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OPTIONAL

UPSC/IASPreparation:EconomicsOptional
JUNE26,2014|ABC|90COMMENTS
HasOptionalWeightGoneDowninCSE2013?
Eventhoughonpaper,UPSChasreducedtheweightageofoptionaltohalfanddoubledGS,by
itsmarkingpatterntheeffectiveweightageofoptionalhasbecomemorethanGS!Thisisbecause
inGSpeoplehavebeenawardedverylowmarks.Soevenifsomeonehasdoneexceptionallywell
inGS,itislikelythathis/herdifferencefromotherswillstillbeless.Ontheotherhandpeople
havebeenawardedhighermarksinoptional,sothatifsomeonehasdoneexceptionallywellin
optional,he/shewillscorealotofmarksmorethanothers.UPSCisarelativeexam,only
differenceofmarksmatters.SoimportanceofoptionalinCSE2013ismorethanGSforsure!
ThisyearIhavescored296/500inEconomics(lastyearIscored280/600).Itwontbeunfairto
sayitwaseconomicsthatmademeanIASthisyear.
ChoosinganOptional
Peopleoftenhavemanycriteriatochoosetheoptional..someofthemare
Scoringoptional:Peoplethinksomeoptionalsaremorescoringthanothers..Dontknowwhat
tosayonthis.EveryyearUPSCchangestheoptionalsitfavors/punishes,souneverknow
whetherthescoringoptionalutookmayendupinthebutcheringlistofUPSCnextyear..
OverlapwithGS:Pubadlelo,GSkibhitaiyyarihojaayegiNothingcouldbemore
dangerousthanthisattitude..cozifwedontlikepubad,andstilltakeit,thenweanywayswont
beabletostudyitwellenoughandnotonlywillwescrewthepubadportionofGSbutalso
additional500marksoptional.Weonlyamplifyourweaknessbythisattitude.
Ibelieveanoptionalmustbechosenoutofourstrength.WhenItookeconomics,manypeople
advisedmeagainstitsayingeconomicsistechnical,notscoringetc.etc.ButIkneweconomics
wasmystrengthdoesntmatterifnoonehasscored400/600ineconomicssofar,IknowI
wouldscoreit(aspertheoldermarkingscheme).WhenUPSCisgivingus500markstoplayby
ourstrength,whyshouldwepickanythingelse?Theseareourmarksandletusscorethe
maximumoutofit.Andofcourse,suchastrengthcanonlydevelopwhenwehavedeepinterest
andluvforthesubject.
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Optionalpreparationrequiresagreatdealofindepthstudyaswellaswidecoverage.Onehasto
writelikeahistoriantotakehistoryoptional,onehastowritelikeaneconomisttoscorewellin
economics.Thisisonlypossiblewhenthesubjectisourstrength.
IhavenoEconomicsdegree.ShouldItakeEconomicsasOptional?
Thatdependsonyourreason.IfyouwanttotakeEconomicsoptionalonlybecausethetopperthis
yearhadit(andsoithasbecomescoring),plsdont.
If,ontheotherhand,youwanttotakeitbecauseuhavebeenexposedtoitbrieflyandfoundit
veryinterestingandcouldunderstandit,thenyoucanexploremore.Evenifyouhavenoprior
exposure,butthinkyouwilllikeitonceexposed,youcanexploremore.
Theonlywaytodecidewhethertotakeitornotistostudyitforaweekortwo.Takeanytopic
fromthesyllabus,saymacro.Readthebooksiammentioningbelow(oranyotherstandard
textbooks).Ifyouareunderstandingwhatyouarereadingandcanreaditforlonghoursandstill
feelgood,economicsisyoursubject.Dontworryifyoucantattemptpreviousyearsquestionsat
thisstage.Thatwillcomelater.Onlyyourunderstandingandkeeninterestshouldsufficeatthis
stage.
SoHowtoPrepareEconomicsOptional?
StagesofPreparation
TherearemultiplestagesofpreparationinasubjectlikeEconomics.
Stage1:Inthisstage,wejustfocusonunderstandingwhatwearereading.Whilereading,we
mustunderstandtheconceptfully.Wewillforgetthething2daysafterwehavereadit,dont
worry.Wewillnotevenunderstandhalfthequestionswhichhavebeenaskedinpreviousyears,
dontworry.Wedontevenhaveaclueofhowtowriteanswersintheexam,dontworry.Just
ensureyouunderstandwhatyouarereadingandfinishthesyllabus.
