EVIDENCEATTACKOUTLINE

Relevance:
401:IsErelevant?(1)anytendencytomakefactmore/lesslikely?Foster;(2)factindispute?
402:Ifrelevant,isEexcludableb/cprohibitedbyC,fedstatute,orfederalrules?

MiscRelevanceRules:
407:IstheEofasubsequentremedialmeasure?
o Measurestakenthatwouldhavemadeearlierharmlesslikelytooccur.
o Notadmissibletoprovenegligence,culpability,defectinproduct/design,needforwarning.
o Admissibleforimpeachment(onlytosuperlativesorifsayshasntbeenchangedsinceaccident),or(ifdisputed)to
proveownership,control,orfeasibilityofprecautionarymeasuresortodefeatclaimofCN/CPN.
o Appliesonlytochangesmadeafteraccident/harm,notpostmanufactureerror,preharm(policyreasons).
408:IstheEofoffersmadeorrefused,orofconductorstatementsfromcompromisenegotiationsinacivilcase,being
introducedtoprovethevalidityorextentoftheclaim?
o IsEundertheexceptionforstatements/conduct(notoffers/acceptances)fromnegotiationsinacivildisputebya
govregulatory,investigative,orenforcementagency,nowbeingofferedinacriminalcase?Prewitt.
o Doesanotherexceptionapply?ToproveWsbiasorprejudice,negatingacontentionofunduedelay,proving
anefforttoobstructacriminvestigationorprosecution,notice(thatsubseqconductwrongful),breachof
settlementagreement.
o Wasthereadisputeattimeofstatement?
o Cantadmitownstatements.
o Notadmissibleforimpeachmentofpriorinconsistentstatementsorcontradiction.
409:IsEofpaying,promisingorofferingtopaymedical,similarexpensesresultingfrominjury?Notadmisstoproveliab.
410:Incivilorcrimcase,ispartyseekingtoadmitEofguiltyplealaterwithdrawn,pleaofnocontest,statementsduring
pleaproceedingsordiscussions(ifpartiesdontagreeorPlaterrevokesoffer)?
o Hasanotherstatementfromdiscussionbeenintroduced&infairnessshouldbeconsideredtogether?
o Isthisaperjury/falsestatementcrimcase,anddidDmakestatementunderoath,onrecord,w/counselpresent?
o Guiltypleasareadmissibleinsubsequentcivillitigation.
o Notadmissibleforimpeachment.
o Isthereawaiver?Mezzanatto.
o Althoughruledoesnttechnicallyapplytoprosecutorstatements,courtshaveinterpreteditto.
411:IspartyseekingtointroduceEthatpersonwasorwasntinsuredagainstliabilitytoprovepersonactednegligentlyor
wrongfully?
o Notadmissible,excepttoproveWsbiasorprejudice,orprovingagency,ownershiporcontrol.

CharacterE&SexualConduct(404(a)&412):
Isitacivilcase?
o Ischaracterinissue?Ifyes,thenprovablebyR&Oorspecificinstancesofconduct.405(b);Schaferlibel.
o IsitcircumstantialuseofcharacterE?Notadmissible.404(a);Ginter.
o IsEofacrime,wrongorotheractbeingusedforanotherpurpose?Motive?Opportunity?Intent?Preparation?
Plan?Knowledge?ID?Absenceofmistake?Lackofaccident?Other?Thenokifpasses403.

Ifcaseinvolvesallegedsexualmisconduct,cannotintroEofVssexualbehaviororpredisposition,unlessPV
substoutweighsdangerofharmtoanyV&unfairprejtoanyparty(rev403).AndcanonlyintroEofVs
reputationifVhasplaceditincontroversy.412.
o Isitacaseinvolvingsexualassaultorchildmolestation?Ifso,thecourtcanadmitEthatDadmittedanyother
sexualassaultorchildmolestation.
Isitacriminalcase?
o Ischaracterinissue?Ifyes,provablebyR&Oorspecificinstancesofconduct.405(b).
o Isitcircumstantialuse?
IsgovintrodgEofDscharacterinCIC/w/oDdoingitfirst?Notadmiss.404(a);WilliamsFastEddie.
DidDintroducecharEabouthimselfonarelevanttrait?OkifbyR&O.404(a)(2)(A).
Govcanrebut(forimpeachment)w/EofDsperttrait(narrowedtotrait)byR&O.404(a)(2)(A).
CanbringinspecificactsbyaskingdidyouknoworhaveyouheardthatDdidX?Michelson.
ButonlyifsomethingthatWwouldhaveknowledgeof.I.e.notlyingtoGJ.
DidDintroducecharacterEaboutvictim?
Isitarape/sexassaultcase?Goto412.404(a)(2)(B).
o CannotintroduceEtoproveVengagedinsexualbehaviororprovesexualpredisposition
unless(a)offeredtoprovesomeoneotherthanDwassourceofsemenorinjuryin
particularincident(notgenerally);(b)EofspecificinstancesofVssexualbehaviorw/D
toproveconsent;(c)EwhoseexclusionwouldviolateDsconrights.BearStops.
Doesnotcoverfalseclaimsofrape;doescoveractivitiesofthemind.Wolak.
Isitarelevanttrait?Ifyes,onlybyR&O.404(a)(2)(B).
Didgovrespondby:
o Rebutting?OnlythroughR&O.404(a)(2)(B).
o OfferingEaboutD?
DidDintroEaboutVforreasonotherthantoshowproptoactinway?Ifyes,
cantretaliateb/cnotcharacterE.
Wasitonthesametrait?Ifyes,okifbyR&O.
o Ifhomicide,EofVpeacefulness?404(a)(2)(C).
DidcharacterwitnessgivepositiveopaboutD?GovmaycrossaboutWknowledgeofspecificincidents.
IsgovintroducingEofcrimes,wrongsorotheracts?
IsEadmittedtoprovepersonscharactertoshowthatonoccasionactedinaccw/it?Ify,x.
IsEadmitforanotherpurpose?Motive?Opportunity?Intent?Preparation?Plan?Knowledge?
ID?Absenceofmistake?Lackofaccident?Other?OKifprosprovidesreasnotice.404(b)(2).
o

Evidenceofspecificpastcrimes,wrongs,acts(404(b)&413415)
IspartyseekingtoadmitEofacrime,wrongorotheracttoshowthatpersonactedinaccordancew/characteron
occasions?(civilorcriminal).
o Notadmissible,excepttoprove:
Motivei.e.sexw/patientsexplainswritingbadprescriptions.Potter.Ormafiaaffiliationexplainskilling
stranger.Santiago.NOTokifneedinferenceofpropensity.Varoudakisburnsthingswhenstressed.Drug
useasmotiveforstealing$$onlyifseriousaddiction&doesnthavefinancialmeanstosupport.
Opportunity
Intent/Knowledge:ToproveDhadknowledgerelevanttocrime@issue(mustbev.similarorjust
propensitytocommitcrimes);I.e.Martinez(wouldknowwhatthingsjabbinginbagwere);Jones(prior
convictionfordeliveringcokeadmisswhenDdenieddrugswerehis).ESPlikelytogetinifdefisthat
didnthaveknowledge/intent.Hearst(torebutdefofduress).
Preparation
Planifpartofbroaderplanorscheme.I.e.stolemcartobeusedinrobbery.Carroll.
Identitydistinctivemethodofcommittingcrime(idiosyncratic),samelocation(7/1152x),samevictim.
ORtoshowsomethingbelongedtohim(i.e.glassineenvelopesinDsBRadmisstoshowthatE,notmom,
ownedheroininmailbox.
2

