41-46.
Bang, J. 2005. Characterization of soil spatial variability for site specific management
using soil electrical conductivity and other remotely sensed data. PhD. Dissertation,
Department of Soil Science, North Carolina State University, USA.
Baver, L.D. and H.F. Rhoades.1932. Soil aggregate analysis as an aid in the study of
soil structure. J. Am. Soc. Agron. 24: 920-921.
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