Professional Documents
Culture Documents
B.F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
Arnold Lazarus
INTRODUCTION
Focus directly on observable behaviour, current determinants of
behaviour, learning experiences that promote change, tailoring
treatments strategies to individual clients, and rigorous
assessment and evaluations.
FOUR AREAS OF DEVELOPMENT
Four major areas of development
1. Classical Conditioningwhat happens prior
to learning that creates a response through
pairing.
2. Operant Conditioningtype of learning in
which behaviour are influenced mainly by the
consequences that follow them.
3. Social Cognitive Theoryrole of thinking
process, attitudes and values.
4. Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)
operates on the assumption that what people
believe influences how they act and feel.
KEY CONCEPTS
VIEW OF HUMAN
1. B.T. is based on the principles and procedures of the
scientific method.
2. Behavior is not limited to overt actions a person
engages in that we can observe; behaviour also
includes internal processes such as cognitions, images,
beliefs and emotions.
3. B.T. deals with the clients current problems and the
facors influencing them, as opposed to an analysis of
possible historical determinants.
4. Clients are expected to assume an active role by
engaging in specific actions to deal with their problem.
5. Change can take place without insight into underlying
dynamics and without understanding the origins of a
psychological problem.
6. Assessment is an ingoing process of observation and
self-monitoring that focuses on the current
determinants of behaviour, including identifying the
problem and evaluating the change; assessment
informs the treatment process.
7. Behavioral treatment interventions are individually
tailored to specific experienced by the clients.
THE THERAPEUTIC PROCESS
Therapeutic Goals
to increase personal choice and to create new
conditions of learning.
The client, with the help of the therapist, defines
specific treatment goals at the outside of the
therapeutic process.
The therapist assists client in formulating specific
measurable goals.
Goals must be clear, concrete, understood and agreed
on by the client and the counsellor.
2.
3.
which involves an
8- to 10-week
group program
applying mindfulness
techniques to coping with
stress and promoting physical
and psychological health;
(3) mindfulness-based cognitive
therapy,
which is aimed primarily at
treating depression; and
(4) acceptance and commitment
therapy,
which is based on
encouraging clients to
accept, rather than attempt
to control or change,
unpleasant sensations.