Raia Et Al. 2010 One Size Does Not Fit All

Global Ecology and Biogeography, (Global Ecol. Biogeogr.
) (2010)
RESEARCH
PA P E R
One size does not fit all: no evidence for

an optimal body size on islands
geb_531
1..10
Pasquale Raia1,2*, Francesco Carotenuto1 and Shai Meiri3
Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra,

Universit Federico II, Largo San Marcellino
10, 80138 Naples, Italy, 2Center for
Evolutionary Ecology, Largo San Leonardo
Murialdo 1, 00146 Roma, Italy, 3Department
of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978,
Israel
A B S T R AC T
Aim Optimal body size theories predict that large clades have a single, optimal,
body size that serves as an evolutionary attractor, with the full body size spectrum
of a clade resulting from interspecific competition. Because interspecific competition is believed to be reduced on islands, such theories predict that insular animals
should be closer to the optimal size than mainland animals. We test the resulting
prediction that insular clade members should therefore have narrower body size
ranges than their mainland relatives.
Location World-wide.
Methods We used body sizes and a phylogenetic tree of 4004 mammal species,
including more than 200 species that went extinct since the last ice age. We tested,
in a phylogenetically explicit framework, whether insular taxa converge on an
optimal size and whether insular clades have narrow size ranges.
Results We found no support for any of the predictions of the optimal size theory.
No specific size serves as an evolutionary attractor. We did find consistent evidence
that large (> 10 kg) mammals grow smaller on islands. Smaller species, however,
show no consistent tendency to either dwarf or grow larger on islands. Size ranges
of insular taxa are not narrower than expected by chance given the number of
species in their clades, nor are they narrower than the size ranges of their mainland
sister clades despite insular clade members showing strong phylogenetic
clustering.
Main conclusions The concept of a single optimal body size is not supported by
the data that were thought most likely to show it. We reject the notion that inclusive
clades evolve towards a body-plan-specific optimum.
*Correspondence: Pasquale Raia, Dipartimento

di Scienze della Terra, Universit Federico II,
Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138 Naples, Italy.
E-mail: pasquale.raia@libero.it
Keywords
Body size evolution, Brownian motion model, island rule, mammalian
phylogenetic tree, optimal body size theory, phylogenetic dispersion.
INTR O D U C TI O N
Optimal body size theory (hereafter OST) suggests that large
clades (e.g. mammals) have a fundamental size at which fitness
is maximized (Maiorana, 1990; Brown et al., 1993). In
mammals this size was claimed to be 100 g, based on interspecific allometries of resource acquisition and reproduction
(Brown et al., 1993), although a different optimum (1 kg),
based on a different model, was empirically estimated by
Damuth (1993). The applications of the OST have been
extended to birds and snakes, although an optimal size based
on fitness estimates (33 g) has been calculated only for birds
(Maurer, 1998).
2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Brown et al. (1993) asserted that the OST explains the global
body size frequency distribution of terrestrial mammals which,
they claimed, shows a strong mode near 100 g. Moreover, they
stated that the OST explains the tendency of small mammals to
grow large and of large mammals to grow small on islands (i.e.
the island rule; Van Valen, 1973). Interspecific competition was
the only force suggested to keep species away from the body size
optimum. Brown et al. (1993) and Damuth (1993) hypothesized
that on islands, where faunas have few species, interspecific
competition is reduced and species are free to evolve towards
their optimal size, driving the island rule.
Although simple and intuitively appealing, the OST has
received as much criticism as support. Optimal size theory was
DOI: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00531.x
www.blackwellpublishing.com/geb
P. Raia et al.
claimed to be based on unrealistic parameters (Kozlowski,
1996), to mix reproductive output and conversion rate (Perrin,
1998), individual with population estimates (Kozlowski &
Gawelczyk, 2002) and be inherently inconsistent (Bokma, 2001;
cf. Brown et al., 1996).
Empirically, the OST failed to predict the allometric scaling of
life-history traits in bats (Jones & Purvis, 1997; Purvis, 2006)
and insectivores (Symonds, 1999), the mass distributions of
Australian marsupials (Chown & Gaston, 1997), and the relationships between body size and home range in strepsirhine
monkeys (Lehman et al., 2007). On conceptual grounds, the
existence of a single optimal size at 100 g implies that all
members of successful mammalian clades such as artiodactyls
and carnivores are suboptimally sized, which is a contentious
assertion (Blackburn & Gaston, 1996; Meiri et al., 2005).
Within the realm of island biogeography, the evidence for
OST is usually estimated from the relationship between body
size range and island area: the body sizes of the smallest species
on each island are regressed against island area (a proxy for
species richness), and so are the body sizes of the largest species
on each island (see, e.g., Marquet & Taper, 1998, Fig. 1; Boback
& Guyer, 2003, Fig. 2; Meiri et al., 2005, Fig. 2). OST predicts
that the intersection of these two regression lines will occur near
the optimal size. Larger islands may contain more extreme sizes
by chance alone, as more species are drawn from the species
pool (Marquet & Taper, 1998). Thus the regression lines will
always intersect at some small island area value, and, by chance,
this area would probably correspond to a body size near the
taxon mode. We therefore argue that it is reasonable to assume
that, under the OST, the true intersection should be nearer to the
optimum than a random draw of species from a global pool
according to the richness on each island.
The intersection of such regression lines was near the putative
100 g optimal size of terrestrial mammals (Marquet & Taper,
1998) and near the modal size of snakes (0.881.08 m; Boback &
Guyer, 2003). Interestingly, however, the intersection of the
regression lines for snakes (1.22 m) was further away from the
modal size than randomized data (0.92 m, Boback & Guyer,
2003). Likewise, for mammals, Marquet & Taper (1998) found
that mass at the regression line intersection (51 g) was significantly lower than expected by chance (100112 g), and thus also
lower than the supposed 100 g optimum. For insular carnivores
Meiri et al. (2005) found that the actual regression line intersection (4363 g) was far from 100 g, and significantly higher (i.e.
further away from 100 g) than the null (3122 g). Thus island
biogeographic data seem to show that animals on species-poor
islands have non-random body sizes, but not necessarily close to
the putative optimal size of a clade.
The OST was further invoked to explain body size patterns in
insular turtles and bats (Lomolino, 2005), but failed to explain
size evolution of large herbivores and carnivores (Raia & Meiri,
2006). Lomolino (2005) did not directly test the OST, but
claimed nonetheless that his data (for reptiles, mammals and
birds) are consistent with the notion that an optimal size drives
the island rule. He argued, however, that multiple optimal body
sizes exist, and suggested optima are body-plan specific.
2
Because adherents of the OST claim deviations from optimality are the result of interspecific competition (only) they predict
that insular mammals, especially on small islands, should often
converge on the optimum. The optimal size is therefore an evolutionary attractor. At least two explicit tests of the existence of
an evolutionary body size attractor (although neither used
insular animals) were presented: Alroy (1998) used putative
ancestordescendant relationships of North American Cenozoic
mammals. He found no evidence that the 100 g body size was an
evolutionary attractor. Roy et al. (2000) found remarkably consistent modes and medians in body size frequency distributions
of four assemblages of marine bivalve species along a latitudinal
gradient in the north-eastern Pacific continental shelf. Yet, using
fossil data, they found no evidence that bivalve genera evolved
toward any optimal size.
We contend that the OST predicts that size ranges on islands
will be narrow, because this theory assumes many insular species
encounter little competition, and are thus free to evolve towards
the optimum. Some theory of community assembly, however,
predicts that much of the size range will be present even at
relatively low richness: Brown & Nicoletto (1991) and Cardillo
(2002) have shown that species-poor assemblages often have
similar size ranges to species-rich ones, with a size frequency
distribution tending towards log-uniformity in the former
versus log-normal or even a right-skewed distribution in the
latter. Species-rich assemblages mostly differ from species-poor
ones because they contain more modal-sized species (Olson
et al., 2009). Thus OST will predict that size ranges will be more
restricted on islands than expected if insular species are a
random sample of the global species pool. If even species-poor
assemblages cover much of the size range, however, insular
species will have wider size ranges than expected under such a
nave null (Meiri & Thomas, 2007).
Body size is often evolutionarily conserved. Thus, if insular
taxa are phylogenetically closely related, then they are likely to
have a more restricted size range than a random group with the
same number of species on the mainland. A relevant null
hypothesis should therefore account for phylogenetic relationships, because the OST predicts that stabilizing selection for the
optimal size does occur. This implies that insular species will be
more similar to each other than expected under the Brownian
motion model of evolution (i.e. they should evolve body size
conservatism and not just show a phylogenetic signal in body
size; Losos, 2008). The Brownian motion model is one, and the
simplest, of a class of models proposed to account for nonindependence of species trait data due to shared ancestry
(Freckleton et al., 2002). In it, the expected phenotypic divergence between species is proportional to the time since their
divergence. More complex models can account for an early
burst (i.e. non-gradual) mode of trait evolution, or test for the
existence of adaptive peaks (Lavin et al., 2008). The evolution of
mammalian body sizes in the class as a whole probably differs
from a Brownian motion-like body size evolution in being partly
punctuational (Mattila & Bokma, 2008). Furthermore, ecological components such as character displacement, species sorting
in local assemblages, or clinal adaptation to environmental conGlobal Ecology and Biogeography, 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
No optimal body size in mammals

ditions (e.g. Bergmanns rule) are known to affect the variance
in body size in mammals even after the effect of phylogeny (i.e.
shared ancestry) is accounted for (Diniz-Filho & Bini, 2008;
Diniz-Filho et al., 2009). The Brownian motion model, however,
is an unbiased depiction of size evolution. It is free from
assumptions regarding the direction of natural selection, and
therefore provides a convenient null to test for the occurrence of
selection for an optimal size as predicted by the OST.
Here we explicitly test two predictions of OST: that insular
species evolved toward the 100 g body size optimum and that
body size range is narrower in insular taxa than expected by
chance. Using a relatively complete body size dataset and phylogeny for mammals, we test whether the median size of insular
clades is closer to 100 g, as per Brown et al. (1993), or to 1 kg, as
per Damuth (1993), and other possible values (see below) than
the body size of species in their mainland sister clades. We
further test whether the size ranges of the insular clades are
narrower than those of their mainland sister clades controlling
for clade richness. We compare size ranges in insular clades with
those produced by simulations performed under the Brownian
motion model of evolution. Finally, we estimate whether the size
range computed over all insular endemic species within a family
is narrower than expected by chance, after controlling for species
richness.
M ATER I A L S A N D M E T H O D S
Phylogenetic and body size data
To test the predictions of OST using phylogenetically informed
null models, we modified the mammal species-level phylogenetic tree published by Bininda-Emonds et al. (2008). We
omitted marine mammals (cetaceans, sirenians and pinnipeds)
and species for which we had no body size data. The modified
tree includes 4004 extinct and extant mammal species. Body
masses were taken from Smith et al. (2003) and additional
sources (see Appendix S1A in Supporting Information). Insularity data are from Smith et al. (2003), verified using multiple
sources. Body size (in grams) was log 10 transformed in all
analyses.
Human activity drove many insular mammals to extinction
(e.g. Diamond, 1982). Alcover et al. (1998) estimated that 27%
of insular endemic mammals have gone extinct since human
colonization of their islands. Human-driven extinctions on the
continents were no less severe. Worse, extinctions were strongly
size-biased (i.e. most extinctions were of large mammals; e.g.
Johnson, 2009). Thus, comparing mammal sizes on islands and
the mainland may be biased by poor and non-random sampling.
Consequently, we included all species known to have gone
extinct since the final part of the last glacial phase (some
40,000 yr bp), for which a consistent body mass estimate and a
clear phylogenetic hypothesis were both available. We thus
restricted ourselves to species that were still living when human
activities began to affect mammalian faunas world-wide
(Johnson, 2009). These extinct species include disparate taxa
such as marsupials, ungulates, xenarthrans, bats and rodents
Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
(Appendix S1A). Thus, it is reasonable to assume that our

sample of extinct taxa is unbiased in relation to body size or
taxonomy. Body masses for extinct taxa, their status as insular
endemics and the works used to reconstruct their phylogeny and
body sizes are reported in Appendix S1.
To produce our phylogenetic tree, we used the branch
lengths reported in Bininda-Emonds et al. (2008). For extinct
taxa we used estimated age of separation (split age) between
fossil taxa as reported in the source papers if available (Appendix S1). Otherwise, we assessed the split age between sister taxa
by using their oldest fossil occurrence reported in The Paleobiology Database (http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl). Where
no precise temporal reference was available we placed the split
age at the mid distance between the parental and the daughter
node ages. This procedure minimizes variance in branch length
(Webb et al., 2008). Reconstructed node ages were calculated
with the bladj algorithm in Phylocom (Webb et al., 2008). Our
modified tree includes 4004 species, 746 of which are insular
endemics and 217 of which are extinct (Appendix S1). In most
analyses we used all resolved nodes subtending a sister-clade
pair, where one clade includes only insular endemics and its
sister clade includes only mainland species. We contrasted
body size ranges (defined as the difference between the logtransformed masses of the largest and smallest species in a
clade) of clade pairs, effectively restricting our analyses to sister
taxa. There are 172 such clade pairs, containing in total 1143
species (Appendices S2 & S3). Where the tree contained both
insular and mainland species in polytomies under a single
node, we arbitrarily defined the insular and mainland species
as sister clades, and the parental node as a clade pair. We then
repeated the analyses excluding the polytomous clade pairs
(see below).
Tests for evolution toward the optimal size

We used the Fisher exact test to compare the frequency in which
the median mass within the insular clade is closer to the 100 g
optimum than that of their mainland sister clade, with a null
expected probability of a 1 : 1 ratio. We repeated this test using
only fully resolved clades.
We further tested for the existence of other possible size
optima serving as evolutionary attractors by comparing the frequency of insular dwarfism and gigantism in mammals of different sizes. We tested whether the median mass of species in
insular clades is greater or smaller than the median masses of
species in their sister clades for mainland median masses of
< 10 g, 10100 g, 1001000 g, 110 kg and > 10 kg. This test also
allowed us to infer whether there is a stronger support for an
optimum at 100 g (Brown et al., 1993) or at 1 kg (Damuth,
1993), because, where the masses in the mainland sister clades
are 1001000 g, the former predicts insular dwarfism whereas
the latter predicts gigantism. If, however, there are clade-specific
tendencies towards dwarfism or gigantism but no optimal size
(Foster, 1964; Meiri et al., 2008), we would expect dwarfism and
gigantism to be independent of any optimum.
3
P. Raia et al.
Tests for decreased size range in insular clades
We defined body size range as the difference in log body mass
between the largest and the smallest species within each clade
(equal to the largest size ratio in the clade). Under the OST the
insular clade is predicted to have a narrower size range than its
mainland sister clade. We used three tests of this prediction. First
we performed an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) on the body
size ranges of sister clades, with the number of species in a clade
as a covariate and insularity (i.e. whether a clade is insular or
not) as the main effect.
In a second test we simulated body size evolution 1000 times
across the whole phylogeny by using the function evolve.phylo in
the R library ape (Paradis et al., 2004). From each simulation we
drew a body size for each species, computed size ranges of mainland and insular species and calculated the size range difference
as insular minus mainland size range. We standardized this difference by dividing it by the simulated mean body size of the
mainland clade. This is an index of difference in relative size range
between insular and mainland sister clades. The same index was
then computed with real data, and compared with the 95%
confidence limits computed across all the simulations.
Finally, we examined insular size ranges which did not involve
clade pairs, while still accounting for taxonomy: we asked
whether endemics have narrower size ranges than a random
draw of a similar number of species from their family, using only
families with at least 10 insular endemics. We produced 999 null
samples by picking species at random, without replacement,
from the family the insular endemics belong to. We calculated
body size ranges for each randomization and assessed significant
deviations using two-tailed tests.
Body size is phylogenetically conserved within mammalian
clades (Freckleton et al., 2002; Blomberg et al., 2003): closely
related species tend to have similar sizes. If insular endemics are
more closely related than expected by chance (i.e. there is phylogenetic clustering) testing for size range in these species would
produce high type I error, since insular endemics would be
expected to be of a similar size whether the OST applies or not.
We tested for phylogenetic clustering using two different metrics
(Webb, 2000; Webb et al., 2002): the net relatedness index
(NRI), which is a standardized measure of the mean phylogenetic distance (in terms of sum of branch lengths) between a
given species and all the other species in the sample averaged
over all species in the sample, and the nearest taxon index (NTI),
which is a standardized measure of the mean phylogenetic distance between any given species and its sister species, averaged
over all species in the sample. Here the sample is all insular
endemics within a family. Significant NRI and NTI values were
estimated via comparison with random distributions produced
by drawing n species from the family pool, where n is the
number of insular endemics in that family. A total of 999 null
samples were produced for significance testing. Other metrics
testing for phylogenetic dispersion within samples of species are
available, but tend to be highly correlated with each other
(Vamosi et al., 2009). Tests for phylogenetic clustering were performed in Phylocom (Webb et al., 2008).
4
Table 1 The number of clades in which the median body size in

the insular clade is larger (insular gigantism) or smaller (insular
dwarfism) than the corresponding value in the mainland sister
clade, for mammals of different sizes. Body size classes were
assigned according to the median body size in the mainland
clades. Probabilities are for deviations from equality in a binomial
test. Data are from Appendix S2 in Supporting Information.
Body
size class
Median size smaller

on islands
Median size larger

on islands
Binomial
probability
< 10 g
10100 g
100 g1 kg
110 kg
> 10 kg
10
31
19
14
19
13
34
15
13
1
0.68
0.80
0.61
1
< 0.0001
R ESULTS
Tests for evolution toward the optimal size
In 95 out of 170 cases (55.8%, two pairs with identical island and
mainland median masses were excluded) the median body size
within the insular clade is closer to 100 g (P = 0.328, two-tailed
test). Although many of the polytomies in our dataset are probably hard polytomies (originating from multiple island colonization by a single parental mainland species), we repeated the
test with only fully resolved clades. In this test the median size of
the insular clade is closer to 100 g in 42 out of 82 cases (51.2%,
P = 0.999). Hence, the 100 g body size does not act as an evolutionary attractor for body size of insular taxa.
The frequencies of insular dwarfs and giants were similar in
all size classes except for the largest one (Table 1). In the largest
size class, the median body size of insular species is lower than
the median size in their mainland sister clades in all but one
clade pair (the mysterious Falkland Island wolf, Dusicyon australis is larger than its extinct mainland congener Dusicyon avus). Thus there is a significant (P < 0.001) tendency for large
(> 10 kg) species to dwarf on islands but to no net trend towards
gigantism in small species, and no identified optimal size.
Tests for decreased size range in insular clades

Forty-three clade pairs include more than one species per clade
(Table 2). The insular one has a narrower size range in 22. The
size ranges of the insular clades is not narrower than that of their
mainland sister clades (Wilcoxon paired test, z = - 0.330, P =
0.742). An ANCOVA indicates that size ranges differ between
clades (whole model F2,83 = 24.7, P < 0.001, R2 = 0.373) but this
is due to species richness (t = 7.02, P < 0.001). The effect of
insularity is insignificant (t = 0.60, P = 0.55). Similar results were
obtained when we used the clade pair that each size range refers
to as a factor (species richness: F = 93.98, P < 0.0001; clade: F =
2.81, P = 0.0006; insularity: F = 0.68, P = 0.41). We further
regressed the mainland minus island size-range difference

Table 2 Summary distribution of the
occurrence of smaller size range and
number of species for clades within a
pair. The total number of occurrences
per category is reported at the bottom.
Only clade pairs including at least two
species per clade are included. Nodes
correspond to those in Appendix S2 in
Supporting Information.
Clade pair
Smaller size range on
No. of species larger on
Apodemus argenteus group

Antechinus
Axis
Boromys/Clyomys
Cervus
Chimarrogale
Choloepodini
Crocidura
Galidiinae
Hylopetes2
Hystrix
Kerivoula argentata group
Lemurs/galagos
Lutra lutra group
Macaca 1
Maxomys
Melogale
Melomys
Microtus arvalis group
Monophyllus/Glossophaga
Mus 1
Mus 2
Mydaus
Naemorhedus
Natalus
Neotoma albigula group
Niviventer
Peromyscus
Petinomys
Phaulomys
Presbytis
Rattus rattus group
Rhinolophus
Rousettus
Sorex hydrodromus group
Stenodermatinae
Suncus
Sundasciurus
Sus
Tenrecidae
Trichosurini
Tupaia
Uromys
Totals
Islands
Mainland
Same
Mainland
Mainland
Island
Mainland
Island
Island
Mainland
Island
Island
Island
Mainland
Island
Mainland
Mainland
Mainland
Mainland
Island
Mainland
Island
Mainland
Mainland
Island
Island
Island
Mainland
Mainland
Island
Island
Mainland
Island
Same
Mainland
Island
Mainland
Island
Island
Island
Island
Island
Mainland
Mainland
Mainland
Island
Smaller body size range
22
20
1
Mainland
Mainland
Same
Island
Mainland
Mainland
Island
Mainland
Mainland
Mainland
Same
Mainland
Island
Island
Island
Island
Same
Island
Same
Mainland
Same
Mainland
Same
Mainland
Island
Mainland
Mainland
Mainland
Same
Mainland
Island
Same
Mainland
Island
Mainland
Same
Mainland
Island
Same
Island
Mainland
Island
Island
Lower number of species
14
19
10
against the mainland minus island species-richness difference.

