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WithinSubjectsANOVA

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Regression

XV. AnalysisofVariance
1. Contents
Standard
2. Introduction
StandardVideo
3. ANOVADesigns
StandardVideo
4. OneFactorANOVA
StandardVideo
5. OneWayDemo
Standard
6. MultiFactorBetween
Subjects
StandardVideo
7. Unequaln
StandardVideo
8. TestsSupplementing
StandardVideo
9. WithinSubjects
Standard
10. PowerofWithinSubjects
DesignsDemo
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11. StatisticalLiteracy
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12. Exercises
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XVI.
XVII.
XVIII.
XIX.
XX.
XXI.
XXII.

Transformations
ChiSquare
DistributionFreeTests
EffectSize
CaseStudies
Calculators
Glossary

Section:

15.AnalysisofVariance

WithinSubjects

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Video
WithinSubjectsANOVA
Author(s)
DavidM.Lane
Prerequisites
Designs,IntroductiontoANOVA,ANOVADesigns,MultiFactorANOVA,Difference
BetweenTwoMeans(CorrelatedPairs)
LearningObjectives
1. Defineawithinsubjectsfactor
2. Explainwhyawithinsubjectsdesigncanbeexpectedtohavemorepower
thanabetweensubjectsdesign
3. BeabletocreatetheSourceanddfcolumnsofanANOVAsummarytable
aonewaywithinsubjectsdesign
4. Explainerrorintermsofinteraction
5. Discusstheproblemofcarryovereffects
6. BeabletocreatetheSourceanddfcolumnsofanANOVAsummarytable
adesignwithonebetweensubjectsandonewithinsubjectsvariable
7. Definesphericity
8. Describetheconsequencesofviolatingtheassumptionofsphericity
9. Discusscoursesofactionthatcanbetakenifsphericityisviolated
Withinsubjectsfactorsinvolvecomparisonsofthesamesubjectsunderdifferent
conditions.Forexample,inthe"ADHDTreatment"study,eachchild's
performancewasmeasuredfourtimes,onceafterbeingoneachoffourdrug
dosesforaweek.Therefore,eachsubject'sperformancewasmeasuredateachof
thefourlevelsofthefactor"Dose."Notethedifferencefrombetweensubjects
factorsforwhicheachsubject'sperformanceismeasuredonlyonceandthe
comparisonsareamongdifferentgroupsofsubjects.Awithinsubjectsfactoris
sometimesreferredtoasarepeatedmeasuresfactorsincerepeated
measurementsaretakenoneachsubject.Anexperimentaldesigninwhichthe
independentvariableisawithinsubjectsfactoriscalledawithinsubjectsdesign
AdvantageofWithinSubjectsDesigns
ONE FACTORDESIGNS
Let'sconsiderhowtoanalyzethedatafromthe"ADHDTreatment"casestudy
Thesedataconsistofthescoresof24childrenwithADHDonadelayof
gratification(DOG)task.Eachchildwastestedunderfourdosagelevels.Fornow,
wewillbeconcernedonlywithtestingthedifferencebetweenthemeaninthe
placebocondition(thelowestdosage,D0)andthemeaninthehighestdosage
condition(D60).Thedetailsofthecomputationsarerelativelyunimportantsince
theyarealmostuniversallydonebycomputers.Thereforewejumprighttothe
ANOVASummarytableshowninTable1.
Table1.ANOVASummaryTable.
Source