Absenceofmistake
Lackofaccident:WhenDadmitsactbutdeniesintent.I.e.POkillingpplw/chokehold.Willchangebeh.
Control:Toshowwhowaspilotofillegallydockedboat,EthatDmadepplwalkplank.Reme.403issues.
Otherpurpose:I.e.Woods(inbabycyanosiscase,showsextremelyunlikelytobeaccident);Steinberg(to
explainwhyCLwifedidnthelpadopteddaughter).
Impeachment(priorinconsistentstatement,bias,contradiction)
UnchargedconductadmissifsufficientEtosupportfindingbyjurybypreponderancethatDcommittedact.
104(b).Govneedsgoodfaithbelief.Huddlestonstandard.
AcquittaldoesntmakeEinadmissibleb/cdiffstandardsofproof.MereEofarrestnotadmissw/omore.
Isitasexualassaultorchildmolestationcase?
CourtmayadmitEthatDcommittedanyothersexualassaultorchildmolestation,subjectto403.
403balancingshouldconsider:(1)similiaryofpast&chargedacts;(2)closenessintimeofacts;
(3)frequencyofprioracts;(4)presenceorlackofinterveningcircumstances;(5)necessityofE
beyondtestimoniesalreadyofferedattrial.Lemayv.simcrimes,nectorebutattackonVcred.
Veryhardtokeepoutw/403b/coktouseforpropensity.Rareexceptionsif12actsinpast,may
excludedistantones,orifverydiffcrime(daterape15yrsagov.assaultduringgynoexam).

o
o
o

Habit:
406:IspartyseekingtointroduceEofhabitorroutinepracticeofogtoprovethatonoccasionperson/orgactedinacc?
o Habitofindiv:
Nocorroborationneeded.
Mustconsider:(1)degtowhichconductreflexive/semiautomaticasopptovolitional;(2)specificityof
conduct;&(3)regularity/numerosityofexamples.Angwinnothabittotakeleastconfrontationalapproach.
Notlikelyifextremelycomplicatedordependsoncoopfromothers.
Mustshowadequacyofsampling&uniformityofresponse.Boggs(excessiveforcein5arrestsnotadmiss
w/oEoftotal#ofarrests).
Courtsv.reluctanttoadmit.
BurdenofprovinghabitonproponentofE;thenburdenshiftstoopponenttoshowactionsinconsistentw/.
o Routinepracticeoforg:
Moreliberallyadmitted.Emphasisonroutinenatureofactiv.I.e.screeningorwarningprocedures.

Expert/LayWitnessOpinion:
701:IsElaywitnessopinion?
o IsitrationallybasedonWsPK?(oktoguessaboutspeed,height,beingangryreasonableinference).
o IsithelpfultounderstandingWstmonyortodeterminingafactinissue?
YazzieWstmonythatDappearedtobe16helpfulwhenreasmistakeofagedefinstatrapecase.
o Isitnotbasedonscientific,technical,orotherspecializedknowledgew/in702?
o OKifonultimateissue,butnotifmerelytellsjurywhatresulttoreach,Kostelecky,orifusesstatutorylanguage.
o Isopbasedonspecializedknowledgeandnotw/incommonperception/understanding?Thenneed702/expert.
702:IsEexpertopinion?(Judgeasgatekeeper)
o Qualifiedbyknowledge,skill,experience,trainingoreducation?
o (a)SpecializedknowledgewillhelptrierinfacttounderstandEordetermineafactinissue?
ifmatterobviouslyw/incommonknowledgeofjurors,nothelpfulbutusuallyharmless.
o (b)Basisofopinion:Tmonybasedonsufficientfacts/data?
703:Facts/dataincasethatexperthasbeenmadeawareoforpersonallyobserved.Ifexpertsinfieldwould
relyupon,neednotbeadmissible.Ifotherwiseinadmissible,proponentmayonlyadmitifPVsubstantially
outweighsprejeffect.
o (c)Methodology:Tmonyproductofreliableprinciples/methods?(4factors)
Daubertfactors:falsifiability,peerreview&publication,known/potentialrateoerror,genacceptance.

Otherrelevantfactors:methodologydevelopedforlitigation,altexplanationsaccountedfor,depthof
knowledge/experience,whetherusedsamecareaswouldinfield,whetheranalyticgaps/extrapolation.
(d)Whasreliablyappliedprinciples/methodstofactsofthecase?
Isitonultimateissue?Okunlessincrimcase,opinionaboutwhetherDhasSOMthatiselementofcrime.704.
W/DSOM,okiftestifyinvagueenoughhypotheticals.
Rareforexpertoponultissuetobehelpful;sometimesifcapstone/synthesisofopinion.
Ifexpertusesterminologyw/bothlegalandcolloquialconnotations,qwhethertermshaveasep,distinct,
specializedmeaninginlawdifffromvernacular(reasonableok,negligentnot).
IfexpertisevaluatingWcredibility,asinofficersunlikelytolieaboutexcessiveforce,soperhapsopticalillusion
madehimshootnotadmissible,b/cinstructingjuryastoultdeterminationw/initsprovincecredibility.Nimely.
Ifarguingforsaferdesign/method,musthaveeithertriedtoimplementorshowthathasbeenimplemented.
ExpertmaybaseopiniononfactsinadmissibleasEifexpertsinfieldwouldreasonablyrelyon.BUT
Ifopinionbasedoninadmissibleinfo,mayonlydiscloseinadmissinfotojuryifPVinexplainingopinion
substantiallyoutweighsprejeffecttoopponent/riskjurywillusefortruth(reverse403).Butonlyfor
credibility,notfortruth(mayneedlimitinginstruction).703.
705:Expertmaystateopinion&reasonsw/ofirsttestifyingtounderlyingfacts.Butmaybereqdtodisclosefacts
oncross.Adversepartynotrestrictedinpresentingunderlyinginfooncross,butopensdoor.
Iflawatissuehasreasonablepersonclause,isexperttooqualifiedtobereasonableperson?HannaSSagents.

o
o

o
o
o

o
o

Hearsay:
801:Isitanoutofcourtstatementofferedtoprovetruthofthematterasserted?
Istheoutofcourtstatementhearsay?
o Canthegovmakeanargthatitisofferedforreasonotherthanfortruthofthematter?Ifnot,nothearsay.
AsEoforalcontract?Craghe.
Offeredforeffectonlistener(makesurestatementthatpartywouldorshouldhaveheard)?
VinyardcomplaintsaboutslicknesstoshowDhadnoticeofslipperysurface.
ToexplainwhyPOwentintoclosettosearch.
ForprovocationdefensetomurderIhadsexw/yourwife.
Togivebackground/contextofpoliceactions?(Slaughter)(buthastobeplausible&pass403).
I.e.Yourenotgoingtokillsomeone,areyou?Ihaveto.NeedQ.
TopermitinferenceaboutD?Wickstruthofmethformulairrel,forinfthatinvolvedindrugtrafficking.
Forcomparisontosomething?Streettocompareconfessions.
Asanimpliedassertion?Qwhetherreasonablepersonmakingstatementwouldhaveintendedto
communicatetheimpliedassertionthatpropofferingfortruth?
Zennicallingtoplacebets;BerriosthisisPablohearsayb/csayingthisishisname,buthi
Pablowouldbeimpliedassertionb/cjustgreeting.
Forfalsity?I.e.inMarthaStewartcaseaccomplicestatementaboutwhereMSgotstockadmissin
obstructionofjusticecase.
W/allofthesewillcomew/LI.
NOCCproblemifnothearsayb/cnotofferedagainstDfortruthofstatement/notWagainstD.
Doesahearsayexclusionapply?
o 801(d)(1)(A):Isthestatementaformerinconsistentstatementofthedeclarantwitness?
Admissiblefortruthonlyifmadeunderpenaltyofperjury@trial,hearing,GJ,deposition.
Declarantmustbeonstandattrialtobecrossed.
Mustbeverbatimrecord.Livingston.
Ifnotmadeatformalproceeding,onlyadmissibleforimpeachment.613.
Mustbestatementtoprosecutor/court.Statementtoofficeronlyadmissforimpeachment.
NoCCproblemb/cdeclarantisonstandandcanbecrossed.
o 801(d)(1)(B):Isthestatementaformerconsistentstatementofdeclarantwitness?
Declarantmustbeonstandattrialtobecrossed.