Stage2:Thisbeginsafterthesyllabushasbeenfinishedonce.Inthesecondtime,weagainfocus
onunderstandingwhatwearereading.Thistimewewouldfind,ittakeslesstimetounderstand
allthestuffandmostofitseemsfamiliaronceweread.Ourretentionwouldincreaseatthisstage.
Read,reread,revisethesyllabus23times,ensurethatwecanrecallwithoutanyaidwhatwas
saidinagiventopic/theoremandcanreproduceitonpaper.Attheendofthisstage,wewould
stillnotbeabletoevenunderstandhalfthequestionsinthepaper.
Stage3:Manyquestionsintheecoquestionpaperarenotdirecti.e.theyllnotaskwriteabtXX
theorem.Thesequestionsareindirectandwewontevenknowwhichtheorem/modeltoapply!
Theaimofthisstageistoidentifywhichmodeltoapply.Thiscanonlycomeifwesitdownwith
previousyearsquestionpapersandthinkandthinkanddiscusswithothersonwhatmodelto
applyforaparticularquestion.bynowwehaveinternalisedallthestuff,wecannotonly
reproducetheentiremodel/theoremonpaperbutalsounderstandwhenandwheretoapply
them.Wewillbeabletoanswermost(9095%)ofthequestionsinpreviousyearsquestionpapers
now.
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MethodofStudying
Ineconomics,diagramsareofutmostimportance.UPSCeconomicsiscompletelynon
mathematicalandtotallydiagramatical.Sowhilereadinganymodel/theorem,weshould
simultaneouslypractiseitsdiagramonpaper/computer.
Assumptionsareveryimportantwhilewritinganswers.Weshouldclearlystateallthe
assumptionsinouranswersandsoweshouldsystematicallyrememberalltheassumptionsin
anytheorem/model.
Stats:Ineco2,statsareveryimportant.Ifwesupplementouranswerswithstats,nothinglikeit.
Notallstatsneedtoberemembered,onlyimportantones.Iammentioningtheimportantstatsto
berememberedinthebooklistsection.
BookList/SourcesforSyllabus
PaperI
1.AdvancedMicroEconomics:
(a)MarshallianandWalrasiamApproachestoPricedetermination.
(b)AlternativeDistributionTheories:Ricardo,Kaldor,Kaleeki
(c)MarketsStructure:MonopolisticCompetition,Duopoly,Oligopoly.
(d)ModernWelfareCriteria:ParetoHicks&Scitovsky,ArrowsImpossibilityTheorem,A.K.Sens
SocialWelfareFunction.
ThesetopicshavetobestudiedfromHLAhujaAdvancedMicroeconomics.Findtherelevant
chapterstostudyfromthisthickbook.Inaddition,questionsareaskedonRent,quasirentand
ProductExhaustionProblem,sostudytherelevantchaptersalso.HLAhujaisUPSCexam
standardbookformicro.SensswfandproofofArrowcanbestudiedfrommynotes.ItookSens
swffromoneofhisbookandproofofArrowfromoneofSenspaper.ProofofArrowgiveninHL
Ahujaandtaughtbymostcoachingsiswrong,itissimplyaproofofConcordetsparadox,not
Arrow.Justimagine,hadtheproofofArrowbeensoelementary,wouldhehavegottheNobel
prizeforit?
2.AdvancedMacroEconomics:ApproachestoEmploymentIncomeandInterestRatedetermination:
Classical,Keynes(ISLM)curve,NeoclassicalsynthesisandNewclassical,TheoriesofInterestRate
determinationandInterestRateStructure.
ThesetopicsshouldbefirststudiedfromHLAhujasMacroeconomicsbook.Thisbookisbelow
UPSCexamstandard,butreadingthisisessentialtounderstandhigherconcepts.TheUPSClevel
bookisBrianSnowdonandHowardRVaneModernMacroeconomics(giventomebyAmit
Sahu).Onlyfirst5chaptersneedtobestudiedfromthisbook.