We contend that a positive intercept indicates that insular size
ranges are narrower unless the island clade has more species
than the mainland one. This, however, was not the case: the
intercept is near zero [0.073, 95% confidence interval (CI):
-0.056 to +0.201, slope = -0.28, P < 0.001]. Hence, our tests
demonstrate that body size ranges within clades are a function
of clade richness, but not of whether or not it is insular.
Insular clades within clade pairs do not show narrower size

ranges than expected in Brownian motion model simulations.
Although size ranges of insular clades were narrower than
Brownian motion predictions in 14 out of 43 clades (Table 3), in
15 cases the size ranges of the insular clade were wider than
expected, again with no apparent phylogenetic bias, for they
include bats, rodents, primates, afrosoricids, xenarthrans,
dasyurids and diprotodonts.
5
P. Raia et al.
Table 3 Comparison of actual size ranges differences within a clade pair with data simulated under a Brownian motion (BM) model of
evolution.
Clade pair
Insular clade
size range
Mainland clade
size range
Mean body size of the

mainland clade
Standardized size
difference
Confidence intervals for

standardized size ranges
according to BM model
Apodemus argenteus group

Antechinus
Axis
Boromys/Clyomys
Cervus
Chimarrogale
Choloepodini
Crocidura
Galidiinae
Hylopetes2
Hystrix
Lemurs/galagos
Lutra lutra group
Macaca 1
Maxomys
Melogale
Melomys
Monophyllus/Glossophaga
Mus 1
Mus 2
Mydaus
Naemorhedus
Natalus
Niviventer
Peromyscus
Petinomys
Phaulomys
Presbytis
Rattus rattus group
Rhinolophus
Rousettus
Stenodermatinae
Suncus
Sundasciurus
Sus
Tenrecidae
Trichosurini
Tupaia
Uromys
0.340
0.830
0.130
1.050
0.433
0.019
0.455
1.213
0.410
0.760
0.920
0.060
3.670
0.499
0.540
0.555
0.001
0.650
0.038
0.230
0.148
0.085
0.170
0.080
0.440
0.310
0.190
0.003
1.350
0.060
0.050
0.558
0.380
0.320
0.000
0.270
0.934
0.690
0.400
1.940
1.301
0.670
0.380
0.311
0.440
0.310
0.820
0.620
0.328
0.070
1.630
1.420
0.780
0.400
0.694
1.390
0.300
0.130
0.430
0.260
0.160
0.100
0.170
0.030
0.380
0.310
0.510
0.020
0.210
0.438
0.740
1.270
0.440
0.050
0.392
0.860
0.090
0.830
0.320
1.764
0.820
1.180
0.980
0.700
0.450
0.520
1.502
1.706
4.695
1.890
5.060
1.574
3.745
1.034
3.163
2.443
4.135
0.662
2.490
3.890
3.745
2.045
3.100
1.895
1.500
0.993
1.375
1.169
3.955
4.565
0.750
2.293
1.925
1.516
2.055
1.475
3.825
2.145
1.027
1.945
0.705
1.205
0.880
2.177
4.650
2.217
3.417
2.117
2.550
0.019
0.229
-0.038
0.122
-0.037
-0.196
0.103
-0.403
-0.319
-0.008
0.126
-0.958
0.916
0.051
0.109
0.061
-0.084
0.259
-0.041
0.060
0.086
-0.252
-0.035
-0.094
0.560
0.044
-0.129
-0.486
0.039
-0.258
0.000
0.077
-0.467
0.118
-1.177
-0.041
-0.943
-0.060
-0.168
0.433
0.176
0.104
-0.055
-0.095 to 0.073
-0.089 to 0.056*
-0.065 to 0.066
-0.022 to 0.099*
-0.098 to 0.042
-0.127 to 0.091
-0.05 to 0.071*
-0.105 to 0.034
-0.189 to 0.007
-0.095 to 0.043
-0.086 to 0.087*
-0.123 to 0.013
-0.049 to 0.226*
-0.015 to 0.066
-0.009 to 0.088*
-0.065 to 0.147
-0.073 to 0.081
-0.036 to 0.142*
-0.052 to 0.05
-0.089 to 0.032*
-0.082 to 0.085*
-0.999 to 0.926
-0.055 to 0.055
-0.069 to 0.016
-0.063 to 0.126*
-0.101 to 0.033*
-0.182 to 0.032
-0.198 to 0.027
-0.073 to 0.076
-0.137 to 0.017
-0.001 to 0.095
-0.058 to 0.053*
-0.078 to 0.01
-0.021 to 0.039*
-0.178 to 0.002
-0.073 to 0.058
-0.123 to 0.043
-0.049 to 0.16
-0.079 to 0.082
0.027 to 0.344*
-0.121 to 0.038*
-0.066 to 0.194
-0.046 to 0.099
*Wider than expected.

Narrower than expected.
Using randomizations, the body size range of insular

endemic clades species is not narrower than expected by
chance in any of the 16 families with at least 10 species of
insular endemics (Table 4). In one family (Tupaiidae) the
insular endemics have a wider body size range than expected
by chance. These results strongly argue against the prediction
6
of OST that size ranges in insular taxa are narrow. This is especially striking because insular endemics are phylogenetically
clustered (i.e. they are more closely related than expected by
chance given the family they belong to, Table 4). Among the 16
families, 11 show phylogenetic clustering (two-tailed tests).
Insularity is therefore clearly phylogenetically conservative

Table 4 Patterns of phylogenetic dispersion in the occurrence of taxa on islands and their size ranges within mammal families with at least
10 insular endemic taxa.
Family
No. of insular
species
NRI
NTI
Phylogenetic
pattern
Size range
Randomized size
range ( SD)
Pattern in body
size range
P (body size range is

random)
Cercopithecidae
Cervidae
Dasyuridae
Macropodidae
Megalonychidae
Muridae
Mustelidae
Phalangeridae
Phyllostomidae
Pteropodidae
Rhinolophidae
Sciuridae
Soricidae
Talpidae
Tupaiidae
Vespertilionidae
17
10
11
15
10
217
11
11
13
93
18
43
33
10
11
17
7.04***
2.40*
3.55**
2.66*
2.43*
16.97***
3.08*
1.73
2.70*
3.52**
-1.26
5.92***
0.97
2.31*
0.73
-0.16
3.16**
-0.07
1.88*
2.31*
2.53***
4.23***
2.32*
0.18
4.35***
0.35
-1.32
-2.88**
1.64*
2.47**
-1.07
0.12
Clustering
Clustering
Clustering
Clustering
Clustering
Clustering
Clustering
Random
Clustering
Clustering
Random
Clustering
Random
Clustering
Random
Random
0.61
4.90
1.63
1.61
1.40
2.29
1.59
1.30
0.76
1.85
0.94
2.03
1.31
2.11
2.45
0.92
0.78 0.19
1.96 1.72
2.44 0.84
3.37 1.64
1.83 0.28
2.43 0.16
2.16 0.84
2.4 1.45
1.01 0.32
1.83 0.05
1.00 0.22
2.27 0.26
1.33 0.25
1.35 0.60
1.52 0.85
1.03 0.26
Random
Random
Random
Random
Random
Random
Random
Random
Random
Random
Random
Random
Random
Random
Larger than expected
Random
0.30
0.38
0.41
0.47
0.14
0.37
0.32
0.70
0.37
0.98
0.80
0.38
0.87
0.36
< 0.05
0.93
*Marginally significant, 0.1 > P > 0.05.

**P < 0.05.
***P < 0.01.
NRI, net relatedness index; NTI, nearest taxon index.
within mammalian families, but size ranges are not

narrow.
D IS C U SSI O N
We find no evidence to support the notion of a single optimal
size for mammals. Sizes of members of insular clades were not
closer to the putative optima than those of members of their
mainland sister clades. Nor was there any evidence to suggest
that body size ranges within insular clades are narrower than size
ranges in their mainland sister clades, or compared to the predicted differences in size range drawn from simulations performed under the Brownian motion model of evolution.
Previous studies failed to find evolutionary size attractors
despite assuming that competitive size displacement was not a
factor in the evolution of the lineages under scrutiny (Alroy,
1998; Roy et al., 2000). Many insular faunas are species poor;
hence islands are often viewed as the ideal places for evolution
toward the optimal size (Maiorana, 1990; Brown et al., 1993;
Damuth, 1993; Lomolino, 2005). Brown et al. (1993) explicitly
stated that OST explains the island rule, since insular species can
evolve toward the optimal size (100 g) given the reduced competition regime they encounter. Here we found no support for
the prediction that body sizes of insular taxa are closer to 100 g
than are the sizes of allied mainland taxa. We identified strong
evidence for dwarfism in large insular mammals, as predicted by
the island rule, but our results indicate that this dwarfism only
occurs in very large (> 10 kg) mammals, whereas OST predicts
dwarfism would start at a much smaller size. Furthermore, we
found no evidence for a net trend toward gigantism in small
mammals, which is predicted under both the island rule and

OST. Dwarfism above 10 kg, however, seems to be a general
mammalian pattern, as the 19 clades showing dwarfism belong
to seven orders spanning the entire mammalian phylogeny
(diprotodont marsupials, xenarthrans, proboscideans, rodents,
carnivores, primates and artiodactyls although for carnivores
we have one case of dwarfism and one of gigantism).
Because it posits that small animals evolve larger sizes on
islands whereas large animals dwarf, the island rule will, inevitably, be associated with some intermediate size at which neither
dwarfism nor gigantism is predicted. Our finding, that large
mammals dwarf, but small mammals do not, as a rule, grow
larger on islands, means that we identify a large size range (all
mammals under 10 kg, some 90% of all species in our dataset)
where no size evolution is predicted, rather than a unique size
value (e.g. 100 g). Thus only very large sizes may be considered
suboptimal on islands, and a four orders of magnitude size
range in which animals will show neither dwarfism nor gigantism is at odds with both the island rule and with optimal size
theory.
Body size ranges are not narrower than expected on islands,
and this result persists when we compare actual clade size
ranges, compare real size ranges within clades with simulated
data, or use the entire phylogeny randomizing the status of
insular endemics within families. Given that we find that insular
endemics are more phylogenetically closely related to one
another than expected by chance, the randomizations within
families are very liberal, but we could still not reject the null
hypothesis. This may hint that insular clades may have wider
distributions than expected, suggesting that insular clades may
7
P. Raia et al.
fill the entire morphological space despite often being less
species rich, in line with the observation that wide size ranges
can form even when species richness is low (Brown & Nicoletto,
1991; Cardillo, 2002; Meiri & Thomas, 2007). More tests are
needed to resolve this issue. We contend, however, that the ecological attributes and particular environment of different insular
species probably play a large role in determining body size evolution above and beyond phylogenetic effects (Diniz-filho et al.,
2009) and possible selection for any optima (Brown et al., 1993;
Lomolino, 2005).
For species originating through insular radiations, a conflicting scenario may be envisioned. An adaptive radiation produces
a large number of new species, which may enhance the intensity
of interspecific competition, enhancing body size differences
between species through character displacement, creating an
overall wider body size range (Schluter, 2000; Davies et al.,
2007). Thus with an in situ radiation, insular clades may be
predicted to have larger ranges than expected by chance. Of the
insular clades we analysed (Tables 1 & 2), insular radiations can
be invoked for Madagascars tenrecs and lemurs, and perhaps
for Indonesian mosaic-tailed rats (genus Melomys), Maxomys
mice, Hystrix porcupines and bare-backed fruit bats (genus
Dobsonia); for New Guinean dasyures (genera Antechinus and
Murexia); and for Antillean cave rats (genera Boromys, Botromys
and Heteropsomys). The vast majority of insular clades, however,
do not represent such radiations, and even the Indonesian and
Antilles examples we cite above correspond to insular endemics
inhabiting different islands within an archipelago, that probably
evolved in isolation. Thus, there is no convincing evidence that
in situ speciation and ensuing competition on islands may have
driven species away from the optimal body size.
Our results are at odds with the idea of multiple, large-cladespecific body size optima on islands (Lomolino, 2005). We
found no support for the prediction that insular faunas evolve
smaller size ranges on islands, a prediction that is independent
of the optimal value per se. Lomolino (2005) referred mainly to
mammalian orders when suggesting multiple, body-planspecific optima and thus our family-level analyses should have
been able to detect them. Thus, we doubt the existence of size
optima in general, whatever these optimal values actually are, or
to which phylogenetic or taxonomic level they are thought to
relate.
We argue that the island rule, whether it is true or an epiphenomenon of the tendency of some clades to evolve either large
or small body sizes on islands (Lawlor, 1982; Meiri et al., 2008),
is better studied by considering contingent factors such as
species biology and the ecological characteristics of island
faunas (Lawlor, 1982; Raia et al., 2003; Raia & Meiri, 2006).
These cannot be captured by one set of allometric equations,
resulting in a one size fits all theory such as the OST. We find
that OST is an unlikely explanation for the evolution of body
size on islands. Similarly, we found no support for the idea that
there is an evolutionary attractor for mammal species evolving
on islands.
The theoretical basis of OST is outside the scope of our discussion, yet it is remarkable that this theory fails to apply
8
under the circumstances which best match its predictions (on

islands). We conclude that, while dwarfism in large mammals
is a real net trend, gigantism in small mammals is more idiosyncratic. The evolution of clade-specific size ranges is independent of insularity.
AC K NO WL EDGEMENTS
We thank Ally Phillimore for insightful discussion leading to the
start of this project. We thank Joaquin Hortal and Mark
Lomolino for valuable discussion. Anna Loy, David Currie, Jos
Alexandre Diniz-Filho and three anonymous referees kindly provided important comments on this manuscript. Tassos Kotsakis
and Federica Marcolini gave us unpublished data and shared with
us their opinion about the systematic position of some insular
rodents they are studying. Felisa Smith kindly provided us with a
new version of her mammalian body size database.
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9
P. Raia et al.
B I O SK ETC H E S
SUPPO RTING INF O R MATIO N
Pasquale Raia is a post-doctoral research fellow at the

Department of Earth Science, University of Naples
Federico II, and a member of the Center for
Evolutionary Ecology based at Rome III University. He
is interested in large mammal evolution, both at the
organismal and community levels, in response to
climate change and to the effect of ecological
interactions.
Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online

version of this article:
Francesco Carotenuto is a post-doctoral research

fellow at the Department of Earth Science University of
Naples. His research interests focus on Quaternary
mammal macroecology and biogeography.
As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides

supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials
are peer-reviewed and may be reorganized for online delivery,
but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues
arising from supporting information (other than missing files)
should be addressed to the authors.
Shai Meiri is a senior lecturer at the Department of

Zoology, Tel Aviv University. He is interested in trait
evolution, the tempo and mode of evolution, the
evolutionary implications of biogeography, vertebrate
evolution and large wooden badgers.
Appendix S1 Phylogenetic tree used for this study, along with

extinct species included, their body size and source papers used
to ascertain both their size and phylogenetic position.
Appendix S2 Clade pairs partitioned in mainland and insular
daughter clades.
Appendix S3 Species belonging to clade pairs.
Editor: Jos Alexandre F. Diniz-Filho
10
APPENDIX S1
A. Extinct species included in this study
B. References for size estimates and phylogenetic affinities for extinct species
C. Phylogeny of all 4004 species used in the study
A. Extinct species included in the phylogenetic tree used for this study.
For each species we report whether or not it was an insular endemic, its log 10 body
mass (in grams), and the sources used to get body mass and phylogenetic data. Where
the same source provided both size and phylogenetic data, the last column was left
empty.
Species
insularity
body mass reference
Phylogeny reference
no
log
mass
4.32
Capromeryx minor
Brook & Bowman 2004
Janis & Manning

1998
Stockoceros conklingi
no
4.72
Brook & Bowman 2004
Janis & Manning

1998
Tetrameryx shuleri
no
4.79
Brook & Bowman 2004
Janis & Manning

1998
Capromeryx mexicana
no
4.18
Smith et al. 2003
Janis & Manning

1998
Stockoceros onusrosagris
no
4.74
Smith et al. 2003
Janis & Manning

1998
Bison antiquus
Bison latifrons
Bos primigenius
Bison priscus
Pelorovis antiquus
Bootherium bombifrons
no
no
no
no
no
no
6.01
6.02
5.97
5.95
6
5.88
Brook & Bowman 2004

Brook & Bowman 2004
Meloro et al., 2007
Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
Brook & Bowman 2004
Geraards 1992
Geraards 1992
Geraards 1992
Geraards 1992
Geraards 1992
McDonald & Ray
1989
Euceratherium collinum
no
5.7
Brook & Bowman 2004
McDonald & Ray

1989
Symbos cavifrons
no
5.6
Smith et al. 2003
McDonald & Ray

1989
Megalotragus priscus
Antidorcas australis
no
no
5.3
4.6
Smith et al. 2003

Smith et al. 2003
Vrba 1979
placed with A.
marsupialis
Antidorcas bondi
no
4.53
Smith et al. 2003
placed with A.
marsupialis
Species
insularity
body mass reference
Phylogeny reference
no
log
mass
4.88
Oreamnos harringtoni
Smith et al. 2003
placed with O.
americanus
Camelus thomasi
Hemiauchenia macrocephala
Hemiauchenia paradoxa
Palaeolama mirifica
Dusicyon australis
no
no
no
no
yes
5.7
5.04
6
4.9
4.699
Smith et al. 2003

Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
Brook & Bowman 2004
Feranec 2003
Feranec 2003
Feranec 2003
Feranec 2003
Zrzavy & Rikankova
2003
Dusicyon avus
no
4.11
Smith et al. 2003
Zrzavy & Rikankova

2003
Isolobodon portoricensis
yes
3.1
Nowak 1999, It is a
conservative estimate as
this species was
probably larger than P.
aedium
Woods et al. 2001
Plagiodontia ipnaeum
yes
3.1
Nowak 1999, It is a
conservative estimate as
this species was
probably larger than P.
aedium
Woods et al. 2001
Hexolobodon phenax
yes
3.75
Nowak 1999, It is
suggested it was the
size of Capromys
pilorides
Woods et al. 2001
Isolobodon montanus
yes
3.1
Nowak 1999, reportedly

Isolobodon was the
same size of
Plagiodontia
Woods et al. 2001
Castoroides ohioensis
no
5.18
Smith et al. 2003
placed sister to C.
fiber
Praemegaceros cretensis
yes
4.9
based on size ratio as

reported in Raia &
Meiri 2006
Croitor 2004, Raia &

Meiri 2006
Praemegaceros ropalophorus
yes
4.476

reported in Raia &
Meiri 2006

Meiri 2006
Praemegaceros cazioti
yes
4.845
estimate from Burness

et al. 2001

Meiri 2006
Megaloceros giganteus
Cervus astylodon
no
yes
5.59
4.267
Meloro et al., 2007

Lister et al. 2005
Matsumoto & Otsuka 2000; Based on the cubic
ratio of radius length as compared to Cervus
nippon multiplied by the size of the latter. The
morhotype used for comparison is G4 , which
is the stratigraphically youngest.
Species
insularity
body mass reference
Phylogeny reference
no
log
mass
5.8
Cervalces scotti
Smith et al. 2003
placed sister to Alces
Sinomegaceros yabei
yes
5.589
van der Made & Tong 2008 state S. yabei is

large, possibly as large as M. giganteus
Dasypus bellus
no
4.65
Smith et al. 2003
Gaudin 2003,
Vizcaino 2009
Holmesina septentrionalis
no
5.4
Smith et al. 2003
Gaudin 2003,
Vizcaino 2009
Holmesina occidentalis
no
5.3
Smith et al. 2003
Gaudin 2003,
Vizcaino 2009
Holmesina paulacoutoi
no
5.1
Smith et al. 2003
Gaudin 2003,
Vizcaino 2009
Pampatherium humboldtii
no
5.18
Smith et al. 2003
Gaudin 2003,
Vizcaino 2009
Pampatherium typum
no
5.3
Smith et al. 2003
Gaudin 2003,
Vizcaino 2009
Kraglievichia paranense
no
4.653
Brook & Bowman 2004
Gaudin 2003,
Vizcaino 2009
Sarcophilus laniarius
no
4.08
Smith et al. 2003
placed sister to S.
harrisi
Daubentonia robusta
yes
4.7
Brook & Bowman 2004
name given to fossil

remains of D.
madagascarensis
according to Wilson
& Reeder (2003)
Diprotodon minor
Diprotodon optatum
Euryzygoma dunese
Hulitherium thomasettii
Kolopsis watutense
Maokopia ronaldi
Nototherium mitchelli
Zygomaturus trilobus
Boromys offella
Boromys torrei
Brotomys voratus
Heteropsomys insulans
Elephas namadicus
no
no
no
yes
yes
yes
no
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
5.95
6.18
5.7
5.14
5.48
5
5.7
5.88
2.61
2.29
2.86
3.34
6.81
Smith et al. 2003

Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
Turvey et al. 2007
Turvey et al. 2007
Turvey et al. 2007
Turvey et al. 2007
After measurements in
Maglio (1973) it is
apparent E.antiquus &
E.namadicus were the
same body size
Black 2008
Black 2008
Black 2008
Black 2008
Black 2008
Black 2008
Black 2008
Black 2008
Woods et al. 2001
Woods et al. 2001
Woods et al. 2001
Woods et al. 2001
Thomas et al. 2000,
Maglio 1973,
Shoshani & Tassy
2005
Species
insularity
body mass reference
Phylogeny reference
yes
log
mass
6.57
Elephas creutzburgi

reported in Raia &
Meiri 2006
Elephas cypriotes
yes
5.482

reported in Raia &
Meiri 2006
Elephas mnaidriensis
yes
6.272

reported in Raia &
Meiri 2006
Mammuthus lamarmorae
yes
5.812

reported in Raia &
Meiri 2006
Palaeoloxodon naumanni
yes
6.348
estimated by using
regression equations in
Roth (1990) & average
shoulder height of 225
cm reported in Kondo et
al. 2001
Thomas et al. 2000,

Maglio 1973,
Shoshani & Tassy
2005
Thomas et al. 2000,
Maglio 1973,
Shoshani & Tassy
2005
Thomas et al. 2000,
Maglio 1973,
Shoshani & Tassy
2005
Thomas et al. 2000,
Maglio 1973,
Shoshani & Tassy
2005
Thomas et al. 2000,
Maglio 1973,
Shoshani & Tassy
2005
Elephas antiquus
no
6.81
Meloro et al., 2007
Mammuthus columbi
no
6.9
Smith et al. 2003
Mammuthus imperator
no
Smith et al. 2003
Mammuthus primigenius
no
6.74
Smith et al. 2003
Mammuthus exilis
yes
5.23
Onohippidium sp
Equus hydruntinus
Hippidion principale
Hippidion saldiasi
Homotherium serum
no
no
no
no
no
5.49
5.32
5.71
5.42
5.43
the cubed ratio of M.e.