Admissiblefortruthonlyifofferedtorebutexpressorimpliedchargethatdeclrecentlyfabricatedoracted
fromrecentimproperinfluenceormotive,andstatementwasmadebeforechargedrecentfabricationor
impropermotivearose.Tome.
Otherwise,admissibleonlytorehabilitateWscredafterattacked.Harris.
I.e.ifstatementmadeunderdifferentcircumstances&explainsaninconsistency,orifattackedfor
havingfaultyrecall.
NoCCproblemb/cdeclarantonstandandcanbecrossed.
o 801(d)(1)(C):Isthestatementanidentificationofsomeonedeclarantperceivedearlier?
Declarantmustbeonstandattrialtobecrossed.
DoesntmatterifdeclarantcannotIDpersonattrial.Blackman.
Doesntmatterifdeclarantcannotrememberbasisforidentificationb/cofmemloss.Owens.
Goodenoughifonstand,underoath,andrespondswillinglytoQs.
NoCCproblemb/cdeclarantonstandandcanbecrossed.
o 801(d)(2)(A):Statementbypartyopponentinindividualcapacity?
NoPKreq(602doesntapply).
Neednotbeincriminatorywhenmade.Justmadebyparty,offeredagainstpartybyotherpartyattrial.
Cantadmitonlypartofstatementifmisleading(Rofcompleteness106)
Butifstatementcontainsfullconfessionofcrime/restirrelevant,cansplit.Branchguns,ATFagents.
NoCCproblemb/cmadestatement,cantcomplain.Cantcross/confrontyourself.
o 801(d)(2)(B):Statementthatpartyopponentmanifestedoradoptedastrue?
NoPKreq.
IfXmakesstatementthatundercircumstances,aninnocentDwouldnormallybeinducedtorespondto
andtherearesufficientfoundationalfactsfromwhichajurycouldinferDheard,understood,acquiesced
(104(b)).Carrv.Deeds(POhearsPtellfamPOcausedinjuries);Hoosier(GFshouldsee$$inhotelrm).
NoCCproblemb/cessentiallymadestatementbyadoptingit/cantconfrontself.
o 801(d)(2)(C):Statementbypersonwhompartyopponentauthorizedtomakestatementonsubject?
NoPKreq.
Statementitselfdoesntestauthority(needcorrob)
Ifhiresomeonetospeakonyourbehalf(PRagent).Narrowexception.
Ifdamagingstatementtoemployer,probnotadmissb/cprobnotauthorized.
CCproblem?Nob/cauthorizedsocantcomplain?
o 801(d)(2)(D):Statementbypartyopponentsagent/employeeonmatterw/inscopeofrelp,whileitexisted?
NoPKreq.
Statementitselfdoesntestexistenceorscopeofrelp(corrob)
Agencyusuallyemployee,notfriend.Canbeprovedcircumstantially(Peteoveralls).
W/inscopemustbeemployed@time,butdonthavetobeatwork.Mustbew/inscopeofduties.Canbe
damagingtoemployer.
MightbeCCissueifemployeecanttakeillegalactivitiesanymoreandconfessestoPOwhileemployed.
o 801(d)(2)(E):Statementbypartyopponentscoconspirator,duringcourseof&infurtheranceofconspiracy?
NoPKreq.
Statementitselfdoesntestablishexistenceofconspiracyorparticipation(needcorrob).Toprove
conspiracy,hearsaystatementmaybeconsidered(Bourjaily),butnotsufficient/cantbootstrap(Tellier).
CorroboratingEcannotbewhollyinnocuous(Silvermansisterw/drugs).Canadmitcondyunder104(b).
Infurtherance:ifintenttofurther,doesntmatterifactuallydoes(i.e.toCI);notifconfessiontopolice
officerorjusttowife(Persico);yesifapprisingmembersofupdates(Provenzano).
Duringcourse:Fedrulethatconspiracyendswhengoalisaccomplished.Notoutjustb/cinprison.
(Persico).Haventwithdrawnifreceivingpension.Maybenewconspiracytogoback&killW.
StatementsmadebycoconspiratorbeforeDjoinsadmittedagainstD;notafterDhasleft(train).Notnec
outifcooperatingw/POifhaventnotifiedotherconspirators.
NoCCissueb/chastobeinfurtheranceofconspiracytomeethearsayexception,andiftoPO,notin
furtherance.IfdontknowitsPO,theninfurtherancebutwontbetestimonial.
Doesan803exceptionapply?(regardlessofDunavailabilityb/csoreliable).

803(1):Presentsenseimpression:isitastatementdescribingorexplaininganeventorcondition,madewhileor
immediatelyafterdeclarantperceivedit?
Admissregardlessofdeclarantavailability.
Immediacyeliminatesconcernforlackofmemory&precludestimeforintentionaldeception.
Immediateisrigorousstandard(not1545minutesHilyer).
ProponentmustprovidecorroboratingEthateventoccurredasdescribed,&provePKbypreponderance.
OKifcorroborationdoesnthavealldetails,ifshowseventoccurred(okifcorrobWnotinmtgifsawdecl
goinBlakey).
CouldbeCCissueifPOisthereattimeofstatement.
803(2):Excitedutterances:Doesthestatementrelatetoastartlingeventorcondition,madewhiledeclarantwas
underthestressofexcitementitcaused?
NeedPKOJcase.
Admissregardlessofdeclarantavailability.
Ifreasontofabricateandtimetocalmdown,notEU(Marrowboneteenrape).
Muststillbeunderinfluenceofstartlingevent;exciteometercantflatline.
Okifhaventprocessed/reflectedandthensomethingdirectlyrelevanttriggers(Napieraftercoma,seepic
ofDinpaper;notabouteatingcookie/remindsofyouth;Jenningsabuseonplane).
ProbablynotCCproblemb/cifexcited,notthinkingaboutlitigation.UnlessPOthererightafter
emergencyandpersonsays,Thatguysguilty,youhavetoputhiminjail!
803(3):Thenexistingmental,emotionalorphysicalcondition:IsitastatementofdeclarantsthenexistingSOM
(motive,intent,plan),oremotional,physicalorsensorycondition(mentalfeeling,pain,bodilyhealth),notincluding
statementofmemoryorbelieftoprovefactrememberedorbelieved(unlessaboutawill).
Soitshotnotokb/cbelief,butsayingIfeelhotprobably.
Similarly,Itscoldnot;butIneedtoputonasweaterok.
Admissregardlessofdeclarantavailability.
Mustbeaconditionnotaperception(i.e.notthatyousmellsomething).
IfSOMelementofcase,admissfortruth(AdkinsIhateyou).Dcanofferhisstatementsonownbehalf.
Ifforwardlookingintention,admissibleforinferencethatdeclarantactedinaccordancew/(Hillmon);
maybeadmissibletoshowthatthirdpartyactedinaccordancew/(HillmonII)(somecourtsadmitw/
corroborationi.e.JamescheatingonMTAtest).
Sometimesokevenifstretchthatactuallyspontaneous(Lawalafter24hrflight,angeratsetup).
OftenofferedforSOMofvictimtoinfermotiveofD(i.e.ifsaidwoulddivorcehusbandinpresence).
Willonlypass403ifprobative/relevant.I.e.ifinStager(killinghusbandinsleepw/hisguncassettesays
iffindmedead,wife),herdefwasthatboughtguntoshoothimbuthewasalreadydead,thennotrelev.
Needforstatementswillovercomeprejif(1)ifDclaimsSDinkilling,Pcanrebutw/hearsayofVfearing
D;(2)ifDarguesthatVcommittedsuicide,canrebutw/inconsistentstatements;(3)ifDclaimsaccidental
deathwhentogether,canrebutw/hearsayofVfearingD(i.e.cleaningguns).
Backwardlookingstatementsinadmissible.ShepardDr.Shephaspoisonedme.WouldswallowHrule.
ProbnotTb/crarelytoPOs,usuallyVsayingthinkDtryingtokillme,orImgoingtomeethim.BUT
closestcaseStagercassettesayingiffindmedead,wifekilledme.
803(4):Statementsfortreatmentordiagnosis:Isstatementmadefor,&reasonablypertinentto,med
diagnosis/treatment,&describesmedhistoryorpastorpresentsymptoms&sensations,theirinceptionorgeneral
cause?
Admissregardlessofdeclavailability.
Onlycoversstatementsfrompatienttodoctor,notfromdoctortopatient.
Ifstatementoffault/cause,notadmissunlessrelevanttotreatment.Rockv.Huffcoankleinjuries.
Notrelevanthowfelloff4storybuilding.Maybeif1story.Cook.
Faultmaymatterifchildsexabusecasewillneedtoberemovedfromhome.MaybeinDVtoo.
Coversstatementsbyparents/spouseforpurposesoftreatment,andstatementstofamilymembersorsocial
workersifforpurposesoftreatment.
Mostcourtsadmitstatementstopsychiatristifactualtreatment/diagdependsontruth.
ProbablynotCCissue,butperhapsifstatementtoforensicexaminerandperttotreatment.

