What Is Petroleum?

There are some places on earth where oil is not trapped underground, but actually seeps out at
the earth's surfaceThink Jed Clampett and a "bubbling crude!" This is one of the largest
natural petroleum seeps, located in the upper Ojai Valley, California.

petroleum
A thick, flammable, yellow-to-black mixture of gaseous, liquid, and solid hydrocarbons that occurs
naturally beneath the earth's surface, can be separated into fractions including natural gas,
gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, fuel and lubricating oils, paraffin wax, and asphalt and is used as
raw material for a wide variety of derivative products. (American Heritage Dictionary)
The word petroleum comes from the Latin petra, meaning rock, andoleum, meaning oil.
The oil industry classifies "crude" by the location of its origin and by its relative weight or viscosity
("light", "intermediate" or "heavy"). The relative content of sulfur in natural oil deposits also results
in referring to oil as "sweet," which means it contains relatively little sulfur, or as "sour," which
means it contains substantial amounts of sulfur.

Category: Oil and gas companies of India

1. Aban Offshore Ltd

Aban Offshore Ltd. is India's largest offshore drilling services provider to oil companies,
mainly for ONGC. It is now ventured into international waters as one of its five rigs is
doing work for an Iranian oil company. The company listed on the Mumbai Stock
Exchange Ltd,In 2008,
2. Bharat Petroleum

Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) is an Indian statecontrolled oil and gas company headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra. The Corporation
operates two large refineries of the country located at Mumbai and Kochi. BPCL has been
ranked 242th in the Fortune Global 500 rankings of the world's biggest corporations for the
year 2014

3. Bongaigaon Refinery & Petrochemicals Ltd. (BRPL)

The Bongaigaon Refinery & Petrochemicals Ltd. (BRPL) is a petroleum refinery company
in India. It was incorporated on February 20 in 1974 by the government of India.
The company began with initial funds of Rs. 50 crore (Rs. 500 million), which was increased to
Rs. 200 crore by December 1983. The total paid capital of the company was Rs. 199.82 crore as
of 31 March 2005.

4. Cairn India

Cairn India is an oil and gas exploration and production company, headquartered
in Gurgaon, India.It is a subsidiary of Vedanta Resources. Cairn India is one of the largest
independent oil and gas exploration and production companies in India. Cairn and its JV
partners account for more than a fifth of Indias domestic crude oil production.

5. Castrol India Limited

Castrol India Limited is an automotive and industrial lubricant manufacturing company.

Castrol India is the 2nd largest manufacturer of automotive and industrial lubricants in the
Indian lubricant market and owns around 22% market share in the overall Indian lubricant
market.[3] Its part of Castrol Limited UK (part of BP Group).
6. Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited (CPCL)

Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited (CPCL) is an Indian state-owned oil and gas
corporation headquartered in Chennai, India. It was formed as a joint venture in 1965
between the Government of India (GOI), AMOCO and National Iranian Oil
Company (NIOC) having a share holding in the ratio 74%: 13%: 13% respectively.
7. Essar Energy & Oil Plc

Essar Energy Plc is an Indian-focused energy company with assets in the existing power
and oil and gas businesses. Headquartered in Port Louis, Mauritius and subsidiary of Essar
Group, the firm has interests in both the power generation and petroleum industries.
8. Essar Oil

Essar Oil is an India-based company engaged in the exploration and production of oil and
natural gas, refining of crude oil, and marketing of petroleum products. It is a part of
the Essar Group based in Mumbai. It operates a major refinery in Vadinar, Gujarat, India,
which made it the second largest non-state refiner in India in 2009
9. GAIL (India) Limited

GAIL (India) Limited is the largest state-owned natural gas processing and distribution
company in India, It is headquartered in New Delhi. It has following business segments:
Natural Gas, Liquid Hydrocarbon, Liquefied petroleum gas Transmission,Petrochemical,
City Gas Distribution, Exploration and Production, GAILTEL and Electricity Generation.