to Elephas falconeri's
long bones multiplied
by the estimated size of
E.f.
Stromberg 2006
Meloro et al., 2007
Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
Brook & Bowman 2004
Thomas et al. 2000,

Maglio 1973,
Shoshani & Tassy
2005
Thomas et al. 2000,
Maglio 1973,
Shoshani & Tassy
2005
Thomas et al. 2000,
Maglio 1973,
Shoshani & Tassy
2005
Thomas et al. 2000,
Maglio 1973,
Shoshani & Tassy
2005
Thomas et al. 2000,
Maglio 1973,
Shoshani & Tassy
2005
Stromberg 2006
Burke et al. 2003
Stromberg 2006
Stromberg 2006
Slater & Van
Valkenburgh 2004
Species
insularity
body mass reference
Phylogeny reference
no
log
mass
5.63
Panthera atrox
Brook & Bowman 2004
Slater & Van

Valkenburgh 2005
Miracinonyx trumani
no
4.94
Smith et al. 2003
Slater & Van

Valkenburgh 2006
Smilodon fatalis
no
5.64
Smith et al. 2003
Slater & Van

Valkenburgh 2007
Smilodon populator
no
5.65
Smith et al. 2003
Slater & Van

Valkenburgh 2007
Giraffa gracilis
no
5.93
Smith et al. 2003
placed sister to G.
camaleopardalis
Chlamydotherium spp.
no
5.24
Smith et al. 2003
Gaudin 2003,
Gaudin & Wible
2006, Vizcaino 2009
Glyptodon clavipes
no
6.3
Smith et al. 2003
Gaudin 2003,
Gaudin & Wible
2006, Vizcaino 2009
Glyptodon reticulatus
no
5.94
Smith et al. 2003
Gaudin 2003,
Gaudin & Wible
2006, Vizcaino 2009
Glyptotherium floridanum
no
6.04
Smith et al. 2003
Gaudin 2003,
Gaudin & Wible
2006, Vizcaino 2009
Glyptotherium mexicanum
no
6.04
Smith et al. 2003
Gaudin 2003,
Gaudin & Wible
2006, Vizcaino 2009
Lomaphorus spp.
no
5.4
Smith et al. 2003
Gaudin 2003,
Gaudin & Wible
2006, Vizcaino 2009
Neosclerocalyptus spp.
no
5.3
Smith et al. 2003
Gaudin 2003,
Gaudin & Wible
2006, Vizcaino 2009
Neothoracophorus depressus
no
6.04
Smith et al. 2003
Gaudin 2003,
Gaudin & Wible
2006, Vizcaino 2009
Neothoracophorus elevatus
no
5.9
Smith et al. 2003
Gaudin 2003,
Gaudin & Wible
2006, Vizcaino 2009
Panochthus tuberculatus
no
6.03
Smith et al. 2003
Gaudin 2003,
Gaudin & Wible
2006, Vizcaino 2009
Plaxhaplous canaliculatus
no
6.11
Smith et al. 2003
Gaudin 2003,
Gaudin & Wible
2006, Vizcaino 2009
Species
insularity
body mass reference
Phylogeny reference
no
log
mass
5.45
Sclerocalyptus ornatus
Smith et al. 2003
Gaudin 2003,
Gaudin & Wible
2006, Vizcaino 2009
Doedicurus clavicaudatus
no
6.17
Smith et al. 2003
Gaudin 2003,
Gaudin & Wible
2006, Vizcaino 2009
Cuvieronius hyodon
no
6.623
Brook & Bowman 2004
Shoshani & Tassy

2005
Cuvieronius spp.
no
6.7
Smith et al. 2003
Shoshani & Tassy

2005
Haplomastodon chimborazi
no
6.78
Smith et al. 2003
Shoshani & Tassy

2005
Notiomastodon spp.
no
6.79
Smith et al. 2003
Shoshani & Tassy

2005
Stegomastodon superbus
no
6.88
Smith et al. 2003
Shoshani & Tassy

2005
Amblyrhiza inundata
yes
4.97
McFarlane et al. 1998
Flemming &
MacPhee 1996
Quemisia gravis
yes
4.14
Nowak 1999, reportedly

the same size of
Elasmodontomys
Flemming &
MacPhee 1996
Clidomys osborni
yes
4.66
Flemming &
MacPhee 1996
Clidomys parvus
yes
4.36
Elasmodontomys obliquus
yes
4.14
Nowak 1999. Weight

estimate obtained as the
cubic ratio of this
species to C. pyloroides
body size, the latter
taken 5650 grams &
450 mm in head-body
length
Nowak 1999. Weight
estimate obtained as the
cubic ratio of this
species to C. pyloroides
body size, the latter
taken 5650 grams &
450 mm in head-body
length
Smith et al. 2003
Hippopotamus madagascariensis
Hippopotamus lemerlei
yes
yes
5.7
5.699
Brook & Bowman 2004

MOM-Mammals
Version 3.61 (current
as of January 2007)
Boisserie 2005
Boisserie 2005
Hippopotamus creutzburgi
Hippopotamus pentlandi
yes
yes
5.741
6.182
Raia & Meiri 2006

Raia & Meiri 2006
Boisserie 2005
Boisserie 2005
Flemming &
MacPhee 1996
Flemming &
MacPhee 1996
Species
insularity
body mass reference
Phylogeny reference
yes
no
log
mass
5.98
4.79
Hippopotamus laloumena
Neochoerus aesopi
Smith et al. 2003

Prevosti & Vizcano
2006
Boisserie 2005
Prado et al. 1998
Neochoerus pinckneyi
Neochoerus sulcidens
Archeolemur edwardsi
Archeolemur majori
Hadropithecus stenognathus
Mesopropithecus dolichobrachion
Mesopropithecus globiceps
Mesopropithecus pithecoides
Archaeoindris fontoynontii
Pachylemur insignis
Pachylemur jullyi
Bohra paulae
no
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
4.85
5.18
4.34
4.23
4.45
4.08
4
4.04
5.3
4
4.08
4.54
Smith et al. 2003

Smith et al. 2003
Brook & Bowman 2004
Brook & Bowman 2004
Brook & Bowman 2004
Brook & Bowman 2004
Brook & Bowman 2004
Brook & Bowman 2004
Smith et al. 2003
Brook & Bowman 2004
Brook & Bowman 2004
Brook & Bowman 2004
Prado et al. 1998

Prado et al. 1998
Orlando et al. 2008
Orlando et al. 2008
Orlando et al. 2008
Orlando et al. 2008
Orlando et al. 2008
Orlando et al. 2008
Orlando et al. 2008
Orlando et al. 2008
Orlando et al. 2008
Flannery & Szalay
1982 (basal to other
macropodinae)
Congruus gongruus
no
4.6
Brook & Bowman 2004
probably basal to
other macropodinae
according to
Prideaux 2004
Procoptodon goliath
Protemnodon nombe
Protemnodon tumbuna
Simosthenurus baileyi
Simosthenurus brachyselensis
Simosthenurus euryskaphus
Simosthenurus oreas
Sthenurus gilli
Procoptodon pusio
Procoptodon rapha
Protemnodon anak
Protemnodon brehus
Protemnodon hopei
Protemnodon roechus
Simosthenurus brownei
Simosthenurus maddocki
Simosthenurus occidentalis
Sthenurus andersoni
Sthenurus atlas
Sthenurus stirlingi
Mammut americanum
Megaladapis grandidieri
Megaladapis madagascariensis
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
yes
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
yes
yes
5.4
4.6
4.7
4.74
4.85
4.74
5
4.48
4.88
5.18
5
5
4.87
4.95
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
5.18
5.18
6.66
4.72
4.72
Brook & Bowman 2004

Brook & Bowman 2004
Brook & Bowman 2004
Brook & Bowman 2004
Brook & Bowman 2004
Brook & Bowman 2004
Brook & Bowman 2004
Brook & Bowman 2004
Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
Prideaux 2004
Prideaux 2004
Prideaux 2004
Prideaux 2004
Prideaux 2004
Prideaux 2004
Prideaux 2004
Prideaux 2004
Prideaux 2004
Prideaux 2004
Prideaux 2004
Prideaux 2004
Prideaux 2004
Prideaux 2004
Prideaux 2004
Prideaux 2004
Prideaux 2004
Prideaux 2004
Prideaux 2004
Prideaux 2004
Yang et al. 1996
Orlando et al. 2008
Orlando et al. 2008
Species
insularity
body mass reference
Phylogeny reference
no
yes
log
mass
5.78
4.519
Megalonyx jeffersonii
Acratocnus odontrigonus
Smith et al. 2003

Brook & Bowman 2004
Gaudin 2004
White & MacPhee
2001
Meizonyx salvadorensis
no
5.778
Brook & Bowman 2004
White & MacPhee

2001
Neocnus comes
yes
3.778
Brook & Bowman 2004
White & MacPhee

2001
Parocnus serus
yes
4.845
Brook & Bowman 2004
White & MacPhee

2001
Megalocnus rodens
yes
5.176

et al. 2001
White & MacPhee

2001
Megalocnus zile
yes
5.176

et al. 2001
White & MacPhee

2001
Acratocnus antillensis
yes
4.631
Estimated from postcranial material in

Arredondo &
Arredondo 2000
White & MacPhee

2001
Neocnus gliriformis
yes
4.078

Arredondo &
Arredondo 2000
White & MacPhee

2001
Neocnus major
yes
4.164

Arredondo &
Arredondo 2000
White & MacPhee

2001
Parocnus browni
yes
4.942

Arredondo &
Arredondo 2000
White & MacPhee

2001
Acratocnus simorhincus
yes
4.176
Rega et al. 2002
White & MacPhee

2001
Valgipes spp.
no
5.3
Smith et al. 2003
White & MacPhee

2001
Nothrotheriops shastensis
Eremotherium laurillardi
Eremotherium rusconii
Megatherium americanum
Nothropus spp.
Nothrotherium spp.
Ocnopus spp.
Paramegatherium spp.
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
5.79
5.9
6.54
6.8
5
5.18
5.48
6.54
Brook & Bowman 2004

Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
Gaudin 2004
Gaudin 2004
Gaudin 2004
Gaudin 2004
Gaudin 2004
Gaudin 2004
Gaudin 2004
Gaudin 2004
Species
insularity
body mass reference
yes
log
mass
1.339
Terricola melitensis
Phylogeny reference
Meriones malatestai
yes
2.1
A. Kotsakis, pers. Comm. Estimated by

multiplying upper tooth row ratio per body
weight of M. tristrami
Oryzomys nelsoni
yes
2.017
based on comparison with O. palustris. Both

species measurements were taken from
MAMMALIAN SPECIES accounts
Mus lopadusae
Nesoryzomys swarthi
Mus minotaurus
Rhagamys orthodon
yes
yes
yes
yes
1.611
1.97
1.526
1.801
Burgio & Catalisano 1994

Dowler et al. 2000
Federica Marcolini, pers. Comm.
Gliozzi et al. 1984. based on m1 length of
Apodemus flavicollis
Spelaeomys florensis
yes
2.98
Musser 1981, . Estimated multiplying the cubic

ratio of m1-3 length with that of Rattus fuscipes
Paulamys naso
Neotoma bunkeri
yes
yes
2.09
2.57
Nowak 1999
Smith et al. 2003
Uromys imperator
yes
Smith et al. 2003
Papagomys theodorverhoeveni
yes
Zijlstra et al. 2008, Estimated for the cubic ratio

of m1 length as compared with P. armandvillei
multiplied by the size of the latter
Lutrogale cretensis
yes
4.041

et al. 2001
Sardolutra ichnusae
Algarolutra majori
yes
yes
4.031
4.156
Malatesta 1977
Malatesta et al. 1986
Lutra euxena
yes
3.944
Willemsen 1992. Cubic ratio of m1 lengths as

compared with L. lutra, multiplied by the
weight of the latter

multiplying upper tooth row ratio per body
weight of M. duodecimcustatus (data kindly
provided by F. Marcolini)
Likely conspecific
with N. lepida
according to Wilson
& Reeder (2003)
placed in the U. rex
species group
according to Wilson
& Reeder (2003)
placed in the
European otter
species group
Species
insularity
body mass reference
yes
log
mass
4.051
Lutra trinacrie
Phylogeny reference
Megalenhydris barbaricina
yes
4.443

Glossotherium harlani
Glossotherium myloides
Glossotherium robustum
Lestodon armatus
Mylodon listai
Scelidodon spp.
Scelidotherium leptocephalum
Eliomys morpheus
Muscardinus malatestai
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
yes
yes
6.3
6.08
6.23
6.53
6
6
6.05
2.4
1.633
Brook & Bowman 2004 Gaudin 2004

Smith et al. 2003
Gaudin 2004
Smith et al. 2003
Gaudin 2004
Smith et al. 2003
Gaudin 2004
Smith et al. 2003
Gaudin 2004
Smith et al. 2003
Gaudin 2004
Smith et al. 2003
Gaudin 2004
Alcover et al. 2000
The cubed ratio of M1 length compared with
M. avellanarius multplied by the size of the
latter. Measurements in Gliozzi 1995
Nesophontes edithae
Nesophontes hypomicrus
Nesophontes micrus
Nesophontes paramicrus
Nesophontes zamicrus
Babakotia radofilai
Palaeopropithecus ingens
Palaeopropithecus maximus
Palorchestes azael
Palorchestes parvus
Phascolarctos stirtoni
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
no
no
2.32
1.36
1.66
1.67
1
4.18
4.68
4.68
5.7
5
4.15
Turvey et al. 2007

Turvey et al. 2007
Turvey et al. 2007
Turvey et al. 2007
Turvey et al. 2007
Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
Brook & Bowman 2004
Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
Coelodonta antiquitatis
Solenodon arredondoi
Nesiotites similis
no
yes
yes
6.46
2.97
1.38
Brook & Bowman 2004 Cerdeno 1995

Turvey et al. 2007
comparing upper tooth row length with that of
A. hidalgo
Asoriculus hidalgo
Stegodon orientalis
yes
no
1.3
6.3
Alcover et al. 2000

estimate based on Van den Bergh ( 1997) size
estimate of Javan S. trigonocephalus at 1.7 tons.
S.t. is said to be slightly smaller than S.
orientalis

Asher 1999
Asher 1999
Asher 1999
Asher 1999
Asher 1999
Orlando et al. 2008
Orlando et al. 2008
Orlando et al. 2008
Black 2008
Black 2008
placed sister to P.
cinereus
10
Species
insularity
body mass reference
yes
log
mass
5.54
Stegodon sp.
Phylogeny reference
Metridiochoerus andrewsi
Metridiochoerus compactus
Zaglossus hacketti
Platygonus compressus
Arctodus pristinus
no
no
no
no
no
5.18
5.15
4.48
5.04
5.48
Brook & Bowman 2004

Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
Smith et al. 2003
White & Harris 1977

White & Harris 1977
sister to Z. bruijni
Wetzel et al. 1975
McLellan & Rainer
2004
Arctodus simus
no
5.86
Smith et al. 2003
McLellan & Rainer

2004
Tremarctos floridanus
no
5.18
Smith et al. 2003
McLellan & Rainer

2004
Microtus henseli
yes
1.301
Gliozzi et al. 1984, based on M1 of M. savii
Phanourios minor
yes
5.58
Raia & Meiri 2006
Megatapirus augustus
no
5.76
Tong 2005
Van den Bergh, G.D. 1997. The Late Neogene.

No measurements are available for dwarf
Stegodon associated to Homo floresiensis.
Possibly late-Pleistocene, truly dwarf Stegodon
are known from Sumba & Timor. We used the
mass estimate calculated on S. sampoensis
placed sister to H.
amphibious
11
B. Reference list for Appendix 1a

1
3
4
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
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Arredondo, C. and Arredondo, O. 2000. Nuevo genero y especie de perezoso
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Praemegaceros Portis, 1920 (Cervidae, Mammalia). 18th International Senckenberg
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Flannery, T. F. and F. S. Szalay. 1982. Bohra paulae: a new giant fossil tree
kangaroo (Marsupialia: Macropodidae) from New South Wales, Australia.
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Flemming C, MacPhee RDE. 1996. Caribbean giants; relationships of Antillean
heptaxodontids (Caviomorpha, Rodentia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16:
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Gaudin, T. J. 2003. Phylogeny of the Xenarthra (Mammalia). Pp. 2740 in Farina et
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19
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25
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35
36
Carrano, T. J. Gaudin, R. W. Blob, and J. R. Wible, eds. Amniote paleobiology:

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Geraads, D.1992. Phylogenetic analysis of the tribe Bovini (Mammalia:
Artiodactyla). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 104: 193207.
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15
C. The phylogeny used in the study
(((Tachyglossus_aculeatus:10.6,(Zaglossus_bruijni:5.3,Zaglossus_hacketti:5.3)4008:5.
3)4007:53,Ornithorhynchus_anatinus:63.6)4006:102.800004,(((((((((((((Anomalurus_
beecrofti:23.6,Anomalurus_derbianus:23.6,Anomalurus_pelii:23.6,Anomalurus_pusil
lus:23.6)4021:7.6,(Zenkerella_insignis:18.7,(Idiurus_macrotis:12.9,Idiurus_zenkeri:12
.9)4023:5.8)4022:12.5)4020:23.7,Pedetes_capensis:54.9)4019:22.5,(((Allactaga_elat
er:24.5,Allactaga_bullata:24.5,Allactaga_euphratica:24.5,Allactaga_hotsoni:24.5,Alla
ctaga_major:24.5,Allactaga_severtzovi:24.5,Allactaga_sibirica:24.5,Allactaga_tetrada
ctyla:24.5)4026:14.5,((Paradipus_ctenodactylus:38.5,Euchoreutes_naso:38.5,(Sicista
_betulina:26.7,Sicista_tianshanica:26.7,Sicista_caucasica:26.7,Sicista_caudata:26.7,Si
cista_concolor:26.7,Sicista_napaea:26.7,Sicista_strandi:26.7,Sicista_subtilis:26.7)402
9:11.8,(Dipus_sagitta:11.8,Eremodipus_lichtensteini:11.8,(Jaculus_jaculus:11.5,Jacul
us_blanfordi:11.5,Jaculus_orientalis:11.5)4031:0.3,(Stylodipus_andrewsi:9.2,Stylodip
us_telum:9.2)4032:2.6)4030:26.7,(Napaeozapus_insignis:11.9,Eozapus_setchuanus:1
1.9,(Zapus_hudsonius:10.1,Zapus_princeps:10.1,Zapus_trinotatus:10.1)4034:1.8)403
3:26.6,(Cardiocranius_paradoxus:20.2,(Salpingotus_crassicauda:18.7,Salpingotus_ko
zlovi:18.7,Salpingotus_michaelis:18.7)4036:1.5)4035:18.3)4028:0.3,Pygeretmus_pu
milio:38.8)4027:0.2)4025:31.3,(((Abditomys_latidens:14.3,(Bullimus_bagobus:4.7,Bu
llimus_luzonicus:4.7)4040:9.6)4039:14.8,(((Acomys_cahirinus:5.3,Acomys_ignitus:5.
3,Acomys_kempi:5.3,Acomys_minous:5.3,Acomys_percivali:5.3,Acomys_russatus:5.
3,Acomys_spinosissimus:5.3,Acomys_subspinosus:5.3,Acomys_wilsoni:5.3)4043:7,Ac
omys_louisae:12.3)4042:0.2,(Lophuromys_flavopunctatus:5.8,Lophuromys_melanon
yx:5.8,Lophuromys_nudicaudus:5.8,Lophuromys_rahmi:5.8,Lophuromys_sikapusi:5.
8,Lophuromys_woosnami:5.8)4044:6.7,Uranomys_ruddi:12.5)4041:16.6,(Aethomys_
chrysophilus:19.9,Aethomys_granti:19.9,Aethomys_hindei:19.9,Aethomys_kaiseri:1
9.9,Aethomys_namaquensis:19.9,Aethomys_nyikae:19.9)4045:9.2,(Anisomys_imitat
or:26.5,(Chiruromys_forbesi:7.4,Chiruromys_lamia:7.4,Chiruromys_vates:7.4)4047:1
9.1,Coccymys_ruemmleri:26.5,Crossomys_moncktoni:26.5,(Hyomys_dammermani:4
.7,Hyomys_goliath:4.7)4048:21.8,((Leptomys_elegans:6.6,Leptomys_ernstmayri:6.6)
4050:9,Lorentzimys_nouhuysi:15.6,(Mayermys_germani:4.2,Mayermys_ellermani:4.
2,Neohydromys_fuscus:4.2)4051:11.4,(Paraleptomys_rufilatus:4.2,Paraleptomys_wil
helmina:4.2)4052:11.4,(Pseudohydromys_murinus:4.2,Pseudohydromys_occidentali
s:4.2)4053:11.4)4049:10.9,Macruromys_major:26.5,(Mallomys_aroaensis:9.4,Mallo
mys_gunung:9.4,Mallomys_istapantap:9.4,Mallomys_rothschildi:9.4)4054:17.1,Micr
ohydromys_richardsoni:26.5,Parahydromys_asper:26.5,(Pogonomelomys_mayeri:7.
4,Pogonomelomys_sevia:7.4)4055:19.1,(Solomys_ponceleti:10.9,Solomys_salebrosu
s:10.9)4056:15.6,Xenuromys_barbatus:26.5)4046:2.6,((((Apodemus_argenteus:11.1,
Apodemus_draco:11.1,Apodemus_gurkha:11.1,Apodemus_latronum:11.1,Apodemu
s_peninsulae:11.1,Apodemus_semotus:11.1,Apodemus_speciosus:11.1)4060:5.5,(Ap
odemus_agrarius:3,Apodemus_chevrieri:3)4061:13.6,Apodemus_mystacinus:16.6,(A
podemus_alpicola:4.9,Apodemus_flavicollis:4.9,Apodemus_fulvipectus:4.9,Apodem
us_hermonensis:4.9,Apodemus_sylvaticus:4.9,Apodemus_uralensis:4.9)4062:11.7)4
059:3.4,Rhagamys_orthodon:20)4058:3.1,(Tokudaia_muenninki:4.8,Tokudaia_osime
16
nsis:4.8)4063:18.3)4057:6,((Apomys_abrae:3.9,Apomys_datae:3.9,Apomys_hylocoet
es:3.9,Apomys_insignis:3.9,Apomys_littoralis:3.9,Apomys_microdon:3.9,Apomys_m
usculus:3.9,Apomys_sacobianus:3.9)4065:5,(((Archboldomys_luzonensis:3.6,(Cruno
mys_celebensis:2.9,Crunomys_fallax:2.9,Crunomys_melanius:2.9)4069:0.7)4068:0.1,
(Celaenomys_silaceus:2.9,(Chrotomys_gonzalesi:0.8,Chrotomys_mindorensis:0.8,Chr
otomys_whiteheadi:0.8)4071:2.1)4070:0.8)4067:0.2,(Rhynchomys_isarogensis:2.6,R
hynchomys_soricoides:2.6)4072:1.3)4066:5)4064:20.2,(Arvicanthis_abyssinicus:10.9,
Arvicanthis_blicki:10.9,Arvicanthis_nairobae:10.9,Arvicanthis_niloticus:10.9)4073:18
.2,(Bandicota_bengalensis:8.1,Bandicota_indica:8.1,Bandicota_savilei:8.1)4074:21,((
Batomys_dentatus:7.4,Batomys_granti:7.4,Batomys_salomonseni:7.4)4076:7.9,(Crat
eromys_australis:7.4,Crateromys_paulus:7.4,Crateromys_schadenbergi:7.4)4077:7.9
)4075:13.8,(Berylmys_berdmorei:10.2,Berylmys_bowersi:10.2,Berylmys_mackenziei:
10.2,Berylmys_manipulus:10.2)4078:18.9,((Bunomys_andrewsi:14.3,Bunomys_chrys
ocomus:14.3,Bunomys_coelestis:14.3,Bunomys_fratrorum:14.3,Bunomys_heinrichi:
14.3,Bunomys_penitus:14.3,Bunomys_prolatus:14.3)4080:7.4,Paulamys_naso:21.7)4
079:7.4,Chiromyscus_chiropus:29.1,(((Chiropodomys_calamianensis:10.8,Chiropodo
mys_gliroides:10.8,Chiropodomys_karlkoopmani:10.8,Chiropodomys_major:10.8,Chi
ropodomys_muroides:10.8,Chiropodomys_pusillus:10.8)4083:3.3,(Hapalomys_delac
ouri:4.2,Hapalomys_longicaudatus:4.2)4084:9.9)4082:3.5,(Haeromys_margarettae:7
.4,Haeromys_minahassae:7.4,Haeromys_pusillus:7.4)4085:10.2)4081:11.5,Colomys_
goslingi:29.1,(((Conilurus_penicillatus:8.4,Leporillus_conditor:8.4,(Mesembriomys_g
ouldii:3.6,Mesembriomys_macrurus:3.6)4089:4.8)4088:15.7,((Melomys_matambuai:
15.7,Melomys_aerosus:15.7,Melomys_bougainville:15.7,Melomys_burtoni:15.7,Mel
omys_capensis:15.7,Melomys_cervinipes:15.7,Melomys_fellowsi:15.7,Melomys_frat
erculus:15.7,Melomys_lanosus:15.7,Melomys_leucogaster:15.7,Melomys_levipes:15
.7,Melomys_lorentzii:15.7,Melomys_mollis:15.7,Melomys_moncktoni:15.7,Melomys
_obiensis:15.7,Melomys_platyops:15.7,Melomys_rattoides:15.7,Melomys_rubex:15.
7,Melomys_rubicola:15.7,Melomys_rufescens:15.7)4091:4,(Uromys_imperator:8.3,
Uromys_anak:8.3,Uromys_caudimaculatus:8.3,Uromys_hadrourus:8.3,Uromys_neob
ritanicus:8.3,Uromys_rex:8.3)4092:11.4)4090:4.4,(Zyzomys_argurus:9.7,Zyzomys_m
aini:9.7,Zyzomys_palatilis:9.7,Zyzomys_pedunculatus:9.7,Zyzomys_woodwardi:9.7)4
093:14.4)4087:4.8,(Leggadina_forresti:4.7,Leggadina_lakedownensis:4.7)4094:24.2,(
Notomys_alexis:10.9,Notomys_aquilo:10.9,Notomys_cervinus:10.9,Notomys_fuscus:
10.9,Notomys_mitchellii:10.9)4095:18,(Pseudomys_albocinereus:21.5,Pseudomys_a
podemoides:21.5,Pseudomys_australis:21.5,Pseudomys_bolami:21.5,Pseudomys_ch
apmani:21.5,Pseudomys_delicatulus:21.5,Pseudomys_desertor:21.5,Pseudomys_fiel
di:21.5,Pseudomys_fumeus:21.5,Pseudomys_fuscus:21.5,Pseudomys_gracilicaudatu
s:21.5,Pseudomys_hermannsburgensis:21.5,Pseudomys_higginsi:21.5,Pseudomys_jo
hnsoni:21.5,Pseudomys_laborifex:21.5,Pseudomys_nanus:21.5,Pseudomys_novaeho
llandiae:21.5,Pseudomys_occidentalis:21.5,Pseudomys_oralis:21.5,Pseudomys_pillig
aensis:21.5,Pseudomys_praeconis:21.5,Pseudomys_shortridgei:21.5)4096:7.4)4086:
0.2,((Cremnomys_blanfordi:7.4,Cremnomys_cutchicus:7.4,Cremnomys_elvira:7.4)40
98:6.9,(Millardia_gleadowi:9.4,Millardia_kathleenae:9.4,Millardia_kondana:9.4,Milla
rdia_meltada:9.4)4099:4.9)4097:14.8,Dasymys_incomtus:29.1,(((Dephomys_defua:4
.2,Dephomys_eburnea:4.2)4102:9.9,(Hybomys_planifrons:10.8,Hybomys_trivirgatus:
10.8,Hybomys_univittatus:10.8)4103:3.3)4101:5.3,(Hydromys_shawmayeri:12.1,Hyd
romys_chrysogaster:12.1,Xeromys_myoides:12.1)4104:7.3)4100:9.7,Desmomys_har
17
ringtoni:29.1,Diomys_crumpi:29.1,(Echiothrix_leucura:14.3,(Margaretamys_beccarii:
7.4,Margaretamys_elegans:7.4,Margaretamys_parvus:7.4)4106:6.9,(Melasmothrix_n
aso:7.4,(Tateomys_macrocercus:4.2,Tateomys_rhinogradoides:4.2)4108:3.2)4107:6.
9)4105:14.8,Golunda_ellioti:29.1,((Grammomys_cometes:16.3,Grammomys_dolichu
rus:16.3,Grammomys_ibeanus:16.3,Grammomys_macmillani:16.3,Grammomys_min
nae:16.3,Grammomys_rutilans:16.3)4110:3.6,(Thallomys_nigricauda:9.4,Thallomys_
paedulcus:9.4)4111:10.5)4109:9.2,Hadromys_humei:29.1,Heimyscus_fumosus:29.1,(
Hylomyscus_aeta:5.1,Hylomyscus_alleni:5.1,Hylomyscus_denniae:5.1,Hylomyscus_p
arvus:5.1,Hylomyscus_stella:5.1)4112:24,Kadarsanomys_sodyi:29.1,(Papagomys_ar
mandvillei:29,Papagomys_theodorverhoeveni:29)4113:0.1,(Lamottemys_okuensis:1
1.8,(Oenomys_hypoxanthus:4.7,Oenomys_ornatus:4.7)4115:7.1,(Thamnomys_kemp
i:4.7,Thamnomys_venustus:4.7)4116:7.1)4114:17.3,(Lemniscomys_barbarus:13.5,Le
mniscomys_griselda:13.5,Lemniscomys_macculus:13.5,Lemniscomys_rosalia:13.5,Le
mniscomys_striatus:13.5)4117:15.6,Lenothrix_canus:29.1,(Leopoldamys_edwardsi:1
0.2,Leopoldamys_neilli:10.2,Leopoldamys_sabanus:10.2,Leopoldamys_siporanus:10.
2)4118:18.9,(Malacomys_edwardsi:11.8,Malacomys_longipes:11.8,Malacomys_vers
chureni:11.8)4119:17.3,(Mastomys_coucha:14.7,Mastomys_erythroleucus:14.7,Mas
tomys_hildebrandtii:14.7,Mastomys_natalensis:14.7,Mastomys_shortridgei:14.7)41
20:14.4,(Maxomys_alticola:20.8,Maxomys_baeodon:20.8,Maxomys_bartelsii:20.8,M
axomys_dollmani:20.8,Maxomys_hellwaldii:20.8,Maxomys_hylomyoides:20.8,Maxo
mys_inas:20.8,Maxomys_inflatus:20.8,Maxomys_moi:20.8,Maxomys_musschenbroe
kii:20.8,Maxomys_ochraceiventer:20.8,Maxomys_pagensis:20.8,Maxomys_panglima
:20.8,Maxomys_rajah:20.8,Maxomys_surifer:20.8,Maxomys_wattsi:20.8,Maxomys_
whiteheadi:20.8)4121:8.3,Micromys_minutus:29.1,Muriculus_imberbis:29.1,((Mus_c
rociduroides:11.2,Mus_famulus:11.2,Mus_pahari:11.2,Mus_vulcani:11.2)4123:2.6,(
Mus_booduga:4.4,Mus_caroli:4.4,Mus_cervicolor:4.4,Mus_cookii:4.4,Mus_macedon
icus:4.4,Mus_musculus:4.4,Mus_spicilegus:4.4,Mus_spretus:4.4,Mus_terricolor:4.4,
Mus_lopadusae:4.4,Mus_minotaurus:4.4)4124:9.4,(Mus_bufo:7.6,Mus_indutus:7.6,
Mus_mahomet:7.6,Mus_minutoides:7.6,Mus_musculoides:7.6,Mus_setulosus:7.6,M
us_setzeri:7.6,Mus_triton:7.6)4125:6.2,(Mus_phillipsi:0.3,Mus_platythrix:0.3,Mus_s
axicola:0.3,Mus_shortridgei:0.3)4126:13.5)4122:15.3,(Mylomys_dybowskii:23.9,(Pel
omys_fallax:23.7,Pelomys_isseli:23.7,Pelomys_minor:23.7)4128:0.2)4127:5.2,((Myo
mys_daltoni:16,Myomys_derooi:16,Myomys_fumatus:16,Myomys_ruppi:16,Myomy
s_verreauxii:16)4130:1.1,(Stenocephalemys_albocaudata:11.8,Stenocephalemys_gri
seicauda:11.8)4131:5.3)4129:12,(Nesokia_bunnii:5.1,Nesokia_indica:5.1)4132:24,(Ni
viventer_andersoni:19.9,Niviventer_brahma:19.9,Niviventer_confucianus:19.9,Niviv
enter_coxingi:19.9,Niviventer_cremoriventer:19.9,Niviventer_culturatus:19.9,Nivive
nter_eha:19.9,Niviventer_excelsior:19.9,Niviventer_fulvescens:19.9,Niviventer_hinp
oon:19.9,Niviventer_langbianis:19.9,Niviventer_lepturus:19.9,Niviventer_niviventer:
19.9,Niviventer_rapit:19.9,Niviventer_tenaster:19.9)4133:9.2,((Otomys_angoniensis:
14,Otomys_denti:14,Otomys_irroratus:14,Otomys_laminatus:14,Otomys_maximus:1
4,Otomys_saundersiae:14,Otomys_sloggetti:14,Otomys_tropicalis:14,Otomys_unisul
catus:14)4135:0.3,(Parotomys_brantsii:13.5,Parotomys_littledalei:13.5)4136:0.8)413
4:14.8,Paruromys_dominator:29.1,Phloeomys_cumingi:29.1,(Pithecheir_melanurus:
5.1,Pithecheir_parvus:5.1)4137:24,((Pogonomys_championi:10.2,Pogonomys_loriae:
10.2,Pogonomys_macrourus:10.2,Pogonomys_sylvestris:10.2)4139:9.45,Spelaeomys
_florensis:19.65)4138:9.45,(Praomys_delectorum:14.4,Praomys_jacksoni:14.4,Prao
18
mys_morio:14.4,Praomys_tullbergi:14.4)4140:14.7,((Rattus_colletti:9.6,Rattus_fusci
pes:9.6,Rattus_lutreolus:9.6,Rattus_sordidus:9.6,Rattus_tunneyi:9.6,Rattus_villosissi
mus:9.6)4142:0.2,(Rattus_elaphinus:9.6,Rattus_feliceus:9.6,Rattus_jobiensis:9.6,Rat
tus_leucopus:9.6,Rattus_mordax:9.6,Rattus_morotaiensis:9.6,Rattus_novaeguineae:
9.6,Rattus_praetor:9.6,Rattus_steini:9.6)4143:0.2,Rattus_annandalei:9.8,Rattus_eng
anus:9.8,Rattus_exulans:9.8,Rattus_hoogerwerfi:9.8,Rattus_korinchi:9.8,Rattus_mo
ntanus:9.8,Rattus_ranjiniae:9.8,Rattus_stoicus:9.8,(Rattus_adustus:5.6,Rattus_argen
tiventer:5.6,Rattus_baluensis:5.6,Rattus_everetti:5.6,Rattus_hoffmanni:5.6,Rattus_l
osea:5.6,Rattus_lugens:5.6,Rattus_mindorensis:5.6,Rattus_nitidus:5.6,Rattus_osgoo
di:5.6,Rattus_palmarum:5.6,Rattus_rattus:5.6,Rattus_sikkimensis:5.6,Rattus_tanezu
mi:5.6,Rattus_tawitawiensis:5.6,Rattus_tiomanicus:5.6,Rattus_turkestanicus:5.6)414
4:4.2,Rattus_norvegicus:9.8,(Rattus_bontanus:9.6,Rattus_marmosurus:9.6,Rattus_x
anthurus:9.6)4145:0.2)4141:19.3,Rhabdomys_pumilio:29.1,(Stenomys_ceramicus:11
.8,Stenomys_omlichodes:11.8,Stenomys_niobe:11.8,Stenomys_richardsoni:11.8,Ste
nomys_vandeuseni:11.8,Stenomys_verecundus:11.8)4146:17.3,Stochomys_longicau
datus:29.1,(Sundamys_infraluteus:8.1,Sundamys_maxi:8.1,Sundamys_muelleri:8.1)4
147:21,(Taeromys_arcuatus:13.1,Taeromys_callitrichus:13.1,Taeromys_celebensis:1
3.1,Taeromys_hamatus:13.1,Taeromys_punicans:13.1,Taeromys_taerae:13.1)4148:1
6,(Vandeleuria_nolthenii:5.1,Vandeleuria_oleracea:5.1)4149:24,Vernaya_fulva:29.1,(
Zelotomys_hildegardeae:5.1,Zelotomys_woosnami:5.1)4150:24)4038:19,((((Abraway
aomys_ruschii:16.1,((Aepeomys_fuscatus:2.9,Aepeomys_lugens:2.9)4156:9.9,(Thom
asomys_aureus:6.4,Thomasomys_baeops:6.4,Thomasomys_bombycinus:6.4,Thomas
omys_cinereiventer:6.4,Thomasomys_cinereus:6.4,Thomasomys_daphne:6.4,Thoma
somys_eleusis:6.4,Thomasomys_gracilis:6.4,Thomasomys_hylophilus:6.4,Thomasom
ys_incanus:6.4,Thomasomys_ischyurus:6.4,Thomasomys_kalinowskii:6.4,Thomasom
ys_ladewi:6.4,Thomasomys_laniger:6.4,Thomasomys_monochromos:6.4,Thomasom
ys_niveipes:6.4,Thomasomys_notatus:6.4,Thomasomys_oreas:6.4,Thomasomys_par
amorum:6.4,Thomasomys_pyrrhonotus:6.4,Thomasomys_rhoadsi:6.4,Thomasomys_
rosalinda:6.4,Thomasomys_silvestris:6.4,Thomasomys_taczanowskii:6.4,Thomasomy
s_vestitus:6.4)4157:6.4)4155:3.3,(((Akodon_lanosus:4.3,Akodon_longipilis:4.3,Akodo
n_mansoensis:4.3,Akodon_sanborni:4.3)4160:4.5,Akodon_hershkovitzi:8.8,Akodon_i
lluteus:8.8,(Akodon_affinis:5.3,Akodon_albiventer:5.3,Akodon_azarae:5.3,Akodon_c
ursor:5.3,Akodon_fumeus:5.3,Akodon_iniscatus:5.3,Akodon_kofordi:5.3,Akodon_lin
dberghi:5.3,Akodon_markhami:5.3,Akodon_mollis:5.3,Akodon_olivaceus:5.3,Akodon
_orophilus:5.3,Akodon_puer:5.3,Akodon_sanctipaulensis:5.3,Akodon_serrensis:5.3,
Akodon_spegazzinii:5.3,Akodon_subfuscus:5.3,Akodon_surdus:5.3,Akodon_sylvanus
:5.3,Akodon_torques:5.3,Akodon_urichi:5.3,(Akodon_boliviensis:2.1,Akodon_junine
nsis:2.1)4162:3.2,(Akodon_dayi:1.6,Akodon_dolores:1.6,Akodon_molinae:1.6,Akodo
n_neocenus:1.6,Akodon_simulator:1.6,Akodon_toba:1.6,Akodon_varius:1.6)4163:3.
7)4161:3.5,Akodon_xanthorhinus:8.8,Akodon_aerosus:8.8,Akodon_kempi:8.8,(Akod
on_budini:2.2,Akodon_siberiae:2.2)4164:6.6,(Akodon_bogotensis:3.4,Akodon_latebr
icola:3.4,Akodon_mimus:3.4)4165:5.4,Akodon_nigrita:8.8)4159:6.5,(Chroeomys_and
inus:2.9,Chroeomys_jelskii:2.9)4166:12.4)4158:0.8,(((Andalgalomys_olrogi:2.4,Andal
galomys_pearsoni:2.4)4169:7,((Auliscomys_boliviensis:8.4,Auliscomys_micropus:8.4,
Auliscomys_pictus:8.4,Auliscomys_sublimis:8.4)4171:0.8,(Phyllotis_amicus:8.3,Phyll
otis_andium:8.3,Phyllotis_bonaeriensis:8.3,Phyllotis_caprinus:8.3,Phyllotis_darwini:
8.3,Phyllotis_definitus:8.3,Phyllotis_gerbillus:8.3,Phyllotis_haggardi:8.3,Phyllotis_ma
19
gister:8.3,Phyllotis_osgoodi:8.3,Phyllotis_osilae:8.3,Phyllotis_wolffsohni:8.3,Phyllotis
_xanthopygus:8.3)4172:0.9)4170:0.2)4168:1,(Graomys_domorum:4.3,Graomys_edit
hae:4.3,Graomys_griseoflavus:4.3)4173:6.1)4167:5.7,Andinomys_edax:16.1,(((Bibim
ys_chacoensis:0.2,Bibimys_labiosus:0.2,Bibimys_torresi:0.2)4176:9.9,(Kunsia_fronto:
3.6,Kunsia_tomentosus:3.6)4177:6.5)4175:0.7,Scapteromys_tumidus:10.8)4174:5.3,
Blarinomys_breviceps:16.1,(Bolomys_amoenus:4,Bolomys_lactens:4,Bolomys_lasiur
us:4,Bolomys_obscurus:4,Bolomys_punctulatus:4,Bolomys_temchuki:4)4178:12.1,(C
alomys_boliviae:8.3,Calomys_callidus:8.3,Calomys_callosus:8.3,Calomys_hummelinc
ki:8.3,Calomys_laucha:8.3,Calomys_lepidus:8.3,Calomys_musculinus:8.3,Calomys_so
rellus:8.3,Calomys_tener:8.3)4179:7.8,(Chelemys_macronyx:3.1,Chelemys_megalon
yx:3.1)4180:13,Chilomys_instans:16.1,Chinchillula_sahamae:16.1,(Delomys_dorsalis:
6.2,Delomys_sublineatus:6.2)4181:9.9,(Eligmodontia_moreni:4.7,Eligmodontia_mor
gani:4.7,Eligmodontia_puerulus:4.7,Eligmodontia_typus:4.7)4182:11.4,(Euneomys_c
hinchilloides:6.3,Euneomys_fossor:6.3,Euneomys_mordax:6.3,Euneomys_petersoni:
6.3)4183:9.8,Galenomys_garleppi:16.1,Geoxus_valdivianus:16.1,((Holochilus_brasilie
nsis:0.2,Holochilus_chacarius:0.2,Holochilus_magnus:0.2,Holochilus_sciureus:0.2)41
85:3.4,Pseudoryzomys_simplex:3.6)4184:12.5,Irenomys_tarsalis:16.1,Juscelinomys_c
andango:16.1,Lenoxus_apicalis:16.1,(Melanomys_caliginosus:5,Melanomys_robustul
us:5,Melanomys_zunigae:5)4186:11.1,(Microryzomys_altissimus:3.1,Microryzomys_
minutus:3.1)4187:13,(Neacomys_guianae:6.3,Neacomys_pictus:6.3,Neacomys_spino
sus:6.3,Neacomys_tenuipes:6.3)4188:9.8,(Nectomys_palmipes:5,Nectomys_parvipes
:5,Nectomys_squamipes:5)4189:11.1,Neotomys_ebriosus:16.1,Nesoryzomys_swarth
i:16.1,Notiomys_edwardsii:16.1,(Oecomys_bicolor:4.2,Oecomys_cleberi:4.2,Oecomy
s_concolor:4.2,Oecomys_flavicans:4.2,Oecomys_mamorae:4.2,Oecomys_paricola:4.
2,Oecomys_phaeotis:4.2,Oecomys_rex:4.2,Oecomys_roberti:4.2,Oecomys_rutilus:4.
2,Oecomys_speciosus:4.2,Oecomys_superans:4.2,Oecomys_trinitatis:4.2)4190:11.9,(
Oligoryzomys_andinus:4.9,Oligoryzomys_arenalis:4.9,Oligoryzomys_chacoensis:4.9,
Oligoryzomys_delticola:4.9,Oligoryzomys_destructor:4.9,Oligoryzomys_eliurus:4.9,O
ligoryzomys_flavescens:4.9,Oligoryzomys_fulvescens:4.9,Oligoryzomys_griseolus:4.9
,Oligoryzomys_longicaudatus:4.9,Oligoryzomys_magellanicus:4.9,Oligoryzomys_micr
otis:4.9,Oligoryzomys_nigripes:4.9,Oligoryzomys_vegetus:4.9)4191:11.2,(Oryzomys_
albigularis:7.5,Oryzomys_alfaroi:7.5,Oryzomys_auriventer:7.5,Oryzomys_balneator:
7.5,Oryzomys_bolivaris:7.5,Oryzomys_buccinatus:7.5,Oryzomys_capito:7.5,Oryzomy
s_chapmani:7.5,Oryzomys_couesi:7.5,Oryzomys_dimidiatus:7.5,Oryzomys_gorgasi:7
.5,Oryzomys_hammondi:7.5,Oryzomys_intectus:7.5,Oryzomys_intermedius:7.5,Oryz
omys_keaysi:7.5,Oryzomys_kelloggi:7.5,Oryzomys_lamia:7.5,Oryzomys_legatus:7.5,
Oryzomys_levipes:7.5,Oryzomys_macconnelli:7.5,Oryzomys_melanotis:7.5,Oryzomy
s_nitidus:7.5,Oryzomys_oniscus:7.5,Oryzomys_palustris:7.5,Oryzomys_polius:7.5,Or
yzomys_ratticeps:7.5,Oryzomys_rostratus:7.5,Oryzomys_subflavus:7.5,Oryzomys_tal
amancae:7.5,Oryzomys_xantheolus:7.5,Oryzomys_yunganus:7.5,Oryzomys_nelsoni:
7.5)4192:8.6,(Oxymycterus_akodontius:6.8,Oxymycterus_angularis:6.8,Oxymycterus
_delator:6.8,Oxymycterus_hiska:6.8,Oxymycterus_hispidus:6.8,Oxymycterus_hucuc
ha:6.8,Oxymycterus_iheringi:6.8,Oxymycterus_inca:6.8,Oxymycterus_nasutus:6.8,Ox
ymycterus_paramensis:6.8,Oxymycterus_roberti:6.8,Oxymycterus_rufus:6.8)4193:9.
3,Phaenomys_ferrugineus:16.1,Podoxymys_roraimae:16.1,Punomys_lemminus:16.1,
Reithrodon_auritus:16.1,Rhagomys_rufescens:16.1,(Rhipidomys_austrinus:8.2,Rhipi