803(5):Pastrecordedrecollection:WasrecordmadeoradoptedbyWwhenfreshinmemorybutWcantnow
recallwellenoughtotestifyaccurately?AndrecordaccuratelyreflectsWsknowledge?
RecordmaybereadintoE,butmayonlybereceivedasexhibitifofferedbyadverseparty.
Declarantdoeshavetobeavailable(misplacedin803).Butjustthereforfoundation,notcross.
NoCCproblemb/cpersonwhopreparedreporthastobeonstand.
803(6):Businessrecordsexception:Istherecordofanact,event,condition,opinionordiagnosis?
Recordmustbemadeatorneartimeby(orfrominfotransmittedby)someonew/PK.
Recordmustbekeptintheordinarycourseofregularlyconductedactivityofanorg,occupationorcalling.
Canbebasedinpartonrecordsthemselvesorganized,precise,lookedroutine.
Recordmakingmustbearegularpracticeoftheactivity.
Ifregularrecordsbuthavenonregularstatements(i.e.drugtransactionsw/occasionalmurders),canonly
introduceitemsthatareregularlyconducted&recorded.
Foundationrequirement:AllconditionsmustbeshownbytmonyofcustodianorqualifiedW,orby
qualifyingcertificate(bystatutepermittingcertification).Doesntneedtobepreparerofrecordorsomeone
w/PKofhowrecordwasmadeifhavePKofrecordkeepingsystem(Keoghblackjackdealerswife.Can
getknowledgeaboutRKfromstatementsofothers.
Neithersourcesnormethodsmayindicateuntrustworthiness.
Ifincludesstatementofbystandernotunderdutytoreport,reportnotadmissorbystanderstatementmust
beextracted.Johnsonv.Lutzofficeraccidentreportw/bystanderstatement.Hearsayw/inhearsayprob.
Unlessseparatebasisforadmittingbystanderhearsaystatementi.e.excitedutterance,statement
ofpartyopponent.
OKifbystanderw/inbusiness/reportingstructure.
Alsonotokifrecordhasnoverificationofthirdpartyentries.I.e.VigneausendersfilloutinfoonWestern
Unionmoneyorderforms.Wouldbediffifhadverification/checkedID.
Particularizedgroundsforuntrustworthiness:(a)bias;(b)noPK/doublehearsay;(c)recordincludes
unreliableopinion.
Recordsexcludedifpreparedinanticipationoflitigationiffavorabletopreparer.Palmerv.Hoffman(RR
engineerafteraccident).Ififunfavorabletopreparingparty,okb/cnoinferenceofsuspectmotivation.
Opinionsadmissible,butifincludesexpertopinion,mustsatisfyDaubertrequirements(i.e.ifmedical
recordafteraccidentmakesbigassumption,DcanchallengeinDauberthearing.
ProbnoCCissueb/ccantbeinanticipationoflitigationunlessunfavorable.Possibleissueifhospital
toxicscreeningandhavecloserelpw/PD.
803(7):Absenceofarecordofaregularlyconductedactivity:Ethatamatterisnotincludedinarecord
describedin(6)admissibleifadmittedtoprovematterdidntexist,recordregykeptformatterofthatkind,&
nothingindicateslackoftrustworthiness.
Mustmeetall803(6)requirements(i.e.foundation).
I.e.Dw/rentalcarchargedw/theft,arguesrentedabsenceofrentalagreement.
803(8):Publicrecords:Isitarecordorstatementofapublic(gov)officethatsetsouteither(i)theoffices
activities;(ii)amatterobservedwhileunderalegaldutytoreport(doesntincludeincrimcase,matterobservedby
LEpersonnel);or(iii)incivilcaseoragainstgovincrimcase,factualfindingsfromalegallyauthorized
investigation?
(B)neithersourceofinfonorothercircumstancesmayindicatelackoftrustworthiness(bias,hearsayw/in
hearsay,unreliableopinion).
Notregularlyconductedbutpresumptivelyreliableb/cwholejobtokeeprecords.
Assumptionthatpublofficialsperformjobsproperly.Dontneedtobeavailablewldkeepfrompubduty.
Usuallyasealthattakescareofreliability.Ifnot,needEofauthenticity.
Ifagencyinvestigatingitself,lessreliable.I.e.ifPOreviewbrd100%POs.Unlessunfavorable(Beebe).
Ifopinionofofficialsinreport,doDauberthearingwhethersufficientlyqualifiedtodrawopinion,
whethersufficientbasis,whetherusedreliablemethods.
Ifreportreliesuponbystanders,okb/cexpertcangiveproperweight.Butbystanderstatementsredacted.
LEreportsofferedagainstcrimDbarredb/cofCCissues/bias.

