LECTURE PRESENTATIONS

For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION

Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson

Chapter 46 Animal Reproduction

These are the first batch of original slides

(plus a few additional slides)
November 12, 2013
Lectures by
Erin Barley
Kathleen Fitzpatrick
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

An original slide (i.e., provided by the publisher)

has these borders.

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Figure 46.1

sea slug Nembrotha rutilans

(Mollusca: Gastropoda)

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Overview: Pairing Up for Sexual Reproduction

Each sea slug produces sperm and eggs; in a few
weeks, new individuals hatch from fertilized eggs
Animal reproduction takes many forms
A population outlives its members only by
reproduction, the generation of new, young
individuals from existing ones
(either by only one parent or by two parents)

This phrase in red is added to this original slide

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

a mating chain
(first)
acts as female

(one in the middle)

acts both male and female

(last)
acts as male

How do they find each other

and know theyre the same species ?

Overview: Pairing Up for Sexual Reproduction

Clarifying the statement Pairing Up for Sexual Reproduction

Pairing up applies to majority of animals.

Partners are sought, courted or seduced,
mated.

Animal reproduction takes many forms

Can reproduction via sex be possible with just one individual?

The free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has sex

even if no one else is around.
A tapeworm may do it alone.

Caenorhabditis elegans
(Nematoda)

proglottids

A tapeworm
(Phylum Platyhelminthes: Cestoda)

scolex

scolex

proglottids

In some species, an individual does not

get involved in sexual reproduction,
It may reproduce all by itself.
Such are called asexuals.

Thus, reproduction may not involve sex at all.

Sex is not necessary for reproduction.

Sex and reproduction may be taken up together

but they are not one and the same.

Overview: Pairing Up for Sexual Reproduction

The heading Overview: Pairing Up for Sexual Reproduction
thus may be misleading. Sex need not be done in twos.

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Concept 46.1: Both asexual and sexual

reproduction occur in the animal kingdom
Sexual reproduction is the formation of an
offspring by fusion of a male gamete (sperm)
and female gamete (egg) to form a zygote
Asexual reproduction is generation of offspring
without the fusion of egg and sperm

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Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction

Clonal reproduction

Asexual reproduction occurs in structurally simple

invertebrates, as well as in a few vertebrates
such as amphibians, reptiles (lizards), and bird (turkey).

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 Many invertebrates reproduce asexually by fission,

separation of a parent into two or more individuals
of about the same size

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Longitudinal fission in a sea anemone (Phylum Cnidaria: Anthozoa):

Anthopleura elegantissima
Figure 46.2
(oral view)

oral end

oral end

oral end
oral end

hard substratum
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Fig. 33-7d

oral end

column
pedal disc

Asexual reproduction in sea anemone

transverse fission (uncommon):
Gonactinia prolifera, Nematostella vectensis

 In budding, new individuals arise from outgrowths

(buds) of existing ones

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Fig. 13-2a

0.5 mm

Hydra
(Cnidaria: Hydrozoa)

parent

bud

Budding

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Fig. 33-8-3

The life cycle of the marine hydrozoan Obelia

(Cnidaria: Hydrozoa)

Obelia LM

Feeding
polyp

Reproductive
polyp
Medusae
Medusa
bud

MEIOSIS

Gonad
Egg

ASEXU
AL
REPRODU
CTION

1 mm

Portion of
a colony
of polyps

Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)

Developing
(Buddi
polyp
ng)
Mature
polyp

Individuals (polyps) arise by budding

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SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION

Sperm

FERTILIZATION

Zygote
Planula
(larva)

Budding in
Aeolosoma hemprichi
(Annelida: Oligochaeta)

anus

n
i
d

e
n
o

of

d
u
b

present in slow moving freshwaters

oldest bud

 Fragmentation is breaking of the

body into pieces, some or all of
which develop into adults
Fragmentation must be followed by
regeneration, regrowth of lost body
parts
Fragmentation occurs in sponges, a few sea
anemones, planarians, and sea stars

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Fig. 33-40a

arm

tip

arm

central
disc

A sea star (Echinodermata, Asteroidea):

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Inc.
Linckia

Fig. 33-7d

oral end

pedal disk

Asexual reproduction in sea anemone (class Anthozoa):

Fragmentation (pedal laceration)
Metridium senile, Aiptasia pallida, Haliplanella luciae

Asexual reproduction involving special cells

Freshwater sponges (Spongiliidae) and a few marine species
form gemmules when faced with unfavorable conditions.