3.MoneyBankingandFinance:

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3.MoneyBankingandFinance:
(a)DemandforandSupplyofMoney:MoneyMultiplierQuantityTheoryofMoney(Fisher,Piqueand
Friedman)andKeynesTheoryonDemandforMoney,GoalsandInstrumentsofMonetary
ManagementinClosedandOpenEconomies.RelationbetweentheCentralBankandtheTreasury.
Proposalforceilingongrowthrateofmoney.
ThiscanbestudiedfromHLAhujasMacroeconomicsandSnowdonsModernMacroeconomics
(Ch2,3).Also,althoughUPSCdoesntmentionpostkeynesianBaumolsandInventorytheoryof
moneydemandinsyllabus,itasksquestionsonthese.SoreadthemfromHLAhuja.Thereare
sometopicsforwhichmaterialmaybescarce,readthemfrommynotes.
(b)PublicFinanceanditsRoleinMarketEconomy:Instabilizationofsupply,allocationofresources
andindistributionanddevelopment.SourcesofGovt.revenue,formsofTaxesandSubsidies,their
incidenceandeffects.Limitstotaxation,loans,crowdingouteffectsandlimitstoborrowings.Public
Expenditureanditseffects.
IstudiedfromMusgraveandMusgrave,selectedchapters.PeoplealsomentionHLBhatiaalot.I
wassatisfiedwithmypreparationuntilIsawthepublicfinancequestionsthisyear.Icouldnt
evenunderstandthequestions.Idontknowwhereelsetostudypublicfinancefrom.
4.InternationalEconomics:
(a)OldandNewTheoriesofInternationalTrade
(i)ComparativeAdvantage
(ii)TermsofTradeandOfferCurve.
(iii)ProductCycleandStrategicTradeTheories.
(iv)Tradeasanengineofgrowthandtheoriesofunderdevelopmentinanopeneconomy.
(b)FormsofProtection:Tariffandquota.
(c)BalanceofPaymentsAdjustments:AlternativeApproaches.
(i)Priceversusincome,incomeadjustmentsunderfixedexchangerates,
(ii)TheoriesofPolicyMix
(iii)Exchangerateadjustmentsundercapitalmobility
(iv)FloatingRatesandtheirImplicationnsforDevelopingCountries:CurrencyBoards.
(v)TradePolicyandDevelopingCountries.
(vi)BOP,adjustmentsandPolicyCoordinationinopeneconomymacromodel.
(vii)Speculativeattacks
(viii)TradeBlocksandMonetaryUnions.
(ix)WTO:TRIMS,TRIPS,DomesticMeasures,DifferentRoundsofWTOtalks.
ThereisonlyonebookonInternationalEconomicsanditisbyDominickSalvatore.Diagramsare
thekeyinIntEco.

5.GrowthandDevelopment:

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5.GrowthandDevelopment:
(a)Theoriesofgrowth:
(i)Harrodsmodel,
(ii)Lewismodelofdevelopmentwithsurpluslabour
(iii)BalancedandUnbalancedgrowth,
ThesetopicsarecoveredwellinAPThirwallsbook.Todaromayalsobereferredforsometopics.
(iv)HumanCapitalandEconomicGrowth.
(v)ResearchandDevelopmentandEconomicGrowth
Thesearediceytopicsandcovermanymodels.IstudiedthemfromapaperbyJohnBluedorn
ThehumancapitalaugmentedsolowmodelandabookIntroductiontoEconomicGrowthby
CharlesI.Jones(giventomebyAmitSahu).
(b)ProcessofEconomicDevelopmentofLessdevelopedcountries:MyrdalandKuzmentsoneconomic
developmentandstructuralchange:RoleofAgricultureinEconomicDevelopmentoflessdeveloped
countries.
MyrdalandKuznetscanbestudiedfromAPThirwall.NotallaspectsofMyrdalarecoveredin
Thirwall,IhadonepdfIfoundaftergooglingonMyrdalwhichcoveredaspectslikehowless
developedeconomieshavebackwasheffectsstrongandhowdevelopeddemocracieshave
strongerspreadeffects,Idontseemtohavethepdfnow.
(c)EconomicdevelopmentandInternationalTradeandInvestment,RoleofMultinationals.
(d)PlanningandEconomicDevelopment:changingroleofMarketsandPlanning,PrivatePublic
Partnership
(e)WelfareindicatorsandmeasuresofgrowthHumanDevelopmentIndices.Thebasicneeds
approach.
