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Hussein Al Ghoul
Florida State University
Abstract
We intend to study the origin of the mass difference between pseudoscalar mesons and vector mesons
of the same quark combination, specifically the Pion and Rho mesons. The origin of this significant mas
difference is analogous to the hyperfine splitting in the ground state of hydrogen.We will show that the
spin-spin coupling in QCD has the same effect as in QED. The mass of the meson, as we will show within
this paper, is directly proportional to the dot product of the constinuent quarks spins and inversely
proportional to their masses, as suggested by the nonrelativistic quark model. We will then discuss different
models used in explaining the confinement of the quarks, and their effect on determining the hyperfine
splitting. Finally, we will discuss a more advanced paper [4] , with good fitting results using a relativistic
approach.
8mp me
r3
3mp me
A. Current Quarks
0 gp e2
hS~p .S~e i
3mp me a30
Name
Up (u)
Down(d)
Charm (c)
Strange (s)
Top (t)
Bottom (b)
Table.1
M ass(M eV /c2 )
1.7 to 3.3
4.1 to 5.8
1,270 70
101 20
172,000 1000
4,190 +180
60
Quarks
properties
as
J
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
B
+1/3
+1/3
+1/3
+1/3
+1/3
+1/3
suggested
by
(7)
Q
+2/3
-1/3
+2/3
-1/3
+2/3
-1/3
the
quantum numbers with the current quarks, they however have significantly different masses. A better understanding of the role of these quarks is directly
obtained from the Constituent Quark Model! . In
this model, valence quarks that are originally current quarks surrounded by a field of interacting gluons
and sea quark-antiquark pairs, are the main souce of
mass of the hadron. This model, originally suggested
by Gell-mann and Zweig, successfully predictes the
masses of light hadrons with an insignificant error as
we will show later in this paper. Other properties of
Hadrons like spin, charge, isospin, and angular momentum are also extracted from all the corresponding
quantum numbers of the valence quarks The up and
down constituent quarks, for example, have masses
300M eV /c2 . These masses are obtained by fitting
the masses of different mesons to coincide with the
proposed model.
I3
+1/2
-1/2
0
0
0
0
standard
model.
strong interactions. It has been playing a major role in describing the nature
of interactions between the nucleons and in high energy experiments.. See ref [6]
s =
1
gs2 (Q2 )
2
4
)
0 ln( |Q|
2
(9)
QCD
0 =
1
Nc
2
11
nf
2
3
3
The mass formula predicted by the quark model implies that the masses of the mesons and baryons are
given by the sum of the constituent masses of the
quarks and an extra hyperfine splitting term. As mentioned before, the hyperfine splitting term is directly
proportional to the dot product of the spins of the
quarks and inversely proportional to the product of
their masses. We can however briefly discuss the origin of this equation. In the non-relativistic limit, the
Schrodinger Equation that discribes this system of
fermions is
X
N
N
h2 2 X
+
Vij = E
(11)
2mi i i,j>i
i=1
(10)
Where N = 2 for mesons and Vij = Vqq is the potential of the corresponding system. The potential is
a combination of a confinement potential, that will
be discussed briefly later on in this paper, and a perturbed hyperfine potential.
Vqq = Vcon + Vhyp
(12)
where[1]
Vhyp = v0
N
X
~i .~j
h(rij )i
~i .~j
mi mj
i>j
(13)
rij is the distance between the i-th and j-th quarks procedure. We start off by defining the flavor waveand v0 is related to the coupling constant[1] . We can function. As mentioned before, quarks are fermions
furtherly simplify the form of this potential using,
that satisfy the Pauli exclusion principle and are defined by the isospin. An up quark (u) has an isospin
8s
(14) 1/2, and a down quark (d) has an isospin -1/2. The
v0 ~q .~q =
9
have isospins
corresponding anti-particles, u
and d,
and relating the spin operator to the sigma matrices -1/2 and 1/2 respectively (Table.1). Considering this
quantum number, a system of two particles with opmentioned above,
~
posite isospins can have a total isospin I = 0 referred
i
S~i =
(15)
to an isosinglet state with one projection (Iz = 0) and
2
I = 1 known as the isotriplet states with three proThe hyperfine splitting potential becomes,
jections (Iz = 1, 0, 1). Putting all these information
together, we can now define the flavor wavefunction
S~q .S~q
Vhyp = A
(16) of a meson (q q state), and specifically the Pion/Rho
mq mq
meson as,
where
2s
| 1, 1i =| ddi
A=
h(rqq)i
(17)
ui | ddi
| 1, 0i = 12 | u
As we mentioned earlier, the hyperfine splitting poftriplet
lavor =
| 1, 1i =|i
triplet
by QCD, color is the strong force that governs
| 1, 0i = 12 |i+ |i
spin
=
Mass Hadron
Experiment
Equation (25)
(21)
and equation(25).