domys_caucensis:8.2,Rhipidomys_couesi:8.2,Rhipidomys_fulviventer:8.2,Rhipidomy
20
s_latimanus:8.2,Rhipidomys_leucodactylus:8.2,Rhipidomys_macconnelli:8.2,Rhipido
mys_mastacalis:8.2,Rhipidomys_nitela:8.2,Rhipidomys_ochrogaster:8.2,Rhipidomys
_venezuelae:8.2,Rhipidomys_venustus:8.2,Rhipidomys_wetzeli:8.2)4194:7.9,(Scolo
mys_melanops:5.8,Scolomys_ucayalensis:5.8)4195:10.3,(Sigmodontomys_alfari:3.1,
Sigmodontomys_aphrastus:3.1)4196:13,(Thalpomys_cerradensis:3.1,Thalpomys_lasi
otis:3.1)4197:13,Wiedomys_pyrrhorhinos:16.1,(Wilfredomys_oenax:3.1,Wilfredomy
s_pictipes:3.1)4198:13,(Zygodontomys_brevicauda:3.1,Zygodontomys_brunneus:3.1
)4199:13)4154:6.7,((Anotomys_leander:14.9,Chibchanomys_trichotis:14.9,(Ichthyom
ys_hydrobates:7.5,Ichthyomys_pittieri:7.5,Ichthyomys_stolzmanni:7.5,Ichthyomys_t
weedii:7.5)4202:7.4,(Neusticomys_monticolus:8.7,Neusticomys_mussoi:8.7,Neustico
mys_oyapocki:8.7,Neusticomys_peruviensis:8.7,Neusticomys_venezuelae:8.7)4203:6
.2,(Rheomys_mexicanus:7.5,Rheomys_raptor:7.5,Rheomys_thomasi:7.5)4204:7.4)42
01:3.7,(Sigmodon_alleni:5.7,Sigmodon_alstoni:5.7,Sigmodon_arizonae:5.7,Sigmodon
_fulviventer:5.7,Sigmodon_hispidus:5.7,Sigmodon_inopinatus:5.7,Sigmodon_leucoti
s:5.7,Sigmodon_mascotensis:5.7,Sigmodon_ochrognathus:5.7)4205:12.9)4200:4.2)4
153:12.1,((Nyctomys_sumichrasti:5.8,Otonyctomys_hatti:5.8)4207:21.2,(Ototylomys
_phyllotis:13.5,(Tylomys_bullaris:13.3,Tylomys_mirae:13.3,Tylomys_nudicaudus:13.
3,Tylomys_tumbalensis:13.3,Tylomys_watsoni:13.3)4209:0.2)4208:13.5)4206:7.9)41
52:3.3,(((((Baiomys_musculus:11.7,Baiomys_taylori:11.7)4214:2.8,(Scotinomys_tegui
na:2.4,Scotinomys_xerampelinus:2.4)4215:12.1)4213:6.5,Ochrotomys_nuttalli:21)42
12:3.5,((((((((Habromys_chinanteco:10.3,Habromys_lepturus:10.3,Habromys_lophur
us:10.3,Habromys_simulatus:10.3)4223:3,Neotomodon_alstoni:13.3,Podomys_florid
anus:13.3)4222:4.6,Osgoodomys_banderanus:17.9)4221:0.2,Megadontomys_thoma
si:18.1)4220:0.6,(Peromyscus_attwateri:11.8,Peromyscus_aztecus:11.8,Peromyscus_
boylii:11.8,Peromyscus_bullatus:11.8,Peromyscus_californicus:11.8,Peromyscus_crin
itus:11.8,Peromyscus_difficilis:11.8,Peromyscus_eremicus:11.8,Peromyscus_eva:11.
8,Peromyscus_furvus:11.8,Peromyscus_gossypinus:11.8,Peromyscus_grandis:11.8,P
eromyscus_gratus:11.8,Peromyscus_guatemalensis:11.8,Peromyscus_gymnotis:11.8,
Peromyscus_hooperi:11.8,Peromyscus_interparietalis:11.8,Peromyscus_leucopus:11
.8,Peromyscus_levipes:11.8,Peromyscus_maniculatus:11.8,Peromyscus_mayensis:11
.8,Peromyscus_megalops:11.8,Peromyscus_mekisturus:11.8,Peromyscus_melanocar
pus:11.8,Peromyscus_melanophrys:11.8,Peromyscus_melanotis:11.8,Peromyscus_m
elanurus:11.8,Peromyscus_merriami:11.8,Peromyscus_mexicanus:11.8,Peromyscus_
nasutus:11.8,Peromyscus_ochraventer:11.8,Peromyscus_oreas:11.8,Peromyscus_pe
ctoralis:11.8,Peromyscus_perfulvus:11.8,Peromyscus_polionotus:11.8,Peromyscus_
polius:11.8,Peromyscus_simulus:11.8,Peromyscus_sitkensis:11.8,Peromyscus_spicile
gus:11.8,Peromyscus_stirtoni:11.8,Peromyscus_truei:11.8,Peromyscus_winkelmanni
:11.8,Peromyscus_yucatanicus:11.8,Peromyscus_zarhynchus:11.8)4224:6.9)4219:1.5
,(Onychomys_arenicola:9.8,Onychomys_leucogaster:9.8,Onychomys_torridus:9.8)42
25:10.4)4218:0.2,(Isthmomys_flavidus:3.6,Isthmomys_pirrensis:3.6)4226:16.8)4217:
1.6,(((Reithrodontomys_brevirostris:9.8,Reithrodontomys_darienensis:9.8,Reithrodo
ntomys_gracilis:9.8,Reithrodontomys_mexicanus:9.8,Reithrodontomys_spectabilis:9
.8)4229:1.5,(Reithrodontomys_creper:7.2,Reithrodontomys_microdon:7.2,Reithrodo
ntomys_rodriguezi:7.2,Reithrodontomys_tenuirostris:7.2)4230:4.1)4228:5.4,((Reithr
odontomys_fulvescens:4,Reithrodontomys_hirsutus:4)4232:11.3,(Reithrodontomys_
burti:11.1,Reithrodontomys_chrysopsis:11.1,Reithrodontomys_humulis:11.1,Reithro
dontomys_megalotis:11.1,Reithrodontomys_montanus:11.1,Reithrodontomys_raviv
21
entris:11.1,Reithrodontomys_sumichrasti:11.1)4233:4.2)4231:1.4)4227:5.3)4216:2.5
)4211:1.7,(((Hodomys_alleni:13.4,Xenomys_nelsoni:13.4)4236:5.2,((Neotoma_albigu
la:7.4,Neotoma_angustapalata:7.4,Neotoma_anthonyi:7.4,Neotoma_bryanti:7.4,Ne
otoma_bunkeri:7.4,Neotoma_chrysomelas:7.4,Neotoma_devia:7.4,Neotoma_florida
na:7.4,Neotoma_goldmani:7.4,Neotoma_lepida:7.4,Neotoma_martinensis:7.4,Neot
oma_mexicana:7.4,Neotoma_micropus:7.4,Neotoma_nelsoni:7.4,Neotoma_palatina
:7.4,Neotoma_stephensi:7.4)4238:8.1,Neotoma_phenax:15.5,(Neotoma_cinerea:13.
9,Neotoma_fuscipes:13.9)4239:1.6)4237:3.1)4235:0.2,Nelsonia_neotomodon:18.8)4
234:7.4)4210:12)4151:9.9,(((Allocricetulus_curtatus:6.3,Allocricetulus_eversmanni:6.
3)4242:3.9,Cricetus_cricetus:10.2)4241:19.5,Cansumys_canus:29.7,(Cricetulus_bara
bensis:16.7,Cricetulus_kamensis:16.7,Cricetulus_longicaudatus:16.7,Cricetulus_migr
atorius:16.7)4243:13,(Mesocricetus_auratus:12.9,Mesocricetus_brandti:12.9,Mesocr
icetus_newtoni:12.9)4244:16.8,(Phodopus_campbelli:0.1,Phodopus_roborovskii:0.1,
Phodopus_sungorus:0.1)4245:29.6,Tscherskia_triton:29.7)4240:18.4,((((((Alticola_ar
gentatus:6.1,Alticola_macrotis:6.1,Alticola_roylei:6.1,Alticola_stoliczkanus:6.1)4251:
1.8,Alticola_strelzowi:7.9)4250:0.9,(Clethrionomys_californicus:4.7,Clethrionomys_c
entralis:4.7,Clethrionomys_gapperi:4.7,Clethrionomys_glareolus:4.7,Clethrionomys_
rufocanus:4.7,Clethrionomys_rutilus:4.7)4252:4.1,(Eothenomys_chinensis:4,Eotheno
mys_custos:4,Eothenomys_eva:4,Eothenomys_inez:4,Eothenomys_melanogaster:4,
Eothenomys_olitor:4,Eothenomys_proditor:4)4253:4.8,(Phaulomys_andersoni:5.1,P
haulomys_smithii:5.1)4254:3.7)4249:8.5,(Hyperacrius_fertilis:3.7,Hyperacrius_wynn
ei:3.7)4255:13.6)4248:1.8,Dinaromys_bogdanovi:19.1)4247:0.2,((Arborimus_albipes:
2.2,Arborimus_longicaudus:2.2,Arborimus_pomo:2.2)4257:2.3,(Phenacomys_interm
edius:3.5,Phenacomys_ungava:3.5)4258:1)4256:14.8,(Arvicola_sapidus:4.7,Arvicola_
terrestris:4.7)4259:14.6,Blanfordimys_afghanus:19.3,(Chionomys_gud:9.3,Chionomy
s_nivalis:9.3,Chionomys_roberti:9.3)4260:10,(Dicrostonyx_groenlandicus:5,Dicrosto
nyx_hudsonius:5,Dicrostonyx_nelsoni:5,Dicrostonyx_richardsoni:5,Dicrostonyx_rubri
catus:5,Dicrostonyx_torquatus:5)4261:14.3,((Ellobius_fuscocapillus:10.6,Ellobius_lut
escens:10.6,Ellobius_talpinus:10.6,Ellobius_tancrei:10.6)4263:1.6,Prometheomys_sc
haposchnikowi:12.2)4262:7.1,(Eolagurus_luteus:7.5,Lagurus_lagurus:7.5)4264:11.8,(
Lasiopodomys_brandtii:7.5,Lasiopodomys_fuscus:7.5)4265:11.8,Lemmiscus_curtatu
s:19.3,(((Lemmus_lemmus:9.3,Lemmus_sibiricus:9.3)4268:2.1,Myopus_schisticolor:1
1.4)4267:0.8,(Synaptomys_borealis:4.4,Synaptomys_cooperi:4.4)4269:7.8)4266:7.1,(
(Microtus_agrestis:8,Microtus_cabrerae:8)4271:1,(Microtus_fortis:6.4,(Microtus_mo
ngolicus:4.1,Microtus_sachalinensis:4.1)4273:2.3)4272:2.6,(Microtus_chrotorrhinus:
7.5,(Microtus_richardsoni:6.2,Microtus_xanthognathus:6.2)4275:1.3)4274:1.5,Micro
tus_guatemalensis:9,Microtus_longicaudus:9,Microtus_mexicanus:9,Microtus_oaxac
ensis:9,((Terricola_melitensis:3.9,Microtus_henseli:3.9,Microtus_arvalis:3.9,Microtu
s_rossiaemeridionalis:3.9)4277:1.9,(Microtus_guentheri:1.7,Microtus_socialis:1.7)42
78:4.1)4276:3.2,(Microtus_californicus:6.8,(Microtus_canicaudus:5.5,Microtus_mont
anus:5.5)4280:1.3,Microtus_oregoni:6.8,(Microtus_breweri:5.6,Microtus_pennsylva
nicus:5.6,Microtus_townsendii:5.6)4281:1.2)4279:2.2,Microtus_juldaschi:9,Microtus
_umbrosus:9,(Microtus_montebelli:5.7,Microtus_oeconomus:5.7)4282:3.3,Microtus
_ochrogaster:9,(Microtus_pinetorum:4,Microtus_quasiater:4)4283:5,(Microtus_abbr
eviatus:8,Microtus_gregalis:8,Microtus_miurus:8)4284:1,(Microtus_majori:6,Microt
us_multiplex:6,Microtus_duodecimcostatus:6,Microtus_savii:6,(Microtus_daghestan
icus:5.4,Microtus_subterraneus:5.4,Microtus_tatricus:5.4)4286:0.6)4285:3)4270:10.
22
3,Neofiber_alleni:19.3,Ondatra_zibethicus:19.3,(Volemys_kikuchii:9.5,Volemys_mus
seri:9.5)4287:9.8)4246:28.8,(Ammodillus_imbellis:23.6,((Brachiones_przewalskii:18.
9,(Meriones_hurrianae:14.5,Meriones_tamariscinus:14.5,(Meriones_malatestai:11.4
,Meriones_crassus:11.4,Meriones_libycus:11.4,Meriones_meridianus:11.4,Meriones
_sacramenti:11.4,Meriones_shawi:11.4,Meriones_tristrami:11.4,Meriones_unguicul
atus:11.4,Meriones_vinogradovi:11.4,Meriones_zarudnyi:11.4)4292:3.1,(Meriones_
persicus:3.3,Meriones_rex:3.3)4293:11.2)4291:4.4,Sekeetamys_calurus:18.9)4290:2.
7,(Psammomys_obesus:4.5,Psammomys_vexillaris:4.5)4294:17.1,Rhombomys_opim
us:21.6)4289:2,Desmodilliscus_braueri:23.6,(Desmodillus_auricularis:11.5,(Gerbillur
us_paeba:9.1,Gerbillurus_setzeri:9.1,Gerbillurus_tytonis:9.1,Gerbillurus_vallinus:9.1)
4296:2.4)4295:12.1,(Gerbillus_allenbyi:23.2,Gerbillus_amoenus:23.2,Gerbillus_ande
rsoni:23.2,Gerbillus_campestris:23.2,Gerbillus_cheesmani:23.2,Gerbillus_dasyurus:2
3.2,Gerbillus_diminutus:23.2,Gerbillus_famulus:23.2,Gerbillus_floweri:23.2,Gerbillus
_gerbillus:23.2,Gerbillus_gleadowi:23.2,Gerbillus_harwoodi:23.2,Gerbillus_henleyi:2
3.2,Gerbillus_latastei:23.2,Gerbillus_mesopotamiae:23.2,Gerbillus_nanus:23.2,Gerbi
llus_nigeriae:23.2,Gerbillus_perpallidus:23.2,Gerbillus_poecilops:23.2,Gerbillus_pusi
llus:23.2,Gerbillus_pyramidum:23.2,Gerbillus_simoni:23.2,Gerbillus_watersi:23.2)42
97:0.4,Pachyuromys_duprasi:23.6,(Tatera_indica:21.6,(Tatera_afra:15.1,Tatera_bran
tsii:15.1,Tatera_guineae:15.1,Tatera_inclusa:15.1,Tatera_kempi:15.1,Tatera_leucoga
ster:15.1,Tatera_nigricauda:15.1,Tatera_robusta:15.1,Tatera_valida:15.1)4299:6.5)4
298:2,(Taterillus_arenarius:14.9,Taterillus_emini:14.9,Taterillus_gracilis:14.9,Taterill
us_petteri:14.9,Taterillus_pygargus:14.9)4300:8.7)4288:24.5,((Beamys_hindei:19.5,(
Cricetomys_emini:9.1,Cricetomys_gambianus:9.1)4303:10.4)4302:14.3,(Saccostomu
s_campestris:8.4,Saccostomus_mearnsi:8.4)4304:25.4)4301:14.3,(((Brachytarsomys_
albicauda:9.9,Brachytarsomys_villosa:9.9)4307:9.9,((Eliurus_ellermani:6.5,Eliurus_pe
tteri:6.5,Eliurus_majori:6.5,Eliurus_minor:6.5,Eliurus_myoxinus:6.5,Eliurus_penicillat
us:6.5,Eliurus_tanala:6.5,Eliurus_webbi:6.5)4309:9.7,Gymnuromys_roberti:16.2)430
8:3.6)4306:9,(((Brachyuromys_betsileoensis:7.1,Brachyuromys_ramirohitra:7.1)4312
:8.8,(Nesomys_audeberti:8,Nesomys_lambertoni:8,Nesomys_rufus:8)4313:7.9)4311:
3.9,Hypogeomys_antimena:19.8)4310:9,(Monticolomys_koopmani:17.7,(Macrotarso
mys_bastardi:6.6,Macrotarsomys_ingens:6.6)4315:11.1)4314:11.1)4305:19.3,(Calom
yscus_bailwardi:8.5,Calomyscus_mystax:8.5)4316:39.6,((Cannomys_badius:9.4,(Rhiz
omys_pruinosus:6.1,Rhizomys_sinensis:6.1,Rhizomys_sumatrensis:6.1)4319:3.3)431
8:4.8,(Tachyoryctes_audax:14,Tachyoryctes_macrocephalus:14,Tachyoryctes_splend
ens:14)4320:0.2)4317:33.9,(Delanymys_brooksi:14.7,(Petromyscus_collinus:12.2,Pet
romyscus_monticularis:12.2,Petromyscus_shortridgei:12.2)4322:2.5)4321:33.4,(Den
dromus_insignis:21.9,Dendromus_lovati:21.9,Dendromus_melanotis:21.9,Dendrom
us_mesomelas:21.9,Dendromus_mystacalis:21.9,Dendromus_nyikae:21.9)4323:26.2
,Deomys_ferrugineus:48.1,(Leimacomys_buettneri:17.8,(Steatomys_caurinus:15.8,St
eatomys_krebsii:15.8,Steatomys_parvus:15.8,Steatomys_pratensis:15.8)4325:2)432
4:30.3,Lophiomys_imhausi:48.1,Malacothrix_typica:48.1,Megadendromus_nikolausi:
48.1,(Myospalax_aspalax:10.8,Myospalax_fontanierii:10.8,Myospalax_myospalax:10
.8,Myospalax_psilurus:10.8,Myospalax_rothschildi:10.8,Myospalax_smithii:10.8)432
6:37.3,Mystromys_albicaudatus:48.1,((Nannospalax_ehrenbergi:12.8,Nannospalax_l
eucodon:12.8,Nannospalax_nehringi:12.8)4328:7.5,(Spalax_arenarius:14.2,Spalax_m
icrophthalmus:14.2)4329:6.1)4327:27.8,(Platacanthomys_lasiurus:10.1,Typhlomys_c
inereus:10.1)4330:38,Prionomys_batesi:48.1)4037:22.2)4024:7.1)4018:0.8,(((Castor_
23
canadensis:11.4,Castor_fiber:11.4)4333:23.1,Castoroides_ohioensis:34.5)4332:34.5,(
(((Perognathus_alticola:15.9,Perognathus_amplus:15.9,Perognathus_fasciatus:15.9,
Perognathus_flavescens:15.9,Perognathus_flavus:15.9,Perognathus_inornatus:15.9,
Perognathus_longimembris:15.9,Perognathus_merriami:15.9,Perognathus_parvus:1
5.9,Perognathus_xanthanotus:15.9)4337:16,(Chaetodipus_formosus:18.6,((Chaetodi
pus_arenarius:13.8,(((Chaetodipus_penicillatus:7.4,(Chaetodipus_intermedius:7.2,Ch
aetodipus_nelsoni:7.2,Chaetodipus_lineatus:7.2)4344:0.2,Chaetodipus_goldmani:7.4
)4343:3.8,Chaetodipus_pernix:11.2)4342:1.7,((Chaetodipus_spinatus:11,Chaetodipu
s_fallax:11)4346:0.2,Chaetodipus_californicus:11.2)4345:1.7)4341:0.9)4340:2.7,(Cha
etodipus_baileyi:5.4,Chaetodipus_hispidus:5.4)4347:11.1)4339:2.1)4338:13.3)4336:
2.6,(((((Dipodomys_ordii:4.2,(Dipodomys_gravipes:2.1,Dipodomys_ingens:2.1)4353:
2.1)4352:1.9,Dipodomys_compactus:6.1)4351:0.6,(((Dipodomys_panamintinus:3,(Di
podomys_heermanni:1.7,Dipodomys_stephensi:1.7)4357:1.3)4356:2.5,(((Dipodomys
_venustus:1.8,Dipodomys_elephantinus:1.8)4360:1,Dipodomys_agilis:2.8)4359:1,Dip
odomys_microps:3.8)4358:1.7,Dipodomys_elator:5.5,Dipodomys_phillipsii:5.5,Dipod
omys_californicus:5.5)4355:1.1,((Dipodomys_merriami:2,Dipodomys_nitratoides:2)4
362:1.8,Dipodomys_insularis:3.8)4361:2.8)4354:0.1)4350:0.2,(Dipodomys_deserti:6.
3,(Dipodomys_spectabilis:2.9,Dipodomys_nelsoni:2.9)4364:3.4)4363:0.6)4349:13.1,(
Microdipodops_megacephalus:6.2,Microdipodops_pallidus:6.2)4365:13.8)4348:14.5
)4335:1.4,(((((Thomomys_bottae:10.7,Thomomys_townsendii:10.7)4370:1.6,Thomo
mys_umbrinus:12.3)4369:2.1,Thomomys_bulbivorus:14.4)4368:7.2,(Thomomys_talp
oides:12.4,Thomomys_monticola:12.4,Thomomys_mazama:12.4)4371:9.2)4367:3.2,(
(((Geomys_personatus:3.1,Geomys_tropicalis:3.1)4375:2.6,(Geomys_bursarius:5.4,G
eomys_arenarius:5.4)4376:0.3)4374:5,Geomys_pinetis:10.7)4373:5.9,((Pappogeomy
s_bulleri:11.2,Pappogeomys_merriami:11.2,Pappogeomys_castanops:11.2,(((((Heter
omys_goldmani:2.4,Heteromys_desmarestianus:2.4)4383:1.7,Heteromys_oresterus:
4.1)4382:1.4,Heteromys_nelsoni:5.5)4381:4.7,((((Liomys_adspersus:2.4,Liomys_salvi
ni:2.4)4387:3.2,((Liomys_pictus:2.4,Liomys_spectabilis:2.4)4389:1.4,Liomys_irroratu
s:3.8)4388:1.8)4386:1.2,Heteromys_australis:6.8)4385:0.9,Heteromys_anomalus:7.7
)4384:2.5)4380:0.8,Heteromys_gaumeri:11)4379:0.2,Pappogeomys_gymnurus:11.2,
Pappogeomys_tylorhinus:11.2,Pappogeomys_neglectus:11.2,Pappogeomys_zinseri:1
1.2,Pappogeomys_fumosus:11.2,Pappogeomys_alcorni:11.2)4378:4,((Orthogeomys_
heterodus:6,Orthogeomys_hispidus:6,Orthogeomys_grandis:6,Orthogeomys_cherrie
i:6,Orthogeomys_underwoodi:6,Orthogeomys_dariensis:6,Orthogeomys_cavator:6,
Orthogeomys_cuniculus:6,Orthogeomys_lanius:6,Orthogeomys_matagalpae:6,Ortho
geomys_thaeleri:6)4391:6.8,Zygogeomys_trichopus:12.8)4390:2.4)4377:1.4)4372:8.
2)4366:11.1)4334:33.1)4331:9.2)4017:4.4,(((Octodon_bridgesi:3.7,Octodon_lunatus:
3.7,Octodon_degus:3.7)4394:43.1,(((Massoutiera_mzabi:9.2,Pectinator_spekei:9.2,(
Ctenodactylus_gundi:4.5,Ctenodactylus_vali:4.5)4398:4.7)4397:10.7,Felovia_vae:19.
9)4396:13.4,Laonastes_aenigmamus:33.3)4395:13.5)4393:0.1,((Tympanoctomys_bar
rerae:19.7,Octomys_mimax:19.7)4400:26.1,((Ctenomys_conoveri:7.6,Ctenomys_frat
er:7.6,Ctenomys_boliviensis:7.6,Ctenomys_steinbachi:7.6,Ctenomys_haigi:7.6,Cteno
mys_leucodon:7.6,Ctenomys_opimus:7.6,Ctenomys_mendocinus:7.6,Ctenomys_pea
rsoni:7.6,Ctenomys_torquatus:7.6,Ctenomys_lewisi:7.6,Ctenomys_sociabilis:7.6,Cte
nomys_tuconax:7.6,Ctenomys_talarum:7.6,Ctenomys_bonettoi:7.6,Ctenomys_azara
e:7.6,Ctenomys_tucumanus:7.6,Ctenomys_nattereri:7.6,Ctenomys_argentinus:7.6,C
tenomys_occultus:7.6,Ctenomys_latro:7.6,Ctenomys_magellanicus:7.6,Ctenomys_p
24
errensis:7.6,Ctenomys_maulinus:7.6,Ctenomys_australis:7.6,Ctenomys_porteousi:7.
6,Ctenomys_fulvus:7.6,Ctenomys_brasiliensis:7.6,Ctenomys_colburni:7.6,Ctenomys_
dorsalis:7.6,Ctenomys_emilianus:7.6,Ctenomys_knighti:7.6,Ctenomys_minutus:7.6,C
tenomys_peruanus:7.6,Ctenomys_pontifex:7.6,Ctenomys_saltarius:7.6,Ctenomys_se
riceus:7.6,Ctenomys_validus:7.6)4402:36.4,(Abrocoma_bennettii:43.8,(Hydrochaeris
_hydrochaeris:29.2,(Neochoerus_aesopi:14.6,Neochoerus_pinckneyi:14.6,Neochoer
us_sulcidens:14.6)4405:14.6)4404:14.6,Dinomys_branickii:43.8,Petromus_typicus:43
.8,Abrocoma_cinerea:43.8,Abrocoma_boliviensis:43.8,(Kerodon_rupestris:34.3,(Cavi
a_porcellus:14.7,Cavia_tschudii:14.7,Cavia_aperea:14.7,Cavia_fulgida:14.7,Cavia_ma
gna:14.7,(Microcavia_australis:10.1,Microcavia_niata:10.1,Microcavia_shiptoni:10.1)
4408:4.6,(Galea_musteloides:3.6,Galea_spixii:3.6,Galea_flavidens:3.6)4409:11.1)440
7:19.6)4406:9.5,((Myoprocta_acouchy:5.6,Myoprocta_exilis:5.6)4411:12.3,(Dasyproc
ta_punctata:9.7,Dasyprocta_leporina:9.7,Dasyprocta_azarae:9.7,Dasyprocta_cristata
:9.7,Dasyprocta_fuliginosa:9.7,Dasyprocta_guamara:9.7,Dasyprocta_kalinowskii:9.7,
Dasyprocta_mexicana:9.7,Dasyprocta_prymnolopha:9.7)4412:8.2)4410:25.9,((Myoc
astor_coypus:18.2,(Thrichomys_apereoides:17.4,Proechimys_dimidiatus:17.4,Proec
himys_setosus:17.4,Proechimys_iheringi:17.4,Hoplomys_gymnurus:17.4,Proechimys
_amphichoricus:17.4,Proechimys_simonsi:17.4,Euryzygomatomys_spinosus:17.4,Lon
chothrix_emiliae:17.4,Proechimys_longicaudatus:17.4,Proechimys_oris:17.4,Proechi
mys_albispinus:17.4,Carterodon_sulcidens:17.4,Chaetomys_subspinosus:17.4,Proec
himys_bolivianus:17.4,Proechimys_brevicauda:17.4,Proechimys_canicollis:17.4,Proe
chimys_cayennensis:17.4,Proechimys_chrysaeolus:17.4,Proechimys_cuvieri:17.4,Pro
echimys_decumanus:17.4,Proechimys_goeldii:17.4,Proechimys_gorgonae:17.4,Proe
chimys_guairae:17.4,Proechimys_gularis:17.4,Proechimys_hendeei:17.4,Proechimys
_hoplomyoides:17.4,Proechimys_magdalenae:17.4,Proechimys_mincae:17.4,Proechi
mys_myosuros:17.4,Proechimys_oconnelli:17.4,Proechimys_poliopus:17.4,Proechim
ys_quadruplicatus:17.4,Proechimys_semispinosus:17.4,Proechimys_steerei:17.4,Pro
echimys_urichi:17.4,Proechimys_warreni:17.4,(((Boromys_offella:4.6,Boromys_torre
i:4.6)4418:4.6,Heteropsomys_insulans:9.2,Brotomys_voratus:9.2)4417:4.6,(Clyomys
_laticeps:3.6,Clyomys_bishopi:3.6)4419:10.2)4416:3.6,(Makalata_armata:14.4,(Echi
mys_chrysurus:10.8,Echimys_blainvillei:10.8,Echimys_braziliensis:10.8,Echimys_dasy
thrix:10.8,Echimys_grandis:10.8,Echimys_lamarum:10.8,Echimys_macrurus:10.8,Echi
mys_nigrispinus:10.8,Echimys_pictus:10.8,Echimys_rhipidurus:10.8,Echimys_saturnu
s:10.8,Echimys_semivillosus:10.8,Echimys_thomasi:10.8,Echimys_unicolor:10.8)4421
:3.6,(Isothrix_bistriata:4.6,Isothrix_pagurus:4.6)4422:9.8,(Diplomys_caniceps:5.3,Dip
lomys_labilis:5.3,Diplomys_rufodorsalis:5.3)4423:9.1)4420:3,(Kannabateomys_ambl
yonyx:10.6,(Dactylomys_dactylinus:2.9,Dactylomys_boliviensis:2.9,Dactylomys_peru
anus:2.9)4425:7.7,(Olallamys_albicauda:3.6,Olallamys_edax:3.6)4426:7)4424:6.8,(M
esomys_hispidus:4.4,Mesomys_didelphoides:4.4,Mesomys_leniceps:4.4,Mesomys_o
bscurus:4.4,Mesomys_stimulax:4.4)4427:13)4415:0.8)4414:2.8,(((((Capromys_pilorid
es:6.8,(Geocapromys_thoracatus:3.3,Geocapromys_brownii:3.3,Geocapromys_ingra
hami:3.3)4433:3.5)4432:7.2,Mysateles_prehensilis:14)4431:3.2,Hexolobodon_phena