(f)DevelopmentandEnvironmentalSustainabilityRenewableandNonRenewableResources,
EnvironmentalDegradation,Intergenerationalequitydevelopment.
Thesearegeneraltopicsandhaventfoundasinglesourceforthemsofar.Verylittlepreparation.
PaperII
1.IndianEconomyinPreIndependenceEra:LandSystemanditschanges,Commercializationof
agriculture,Draintheory,Laissezfairetheoryandcritique.ManufactureandTransport:Jute,Cotton,
Railways,MoneyandCredit.
TheseIstudiedmainlyfrommyhitoryoptionalpreparationforcse2012.Youcanseesomeinmy
notes.
2.IndianEconomyafterIndependence:
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AThePreLiberalizationEra:
(i)ContributionofVakil,GadgilandV.K.R.V.Rao.
TilldateIhavenotfoundasingledecentsourcetopreparethis.Ihaveneverbeenabletoprepare
this.Ifsomeonehasagoodsource,plsletmeknow,Illupdatehere.
(ii)Agriculture:LandReformsandlandtenuresystem,GreenRevolutionandcapitalformationin
agriculture,
(iii)IndustryTrendsincompositionandgrowth,Roleofpublicandprivatesector,Smallscaleand
cottageindustries.
(iv)NationalandPercapitaincome:patterns,trends,aggregateandSectoralcompositionandchanges
theirin.
(v)BroadfactorsdeterminingNationalIncomeanddistribution,Measuresofpoverty,Trendsin
povertyandinequality.
UmaKapillaisaverygoodsourceforthesetopics.Oneshouldalsofocusoneconomicstats.Can
alsoseemynotes.Statsonefficacyoflandreformsneedtoberemembered(seemynotes),stats
oneconomicgrowthrate,growthratesofagriculture,industry,manufacturing,capitalgoods,
services,percapitaincomeneedtoberememberedfor3periods1950sto1965,1965to1980,
1980to1990.
BThePostLiberalizationEra:
(i)NewEconomicReformandAgriculture:AgricultureandWTO,Foodprocessing,Subsidies,
Agriculturalpricesandpublicdistributionsystem,Impactofpublicexpenditureonagricultural
growth.
(ii)NewEconomicPolicyandIndustry:Strategyofindustrialization,Privatization,Disinvestments,
Roleofforeigndirectinvestmentandmultinationals.
(iii)NewEconomicPolicyandTrade:Intellectualpropertyrights:ImplicationsofTRIPS,TRIMS,
GATSandnewEXIMpolicy.
(iv)NewExchangeRateRegime:Partialandfullconvertibility,Capitalaccountconvertibility.
(v)NewEconomicPolicyandPublicFinance:FiscalResponsibilityAct,TwelfthFinanceCommission
andFiscalFederalismandFiscalConsolidation.
(vi)NewEconomicPolicyandMonetarysystem.RoleofRBIunderthenewregime.
(vii)Planning:FromcentralPlanningtoindicativeplanning,Relationbetweenplanningandmarkets
forgrowthanddecentralizedplanning:73rdand74thConstitutionalamendments.
(viii)NewEconomicPolicyandEmployment:Employmentandpoverty,Ruralwages,Employment
Generation,Povertyalleviationschemes,NewRural,EmploymentGuaranteeScheme.
Nosinglesource.EPWhelps.Onealsohastostudyalotofresearchpapersbyeminent
economistsworkinginIndia.Istudiedalotofthemnputthegistinmynotes.Socanseemy
notes.Statsonpoverty,unemployment(recentonesaswellasfrom199394)needtobe
remembered.Seenotes.
AnswerWritinginEconomics
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NeerajSingh(AIR11,CSE2011)toldusthefollowingthingsaboutanswerwriting.IamsorryI
amreproducinghisemailwithouthispermissionbutIhopehewontmind.IdontthinkIcan
putitinbetterwordsthanhim
Forpaper1
1.MakemaximumuseofgraphsIthinkapictureisworththousandwordsismuchmorethan
justanadage.GraphsareextremelyhelpfulinwritingpreciseanswersinEcon.Whenyoulookat
aquestioninpaper1thefirstquestionyoushouldbeaskingyourselfisWhatgraph(s)would
bestanswerthisquestion?Trytothinkofwaysinwhichyoucananswerthequestionthrough
graphs.Thebenefitofusinggraphsisthatonceyoumakeagraph,thewritingpartbecomesvery
easyasitisonlyanexplanationofthegraph.Itmightnotbepossibletoputgraphsinevery
questionbutdogiveyourbestshotatexplainingthingsthroughgraphs.