UNLESSGrady(serial#songuns)orOrozco(licenseplates)b/cnoDtargetedyet(v.Oatesrep
ofPOchemistoncocainefoundonD;MelendezDiazpreparedinanticipationoflitigation
againstD).
Admissregardlessofdeclarantavailability.Butcanevade803(8)requirementsbycallingW.
ProbnoCCissueb/cMDsaidindictumifinunder803(8),noCCissue.ButKaganwillhaveproblemw/
Gradysituationb/cforlitigationevenifdonthavespecificD.
o 803(10):Absenceofapublicrecord:
Needtmonyorcertificationthatadiligentsearchfailedtodiscloserecord/statement.Officialwhochecked
recordsneednottestify;affidavittoshowdiligentsearchsufficient.
Affidavitcantbeconclusorymustdescribemethodsofsearch&safeguardstopreventerror.
Admisstoprovethat(A)record/statementdoesntexistor(B)matterdidntoccur/doesntexistifpublic
officewouldgenerallykeeprecord/statementformatterofthatkind.
I.e.Dcantproducefirearmslicensenorecordfromissuer.
CCissueb/cpreparedsolelyforlitigation.Butamendmentprovidingfornotice&demandproceduresto
admitcertificate,havetogivepretrialnoticeandDcandemandproductionofW.
o 803(18):Statementsinlearnedtreatises,periodicals,orpamphlets(includesvideos)admissibleif:
Regardlessofdeclarantavailability.
MustbereliedonbyexpertWondirectorcalledtoattentionofexpertWoncross.
Mustbeestdasareliableauthoritybytheexpertstestimony,byanotherexpert,orbyjudicialnotice.
MaybereadintoEbutcantbereceivedasexhibit.
NoCCissuenobodywritestreatisetobeprimarilyusedincrimcase.Wouldntbeauthoritative.
Doesan804exceptionapply?(dependentuponunavailabilityofdeclarant):
o 804(a):Isdeclarantunavailable?
804(a)(1):exemptedfromtestifyingaboutSMb/caprivilegeexists?
Mustactuallyinvokeprivorplanto;notenoughtospeculatethatwould.Pelton&Rich.
MusthavejudicialrulingthatWisexempt(notenoughtoassertpriv).MacCloskey.
IfDtestifiesinfirsttrial,mistrial,theninvokesprivin2nd,cantintrotmonyb/ccreatedown
unavailability.Kimball.
PcangrantWimmunity,butwilneedKastigarhearingtoshownotusingfruits.Dolah.
804(a)(2):refusestotestifyaboutSMdespitecourtorder/threatofcontempt?
804(a)(3):testifiestonotrememberingSM?
Mustbeserious,notjustforgettingdetails.Countsevenifpossiblethatpersonwillrecover.
804(a)(4):absentb/cofdeathorphys/mentalillnessorinfirmity?
Judgemustevaluatewhether/whenhewillgetbetter.Faison(bypasssurgery/heartcondition
shouldhaveadjournedforreasonableperiodb/cmayhavebeentemporary).
804(a)(5):isabsent,andproponenthasntbeenablebyprocessorotherreasonablemeanstoget
attendance(if(b)(1)or(6)orattendanceortmony(if(b)(2),(3),or(4))?
Mustshowhasntbeenpossibletotakeadepositionw/duediligence(outofjurisdictionnot
enough,mustbebeyondsubpoenapwrnationwidew/crimcases,100milebulgew/civil.
Ornotavailableb/copponentintentionallykeptoffstand(seebelow)
o 804(b):Ifso,doesoneofthefollowingexceptionsapply?
804(b)(1):FormerTmony:IsitformertmonygivenbyWdeclarant@trial,hearingordeposition,
duringcurrentproceedingordiffone,nowofferedagainstapartywhohad(orincivilcaseagainst
predecessorininterestwhohad)opportunity&similarmotivetodirectorcrossexamine?
GJneveradmissibleagainstDb/cnochancetodirect/crossexamine.
GJsometimesadmissagainstprosecutor;majrule/DiNapolisaysgovmusthavehadsimmotive
todevelop/i.e.ifindictmentclosecall;9C/McFallallowsevenifnotsimmotiveifissueDsguilt.
Incivilcase,tobePII,shouldbesomekindofguardianship,estate,ormergedcorps(John
Manville).Notenoughtobe2pplwhogotkilledbysamebus.
Musthavehadsimilarmotive(i.e.BaileyDdidnthavemotivetocrossJuneinrobberytrialthe
wayhewouldinhisowndivorcetrial).

 Dmustbeunavailable.
NoCCissueb/calreadycrossed.
804(b)(2):DyingDeclarations:[Ifinhomicideorcivilcase],isitastatementthatdeclarantmade,while
believingdeclarantsdeathtobeimminent,aboutitscauseorcircumstances?
Declarantdoesnthavetobetolddyingifobviousfromcircumstances.Quintana.
Mustbeawareofaswift&certaindoom,&havegivenupallhopeofrecovery.Shepard.
Onlystatementsaboutcause/circumstancesofdeathadmiss,otherstatementswillberedacted.
MustestPK.IfsayTomFordshotmebutwasinback,noPK.
Dmustbeunavailable.
CouldbeCCissueifofficertherewhendying.ButhistoricalexceptiontoCC?Crawford.
804(b)(3):Statementagainstpecuniaryorpenalinterest:Statementcontrarytodeclarants
proprietary/pecuniaryorpenalinterest?
Ifcriminalcase&exposesdeclaranttocrimliability,mustbesupportedbycorroborating
circumstancesthatclearlyindicatetrustworthiness.
CantbestatementofDb/cnotunavailable.
Mustredactnoninculpatorystatementsfromconversation.Williamson.
IfstatementtoPObydeclarantimplicatingD,notadmissb/ccurryingfavor.
Iftosomeoneelse,admissb/ccouldturnyouin(evenwife),unlessbraggingtogetahead.
Dmustbeunavailable.
NoCCissueb/ciftopolice,curryingfavor;butifnottopolice,nottestimonial.
804(b)(4):Isitastatementaboutdeclarantsbirth,adoption,legitimacy,ancestry,marriage,divorce,
familyrelporsimilarfactsofpersonalorfamhistory,oraboutfamilymembersbirth,etcifintimate
relation?
Dmustbeunavailable.
804(b)(6):Isthestatementofferedagainstapartythatwrongfullycausedoracquiescedinwrongfully
causingdeclarantsunavailability,&didsointendingthatresult?
Notenoughtoshowintentiontokill,butbeintentiontokeepWoffstand.
AppliestoDswhodidntthemselvesprocureifparticipatedinconspiracyandcoconspirator
procuredabsence,ifactionsinfurtherance,w/inscope,andreasonablyforeseeableasanec
consequenceofconspiracy(applyingPinkerton).
Dmustbeunavailable.
Perfectfitb/cofGileswaiveCCobjection.
807:Doestheresidualexceptionapply?
o (1)Musthaveequivalentcircumstantialguaranteesoftrustworthiness.
If(1)circumstancesshowtrustworthiness(circletimestatements);(2)nearmissofanotherrule(risky);(3)
accountsupportedbyindependentcorroboratingE)
Mayalsoconsidermanyotherfactorslikerelpbtwndeclarant&listener,capacityofdecl,truthfulnessof
decl,whetherrepudiated,whetherotherconsistentstatements,whethermadeinanticipationoflitigation,
whetherpotentialbias.
Nearmisssometimesokifrationaleofotherruledoesntapply(i.e.DartezdepoagainstcivilDwho
wasntpartytopriorlitigationadmittedeventhoughnoPIIb/cDcouldhaveaddednothingtocross).
o (2)MustbeofferedasEofamaterialfact.
o (3)MustbemoreprobativeonthepointforwhichofferedthananyotherEproponentcangetw/reasonableefforts.
I.e.Larezcouldcallreporterseventhoughtrustworthyb/c3corroborated.
o (4)Admittingitmustbestservethepurposesoftheserules&theinterestsofjustice.
o Proponentmustgiveopponentnoticebeforetrialorhearing.
o CChaslimitedreachof807.NomoreGJtestimonyunlessdeclarantattrial.
612:Memoryrefreshed:isthestatementonlybeingusedtorefreshmemory/notbeingintroducedasE?
o Adversepartyentitledtohaveitemproduced@hearing,toinspect,askabout,introduceinEanypartthatrelatesto
Wtmony.Judgecanorderunrelatedmatterredactedbeforedeliverytoadverseparty.
o Ifusedduringtmony;Rightofadversarytoinspect&useunqualified;ifusedbeforetmony;atcourtsdiscretion.
9