x:17.2)4430:2.1,(Plagiodontia_ipnaeum:10,Plagiodontia_aedium:10)4434:9.3,(Isolob
odon_montanus:10,Isolobodon_portoricensis:10)4435:9.3)4429:0.85,(((Clidomys_os
borni:5,Clidomys_parvus:5)4438:5.15,(Amblyrhiza_inundata:5,Elasmodontomys_obli
quus:5)4439:5.15)4437:5,Quemisia_gravis:15.15)4436:5)4428:0.85)4413:22.8,(Dolic
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25
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Callosciurus_melanogaster:19.2)4629:0.3)4628:0.1,Callosciurus_quinquestriatus:19.
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28
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32
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071:1)5067:5.7)5065:48.7)4920:12.7,(((((Ceratotherium_simum:14.7,Diceros_bicorni
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(Megatapirus_augustus:14.5,Tapirus_indicus:14.5)5081:14.4)5078:22.6)5073:4.3,(((E
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087:12,(Equus_kiang:9.2,Equus_onager:9.2)5088:14.1)5084:0.2,Equus_caballus:23.5
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8)5099:1.1,Mellivora_capensis:23.9)5098:0.2,((Arctonyx_collaris:4.7,Meles_meles:4.
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2.9,Megalenhydris_barbaricina:2.9,Sardolutra_ichnusae:2.9)5134:2.6)5130:0.8,((Aon
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5149:6.7)5147:0.2,(Bassariscus_astutus:4.6,Bassariscus_sumichrasti:4.6)5151:10.5)5
146:10.2,((Bassaricyon_alleni:13.3,Bassaricyon_beddardi:13.3,Bassaricyon_gabbii:13
33
.3,Bassaricyon_lasius:13.3,Bassaricyon_pauli:13.3)5153:1.9,Potos_flavus:15.2)5152:1
0.1)5145:4.3)5096:7.9,Ailurus_fulgens:37.5)5095:12.2,(((((Ursus_arctos:2.3,Ursus_m
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docyon_thous:3.5,Chrysocyon_brachyurus:3.5,Cuon_alpinus:3.5,Lycaon_pictus:3.5,S
peothos_venaticus:3.5)5165:2.9,Nyctereutes_procyonoides:6.4)5164:0.7,(((((((Vulpe
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rionailurus_rubiginosus:7.7)5221:2.3,Prionailurus_planiceps:10)5220:4.7)5191:0.2,(H
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smithii:16.9,Herpestes_vitticollis:16.9)5244:1.2,(Galerella_flavescens:13.8,Galerella_
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34
Genetta_abyssinica:3.2,Genetta_thierryi:3.2)5259:3.3,Genetta_johnstoni:6.5)5258:0
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35
ermis:1,Dobsonia_praedatrix:1,Dobsonia_viridis:1)5340:0.2,Dobsonia_minor:1.2,Do
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5:3.5)5362:15.8,((Mosia_nigrescens:29.9,(Emballonura_beccarii:29.3,Emballonura_d
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14.9,Balantiopteryx_plicata:14.9)5389:12.4,(Peropteryx_leucoptera:15.6,(Peropteryx
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8:8.7)5373:7.8)5361:17.7,((Craseonycteris_thonglongyai:16.3,(Rhinopoma_hardwick
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3:45.5,((Cardioderma_cor:26.1,Lavia_frons:26.1,Macroderma_gigas:26.1,(Megader
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(Rhinolophus_lepidus:22.8,(Rhinolophus_acuminatus:3.8,Rhinolophus_affinis:3.8,Rhi
36
nolophus_alcyone:3.8,Rhinolophus_arcuatus:3.8,Rhinolophus_blasii:3.8,Rhinolophus
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darlingi:3.8,Rhinolophus_denti:3.8,Rhinolophus_eloquens:3.8,Rhinolophus_euryotis:
3.8,Rhinolophus_ferrumequinum:3.8,Rhinolophus_fumigatus:3.8,Rhinolophus_hilde
brandti:3.8,Rhinolophus_hipposideros:3.8,Rhinolophus_inops:3.8,Rhinolophus_luctu
s:3.8,Rhinolophus_maclaudi:3.8,Rhinolophus_macrotis:3.8,Rhinolophus_malayanus:
3.8,Rhinolophus_marshalli:3.8,Rhinolophus_megaphyllus:3.8,Rhinolophus_paradoxo
lophus:3.8,Rhinolophus_philippinensis:3.8,Rhinolophus_robinsoni:3.8,Rhinolophus_r
ufus:3.8,Rhinolophus_sedulus:3.8,Rhinolophus_shameli:3.8,Rhinolophus_simplex:3.
8,Rhinolophus_simulator:3.8,Rhinolophus_stheno:3.8,Rhinolophus_swinnyi:3.8,Rhin
olophus_thomasi:3.8,Rhinolophus_trifoliatus:3.8,Rhinolophus_virgo:3.8,Rhinolophus
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hus_guineensis:0.6)5412:0.8)5410:2.4)5409:19)5408:0.2)5407:24.2,((Paracoelops_m
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onicteris_aurantia:11.4,Triaenops_persicus:11.4)5417:31.1,(Aselliscus_tricuspidatus:
42.4,(Anthops_ornatus:42.2,(Hipposideros_ater:42.1,Hipposideros_beatus:42.1,Hipp
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sideros_coxi:42.1,Hipposideros_dyacorum:42.1,Hipposideros_fuliginosus:42.1,Hippo
sideros_fulvus:42.1,Hipposideros_galeritus:42.1,Hipposideros_halophyllus:42.1,Hipp
osideros_jonesi:42.1,Hipposideros_maggietaylorae:42.1,Hipposideros_obscurus:42.1
,Hipposideros_pomona:42.1,Hipposideros_pygmaeus:42.1,Hipposideros_ridleyi:42.1
,Hipposideros_speoris:42.1,(Hipposideros_doriae:7.6,Hipposideros_sabanus:7.6)542
1:34.5,Hipposideros_calcaratus:42.1,Hipposideros_ruber:42.1,Hipposideros_cervinu
s:42.1,(Cloeotis_percivali:7.6,Aselliscus_stoliczkanus:7.6)5422:34.5,(Hipposideros_ar
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s_lankadiva:35.7,Hipposideros_larvatus:35.7,Hipposideros_lekaguli:35.7,Hipposidero
s_turpis:35.7,Hipposideros_lylei:35.7,(Asellia_tridens:25.4,(Hipposideros_cyclops:22.
6,(Hipposideros_corynophyllus:18.7,(Hipposideros_stenotis:8.1,Hipposideros_wollas
toni:8.1)5427:10.6,Hipposideros_semoni:18.7)5426:3.9)5425:2.8)5424:10.3)5423:6.4
)5420:0.1)5419:0.2)5418:0.1)5416:0.1)5413:4.6)5406:14.3)5398:0.1)5395:0.2)5392:6
.7)5360:0.7,(Myzopoda_aurita:60,((Thyroptera_discifera:12.4,Thyroptera_tricolor:12
.4)5430:39.1,((Amorphochilus_schnablii:12.9,Furipterus_horrens:12.9)5432:36,(Nata
lus_lepidus:16.5,(Natalus_stramineus:11.6,Natalus_tumidirostris:11.6)5434:4.9,(Nat
alus_micropus:11.6,Natalus_tumidifrons:11.6)5435:4.9)5433:32.4)5431:2.6)5429:8.5
,((Mystacina_tuberculata:27.2,Mystacina_robusta:27.2)5437:27.3,((Noctilio_albivent
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Macrophyllum_macrophyllum:25.9,(Lonchorhina_aurita:15.7,Lonchorhina_marinkell
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Macrotus_waterhousii:7)5455:20.3,(Micronycteris_brachyotis:24.7,(Micronycteris_
megalotis:11.7,Micronycteris_hirsuta:11.7,(Micronycteris_minuta:1.9,Micronycteris_
schmidtorum:1.9)5458:9.8)5457:13,(Micronycteris_nicefori:14.6,(Micronycteris_davi
esi:12,Micronycteris_sylvestris:12)5460:2.6)5459:10.1)5456:2.6,(Trachops_cirrhosus:
37
22.8,(Chrotopterus_auritus:16.8,Vampyrum_spectrum:16.8)5462:6,((Tonatia_bidens
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9.7,Tonatia_silvicola:9.7)5464:8.5,((Mimon_bennettii:5.5,Mimon_crenulatum:5.5)54
66:10.5,(Phylloderma_stenops:14.5,(Phyllostomus_latifolius:11.5,Phyllostomus_disc
olor:11.5,(Phyllostomus_elongatus:5.8,Phyllostomus_hastatus:5.8)5469:5.7)5468:3)
5467:1.5)5465:2.2)5463:4.6)5461:4.5)5454:0.3)5451:0.2,((((Brachyphylla_cavernaru
m:5.6,Brachyphylla_nana:5.6)5473:14.1,(Erophylla_sezekorni:7.7,(Phyllonycteris_ap
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m:15.9,(Lionycteris_spurrelli:11.2,(Lonchophylla_handleyi:9.3,Lonchophylla_mordax:
9.3,Lonchophylla_robusta:9.3,Lonchophylla_thomasi:9.3)5479:1.9)5478:4.7)5477:5.
9,(((Leptonycteris_curasoae:4.5,Leptonycteris_nivalis:4.5)5482:10.8,((Monophyllus_
plethodon:7,Monophyllus_redmani:7)5484:7.4,(Glossophaga_commissarisi:6.5,Gloss
ophaga_soricina:6.5,(Glossophaga_leachii:5.3,Glossophaga_longirostris:5.3,Glossoph
aga_morenoi:5.3)5486:1.2)5485:7.9)5483:0.9)5481:4.1,((Anoura_cultrata:8.4,Anour
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niscus_intermedius:5.7,Choeroniscus_minor:5.7)5494:0.1)5492:2.1)5489:7)5487:4.5)
5480:2.4)5476:0.1)5471:4.8,(((Rhinophylla_fischerae:11.7,Rhinophylla_pumilio:11.7)
5497:9.4,(Carollia_castanea:5.6,Carollia_brevicauda:5.6,Carollia_perspicillata:5.6,Car
ollia_subrufa:5.6)5498:15.5)5496:0.9,((Sturnira_bidens:15.2,((Sturnira_aratathomasi
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7)5501:7.7)5500:1.9,((Pygoderma_bilabiatum:5.9,Centurio_senex:5.9,(Ametrida_cen
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((Artibeus_hartii:12.4,((Artibeus_aztecus:6.6,Artibeus_phaeotis:6.6,Artibeus_toltecu
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5513:1.3)5512:1.7,(Artibeus_concolor:6.1,(Artibeus_fimbriatus:5.9,(Artibeus_amplus
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.4,((Chiroderma_improvisum:2.1,Chiroderma_villosum:2.1)5523:2.1,(Chiroderma_do
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nnelli:10.5,((Vampyressa_melissa:3.4,Vampyressa_pusilla:3.4)5527:6.5,(Vampyressa
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6)5520:2.3)5509:0.1)5504:3.9)5499:4.9)5495:4.7)5470:1.1)5450:3.2)5447:11.5)5440:
6.4)5438:5.6)5436:5.5,((Tomopeas_ravus:38.4,(((Cheiromeles_torquatus:7.8,Myopte
rus_whitleyi:7.8)5537:9.8,(Molossops_mattogrossensis:13.8,(Molossops_neglectus:4
.4,Molossops_temminckii:4.4)5539:9.4,(Molossops_abrasus:7,Molossops_greenhalli:
7,Molossops_planirostris:7)5540:6.8)5538:3.8)5536:6.7,((Mormopterus_beccarii:8.1,
Mormopterus_norfolkensis:8.1,Mormopterus_planiceps:8.1)5542:11.9,(Mormopter
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38
5:5.3,Mormopterus_jugularis:13.2)5544:1.6)5543:5.2)5541:4.3,((Tadarida_brasiliensi
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darida_teniotis:7.9)5549:2.3)5548:1.7)5547:11.7,((Nyctinomops_aurispinosus:10.4,N
yctinomops_femorosaccus:10.4,Nyctinomops_laticaudatus:10.4,Nyctinomops_macr
otis:10.4)5551:12.5,(((Otomops_martiensseni:10.3,Otomops_papuensis:10.3)5554:1
2.3,(((Promops_centralis:6,Promops_nasutus:6)5557:16.3,(Molossus_sinaloae:22.2,(
Molossus_bondae:22,Molossus_molossus:22,(Molossus_ater:8.9,Molossus_pretiosu
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.1)5562:9.7,(Eumops_dabbenei:13.2,(Eumops_bonariensis:12.3,(Eumops_glaucinus:
9.1,(Eumops_auripendulus:5.8,Eumops_underwoodi:5.8)5566:3.3)5565:3.2)5564:0.9
)5563:1.6)5561:7.7)5555:0.1)5553:0.2,(((Chaerephon_ansorgei:5.2,Chaerephon_be
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hon_gallagheri:10.8,Chaerephon_jobensis:10.8,Chaerephon_major:10.8,Chaerephon
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ata:10.8)5570:0.9)5568:0.2,((Mops_brachypterus:7.6,Mops_spurrelli:7.6,Mops_ther
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ops_mops:10.3,Mops_niveiventer:10.3)5573:1.4)5571:0.2)5567:10.9)5552:0.1)5550:
0.7)5546:0.7)5535:14.1)5534:15.6,((Miniopterus_schreibersi:14.8,Miniopterus_tristi
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terculus:5.8,Miniopterus_fuscus:5.8)5577:9,(Miniopterus_australis:8.7,Miniopterus_
minor:8.7,Miniopterus_pusillus:8.7)5578:6.1)5575:36.8,(Ia_io:26,Lasionycteris_nocti
vagans:26,Mimetillus_moloneyi:26,Nycticeius_humeralis:26,Nycticeius_rueppellii:26
,Philetor_brachypterus:26,Pipistrellus_dormeri:26,Pipistrellus_subflavus:26,(Antrozo
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pistrellus_anchietai:5.3,Pipistrellus_eisentrauti:5.3)5581:20.7,Pipistrellus_hesperus:
26,(Tylonycteris_pachypus:5.3,Tylonycteris_robustula:5.3)5582:20.7,(Vespertilio_mu
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otoecus_hirundo:5)5586:21,(Pipistrellus_imbricatus:8.4,(Pipistrellus_arabicus:5,Pipis
trellus_nanus:5)5588:3.4)5587:17.6,Pipistrellus_pulveratus:26,(Hesperoptenus_blan
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)5592:15.4,(Nycticeius_schlieffeni:10.6,(Nycticeius_balstoni:8,(Nycticeius_greyii:4.7,
Nycticeius_sanborni:4.7)5595:3.3)5594:2.6)5593:15.4,(Pipistrellus_cadornae:12.4,(Pi
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inolobus_gouldii:10.4,Chalinolobus_morio:10.4,Chalinolobus_nigrogriseus:10.4,Chali
nolobus_picatus:10.4)5601:0.4)5600:15.2,(Rhogeessa_minutilla:4.1,Rhogeessa_parv
ula:4.1,Rhogeessa_tumida:4.1)5602:21.9,((Lasiurus_ega:4.7,Lasiurus_intermedius:4.
7)5604:6.4,(Lasiurus_cinereus:8.1,Lasiurus_castaneus:8.1,(Lasiurus_borealis:3,Lasiur
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dalli:7.3,Eptesicus_tenuipinnis:7.3)5608:4,(Eptesicus_capensis:10.7,Eptesicus_somali
39
cus:10.7)5609:0.6)5607:14.7,(Chalinolobus_argentatus:6.7,Chalinolobus_beatrix:6.7,
Chalinolobus_gleni:6.7,Chalinolobus_kenyacola:6.7,Chalinolobus_poensis:6.7,Chalin
olobus_variegatus:6.7)5610:19.3,(Nyctophilus_arnhemensis:7,Nyctophilus_geoffroyi
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Myotis_nesopolus:8.4,Myotis_nigricans:8.4,Myotis_sodalis:8.4)5663:2.2)5658:0.3)56
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41
1.5,Suncus_dayi:11.5,Suncus_etruscus:11.5,Suncus_infinitesimus:11.5,Suncus_lixus:
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Cryptotis_meridensis:23.2,Cryptotis_nigrescens:23.2,Cryptotis_parva:23.2,Cryptotis_
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Soriculus_lamula:13.6,Soriculus_salenskii:13.6)5753:9.4)5750:8.1)5747:1.1)5745:1.2,
(Notiosorex_crawfordi:7.1,Megasorex_gigas:7.1)5754:26.3)5744:9)5711:4.2)5704:28
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42
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33335,(Bradypus_torquatus:14.6,(Bradypus_tridactylus:7.3,Bradypus_variegatus:7.3
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Tolypeutes_tricinctus:11.25)5798:11.25,(Cabassous_centralis:17.6,Cabassous_chaco
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166667,Glyptotherium_mexicanum:4.166667)5807:4.166667,Chlamydotherium_spp
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oracophorus_depressus:12.5,Neothoracophorus_elevatus:12.5)5813:12.500002)580
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Pampatherium_typum:3)5817:3)5816:3)5814:31.075003)5801:15.075001)5790:15.3
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ospalax_villosus:12.4)5824:13.7,(Chrysochloris_asiatica:19.6,Chrysochloris_stuhlman
ni:19.6,Chrysochloris_visagiei:19.6)5825:6.5,((Amblysomus_hottentotus:11.8,Amblys
omus_iris:11.8)5827:14.1,(Amblysomus_gunningi:11.8,Amblysomus_julianae:11.8)5
828:14.1)5826:0.2,(Chlorotalpa_sclateri:25.9,Chlorotalpa_arendsi:25.9)5829:0.2)582
3:56.3,(Limnogale_mergulus:57.6,Geogale_aurita:57.6,((Oryzorictes_tetradactylus:2
1.7,Oryzorictes_hova:21.7,Oryzorictes_talpoides:21.7)5832:26.5,(Microgale_drouhar
di:14.7,Microgale_fotsifotsy:14.7,Microgale_longirostris:14.7,Microgale_monticola:1
4.7,Microgale_soricoides:14.7,Microgale_taiva:14.7,Microgale_dobsoni:14.7,Microg
ale_brevicaudata:14.7,Microgale_cowani:14.7,Microgale_dryas:14.7,Microgale_graci
lis:14.7,Microgale_longicaudata:14.7,Microgale_parvula:14.7,Microgale_principula:1
4.7,Microgale_pusilla:14.7,Microgale_talazaci:14.7,Microgale_thomasi:14.7)5833:33
.5)5831:9.4,(Potamogale_velox:23,(Micropotamogale_lamottei:14.3,Micropotamoga
le_ruwenzorii:14.3)5835:8.7)5834:34.6,((Hemicentetes_nigricepts:15.7,Hemicentete
s_semispinosus:15.7)5837:15.7,Tenrec_ecaudatus:31.4,(Setifer_setosus:14.8,Echino
ps_telfairi:14.8)5838:16.6)5836:26.2)5830:24.8)5822:5.9,(((((((Elephantulus_brachyr
hynchus:8,Elephantulus_fuscipes:8)5845:3.1,(Elephantulus_intufi:5,Elephantulus_ru
43
pestris:5)5846:6.1,(Elephantulus_revoili:5,Elephantulus_rufescens:5)5847:6.1)5844:
4.1,(Elephantulus_edwardii:9.1,Elephantulus_myurus:9.1)5848:6.1)5843:5.4,Elephan
tulus_rozeti:20.6)5842:0.2,Macroscelides_proboscideus:20.8)5841:1.2,Petrodromus
_tetradactylus:22)5840:25.5,(Rhynchocyon_chrysopygus:23.2,Rhynchocyon_cirnei:2
3.2,Rhynchocyon_petersi:23.2)5849:24.3)5839:40.8)5821:1.9,Orycteropus_afer:90.2
)5820:0.2,((((Dendrohyrax_arboreus:18.3,Dendrohyrax_dorsalis:18.3,Dendrohyrax_v
alidus:18.3)5853:0.2,Heterohyrax_brucei:18.5)5852:0.1,Procavia_capensis:18.6)5851
:57.2,((((((((Mammuthus_columbi:0.2,Mammuthus_exilis:0.2)5861:0.8,Mammuthus
_imperator:1)5860:2.8,(Mammuthus_primigenius:1.8,Mammuthus_lamarmorae:1.8
)5862:2)5859:7.2,Loxodonta_africana:11)5858:8.5,((Elephas_antiquus:1,Elephas_mn
aidriensis:1,Elephas_creutzburgi:1,Elephas_cypriotes:1)5864:4,(Elephas_maximus:3.
5,(Elephas_namadicus:2,Palaeoloxodon_naumanni:2)5866:1.5)5865:1.5)5863:14.5)5
857:3,(Stegodon_orientalis:11.6,Stegodon_sp.:11.6)5867:10.9)5856:3,((Cuvieronius_
hyodon:10.5,Cuvieronius_spp.:10.5)5869:7,Stegomastodon_superbus:17.5,Notiomas
todon_spp.:17.5,Haplomastodon_chimborazi:17.5)5868:8)5855:15.4,Mammut_amer
icanum:40.9)5854:34.9)5850:14.6)5819:8.300004)4010:48.9,(((((((((((Acrobates_pyg
maeus:11.4,Distoechurus_pennatus:11.4)5880:17.7,Tarsipes_rostratus:29.1)5879:3.
5,(((Dactylopsila_palpator:17.2,Dactylopsila_tatei:17.2,Dactylopsila_trivirgata:17.2)5
883:9.9,Gymnobelideus_leadbeateri:27.1)5882:2.9,(Petaurus_abidi:5.3,Petaurus_au
stralis:5.3,Petaurus_breviceps:5.3,Petaurus_gracilis:5.3,Petaurus_norfolcensis:5.3)58
84:24.7)5881:2.6)5878:0.1,(((Hemibelideus_lemuroides:7.4,Petauroides_volans:7.4)
5887:13.4,(Petropseudes_dahli:20.6,((Pseudochirops_albertisii:20.4,(Pseudochirops_
archeri:20.3,Pseudochirops_cupreus:20.3)5891:0.1)5890:0.1,Pseudochirops_corinna
e:20.5)5889:0.1)5888:0.2)5886:6.7,((Pseudocheirus_canescens:17.1,((Pseudocheirus
_caroli:7.3,Pseudocheirus_herbertensis:7.3)5895:4.4,Pseudocheirus_forbesi:11.7)58
94:5.4,Pseudocheirus_mayeri:17.1)5893:2,Pseudocheirus_peregrinus:19.1)5892:8.4)
5885:5.2)5877:12.4,(((Ailurops_ursinus:24.5,((((((Phalanger_carmelitae:5.2,Phalange
r_vestitus:5.2)5904:2.2,Phalanger_orientalis:7.4)5903:0.7,Phalanger_sericeus:8.1)59
02:3,Phalanger_lullulae:11.1)5901:2.7,(Phalanger_rothschildi:5.6,Strigocuscus_celeb
ensis:5.6,Strigocuscus_gymnotis:5.6)5905:8.2)5900:4.9,(Spilocuscus_maculatus:7.6,S
pilocuscus_rufoniger:7.6)5906:11.1)5899:5.8)5898:1.6,((Phalanger_matanim:7.5,Pha
langer_ornatus:7.5)5908:11.5,(((Trichosurus_arnhemensis:4.5,Trichosurus_vulpecula
:4.5)5911:3.4,Trichosurus_caninus:7.9)5910:5.5,Wyulda_squamicaudata:13.4)5909:5
.6)5907:7.1)5897:13.8,(Burramys_parvus:33.1,(Cercartetus_caudatus:20.4,(Cercartet
us_concinnus:14.4,Cercartetus_lepidus:14.4,Cercartetus_nanus:14.4)5914:6)5913:1
2.7)5912:6.8)5896:5.2)5876:0.7,((Caloprymnus_campestris:24.8,Aepyprymnus_rufes
cens:24.8,(Bettongia_gaimardi:5.6,Bettongia_lesueur:5.6,Bettongia_penicillata:5.6)5
917:19.2,((((((((Procoptodon_goliath:0.55,Procoptodon_rapha:0.55)5925:0.55,Proco
ptodon_pusio:1.1)5924:1.4,Simosthenurus_oreas:2.5)5923:1.4,Sthenurus_gilli:3.9)5
922:1.4,Simosthenurus_brownei:5.3)5921:2.1,(((Simosthenurus_euryskaphus:2.7,(Si
mosthenurus_maddocki:1.4,Simosthenurus_occidentalis:1.4)5929:1.3)5928:1.3,Simo
sthenurus_baileyi:4)5927:1.3,Simosthenurus_brachyselensis:5.3)5926:2.1)5920:2.1,(
(Sthenurus_atlas:2.6,Sthenurus_stirlingi:2.6)5931:2.7,Sthenurus_andersoni:5.3)5930
:4.2)5919:12,((((Dendrolagus_bennettianus:9.1,(((((Dendrolagus_dorianus:3.4,Dendr
olagus_scottae:3.4)5940:3.6,(Dendrolagus_goodfellowi:5.4,(Dendrolagus_matschiei:
3.4,Dendrolagus_spadix:3.4)5942:2)5941:1.6)5939:0.2,Dendrolagus_ursinus:7.2)593
8:0.1,Dendrolagus_inustus:7.3)5937:0.3,Dendrolagus_lumholtzi:7.6)5936:1.5)5935:0
44
.8,(Congruus_gongruus:9.8,Bohra_paulae:9.8,(Protemnodon_hopei:9.6,Protemnodo
n_anak:9.6,Protemnodon_brehus:9.6,Protemnodon_nombe:9.6,Protemnodon_roec
hus:9.6,Protemnodon_tumbuna:9.6)5944:0.2,(((Lagorchestes_conspicillatus:2.1,Lago
rchestes_hirsutus:2.1)5947:7.4,((((((Macropus_agilis:8.8,Macropus_eugenii:8.8)5953
:0.1,(Macropus_dorsalis:2.7,Macropus_parma:2.7)5954:6.2,(Macropus_greyi:4.4,Ma
cropus_irma:4.4)5955:4.5,(Macropus_parryi:8.6,Macropus_rufogriseus:8.6)5956:0.3
)5952:0.1,((((Macropus_antilopinus:3.9,Macropus_rufus:3.9)5960:3.3,Macropus_rob
ustus:7.2)5959:0.2,Macropus_bernardus:7.4)5958:1.1,(Macropus_fuliginosus:2.7,Ma
cropus_giganteus:2.7)5961:5.8)5957:0.5)5951:0.2,Wallabia_bicolor:9.2)5950:0.1,((O
nychogalea_lunata:0.1,Onychogalea_fraenata:0.1)5963:0.1,Onychogalea_unguifera:
0.2)5962:9.1)5949:0.1,Setonix_brachyurus:9.4)5948:0.1)5946:0.2,(((((Petrogale_assi
milis:8.1,Petrogale_godmani:8.1)5968:0.1,Petrogale_inornata:8.2,Petrogale_penicill
ata:8.2)5967:0.2,Petrogale_lateralis:8.4,Petrogale_persephone:8.4,Petrogale_rothsc
hildi:8.4,Petrogale_xanthopus:8.4)5966:0.1,(Petrogale_brachyotis:0.6,(Petrogale_bu
rbidgei:0.4,Petrogale_concinna:0.4)5970:0.2)5969:7.9)5965:1,(Thylogale_billardierii:
4.5,(Thylogale_brunii:3.4,(Thylogale_stigmatica:2.2,Thylogale_thetis:2.2)5973:1.2)59
72:1.1)5971:5)5964:0.2)5945:0.1)5943:0.1)5934:4,((Dorcopsis_atrata:6.5,Dorcopsis_
hageni:6.5,Dorcopsis_luctuosa:6.5,Dorcopsis_muelleri:6.5)5975:1.2,(Dorcopsulus_m
acleayi:3.3,Dorcopsulus_vanheurni:3.3)5976:4.4)5974:6.2)5933:4.3,Lagostrophus_fa
sciatus:18.2)5932:3.3)5918:3.3,(Potorous_platyops:17.5,Potorous_longipes:17.5,Pot
orous_tridactylus:17.5)5977:7.3)5916:10.1,Hypsiprymnodon_moschatus:34.9)5915:
10.9)5875:17.9,(((((Lasiorhinus_krefftii:12.5,Lasiorhinus_latifrons:12.5)5982:6.3,Vom
batus_ursinus:18.8)5981:9,(((((Zygomaturus_trilobus:5.3,Maokopia_ronaldi:5.3)598
7:3.1,Hulitherium_thomasettii:8.4)5986:3,Kolopsis_watutense:11.4)5985:0.2,((Notot
herium_mitchelli:1.8,Euryzygoma_dunese:1.8)5989:4.9,(Diprotodon_minor:1.8,Dipr
otodon_optatum:1.8)5990:4.9)5988:4.9)5984:8.1,(Palorchestes_azael:11.6,Palorche
stes_parvus:11.6)5991:8.1)5983:8.1)5980:26.3,(Phascolarctos_stirtoni:36.8,Phascola
rctos_cinereus:36.8)5992:17.3)5979:9.5,Dromiciops_gliroides:63.6)5978:0.1)5874:0.
1,(((((((((((Antechinus_bellus:4.8,Antechinus_flavipes:4.8)6003:0.9,Antechinus_leo:5.
7)6002:2.4,Antechinus_stuartii:8.1)6001:1,Antechinus_godmani:9.1)6000:1.1,(Antec
hinus_minimus:8.3,Antechinus_swainsonii:8.3)6004:1.9)5999:0.5,((Antechinus_mela
nurus:7.4,(Antechinus_naso:6.4,Murexia_longicaudata:6.4)6007:1)6006:0.6,Antechi
nus_wilhelmina:8,Murexia_rothschildi:8)6005:2.7)5998:1.4,(Phascogale_calura:4,Ph
ascogale_tapoatafa:4)6008:8.1)5997:1.5,(((Dasycercus_byrnei:7.1,Dasycercus_cristic
auda:7.1)6011:1.3,(((((((Dasyurus_albopunctatus:2.3,Dasyurus_geoffroii:2.3)6018:0.
1,Dasyurus_viverrinus:2.4)6017:2.2,Dasyurus_maculatus:4.6)6016:0.1,Dasyurus_hall
ucatus:4.7)6015:0.55,(Sarcophilus_harrisii:4.9,Sarcophilus_laniarius:4.9)6019:0.35)6
014:0.35,(Neophascogale_lorentzi:4.2,(Phascolosorex_doriae:2.2,Phascolosorex_dor
salis:2.2)6021:2)6020:1.4)6013:1.6,Parantechinus_bilarni:7.2)6012:1.2,(Pseudantech
inus_macdonnellensis:2.7,Pseudantechinus_woolleyae:2.7)6022:5.7)6010:0.1,(Dasyk
aluta_rosamondae:7.3,Parantechinus_apicalis:7.3)6023:1.2,(Myoictis_melas:7.9,Pse
udantechinus_ningbing:7.9)6024:0.6)6009:5.1)5996:12.9,(((((Ningaui_ridei:8.9,Ninga
ui_yvonnae:8.9)6029:4.4,Ningaui_timealeyi:13.3)6028:2,(((Sminthopsis_aitkeni:11.4,
Sminthopsis_griseoventer:11.4)6032:3.6,((((Sminthopsis_archeri:11,(Sminthopsis_do
lichura:8.6,Sminthopsis_gilberti:8.6,Sminthopsis_leucopus:8.6,Sminthopsis_murina:
8.6)6037:2.4)6036:2.6,(Sminthopsis_hirtipes:11.5,((Sminthopsis_ooldea:10.4,Sminth
opsis_youngsoni:10.4)6040:0.5,Sminthopsis_psammophila:10.9)6039:0.6)6038:2.1)6
45
035:0.4,Sminthopsis_longicaudata:14)6034:0.2,Sminthopsis_granulipes:14.2)6033:0.
8)6031:0.1,((((Sminthopsis_butleri:3.7,Sminthopsis_douglasi:3.7)6044:1.1,Sminthops
is_virginiae:4.8)6043:2.3,Sminthopsis_macroura:7.1)6042:5,Sminthopsis_crassicaud
ata:12.1)6041:3)6030:0.2)6027:0.7,Sminthopsis_laniger:16)6026:6.1,(((Planigale_gile
si:5.5,Planigale_ingrami:5.5,Planigale_novaeguineae:5.5)6047:1.1,Planigale_tenuiros
tris:6.6)6046:2.6,Planigale_maculata:9.2)6045:12.9)6025:4.4)5995:4.8,Myrmecobius
_fasciatus:31.3)5994:26.5,(Notoryctes_caurinus:9.2,Notoryctes_typhlops:9.2)6048:4
8.6)5993:6)5873:2.1,((((Echymipera_clara:11.9,Echymipera_davidi:11.9,Echymipera_
echinista:11.9,Echymipera_kalubu:11.9,Echymipera_rufescens:11.9)6052:1,Microper
oryctes_longicauda:12.9,Microperoryctes_papuensis:12.9,(Peroryctes_broadbenti:5.
3,Peroryctes_raffrayana:5.3)6053:7.6)6051:5.6,(((Isoodon_auratus:2,Isoodon_obesul
us:2)6056:5.4,Isoodon_macrourus:7.4)6055:5,Perameles_bougainville:12.4,(Peramel
es_gunnii:7.7,Perameles_nasuta:7.7)6057:4.7)6054:6.1)6050:17.7,(Macrotis_leucura
:18.1,Macrotis_lagotis:18.1)6058:18.1)6049:29.7)5872:7.8,((Caenolestes_caniventer:
18.9,Caenolestes_convelatus:18.9,Caenolestes_fuliginosus:18.9)6060:14.3,Lestoros_
inca:33.2,Rhyncholestes_raphanurus:33.2)6059:40.5)5871:8.9,((((Caluromys_derbia
nus:4.4,Caluromys_lanatus:4.4,Caluromys_philander:4.4)6064:9.7,Caluromysiops_irr
upta:14.1)6063:27,Glironia_venusta:41.1)6062:15.1,((((Chironectes_minimus:18.6,(((
(Didelphis_albiventris:16.8,(Didelphis_aurita:16.7,Didelphis_marsupialis:16.7)6073:0
.1)6072:0.2,Didelphis_virginiana:17)6071:0.1,(Philander_andersoni:5.4,Philander_op
ossum:5.4)6074:11.7)6070:0.2,Lutreolina_crassicaudata:17.3)6069:1.3)6068:18.4,M
etachirus_nudicaudatus:37)6067:9.5,((((Gracilinanus_aceramarcae:19.6,(Gracilinanu
s_agilis:8.2,Gracilinanus_microtarsus:8.2)6079:11.4,Gracilinanus_emiliae:19.6,Gracili
nanus_marica:19.6)6078:2.6,Gracilinanus_dryas:22.2)6077:5.9,(Marmosops_cracens
:19,Marmosops_dorothea:19,(Marmosops_fuscatus:7.6,Marmosops_parvidens:7.6)
6081:11.4,Marmosops_handleyi:19,Marmosops_impavidus:19,Marmosops_incanus:
19,Marmosops_invictus:19,Marmosops_noctivagus:19)6080:9.1)6076:11.4,(Lestodel
phys_halli:31.1,((Thylamys_elegans:9.5,Thylamys_pallidior:9.5)6084:21.4,(Thylamys_
macrura:30.7,Thylamys_pusilla:30.7)6085:0.2)6083:0.2)6082:8.4)6075:7)6066:6.1,((
Marmosa_andersoni:34.5,Marmosa_canescens:34.5,Marmosa_lepida:34.5,Marmosa
_mexicana:34.5,Marmosa_murina:34.5,Marmosa_robinsoni:34.5,Marmosa_rubra:3
4.5,Marmosa_tyleriana:34.5,Marmosa_xerophila:34.5,(Micoureus_alstoni:15.7,Mico
ureus_constantiae:15.7,Micoureus_demerarae:15.7,Micoureus_regina:15.7)6088:18
.8)6087:11.3,(Monodelphis_adusta:30.5,Monodelphis_americana:30.5,Monodelphis
_brevicaudata:30.5,Monodelphis_dimidiata:30.5,Monodelphis_domestica:30.5,Mon
odelphis_emiliae:30.5,Monodelphis_iheringi:30.5,Monodelphis_kunsi:30.5,Monodel
phis_osgoodi:30.5,Monodelphis_rubida:30.5,Monodelphis_scalops:30.5,Monodelphi
s_sorex:30.5,Monodelphis_theresa:30.5,Monodelphis_unistriata:30.5)6089:15.3)608
6:6.8)6065:3.6)6061:26.4)5870:65.000004)4009:18.8)4005:10;
46
APPENDIX S2
Clade pairs partitioned in mainland and insular daughter clades. The column node # refers to the
node number in the tree. A verbal description of the node is presented in the following column for
purely descriptive purposes. For each clade we report the median and the mean body size, the body
size range, and the number of species for clade (species). Polytomy indicate whether this clade
is a polytomy where we arbitrarily defined insular and mainland species as sister clades, or whether
it is resolved and the status of all insular species as a sister clade to a clade containing all mainland
species is supported.
node #
4060
4043
4608
5300
4161
5998
5030
4416
5006
4083
4653
4635
5207
5032
5600
5749
5523
5774
5376
5706
4909
5307
5308
5883
6018
4914
5936
4351
4361
5880
5339
4645
5174
6052
5311
5864
4659
5377
5327
node description
A.argenteus group
Acomys
Aeromys
Aethalops alecto
Akodon
Antechinus
Axis
Boromys/Clyomys
Bubalus
C.gliroides group
Callosciurus
Callosciurus caniceps group
Catopuma
Cervus
Chalinolobus tuberculatus
group
Chimarrogale
Chiroderma improvisum
Choloepodini
Coleura seychellensis
Crocidura
Cynocephalus variegatus
Cynopterus1
Cynopterus2
Dactylopsila
Dasyurus albopunctatus
Dendrogale melanura
Dendrolagus
Dipodomys ingens group
Dipodomys merriami group
Distoechurus pennatus
Dobsonia
Dremomys
Dusicyon
Echymipera
Eidolon
Elephas antiquus group
Eliomys
Emballonura alecto
Eonycteris major
polytomy
yes
yes
no
no
yes
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
no
yes
mainland
range
0.311
0.550
0.000
0.100
0.390
0.440
0.310
0.820
0.000
0.000
0.090
0.020
0.000
0.620
species
4
8
1
2
29
7
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
8
median
1.558
1.360
3.100
1.200
1.475
1.720
4.695
1.890
5.920
1.400
2.355
2.490
4.060
5.130
mean
1.502
1.449
3.100
1.200
1.500
1.706
4.695
1.890
5.920
1.400
2.355
2.490
4.060
5.060
island
range
0.340
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.830
0.130
1.050
0.300
0.397
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.433
species
3
1
1
1
1
5
2
4
3
5
1
1
1
3
median
1.350
1.800
3.160
1.180
1.580
1.680
4.675
2.735
5.370
1.464
2.200
2.440
3.400
4.700
mean
1.443
1.800
3.160
1.180
1.580
1.782
4.675
2.775
5.343
1.428
2.200
2.440
3.400
4.556
yes
yes
no
yes
no
yes
no
yes
no
yes
no
no
no
no
no
no
yes
yes
no
yes
no
yes
yes
no
no
0.452
0.328
0.000
0.070
0.000
1.630
0.000
0.140
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.350
0.020
0.000
0.000
0.090
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.030
0.000
0.000
5
3
1
2
1
70
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
4
2
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
0.940
1.570
1.360
3.745
1.030
1.025
3.010
1.570
1.740
2.630
3.040
1.700
3.830
1.920
1.630
1.080
2.580
2.330
4.110
3.040
2.400
6.810
2.075
0.730
1.750
0.942
1.574
1.360
3.745
1.030
1.034
3.010
1.570
1.740
2.630
3.040
1.700
3.830
1.943
1.630
1.080
2.580
2.338
4.110
3.040
2.400
6.810
2.075
0.730
1.750
0.000
0.019
0.000
0.455
0.000
1.213
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.200
0.000
0.000
0.290
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.540
0.000
0.000
0.110
0.000
1.088
0.000
0.000
0.000
1
2
1
3
1
19
1
1
1
2
1
1
7
1
1
1
9
1
1
4
1
3
1
1
1
0.980
1.501
1.540
4.519
1.020
0.975
3.100
1.750
1.530
2.500
2.800
1.780
3.980
1.690
1.580
1.640
2.290
2.110
4.699
2.995
2.450
6.272
2.400
0.720
1.860
0.980
1.501
1.540
4.442
1.020
0.976
3.100
1.750
1.530
2.500
2.800
1.780
3.993
1.690
1.580
1.640
2.264
2.110
4.699
3.015
2.450
6.108
2.400
0.720
1.860
node #
5675
5230
4662
5052
5421
5427
4104
4800
5693
4614
4619
4443
5644
5643
4637
4864
4845
4118
4700
4708
4693
5134
4767
4764
4768
5861
5862
5987
4397
4121
5305
5772
5127
4091
4292
4277
4284
4282
4281
4273
5575
5674
5483
5573
5442
5545
5038
5640
5641
4123
4124
4660
node description
Euroscaptor
Galidiinae
Glirulus japonicus
Hippopotamus
Hipposideros doriae
Hipposideros wollastoni
Hydromys Xeromys
Hylobates lar group
Hylomys hainanensis
Hylopetes1
Hylopetes2
Hystrix
Kerivoula jagorii group
Lariscus
Lemurs/galagos
Leontopithecus caissara
Leopoldamys
Lepus brachyurus
Lepus hainanus
Lepus insularis
Lutra lutra group
Macaca cyclopis
Macaca sinica
Macaca1
Mammuthus exilis
Mammuthus lamarmorae
Maokopia ronaldi
Massoutiera
Maxomys
Megaerops
Megalonychina
Melogale
Melomys
Meriones libycus group
Microtus gregalis group
Microtus oeconomus
Microtus pennsylvanicus
group
Microtus sachalinensis
Miniopterus
Mogera
Monophyllus/
Glossophaga
Mops congicus group
Mormoops blainvillii
Mormopterus minutus
Muntiacus
Murina aenea group
Murina florium group
Mus1
Mus2
Muscardinus
polytomy
no
yes
no
yes
no
no
yes
yes
no
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
yes
no
no
no
yes
no
no
yes
no
no
no
yes
yes
yes
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
mainland
range
0.000
1.420
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
1.170
0.120
0.000
1.010
0.780
0.400
0.694
0.110
0.000
1.390
0.000
0.250
0.000
0.050
0.000
0.300
0.000
0.000
0.130
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.260
0.430
0.120
0.000
0.260
0.160
0.556
0.100
0.067
0.000
species
1
30
1
1
1
1
2
4
1
2
4
4
10
2
1
17
1
3
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
3
5
2
1
2
4
9
2
2
1
median
1.780
3.210
2.100
6.150
0.620
1.080
2.195
3.745
1.720
2.360
2.410
4.170
0.630
0.735
2.300
2.380
2.850
2.480
3.260
3.375
3.380
3.890
3.570
3.570
3.745
6.900
6.740
5.880
2.240
2.160
1.450
5.780
3.100
1.870
1.916
1.500
1.643
1.630
mean
1.780
3.163
2.100
6.150
0.620
1.080
2.195
3.748
1.720
2.257
2.443
4.135
0.662
0.735
2.300
2.490
2.850
2.470
3.260
3.375
3.380
3.890
3.570
3.570
3.745
6.900
6.740
5.880
2.300
2.045
1.450
5.780
3.100
1.895
1.905
1.500
1.643
1.630
island
range
0.000
0.410
0.000
0.602
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.760
0.920
0.060
0.000
0.120
3.670
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.499
0.000
0.000
0.540
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.555
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.650
0.000
0.038
0.000
0.000
species
1
5
1
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
4
2
1
2
46
1
1
1
1
1
6
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
12
1
2
2
16
1
2
1
1
median
1.460
2.810
1.280
5.720
0.740
0.830
1.890
3.740
1.770
1.940
2.350
3.780
0.740
0.670
2.320
3.370
2.760
2.760
3.280
3.180
3.400
4.046
3.780
3.560
3.835
5.230
5.812
5.000
2.290
2.035
1.270
5.176
3.301
1.965
2.100
1.320
1.790
1.600
mean
1.460
2.882
1.280
5.814
0.740
0.830
1.890
3.740
1.770
1.940
2.350
3.840
0.740
0.670
2.320
3.462
2.760
2.760
3.280
3.180
3.400
4.111
3.780
3.560
3.758
5.230
5.812
5.000
2.290
2.066
1.270
5.176
3.301
1.980
2.100
1.320
1.790
1.600
yes
no
yes
yes
0.240
0.000
0.300
0.000
2
1
8
1
1.690
1.439
0.985
1.474
1.690
1.439
0.988
1.474
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.364
1
1
1
6
1.730
1.650
1.200
2.050
1.730
1.650
1.200
1.997
yes
yes
no
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
0.170
0.320
0.000
0.000
0.210
0.080
0.280
0.030
0.380
0.000
5
4
1
1
5
3
4
2
9
1
1.000
1.540
1.200
0.490
4.299
0.880
0.685
1.375
1.176
1.440
0.993
1.520
1.200
0.490
4.270
0.907
0.713
1.375
1.169
1.440
0.230
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.148
0.085
0.000
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1.055
1.490
0.930
0.710
4.190
0.658
0.790
1.384
1.569
1.633
1.055
1.490
0.930
0.710
4.190
0.658
0.790
1.384
1.569
1.633
node #
5103
5124
6024
5646
4955
5433
4238
4671
5676
4133
5400
5293
5292
5611
4192
5554
5866
5276
4710
5298
4224
4621
5884
4617
5903
4249
5585
5587
5592
4137
6047
5532
5621
5620
5690
4139
4793
4784
5220
5944
5895
5891
4595
5445
5348
5352
5356
4143
4144
4229
5409
node description
Mustela lutreola group
Mydaus
Myoictis melas
Myotis macrotarsus
Naemorhedus
Natalus
Nesolagus netscheri
Nesoscaptor uchidai
Niviventer
Nycteris javanica
Nyctimene draconilla
Nyctimene major
Nyctophilus
Oryzomys
Otomops papuensis
Palaeoloxodon naumanni
Paradoxurus zeylonensis
Pentalagus furnessi
Penthetor Thoopterus
Peromyscus
Petaurillus
Petaurus
Petinomys
Phalanger orientalis group
Phaulomys
Pipistrellus cuprosus
Pipistrellus imbricatus
Pipistrellus petersi
Pithecheir
Planigale ingrami group
Platyrrhinus
Plecotus taivanus
Plecotus teneriffae
Podogymnura Echinosorex
Pogonomys
Pongo pygmaeus
Presbytis
Prionailurus
Protemnodon
Pseudocheirus caroli
Pseudochirops cupreus
Pteromys momonga
Pteronotus personatus
group
Pteropus ocularis
Pteropus poliocephalus
group
Pteropus scapulatus group
Rattus leucopus group
Rattus rattus group
Reithrodontomys
brevirostris group
Rhinolophus
polytomy
yes
no
no
no
yes
yes
yes
no
no
yes
no
no
no
yes
yes
no
no
no
no
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
yes
no
no
no
no
yes
yes
no
no
no
yes
no
yes
no
yes
no
no
no
mainland
range
0.477
0.310
0.000
0.000
0.510
0.020
0.210
0.000
0.000
0.438
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.430
0.640
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.020
0.000
0.740
0.000
0.650
1.270
0.000
0.440
0.000
0.090
0.000
0.000
0.330
0.490
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.560
0.050
0.890
0.400
0.000
0.000
0.000
species
4
2
1
1
8
2
12
1
1
12
1
1
1
5
31
1
1
1
3
1
42
1
4
4
1
18
1
2
1
1
2
7
1
1
1
1
3
2
3
5
1
1
1
median
2.670
3.955
1.300
1.400
4.445
0.750
2.300
2.620
1.957
1.929
1.160
1.480
1.690
0.860
1.780
1.540
6.810
3.440
3.350
1.840
1.520
1.600
2.455
1.845
3.400
1.484
1.020
0.545
1.360
2.030
0.795
1.390
0.890
0.860
2.980
1.800
4.650
3.825
3.520
4.950
3.050
3.040
2.200
mean
2.759
3.955
1.300
1.400
4.565
0.750
2.293
2.620
1.957
1.925
1.160
1.480
1.690
0.878
1.764
1.540
6.810
3.440
3.357
1.840
1.516
1.600
2.445
2.055
3.400
1.475
1.020
0.545
1.360
2.030
0.795
1.374
0.890
0.860
2.980
1.800
4.757
3.825
3.570
4.850
3.050
3.040
2.200
island
range
0.000
0.170
0.000
0.000
0.080
0.440
0.310
0.000
0.000
0.190
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.200
0.003
0.190
0.000
1.350
0.040
0.060
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.336
0.340
0.000
0.050
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
species
1
2
1
1
2
3
4
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
4
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
6
1
1
1
1
1
median
2.850
3.315
2.300
1.100
4.440
0.550
2.340
3.180
1.630
1.928
1.250
1.460
2.020
0.850
2.017
1.217
6.348
3.440
3.430
1.680
1.449
1.225
2.440
2.615
3.290
1.570
0.740
0.750
0.810
2.030
1.170
1.700
0.650
0.920
2.225
1.700
4.570
3.805
3.830
4.870
2.640
3.240
2.230
mean
2.850
3.315
2.300
1.100
4.440
0.623
2.378
3.180
1.630
1.973
1.250
1.460
2.020
0.850
2.017
1.217
6.348
3.440
3.430
1.680
1.449
1.225
2.440
2.495
3.290
1.570
0.740
0.750
0.810
2.030
1.170
1.700
0.650
0.920
2.225
1.773
4.570
3.805
3.830
4.870
2.640
3.240
2.230
no
no
0.000
0.000
1
1
0.940
2.890
0.940
2.890
0.000
0.000
2
1
0.710
2.340
0.710
2.340
yes
yes
yes
yes
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.392
1
1
1
8
2.880
2.650
2.330
2.125
2.880
2.650
2.330
2.145
0.010
0.520
0.460
0.558
2
3
8
9
2.545
2.400
2.260
2.274
2.545
2.360
2.295
2.322
yes
yes
0.190
0.860
4
36
1.110
0.985
1.148
1.027
0.000
0.380
1
7
1.310
1.010
1.310
0.980
node #
node description
5314
4580
5624
5626
5036
Rousettus
Sciurus lis
Scotophilus borbonicus
Scotophilus nux group
Sinomegaceros/Megaloceros
5732
5730
5729
5751
5906
5867
5505
5708
4147
4652
5058
5331
5372
4863
5830
5972
4787
5907
4915
4912
4092
5684
4149
4287
4008