2.PrecisionmattersWewouldagreethatEconisquitetechnicalasubjectwithitown
vocabulary.Beinganeconomistyoucannothenceaffordtousewordsloosely.Forexample,ifwe
areusingthetermdepreciationwemustmeandepreciationandnotdevaluation.Theanswer
thatyouwriteshouldreflectyourabsoluteclarityovertechnicaleconomicterms.Whereitis
possibletouseatechnicalwordgoaheadanduseitinsteadofexplainingitinlaymansterms
providedthatyouknowthatitistheprecisetechnicaltermtobeusedinthatplace.Iamsureall
ofusonthegrouparealreadygoodatthisbutjustfeltlikepointingitoutexplicitly.
Precisionisequallyimportantingraphsaswell.Onesimplycannotaffordtodrawgraphsthat
lookroughintheexam.Ifyouaredrawingisoprofitcurves,forexample,forfirmAmarkedonX
axisyouhavetoensurethatthehigherisoprofitcurvesaresuchthatthemaximaisalwaystothe
leftoftheloweroneandthereactioncurvepassesthroughallthesemaxima.Ifyouhappento
drawthecurvesinsuchawaythatthereactioncurvedoesnotpassthroughallmaximasthenyou
aredrawinganimprecisegraph.Ibelieveonesbasicunderstandingofmicroeconomicsistested
intheprecisionofthesegraphs.Ifthegraphsarenotpreciseitleavesabadimpressionaboutyour
basicunderstanding.Agreedthatitisnearimpossibletodrawgraphsasgoodasthecomputer
generatedonesbutatleastwecanpracticeenoughtoensurethatwedonotviolateanyprinciple
ofmircoeconomicswhiledrawingourgraphs.Ipersonallyhaddevotedalotoftimeandeffort
beforetheexamingettingmygraphsright.ItsohappenedthatonthedayofmyEconpaperI
hadforgottentotakeaneraserwithme(itisntanicefeelingwhenyougettoknowthatinthe
examhall)butIhadallmygraphssowelletchedinmymindthatIdidntneedtouseaneraserin
mypaper.
3.CutthechaseandgettothepointYourfirstsentenceoftheanswershoulditselfreflectthat
youhaveacommandoverthetopic.Evenifyouknowthetopicandyoudontgetdowntothe
jobrightfromthefirstsentenceitgivesanimpressionthatyouaretryingtofoolyourway
around.SoatleastforEconpaper1getstraightdowntothecoreoftheanswer.Youneednot
explainwhatsthebackgroundorhistorytheexaminerisntreallylookingforthat.
4.AvoidmathYes,forUPSCatleast.Thelessequationsyouputthebetter.Ifatanyplacethere
isawaytoshowsomethingthroughagraphandthesamethingthroughamathematicalproof,
goforthegraph.
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5.BelogicalEconomicsisasclosetodecuctivelogicasanysocialsciencecanget.Mostanswers
inpaper1arebasedondeductivelogic.Makesureyougetthepremisesrightandplace
argumentsinsuchawaythattheconclusionflows.
6.ChoosequestionswiselyAttimestheremaybesomequestionsfromthesimilartopics.Like
forHOtheremaybetwoquestionsof20marks,oneinquestion3andoneinquestion5.Asfaras
possibleattempteitherquestion3or5,notboth.Butifyouhavenootherchoiceattemptthem
anywaysbutbestrategicthere.Supposequestion3isaboutcriticismsofHOSmodelandquestion
5isaboutLeontiefParadoxthenyouhavetomakesurethatyoudontgetcarriedawaywritinga
lotaboutLeontiefParadoxinquestion3becauseanywaysyouhavetoanswerthatindetailin
question5.Youcannotwritesimilarthingsintwoanswersandexpecttheexaminertogiveyou
marksforboth.
