SYNOPSIS

Title- Investigation on Dielectric Resonator Antennas for MIMO

(Multiple input multiple output) Applications.
Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) is an antenna technology in wireless communication in
which multiple antennas are used at both transmitter and receiver. The antennas in the
communication circuits are combined in such a way that they can minimize the errors and also
increase the data speed [1]. The capacity and reliability necessities have been increased day by
day in wireless communication systems. So it is difficult to fulfill the requirement with SISO
(single input single output) systems due to limitation in the capacity of the channel. To overcome
this problem MIMO antenna system has been introduced. One of the main advantages of MIMO
systems over SISO system is that the MIMO system provides improved channel capacity and
reliability without increasing the transmitted power or impedance bandwidth [2, 3].
Now a days, as the size of commutation devices reduces day by day so it is necessary to design
low profile antennas. In recent years, two type of antennas have been used for this purpose
namely microstrip patch antenna and dielectric resonator antenna. But the main disadvantages of
microstrip antenna are its narrow bandwidth, high metallic and surface wave losses [4]. To
overcome these drawbacks of microstrip antenna, dielectric resonator antenna has been
developed.
In recent years, various works has been carried out on dielectric resonator antennas (DRA) due to
its advantages over microstrip patch antennas in the microwave and millimetre wave regions. In
fact, many attractive features, such as small physical size, high radiation efficiency [5, 6], large
bandwidth, and the possibility of obtaining various radiation characteristics using different
modes of resonator [7], make the dielectric resonator (DR) useful as an efficient transmitter or
receiver [8]. One interesting feature of dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) is that the antenna
can be electrically small when high permittivity material is used. This makes it attractive for
compact implementations in wireless communications.
The dielectric resonator is usually made of high permittivity lossless dielectric material normally
with a dielectric constant greater than 20. They are the energy storage devices. Dielectric
resonators are usually surrounded by metallic plate in order to prevent radiation [9]. If the
metallic plate is removed, a dielectric resonator radiates the energy and then it works as an
antenna [10]. Radiation from open DRs was first time implemented by Richtmyer in 1939. The
DRA can be used at millimetre frequency bands and is compatible with existing excitation
methods such as the coaxial probe, microstrip transmission line, co-planar waveguide feed or
aperture coupling [11]. DRAs are available in basic shapes such as rectangular, cylindrical,
spherical and hemispherical geometries [11].
When applying dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) in a MIMO system and if it is used for
transmission or reception of two or more signal with the same frequency high coupling occurs
between the antenna signals. Due to this coupling, the performance of the antenna may degrade

[12]. So when MIMO DRA concept has been applied on small portable communication devices
it is very difficult to provide antennas which has low coupling. So it may be beneficial to provide
a DRA that can be used to simultaneously transmit and receive more than one signal at the same
frequency and also, where the incidence of coupling between these antennas, signals is reduced.
The fundamental resource available in MIMO system is diversity [13-15]. In diversity technique
same information is sent across independent fading channel to mitigate the fading. When
multiple copies of the same data are sent across the independently fading channels, the amount of
fade suffered by the each copy of data will be different. So there at least one copy of data which
will suffer less fading compared to rest of the copies. So the chance of receiving data at the
receiver increases. This improves reliability of the entire system and also reduces the co channel
interference. The diversity technique for MIMO antenna system makes the ECC (envelope
correlation coefficient) value of less than 0.5 which is practically acceptable [16, 17].
The objective of this proposed work is to develop MIMO dielectric resonator antenna due to its
versatility in various applications. MIMO-based antennas are of interest in relation to
communication such as digital TV, wireless LAN and mobile communications. MIMO
arrangements are of particular interest for use in wireless communication such as cellular phone
or other portable communication devices.
The research objectives of this proposed work are given in the following:
Design and analysis of MIMO dielectric resonator antenna/antennas at frequencies used
in the area of communication will be done:
i.
Through simulation software using CST Microwave studio/ Ansoft HFSS
simulation software.
ii.
Through experimental investigation
a. Fabrication of MIMO dielectric resonator antenna/ antennas.
b. Measurement of input characteristics and radiation pattern of the
fabricated antennas.
iii.
There are various performance parameters which characterizes the quality of a MIMO
antenna system.
a. Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) will be done either far field
patterns [18] or scattering parameter method [19]. For ECC
calculation, the S parameter based ECC computation is preferred.
According to [19] the ECC (e) of the two antenna systems can be
computed using the following (1)
2

|S11 S12 +S 21 S22|

e =
2
2
2
2
(1|S 11| |S 21| )(1|S11| |S12| )

(1)

b. Channel capacity is the upper bound on the rate of information that can
be reliably transmitted over communications channel. Channel
capacity loss is defined using the correlation matrix[20] and is
calculated using the following (2)

Closs =log 2 det ( R )

Where

(2)

is the receiving antenna correlation matrix that is given

by
R=

and

11 12
21 22

ij =( S ii Sij +S ji S jj )

ii =1(|Sii| +|Sij| )

, for i, j=1 or 2.

c. Study of specific absorption rate (SAR) for MIMO antennas in mobile

phone.

Progress strategy as compared with time chart

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