df

SSQ

MS

Subjects 23 5781.98 251.39

Dosage

295.02

Error

23

653.48

Total

47 6730.48

295.02 10.38 0.004

28.41

Thefirstsourceofvariation,"Subjects,"referstothedifferencesamongsubjects.
Ifallthesubjectshadexactlythesamemean(acrossthetwodosages),thenthe
sumofsquaresforsubjectswouldbezerothemoresubjectsdifferfromeach
other,thelargerthesumofsquaressubjects.
Dosagereferstothedifferencesbetweenthetwodosagelevels.Ifthemeans
forthetwodosagelevelswereequal,thesumofsquareswouldbezero.The
largerthedifferencebetweenmeans,thelargerthesumofsquares.
Theerrorreflectsthedegreetowhichtheeffectofdosageisdifferentfor
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differentsubjects.Ifsubjectsallrespondedverysimilarlytothedrug,thenthe
errorwouldbeverylow.Forexample,ifallsubjectsperformedmoderatelybetter
withthehighdosethantheydidwiththeplacebo,thentheerrorwouldbelow.
Ontheotherhand,ifsomesubjectsdidbetterwiththeplacebowhileothersdid
betterwiththehighdose,thentheerrorwouldbehigh.Itshouldmakeintuitive
sensethatthelessconsistenttheeffectofdosage,thelargerthedosageeffect
wouldhavetobeinordertobesignificant.Thedegreetowhichtheeffectof
dosagediffersdependingonthesubjectistheSubjectsxDosageinteraction.
Recallthataninteractionoccurswhentheeffectofonevariablediffersdepending
onthelevelofanothervariable.Inthiscase,thesizeoftheerrortermisthe
extenttowhichtheeffectofthevariable"Dosage"differsdependingonthelevel
ofthevariable"Subjects."Notethateachsubjectisadifferentlevelofthe
variable"Subjects."
Otherportionsofthesummarytablehavethesamemeaningasinbetween
subjectsANOVA.TheFfordosageisthemeansquarefordosagedividedbythe
meansquareerror.Forthesedata,theFissignificantwithp=0.004.Noticethat
thisFtestisequivalenttothettestforcorrelatedpairs,withF=t2.
Table2showstheANOVASummaryTablewhenallfourdosesareincludedin
theanalysis.Sincetherearenowfourdosagelevelsratherthantwo,thedffor
dosageisthreeratherthanone.SincetheerroristheSubjectsxDosage
interaction,thedfforerroristhedffor"Subjects"(23)timesthedfforDosage
(3)andisequalto69.
Table2.ANOVASummaryTable.
Source

df

Subjects 23

SSQ

MS

9065.49

394.15

185.87 5.18 0.003

Dosage

557.61

Error

69

2476.64

Total

95 12099.74

35.89

CARRYOVEREFFECTS
Oftenperforminginoneconditionaffectsperformanceinasubsequentcondition
insuchawayastomakeawithinsubjectsdesignimpractical.Forexample,
consideranexperimentwithtwoconditions.Inbothconditionssubjectsare
presentedwithpairsofwords.InConditionA,subjectsareaskedtojudge
whetherthewordshavesimilarmeaningwhereasinConditionB,subjectsare
askedtojudgewhethertheysoundsimilar.Inbothconditions,subjectsaregiven
asurprisememorytestattheendofthepresentation.IfConditionwereawithin
subjectsvariable,thentherewouldbenosurpriseafterthesecondpresentation
anditislikelythatthesubjectswouldhavebeentryingtomemorizethewords.
Notallcarryovereffectscausesuchseriousproblems.Forexample,ifsubjects
getfatiguedbyperformingatask,thentheywouldbeexpectedtodoworseon
thesecondconditiontheywerein.However,aslongastheorderofpresentation
iscounterbalancedsothathalfofthesubjectsareinConditionAfirstand
ConditionBsecond,thefatigueeffectitselfwouldnotinvalidatetheresults,
althoughitwouldaddnoiseandreducepower.Thecarryovereffectissymmetric
inthathavingConditionAfirstaffectsperformanceinConditionBtothesame
degreethathavingConditionBfirstaffectsperformanceinConditionA.
Asymmetriccarryovereffectscausemoreseriousproblems.Forexample,
supposeperformanceinConditionBweremuchbetterifprecededbyConditionA,
whereasperformanceinConditionAwasapproximatelythesameregardlessof
whetheritwasprecededbyConditionB.Withthiskindofcarryovereffect,itis
probablybettertouseabetweensubjectsdesign.

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ONE BETWEENANDONE WITHINSUBJECTSFACTOR

Inthe"StroopInterference"casestudy,subjectsperformedthreetasks:naming
colors,readingcolorwords,andnamingtheinkcolorofcolorwords.Someofthe
subjectsweremalesandsomewerefemales.Therefore,thisdesignhadtwo
factors:genderandtask.TheANOVASummaryTableforthisdesignisshownin
Table3.
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Table3.ANOVASummaryTableforStroop
Experiment.
Source df
Gender
Error