Gemmulation
micropyle
spicules
spicules
archaeocytes

Gemmule (LM)

Section through a gemmule

Porifera: Class Demospongiae

Gemmules are for reproduction

as well as for survival.

When times
turn bad
thesocytes

Cells are protected

from dessication,
or freezing.

Micropyle.

thesocytes
Hatching of a gemmule

When the good times

are back

Thesocytes move out

from gemmule
through the micropyle.

thesocytes

These cells form

a new sponge.

Asexual reproduction involving an egg

Parthenogenesis is the development of
a new individual from an unfertilized egg

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Arthropoda: Crustacea
Order Cladocera

Daphnia, right side

Daphnia, ventral views

Becomes mature female

intestin

Favorable environment

g
g
e

Young are born live

(viviparous)

female Daphnia
with eggs in its
brood chamber

Eggs develop into miniature

replicas of female inside
the brood chamber

Parthenogenesis in Daphnia
(asexual reproduction)

When times turn from good to bad

pond

starts to dry up (summer)

level of water in the lake falls

predators arrive

pond may freeze over (winter)

large numbers of Daphnia

dwindling food supply

When times turn from good to bad

Daphnia forms males.

Daphnia produces sexual eggs

that are fertilized by the male.
The fertilized eggs are ephippia.
Daphnia with sexual eggs
ephippia

Daphnia

Asexual reproduction
(Parthenogenetic eggs)

Sexual reproduction
(Ephippia)

A monogonont rotifer

0.1 mm

Figure 33.3bc

Brachionus
(Phylum Rotifera: Monogononta) LM

Life cycle of Brachionus

Brachionus

male

female

The bdelloid rotifers

Generalized
bdelloid

Philodina

Macrotrachela

Figure 46.5

Ovary
size

(a) A. uniparens females

Hormone
level

Ovulation
Estradiol

Ovulation

Progesteron
e

Behavio
r

Time

Female

Male- Female
like

Malelike

The sexual behavior

(pseudocopulation) of A. uniparens is
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.correlated with the cycle of ovulation.
(b)

Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis)

largest living species of lizard

(member of the monitor lizard family Varanidae)
exhibits parthenogenesis

Some animals can reproduce sexually or

asexually, depending on conditions
Animals that reproduce asexually
by fission, budding, fragmentation, gemmulation,
and parthenogenesis, at other times resort
to sexual reproduction.
Several genera of fishes, amphibians, and lizards
reproduce only by a complex form of parthenogenesis that
involves the doubling of chromosomes after meiosis
Asexual whiptail lizards are descended from a sexual
species, and females still exhibit mating behaviors
(mentioned earlier)

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Sexual Reproduction: An Evolutionary Enigma

Sexual females have half as many daughters as
asexual females; this is the twofold cost of sexual
reproduction

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Figure 46.3-4

Figure 46.3

The reproductive handicap of sex.

Sexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction
Female

Generation 1
Female
Generation 2
Male
Generation 3

Generation 4

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 Sexual reproduction results in genetic recombination,

which provides potential advantages

An increase in variation in offspring,

providing an increase in the
reproductive success of parents in
changing environments
An increase in the rate of adaptation
A shuffling of genes and the
elimination of harmful genes from a
population
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Comparison of asexual and sexual reproduction

In asexual reproduction, one parent produces

genetically identical offspring by mitosis
A clone is a group of genetically identical
individuals from the same parent
In sexual reproduction, two parents give rise
to offspring that have unique combinations of
genes inherited from the two parents

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2008 Pearson
Education Inc.,Inc.
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

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Education,

Gonochoristic, Dioecious most animals

An individual has only one set of reproductive
structures: male or female

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 Most insects have separate sexes with complex

reproductive systems
Structures in male: penis

spermatophore

In many insects, the female has a spermatheca in

which sperm are stored during and after copulation

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Figure 46.8

How does a male find a female?