Wmustbeabletovouchthatnotesaccuratewhenmade.I.e.jobtokeeprecords.Mustshowtmonyfromperson
whopreparedrecords.
o JudgemustensurenotbeingusedasbackdoorforinadmissE,orforWtoapedoc(otherpartyinspectionhelps).
Isitexcludedbyanotherrule?(403,404(b))?
WouldadmissionviolatetheCCorotherconviolations?
o

WitnessRules
601:Competency:EveryonepresumedtobecompetenttobeaWif(1)takeoathorappropsub;(2)perceivedsomething
importanttocase;(3)rememberswhatwasperceived;(4)cancommunicatetmonytofinderoffact.
o Inacivilcase,statelawgovernscompetencyifdiversitycase.
606:JurorsmaynottestifyasWsattrialexceptabout:(a)extraneousprejinfobroughttojurysattention;(b)otuside
influencewasimproperlybroughttobearuponanyjuror;(c)mistakewasmadeinenteringverdictontoverdictform.
o Extraneous/outsideinfluences:readingnewspaper,bailiffscommentsaboutcase,bribes,unauthorizedjuror
experiments,docsnotadmittedintoE,threatstojurors.
o Internal:Drinking,druguse,inattentiveness,ignoringinstructions,reachingcompromiseverdict,intimidationby
otherjurors.Mostcourtsdontallowtmonyonraciststatementsduringdeliberations.
o DoesntprecludeinquiryintowhetherjurorliedduringvoirdireEcanbepresentedaboutvoirdirelies.
o IfJallowedtotestify,mustbelimitedtoeventandnotanyeffectonjurors.
602:Personalknowledge:WmayonlytestifyifEsufficienttosupportafindingthatWhasPKofmatter.Owntmonymay
establish.Doesntapplytoexperttmony.
603:TheOath:Wmustgiveoathoraffirmationtotestifytruthfully,thatawakensWsconscience&impressesWsmind
w/dutytodoso.FlexibilitybutmustputWinperjuryboxiflie.Cantbeloopholewouldnttelllietostayoutofjail.
615:Sequestration:Atpartysrequest,courtmust(mandatoryuponrequest)orderWsexcludedsotheycanthearother
Wstmony.Orcourtcandoitw/orequest.Exceptions:
o Cantexcludeaparty(ifnaturalperson).
o Cantexcludeadesignatedrepofacorporateparty.
o Cantexcludepersonwhosepresencepartyshowstobeessentialtopresentingpartysclaimordefense(case
agents,expertsifopiningonearlierWtmony).
o Personauthorizedbystatutetobethere(victimsVictimsBORstatute).
607:Impeachment:AnypartyincludingpartywhocalledWmayattackWscredibility.
o Courtmaylimitiftoomuchprejtopartyunder403,ORharrassment,unfairembarrassmenttoWunder611(a).
o NotallowedtocallWsolelytoimpeachw/otherwiseinadmissibleE(i.e.priorinconsistentstatement).Morlang.
o Ifcallforgoodfaithpurpose,limitationwontapply.
o OKifexpecttogivetmonybothhelpful&harmfulandplantoremedyharmfulw/priorinconsistentstatement.
o MaycallWevenwhenanticipatingneedforimpeachmentw/inadmissEifjurywouldotherwisedrawneginf.
611:Mode&orderofexaminingWs&presentingE:
o (a)TJhasbroadauthtocontrolWtmony.Canchangeorderofproof,protectWsfromharrassment,caninclude
videotmony.Dontreverseme,Ihavepwr.
o (b)Scopeofcrossexamination:CrossshouldntgobeyondSMofdirectexam&mattersaffectingWcredibility.
o (c)Leadingquestions:CantaskondirectunlessnecessarytodevelopWstmony.Ordinarily,courtshouldallow
LQson(1)cross;(2)whenpartycallshostileWoradverseparty.
608:WCharacterImpeachmentforUntruthfulness:
o (a)Reputationoropinion:WscredibilitymaybeattackedbytmonyaboutWsreputationforhavingacharacter
foruntruthfulness,orbytmonyinformofopinionaboutcharacter.EofWstruthfulcharacteronlyadmissibleafter
Wscharacterfortruthfulnesshasbeenattacked.
SocancallcharacterWtotestifythatpreviousonewaslying,butonlybyR&O.
o (b)Specificinstancesofconduct:Exceptforcrimconvictionunder609,EEnotadmissibletoprovespecific
instancesofaWsconducttoattackorsupportcharacterfortruthfulness.Butcourtmayoncrossallowthemtobe
inquiredintoifprobativeofcharacterfortruthfulness/untruthfulnessof(1)W;(2)anotherWwhosecharacterW
beingcrossedhastestifedabout.
SocantcallWsolelytoattackorsupportWscharacterfortruthfulness.

10

CantrefertoconsequencesaWhassufferedb/cofallegedbadact.
Actmusthavetodow/truthfulness.Spectrumokiflyingonpolygraph,fakinginsanitydefense,useof
aliases,fakecreditcardapp,falseexcusesforabsencefromjob.Notokifdruguse,prostitution,soliciting
bribes(?),litigiousness,bankruptcy.
On403,courtsshouldconsiderdishonestnatureofact,remotenessofact,otherimpeachment,importance
ofacttoWscredibility,inflammatorynatureofact,similarityofacttoissuesincase,relpofWtocase.
Counselmusthavegoodfaithbasisthatbadactoccurred.Lowerthanpreponderance.
EEnotadmissibletoproveWislying.Canpressbutthenmustaccept.
Otherformsofimpeachment(EEallowed):bias,contradition,priorinconsistentstatement,mentalcapacity.EEsubjectto
403,mustcomportw/hearsayrules.
609:Impeachmentbycriminalconvictions:
o (a)(2):Doesthecrimerequireproofofdishonestact/falsestatement?Ifso,autoadmissunless>10yrsold.Judge
hasnodiscretion;notsubjectto403.
Perjury,subornationofperjury,falsestatement,criminalfraud,embezzlement,falsepretense,meter
tampering,passingcounterfeit$,forgery,mailfraud,knowingtransportationofforgedsecurities,bribery.
Generallydishonestactmustbeelementofcrime,unlessobstructionofjustice/canlooktoindictment.
o (a)(1):
Isthenon(a)(2)actamisdemeanor?Inadmissible.
IfWisnottheD,then609(a)(1)convictionadmissibleifprobativefortruth/subjectto403&10yrrule.
IfWisD,thenadmissibletominorreverse403:IfPV>prejtoDsubto10yrrule.Moreprotective.
Sameconcernsasabove:dishonestnatureofact,remotenessofact,otherimpeachment,
importanceofacttoDscredibility,inflammatorynatureofact,similarityofacttoissuesincase.
Spectrumviolentcrimesunlikelytogetin,drugcrimesinthemiddle(Hayes).
o (b)Ifstaleconviction(morethan10yrssinceconvictionorreleasefromconfinement,whicheverlater)thenonly
admissif(1)PV,supportedbyspecificfacts,substoutweighsprejeffect(rev403);&(2)proponentgiveswritten
notice.Almostalwaysexcludes.
o (c)Notadmissifhasreceivedpardon,annulment,certofrehabilitationorequivalentandnotconvictedfor1yr,or
pardonb/coffindingofinnocence.
o (d)Eofjuvenileadjudicationonlyadmissif(1)crimecase;(2)ofWotherthanD;(3)adultsconvictionwouldbe
admissible,&(4)admittingEnecessarytofairlydetguiltorinnocence.
o (e)Admissibleevenifappealpending.
o Ifmotioninliminetoexcludeandjudgesaysno,musteitherhaveWtestifyandhopewinonappeal,orwaiveright
toappeal.Ifbringupyourselftotakestingout,loserighttoappeal.
o Limitinginstructionusuallyrequestedonlyadmissibletoimpeach.
o Partymaypreemptimpeachmentbyinquiringaboutconvictionondirect.
o EEadmissibletoproveformerconviction,butonlyfactofconviction,date,crime.Notunderlyinginfo.
Impeachmentw/drug&alcoholuse:Occasionalusenotsufficient,onlyifimpairedattimeofperceptionortimeof
testimony,orifmemory,abilitytoobserve&recountseverelyimpairedbyalcordrugs.
Impeachmentw/disturbedemotionalcondition:
o Eofinsanityormentalinstabilityadmisstoimpeach.
o 403/611(a)willexcludeifnotthatprobativeanddemeaningtoW.
o Impairmentmustberelevanttotimeaboutwhichtestifying,mustgotoWsqualificationtotestify&abilityto
recall,andmustnotintroducecollateralissuesconfusingtojury.
613:Priorinconsistentstatements:Admissibletoimpeachcredibility.
o (a)Mustonrequestshowtoadversepartysatty.NotrequiredtoshowordisclosetoW.
o (b)EEofpriorinconsistentstatementadmissonlyifWgivenopptoexplainordenystatement&adverseparty
givenopptoexamineWaboutit,orifjusticesorequires(doesntapplyto801(d)(2)statements).
o Limitinginstructionsrequiredonrequest.
o ObviousomissioninearlierstatementcanbeadmittedasPISifwouldexpectWtohaveincluded(i.e.initiallysaw
DrunfrombankandonstandsawDrunfrombankw/gun).
o IfMirandized,DPCprohibitsgovfromusingpriorsilencetoimpeach(Doylev.Ohio).ButifnotMirandized,prior
silencecanbebroughtupasinconsistent.AndersonifSDclaim,whydidyouhidefor2week?