SSQ

MS

83.32

83.32

1.99

0.165

41.79

45 1880.56

Task

Gender
xTask

Error

9525.97 4762.99 228.06 <0.001

55.85

90 1879.67

27.92

1.34

0.268

20.89

Thecomputationsforthesumsofsquareswillnotbecoveredsincecomputations
arenormallydonebysoftware.However,therearesomeimportantthingsto
learnfromthesummarytable.First,noticethattherearetwoerrorterms:one
forthebetweensubjectsvariableGenderandoneforboththewithinsubjects
variableTaskandtheinteractionofthebetweensubjectsvariableandthewithin
subjectsvariable.Typically,themeansquareerrorforthebetweensubjects
variablewillbehigherthantheothermeansquareerror.Inthisexample,the
meansquareerrorforGenderisabouttwiceaslargeastheothermeansquare
error.
Thedegreesoffreedomforthebetweensubjectsvariableisequaltothe
numberoflevelsofthebetweensubjectsvariableminusone.Inthisexample,it
isonesincetherearetwolevelsofgender.Similarly,thedegreesoffreedomfor
thewithinsubjectsvariableisequaltothenumberoflevelsofthevariableminus
one.Inthisexample,itistwosincetherearethreetasks.Thedegreesoffreedom
fortheinteractionistheproductofthedegreesoffreedomforthetwovariables.
FortheGenderxTaskinteraction,thedegreesoffreedomistheproductof
degreesoffreedomGender(whichis1)andthedegreesoffreedomTask(which
is2)andisequalto2.
ASSUMPTIONOFSPHERICITY
WithinsubjectsANOVAmakesarestrictiveassumptionaboutthevariancesand
thecorrelationsamongthedependentvariables.Althoughthedetailsofthe
assumptionarebeyondthescopeofthisbook,itisapproximatelycorrecttosay
thatitisassumedthatallthecorrelationsareequalandallthevariancesare
equal.Table4showsthecorrelationsamongthethreedependentvariablesinthe
"StroopInterference"casestudy.
Table4.CorrelationsAmong
DependentVariables.

word
color
reading naming interference

wordreading

0.7013

0.1583

colornaming

0.7013

0.2382

interference

0.1583

0.2382

Notethatthecorrelationbetweenthewordreadingandthecolornaming
variablesof0.7013ismuchhigherthanthecorrelationbetweeneitherofthese
variableswiththeinterferencevariable.Moreover,asshowninTable5,the
variancesamongthevariablesdiffergreatly.
Table5.Variances.
Variable

Variance

wordreading

15.77

colornaming

13.92

interference

55.07

Naturallytheassumptionofsphericity,likeallassumptions,referstopopulations
notsamples.However,itisclearfromthesesampledatathattheassumption
notmetinthepopulation.

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CONSEQUENCES OFVIOLATINGTHEASSUMPTIONOFSPHERICITY
AlthoughANOVAisrobusttomostviolationsofitsassumptions,theassumption
ofsphericityisanexception:Violatingtheassumptionofsphericityleadstoa
substantialincreaseintheTypeIerrorrate.Moreover,thisassumptionisrarely
metinpractice.Althoughviolationsofthisassumptionhadatonetimereceived
littleattention,thecurrentconsensusofdataanalystsisthatitisnolonger
consideredacceptabletoignorethem.

ApproachestoDealingwithViolationsofSphericity
Ifaneffectishighlysignificant,thereisaconservativetestthatcanbeusedto
protectagainstaninflatedTypeIerrorrate.Thistestconsistsofadjustingthe
degreesoffreedomforallwithinsubjectsvariablesasfollows:Thedegreesof
freedomnumeratoranddenominatoraredividedbythenumberofscoresper
subjectminusone.ConsidertheeffectofTaskshowninTable3.Therearethree
scorespersubjectandthereforethedegreesoffreedomshouldbedividedby
two.Theadjusteddegreesoffreedomare:
(2)(1/2)=1forthenumeratorand
(90)(1/2)=45forthedenominator
TheprobabilityvalueisobtainedusingtheFprobabilitycalculatorwiththenew
degreesoffreedomparameters.TheprobabilityofanFof228.06orlargerwith1
and45degreesoffreedomislessthan0.001.Therefore,thereisnoneedto
worryabouttheassumptionviolationinthiscase.
Possibleviolationofsphericitydoesmakeadifferenceintheinterpretationof
theanalysisshowninTable2.TheprobabilityvalueofanFof5.18with1and23
degreesoffreedomis0.032,avaluethatwouldleadtoamorecautious
conclusionthanthepvalueof0.003showninTable2.
Thecorrectiondescribedaboveisveryconservativeandshouldonlybeused
when,asinTable3,theprobabilityvalueisverylow.Abettercorrection,butone
thatisverycomplicatedtocalculate,istomultiplythedegreesoffreedombya
quantitycalled(theGreekletterepsilon).Therearetwomethodsofcalculating
.ThecorrectioncalledtheHuynhFeldt(orHF)isslightlypreferredtotheone
calledtheGreenhouseGeisser(orGG),althoughbothworkwell.TheGG
correctionisgenerallyconsideredalittletooconservative.
Afinalmethodfordealingwithviolationsofsphericityistouseamultivariate
approachtowithinsubjectsvariables.Thismethodhasmuchtorecommendit,
butitisbeyondthescopeofthistext.

Question1outof5.
Whichofthefollowingrepresentwithinsubjectsvariables?
Age:Subjectsoffourdifferentageswereusedintheexperiment.
Trial:Eachsubjecthadthreetrialsonthetaskandtheirscorewasrecorded
foreachtrial.
Dose:Eachsubjectwastestedundereachoffivedosagelevels.
Day:Eachsubjectwastestedonceadayforfourdays.
Intensity:Eachsubjectwasrandomlyassignedtooneoffiveintensity
levels.

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