mq mq
mq +mq
r2 =
Vho ~ ~
mr (q .q)
r =
p mr r
Rho +
775.4 M eV /c2
774.205 M eV /c2
Pion +
139.57 M eV /c2
141.385 M eV /c2
i. The Linear Potential! The 2-body linear poten- In this section we discuss a different approach, a reltial is defined as[1] ,
ativistic approach, in explaining the mass difference
bettween the Pion and Rho mesons. Using the Twor
[2]
Vlinear (r) = 2
(23) Body Dirac Equation , and implementing relativisa
tic interaction terms into the Hamiltonian of the modified relativistic Schrodinger equation, the energy of
The corresponding wavefunction is,
the quark-antiquark bound states can be determined.
The four component Schrodinger equation (Ref[2],
2
1
2r 2a En
n = Ai [
]
(24)
eq.2) can be further simplified to include only the rar
(2a)2/3
dial part, and the pion spin-singlet differential equation becomes,
where Ai is the Airy function.
Other confining potential candidates include the Cor
nel potential ( a combination of Coulomb and linear
d2
2
2
potentials), and the logarithmic potential. (More in 2 +2m S +S +2 AA +D 3SS v0 = b2 v0
dr
formation about these two potentials can be found in
(26)
Ref[1]).
A
similar
analysis
is
done
for
the
rho
vector
meson
Now using s (u, d) = 0.6 and |(0)|2 /mq mq = 33, we
which is a spin-triplet state. A superposition between
get the final form of the mass formula
the S-wave and D-wave is observed, and the two states
couple together in equations (4) and (5) (Ref[2]). AlS~q .S~q
M (meson) = mq + mq + A
(25) though the Cornel potential is widely used to describe
mq mq
the confinement of the quarks inside the meson, hoever it doesnt reflect the asymptotic freedom of a
2mq 2
2
with A = ( h ) (159M eV /c ) is the constant defined
quark-antiquark system. A different potential, inibefore.
tially suggested by Richardson for heavy quarkonia,
We can now test this formula with a direct applica[2]
system, the spin dot product is used
tion. Consider the (u, d)
is of the following form,
82 r
16
V
(r)
=
(27)
+1
f
or
S=1
27
27rln(Ke2 + B/(r)2 )
S~u .S~d =
3 f or S=0
here mu = md = 306 M eV /c2 .
presented in Table.2.
*See Ref[9] for more information about this potential
Using the wavefuctions plotted above, and taking into account all the interactions, the eigenvalues,
b2 , are obtained and the masses of the pion and
the rho are 0.159 GeV and 0.792 GeV respectively.
Table 2 in Ref [2] includes the contribution of all
the interaction terms initially implemented in the
Hamiltonian. An important observation lies behind
the significant contribution of the spin-spin interaction term. The mass difference between the
pion and the rho is again due to the spin-spin
interaction between the quarks.
References
[1] Boaz Keren-Zur, Testing conning potentials
through meson/baryon hyperne splittings.
[2] Jin-Hee Yoon, On the Mass Dierence between
and using a Relativistic Two-Body Model.
[3] Donald H. Perkins, Particle Astrophysics.
[4] S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. Lett. 18, 188191 (1967).
[5] W. Weise, Quarks and Nuclei.
[6] Frank Wilczek, QCD Made Simple.
[7] Frank Wilczek, Nobel Lecture: Asymptotic
freedom: From paradox to paradigm.
[8] Santanu Pal, Nuclear Physics at Intermediate
Energies.
[9] E Cuervo-Reyes, Hadron Spectra from a NonRelativistic Model with Conning Harmonic Potential.
[10] P. Leal Ferreira, J. A. Helayel and N. Zagury, A
Linear-Potential Model for Quark Confinement.