11

o Ifdenymakingstatement,EEadmissibleifrelevant,notiftotallycollateral(gingeralev.coke).
o LsgenerallywillconfrontWw/PISbeforeintroducingit(oldCLrule)eventhough613(a)doesntrequire.
o GenerallyinfairnessmayexcludePISifWnotavailabletoexplain/deny.
Contradiction:
o Admissibleoncross,notfortruthbuttoshowthatb/cWmistakenonthispoint,maybeonotherstoo(inference).
o EEadmiss(i.e.anotherW,document,etc).Butnotadmissibleoncollateralissue/ifnotimportanttoestablishing
Wscredibility(i.e.BeauchamplandladycontradictingWsstatementaboutliving@addressexcluded;blueeyes).
o B/cnotfortruth,canadmitinadmissibleE(hearsay),subjectto403.
Bias:EadmissibleifshowsWbias(AbelAryanbrotherhood).
o MostcourtsrequirethatWbeaskedaboutbiasbeforeEEintroduced.EEonlyallowedifreasonablyrelatestoandis
importanttothecase.
o Wcanusuallybecrossedaboutpaymentreceivedfortmony.Directlyrelevant.Orifcooperating.
o Incriminalcase,Dmusthaveleewaytocrossonbias,potentialmotivesfortestifying.Davis.
806:Impeachmentofhearsaydeclarants:
o Whenhearsaystatement(or801(d)(2)statement)admittedinE,declarantscredmaybeattacked&thensupported
byEthatwouldbeadmissifdeclarantwasthere.CourtmayadmitEofdeclarantsinconsistentstatementor
conductregardlessofwhenitoccurredorwhetherdeclhadopptoexplain/deny.
o GrantHearsayintroducedofdeclarant,statementsthatcircumstantiallylinkedDtocrime.Dshouldhavebeenable
toimpeachw/anaffidavitinwhichdeclarantadmittedlyingabouthavingpartner.
Priorconsistentstatements:
o AdmissibleforlimitedpurposeofrehabilitatingWscredifattacked.
o Doesntrehabilitatejustb/csaidsamethingbefore.Mustbeunderdifferentcircumstancesthattendtoexplain
discrepancy(i.e.wifeconvincedmetocomefwdafterIlied).Orifattackedforfaultyrecallandshowsmade
statementmanytimesininterim.
o OnlyonetypeofpriorconsistentstatementadmissfortruthTome/801(d)(1)(B).Proposaltomakealladmiss

403Balancing:
403:Istheprobativevalue(iftrue)oftheEsubstantiallyoutweighedbyadangerofunfairprej,confusingtheissues,
misleadingthejury,unduedelay,wastingtime,orneedlesslypresentingcumulativeevidence.
o Couldthecourthavelimitedtheprej.effectw/osacrificingPV?OldChief,TorresFlores.
o Stipulationwouldntsacrificeanynarrativepower?OldChief.
o Istheprej.unfair?McQueeney.
o Ifsimulation,isaccidenteithersubstantiallysimilarordiffenough/abstractprinciple?Nachtsheim.
o IfaltperpE,isthereanexusw/casethatoutweighsriskofjuryconfusion?McVeigh.
o Isthisaruletowhich403doesntapply/mandatory?(609(a)(2)others?)
o IstheEtooremote/toofarremovedinspace/timetobeprobative?Roleri.

ConstitutionalIssues(onlyincriminalcases)
WouldfailingtoadmitEviolateDsrighttoaneffectivedefense?BearStops.
WouldadmittingtheEcreateaconfrontationclauseproblem?
o Iftestimonialstatement,onlyadmissifdeclarantunavailableandDhadprioropptocross.Crawford.
Tincludesincourttmony,affidavits,custodialexams,priortmony,pretrialstatementsthatdeclarants
wouldreasonablyexpecttobeusedprosecutorially,affidavits,depositions,confessions.Crawford.
Ifnotmadetolawenforcementpersonnel(POs,agents,prosecutors),veryunlikelytobetestimonial.
UltimateQindeterminingwhethertestimonialistheprimarypurposeoftheinterrogationistoassistin
arrest/prosecution,takingintoaccountwhetherongoingemergency(motive,typeofweapon,scopeof
threat),whetherobjectivepersoninVsposition(includesmedcondition)orPOspositionwouldhavethat
motive,andformality/informalityofsituation.Michiganv.Bryant.
Davistold911operatorboyfriendwasattackingnottestimonial.
HammonPOrespondedtoDVcall,tookVstatementonporchwhileDinotherroom.Testim.
Notjustpastv.presentcanaskwhodidthisandwherearethey?Iftomeetongoingemergency.