10. Gujarat Gas Company Limited

Gujarat Gas Company Limited (GGCL), is an Indian natural gas distribution company.
Established in 1980, and headquartered inAhmedabad,[2] the company operates primarily
in Gujarat.
11. Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation Ltd

Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation Ltd (GSPC) is an oil and gas exploration company
in Gujarat, India. It is India's only State Government-owned oil and gas company with
the Government of Gujarat holding approximately 95% equity stake. GSPC was
incorporated in 1979 as apetrochemical company.
12. Haldia Petrochemicals Ltd

Haldia Petrochemicals Ltd., often referred to as HPL, is the second

largest petrochemical company in India, with the company claiming a total capacity
equivalent to 7, 00,000 TPA ofethylene. It was formed out of a joint venture
between Government of West Bengal, The Chatterjee Group, TATA Group and Indian Oil
Corporation in 1994. The first commercial production started in 2001. The factory complex
is located 125 km from Kolkata, at Haldia, in the Purba Medinipur district of West Bengal,
India
13. Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL)

Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL) (BSE: 500104, NSE: HINDPETRO) is

an Indian state-owned oil and natural gascompany with its headquarters at Mumbai,
Maharashtra and with Navratna status. HPCL has been ranked 260th in the Fortune Global
500rankings of the world's biggest corporations (2013) and 4th among India's Companies
for the year 2012.
14. Indian Oil Corporation

Indian Oil Corporation (IndianOil) is India's largest commercial enterprise, with a sales
turnover of Rs. 4,50,756 crore (US$ 73.7 billion) and profits of Rs. 5,273 crore for the year
2014-15. It is also the leading Indian corporate in Fortune's prestigious 'Global 500' listing
of the world's largest corporates (and first among Indian enterprises), ranked at the 119th
position for the year 2015
15. Indraprastha Gas Limited

Indraprastha Gas Limited (IGL), is one of India's leading natural gas distribution
companies. Established in 1998, the company operates primarily in the National Capital
Region (NCR) of New Delhi.

16. Mahanagar Gas Limited

Mahanagar Gas Limited (MGL) is a natural gas distribution company located

in Mumbai,Maharashtra,India. Established in 1995, the company is a joint-venture
between GAIL, BG Group and the Government of Maharashtra
17. Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited (MRPL)

Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited (MRPL), is an oil refinery at Mangalore

and is a subsidiary of ONGC, set up in 1993. The refinery is located at Katipalla, north from
centre of Mangalore city. The refinery was established after displacing five villages of Bala,
Kalavar, Kuthetoor, Katipalla, and Adyapadi.

18. Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC)

Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC) is an

Indian multinational oil and gas company headquartered in Dehradun, India. It is aPublic
Sector Undertaking (PSU) of the Government of India, under the administrative control of
the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas. It is India's largest oil and gas exploration and
production company. It produces around 69% of India's crude oil
19. Oil India Limited (OIL)

Oil India Limited (OIL) is the second largest hydrocarbon exploration and production
Indian public sector company with its operational headquarters in Duliajan, Assam, India
under the administrative control of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas.
20. Petronet LNG Ltd

Petronet LNG Ltd is an Indian oil and gas company formed by the government of India to
import liquefied natural gas (LNG) and set up LNG terminals in the country. It is a joint
venture company promoted by the Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL), Oil and Natural
Gas CorporationLimited (ONGC), Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOC)
21. Ratnagiri Gas & Power Private Limited

Ratnagiri Gas & Power Private Limited (RGPPL) is a joint venture of NTPC
Limited and GAIL. The company was established to takeover and revive the assets of the
defunct Dabhol Power Company. RGPPL owns the India's largest gas-based power plant
and the LNG regasification terminal at Dabhol.
22. Reliance Industries Limited (RIL)

Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) is an Indian conglomerate holding

company headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Reliance owns businesses across
India engaged in energy, petrochemicals, textiles, natural resources, retail and
telecommunications. Reliance is the most profitable company in India
23. Reliance Natural Resources Limited

Reliance Natural Resources Limited is an Indian energy company involved in sourcing,

supply and transportation of gas, coal and liquid fuels. The company was incorporated on
24 March 2000 and went public on 25 July 2005. It is a part of the Reliance Anil Dhirubhai
Ambani Group. Reliance Natural Resources has merged with Reliance Power.
24. Reliance Petroleum Limited

Reliance Petroleum Limited was set up by Reliance Industries Limited (RIL), one of
India's largest private sector companies based inAhmedabad. Currently, RPL amalgamated
with RIL, and has interests in the downstream oil business. RPL also benefits from a
strategic alliance with Chevron India Holdings Pte Limited, Singapore, a wholly owned
subsidiary of Chevron Corporation USA (Chevron), which currently holds a 5% equity stake
in the Company