7.CuttheetceteraThisisasmallpointbutIsaythisbecauseIseepeoplealltoooftenusingthe
indeterminateetcetera(yourstrulybeingguiltyhimself).InEcon,youhavetoshowyour
preciseknowledgeandunderstandingofthetopicasked.Usingetceterasimplygivesan
impressionthatyouaretryingtocoverforthingsyoudonotknow.Soiftherearemultiplethings
andyouwanttomentiononlyfewofthemstateupfrontthattheonesyouarestatingareinyour
opiniontomorerelevantonesforthisparticularanswer.
Forpaper2
1.HaveanarrativeInmyopinion,thisisthemostimportantthinginbothEconpaper2andPub
Adanswerwriting.Paper2iswhereyouhavetheluxurytopresentyourownopinions.Your
opinions,shouldhencelookliketheyarefirmlygroundedinfacts.Forthatyouneedtobuilda
narrativeintoyouranswer.BynarrativeImeanitshouldbeapiecestandingallbyitself.It
shouldntbeoncrutches.Ifshouldntreadlikeanexcerptfromachapter.Itshouldntreadlikea
partincompletewithoutthewhole.Itshouldreadlikeawholeinitself.Aprecise,clinical
dissectionoftheissueinhandandinferencesdrawnfromthedissectionaidedbyfactsthatis
whatagoodanswerisaccordingtome.
2.UsedatawhereverpossibleItisgoodtousedataifyouremember.Ifyoudont,donot
attemptthequestionsthatrequireyouto.I,forone,ambadatrememberingdata.SoIletthedata
heavyquestionsinpaper2pass.
3.UseexamplesliberallyUsethemtosupportyourarguments.Useinnovativeexamples,not
theroutineones.Keepyourearsandeyesopenforsuchexampleswhenyouarereading
newspaper.Lookaroundyou,seewhatishappeninginyourstateordistrict.Youcouldquote
examplesfromyourstatewhichwillmakeyouranswerdifferent.
4.Nevertakearadicalstandonanyissueunlessyouhavestrongdataandfactsbehindyou.
5.UseastylethatbefitsthequestionYouwillhavetodecidethenandtherewhetherthe
questionbestlendsitselftoaparagraphformat,pointformatortabularformat.Donotgowith
preconceivednotionsaboutonestylebeingbetterthantheother.

Finally,practicewritinganswersalotandsetabsolutelyhighstandardsforyourself.Whenyou

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Finally,practicewritinganswersalotandsetabsolutelyhighstandardsforyourself.Whenyou
havewrittenapieceyoucannotletyourselfbecontentifyourdontthinkitisyourabsolutebest.
Rewrite,rewritethatstheonlykey.

90thoughtsonUPSC/IASPreparation:Economics
Optional
1. AnitaPalsays:
JANUARY10,2015AT11:14AM
Nicewaytocommunicatewithotheriasasoirant
2. rakshasays:
JANUARY22,2015AT12:18AM
ReferringtothequestionofUPSCfinalexamheldinDecember2013,onlyGauravagarwal
couldsolve.Itriedbutcouldntfigureout.MyrequesttoGauravtoshowmehowitisdone.I
wouldreallyappreciateit.
3. rakshasays:
JANUARY22,2015AT12:26AM
++++=30
Usenumbers1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15.
Plz.Gauvravshowmehowyousolvedit.Iamsureitisimpossible.
1. kapilsharmasays:
JANUARY23,2015AT1:04AM
Iwanttoaskcompletequestion.
numbersarerepeatableornorepeatable.
canyoutellmethecompletequestion?
2. Paramjeetsays:
JANUARY30,2015AT10:32PM
159+137+115+93+71=30
3. OJASWEEKUMARDHAYALsays:
APRIL25,2015AT10:45AM
(__)+(__)+(__)+(__)+(__)=30
andwehavetoputthenumbersonunderscores
thereare5bracketsthathavedifferenceoftwonumber
herewecanobservethatwehave5numbers
ifallfivenumbersbecome6thenwecanmakeit30
andwenumbersprovidedarepermittingustotrythismethod
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so,
(159)+(137)+(115)+(93)+(71)=30
65=30
4. Vigneshsays:
APRIL28,2015AT10:36PM
TheanswerforthatquestionisNo!!Wecannotsolvetheproblem!!!
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