12

LabreportsaretestimonialwhentargetaspecificD.MelendezDias.
Butgovcanavoidcallinganalystsbycallingexpertwhoreliesonlabreportforbasisofopinion
anddoesntintroduceitintoevidence.Williams.Alitosaysnotfortruthofmatterbasedon
premisethatDNAprofilefoundinsemenfromDsswabprovenseparately.But4dissenters+
Thomassayyesthisisfortruthexperttmonydependsonitbeingtrue.SOcanargueinsimcases
(ifassumetestimonial):
o Permissibleb/cpluralityopinionnotfortruthpurpose.
o Permissibleifcertifiedb/cplurality+Thomas.
o Notpermissibleb/c5membersofcourtsaiditisactuallyforitstruth.
Ifexpertjustconduit,willbeexcluded.
Autopsyreportsprobablytestimonialdependshowcloserelpisw/POoffice.
IfnottargetedataparticularD,buttocatchdangerousunidentifiedperson,Alito+3saynot
testimonial.Kagan+3saystilltestimonialifpreparedforuseinlitigation.Thomassaysonlytestimonialif
formal/authorized/certified.
Protectiveordernontestimonialb/calthoughtargetedatD,notforprosecutionbutforprotection.
Suspendedlicensenottestimonialb/ctopreventfromdriving,notprosecute.
ExpertPOtestifyingonoperationofgangs,hasinterviewedlotsofgangmembersfortestimony;
doesntintroduceintoE.AlitosaysNTb/cstatementsofgangmembersnottargeted;butKagan
saysTb/ctoPOsandfortrial.Whenindoubt,lackofformalityThomas.
CCproblemnotsolvedbysayingthatDisfreetocallthedeclarant.MelendezDias.
ForfeitCCobjectionifcauseddeclarantunavailabilityw/purposeofpreventingtmony.Giles.
IfnontestifyingcoDsconfessionnamingDasaparticipantincrimeintroducedatjointtrial,CCrightsviolated,
eveniflimitinginstruction.Bruton.
OkifonlycircumstantiallylinksDtoconfession.Richardson.
NotokifreplaceDsnamew/blankordeleted.Grayv.Maryland.
Ifconcernaboutlackoffacetofaceconfrontation,isthereanexceptioninthepublicinterest.Craig,AbuAli.
DhasCCrighttoelicittmonythattendstoshowbias(DavisDshouldhavebeenabletoshowmotiveofstarW).

o
o
o

o
o

Privileges:
501:CLinlightofreason&experiencegovernsclaimofprivunlessprohibitedbyC,fedstate,orfedrules,exceptincivil
diversitysuit,statelawgovernsprivilege.
AttyClientPrivilege:
o Istheclientseekinglegaladvice?OrisLdoingnonlawyerwork?
o Isthecommunicationbtwnaclientandalawyer?
Privofcorporateclientinvolvesallemployees,notjustcontrolgroup(Upjohn).
Coversnonlawyersnecessarytolegalrepresentation.IncludesPRagents,accountantshiredbyLor
necessaryforrepresentation.Doesntapplyifaccountanthireslawyer.
o Isitacommunication?I.e.doesntcountiflawyerseesclientonskislopes.
o Doesntcovercommunications/docsthatexistedpriortolitigationjustb/cgivetolawyer.
o Mustbeareasonableexpectationofconfidentiality(Harrisballroom).
o CommoninterestruleifDsinconspiracypoolresources,umbrellacoverscommunicationsw/eachothers
lawyers.CoDsnotallowedtoflipanddisclose.Doesntapplyifunitbrokenupandsuingeachotherlater(but
solutionclauseinagreement).
o NoREOCinIDorpaymentinfounlesswouldlinktocrime.
o Lhasethicalobligationtoassertprivevenwhennotintouchw/clientorclientdead.
o Exceptions:ifnectoresolvecompensationdisputeorforLtodefendagainstallegationofwrongfulness/negligence.
o Privprotectsprelimcommunicationsaboutsubjectofrepresentation.
o Canwaiveprivilege,eithervoluntarily(ifinbestinteresttocoopw/gov)orinadvertently(ifdontcure).
o 502:LimitationsonWaiver:
(a)SMwaiver:OnlyifassertAOCdefense/usingcommunicationsw/Laffirmatively.
[Noprovisionaboutselectivewaiverifcoopw/gov,socooperationmeansTPscangetinfo]

13

(b)Inadvertentdisclosure:Ifmistakendisclosure,notwaiverifpartytookreasonablestepstopreventit&
promptlytriedtogetitbackoncenotified.
(c)Disclosureinstateproceedingnotwaiverinfedproceedingifeitherfedorstatelawwouldntfindtobe.
(d)Ifcourtordertoprotectclawbackorquickreadagreement,thenTPscantgetinfo.
Canimposeevenifoneparty(w/informationaladvantage)doesntwanttoprotectotherparty.
Cantuseassword(Illgiveyouoneweekanda502(d)order).
Ruledoesntapplystatestate.
Lsdonothavedutytoinformothersidethatreceivedinfosurelynotintendedforthem.
o Crimefraudexception:IfclientusesLfornefariouspurposes,notprotected.
CsSOMthatmatters.
OKtoaskifsomethingbeingconsideredisillegal.Butnothelpmeplancrime.
Linebtwnpastconduct(needhelpdefending)andfutureconduct(needhelpplanning).
Maritalprivileges:
o FIRST,doesadversetestimonialprivilegeapply?
Onlyappliesincrimcases.
Mustbemarriedattimeoftestimony.
Doesntapplytodeadrelationships.Carter.Ortohealthyrelpsthatarentmarriage.Carter.
Onlythetestifyingspousecaninvoke.Dcantusetokeepspouseoffstand.Trammel.
Shammarriageexception(1circuitnopremaritalinfoprotected,majlookstointent).
Statementtothirdpartywhowantstotestifynotprotected(MILaftergardenershot).
Jointparticipantexceptioncircuitsplit.KoecherRussianspies.Tradedbeforeresolved.
Harmtochildexceptionmostcourtsrecognize.
o Ifnot,doestheconfidentialcommunicationsprivilegeapply?
Incivilandcriminalcases.
Mustbemarriedattimeofcommunication.
Doesntapplytodeadrelpsattimeofcommunications.
Privilegeheldbycommunicatingspouse/litigant(cankeepspouse/formerspouseoffstand).
Doesntextendtoacts.Nealbankrobbery.
Noshammarriageexceptionb/cnobodywouldmarrysomeonejusttounburdenself.
IfstatementtoTP,TPcannottestify.
MustbeREOCincommunication(likeattyclient).Montgomery(gottagorobabank,hadguests).
Crimefraudexception(generallypast/futureline).
Nojointparticipantexceptionb/cfocusonevaluatingintentbehindcommunication,notstatusofrelp.
Clergypenitantpriv:
o InAClist.Policytoencourageseekingspiritualadvice&protectclergyfromimposssituation.
o Mustbeseekingspiritualadvice.
Statesecretspriv:
o IflitigationwoulddiscloseSSs,mustbeterminated(notjustexcluded)(Sterling).
o UnlesscaseskirtsSS,maybeabletoproceed(i.e.ifspyprogramdisclosed).
Psychotherapistpatientprivilege:
o Newprivilegeinlightofreasonandexperience.
o Extendstosocialworkersb/cnoteveryonecanaffordtherapist.
o Wantppltoseekhelpformentalillness/issues.
o NodangerouspatientexceptionlikeTarasoffifpatientalreadydead.Butiftellclienthavedutytodisclosethreats,
thennoprivilegeb/cnoREOC.
o Righttoeffectivedefenseexception:i.e.ifonlyoneeyeWanddisorderformakingstuffup.Mustbecrucialtocase
andreallyrelevantmentalillness.
Journalistprivilege:
o Notconbased/1Aprivilege.Branzburg.
o SomecourtsholdCLprivilege,butnotabsolute.Maybeoutweighedbygovinterest.
o Journalistslobbyforcodifiedpriv.
Parentchildprivilege:

14

o Doesntexist.Wouldbeproblematicinterferew/parentaldecisionmaking.
Whethertorecognizenewprivilege?
o Dosocialbenefitsoutweighcostsoflossofinfo/impedingtruthfunctionofjusticesystem?
o Isitprevalentinthestates?(psychpatientwas)
o WasitintheACslist?

15