How does a female let a male know where she is?
Accessory
gland

Ejaculatory
duct
Penis and
claspers
(a) Male fruit fly

Ovary

Testis

Vas
deferens
Seminal
vesicle

Oviduct
Spermatheca

Accessory
gland
(b) Female fruit fly

Insect reproductive anatomy

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Uterus
Vulva

Variation in Patterns of Sexual Reproduction

For many animals, finding a partner
for sexual reproduction may be challenging
One solution is hermaphroditism,
in which every individual has male and female
reproductive systems
(i) Two hermaphrodites can mate,
(ii) some hermaphrodites can self-fertilize,
(iii) others do it differently.

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Fig. 46-1

What are they doing out there on the grass?

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(2) Sequential hermaphroditism

Individuals of some species undergo sex reversals
Some species exhibit male to female reversal
(for example, certain molluscs such as the slipper
shell limpet and oysters).
Others exhibit female to male reversal (for example,
a coral reef fish)

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Slipper shell limpet Crepidula fornicata

(Mollusca: Gastropoda)
found in the intertidal

Sequential hermaphroditism
in slipper shell limpet Crepidula fornicata
Protandry: male at first female
environmental cues

American oyster Crassostrea virginica

male at first female
salinity

Reproductive cycles
Ovulation is the release of mature eggs at the
midpoint of a female cycle
Most animals exhibit reproductive cycles related to
changing seasons
Reproductive cycles are controlled by hormones
and environmental cues
Because seasonal temperature is often an
important cue in reproduction, climate change can
decrease reproductive success

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Concept 46.2: Fertilization depends on

mechanisms that bring together
sperm and eggs of the same species
The mechanisms of fertilization, the union of egg
and sperm, play an important part in sexual
reproduction
In external fertilization, eggs shed by the female
are fertilized by sperm in the external environment

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Figure 46.6

External fertilization

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 In internal fertilization, sperm are deposited in or

near the female reproductive tract, and fertilization
occurs within the tract
Internal fertilization requires behavioral
interactions and compatible copulatory organs
All fertilization requires critical timing, often
mediated by environmental cues, pheromones,
and/or courtship behavior

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Ensuring the Survival of Offspring

Internal fertilization is typically associated with
production of fewer gametes but the survival of a
higher fraction of zygotes
Internal fertilization is also often associated with
mechanisms to provide protection of embryos and
parental care of young

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 The embryos of some terrestrial animals develop

in eggs with calcium- and protein-containing shells
and several internal membranes
Some other animals retain the embryo, which
develops inside the female
In many animals, parental care helps ensure
survival of offspring

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Figure 46.7

Parental care in an invertebrate

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Gamete production and delivery

To reproduce sexually, animals must produce
gametes
In most species individuals have gonads, organs
that produce gametes
Some simple systems do not have gonads, but
gametes form from undifferentiated tissue
More elaborate systems include sets of accessory
tubes and glands that carry, nourish, and protect
gametes and developing embryos

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 A cloaca is a common opening between the the

digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems and
external environment
A cloaca is common in nonmammalian vertebrates
(fish, amphibians, reptiles)
Mammals usually have a separate opening to the
digestive tract , called anus or anal opening.

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 Monogamy is relatively rare among animals

Males and/or females of some species have
evolved mechanisms to decrease the chance of
their mate mating with another individual
Females can sometimes influence the relative
reproductive success of their mates

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Concept 46.3: Reproductive organs

produce and transport gametes
The next section focuses on
the human reproductive system

Please wait for the next batch of original slides

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Pearson
Education,
Inc.
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Pearson
Education,
Inc.

June 2013