Sorex minutissimus group
Sorex shinto
Soriculus caudatus group
Spilocuscus rufoniger
Stegodon
Stenodermatinae
Suncus
Sundamys
Sundasciurus
Sus
Syconycteris
Taphozous philippinensis
Tarsius
Tenrecidae
Thylogale brunii group
Trachypithecus auratus
Trichosurini
Tupaia
Urogale everetti
Uromys
Urotrichus/Neurotrichus
Vandeleuria
Volemys
Zaglossus
polytomy
yes
no
no
yes
mainland
range
0.090
0.730
0.000
0.080
species
2
9
1
2
median
1.945
2.700
1.290
1.440
mean
1.945
2.636
1.290
1.440
island
range
0.320
0.000
0.000
0.000
species
4
1
1
1
median
1.770
2.450
1.260
1.650
mean
1.785
2.450
1.260
1.650
no
yes
yes
no
yes
no
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
yes
yes
no
yes
no
yes
no
yes
no
no
no
no
0.000
0.830
0.220
0.000
0.218
0.000
0.000
0.320
1.764
0.000
0.820
1.180
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.980
0.070
0.250
0.700
0.450
0.000
0.520
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
1
17
3
1
3
1
1
4
10
1
3
3
1
1
1
3
2
6
4
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
5.590
0.670
0.643
0.730
0.960
3.810
6.300
1.240
0.800
2.520
1.950
4.990
1.230
1.440
2.040
1.990
3.695
3.920
3.410
2.200
2.200
2.550
0.950
1.000
1.628
4.480
5.590
0.705
0.574
0.730
1.003
3.810
6.300
1.205
0.880
2.520
2.177
4.650
1.230
1.440
2.040
2.217
3.695
3.915
3.417
2.117
2.200
2.550
0.950
1.000
1.628
4.480
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.270
0.934
0.062
0.690
0.400
0.330
0.000
0.861
1.940
0.000
0.000
1.301
0.670
0.000
0.380
0.180
0.000
0.000
0.000
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
4
4
2
9
3
2
1
4
27
1
1
2
9
1
4
2
1
1
1
5.589
0.544
0.650
0.699
0.830
3.780
5.540
1.270
0.973
2.589
2.350
4.740
1.425
1.310
2.025
1.315
3.559
3.850
3.270
2.230
2.540
2.805
1.140
1.753
1.670
4.010
5.589
0.544
0.650
0.699
0.830
3.780
5.540
1.228
0.990
2.589
2.256
4.720
1.425
1.310
1.947
1.319
3.559
3.850
3.325
2.190
2.540
2.808
1.140
1.753
1.670
4.010
APPENDIX S3
Specieswithineachnodepair.Foreachspecieswereportedwhetheritisaninsularendemics(1)ornot
(0).
nodename
species
A.argenteusgroup
A.argenteusgroup
A.argenteusgroup
A.argenteusgroup
A.argenteusgroup
A.argenteusgroup
A.argenteusgroup
Acomys
Acomys
Acomys
Acomys
Acomys
Acomys
Acomys
Acomys
Acomys
Aeromys
Aeromys
Aethalopsalecto
Aethalopsalecto
Aethalopsalecto
Akodon
Akodon
Akodon
Akodon
Akodon
Akodon
Akodon
Akodon
Akodon
Akodon
Akodon
Akodon
Akodon
Akodon
Akodon
Akodon
Akodon
Akodon
Akodon
Akodon
Apodemusargenteus
Apodemusdraco
Apodemusgurkha
Apodemuslatronum
Apodemuspeninsulae
Apodemussemotus
Apodemusspeciosus
Acomyscahirinus
Acomysignitus
Acomyskempi
Acomysminous
Acomyspercivali
Acomysrussatus
Acomysspinosissimus
Acomyssubspinosus
Acomyswilsoni
Aeromystephromelas
Aeromysthomasi
Aethalopsalecto
Balionycterismaculata
Chironaxmelanocephalus
Akodonaffinis
Akodonalbiventer
Akodonazarae
Akodonboliviensis
Akodoncursor
Akodondayi
Akodondolores
Akodonfumeus
Akodoniniscatus
Akodonjuninensis
Akodonkofordi
Akodonlindberghi
Akodonmarkhami
Akodonmolinae
Akodonmollis
Akodonneocenus
Akodonolivaceus
Akodonorophilus
Akodonpuer
Akodonsanctipaulensis
Insular
endemic
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
nodename
species
Akodon
Akodon
Akodon
Akodon
Akodon
Akodon
Akodon
Akodon
Akodon
Akodon
Antechinus
Antechinus
Antechinus
Antechinus
Antechinus
Antechinus
Antechinus
Antechinus
Antechinus
Antechinus
Antechinus
Antechinus
Axis
Axis
Axis
Axis
BoromysClyomys
BoromysClyomys
BoromysClyomys
BoromysClyomys
BoromysClyomys
BoromysClyomys
Bubalus
Bubalus
Bubalus
Bubalus
C.gliroidesgroup
C.gliroidesgroup
C.gliroidesgroup
C.gliroidesgroup
C.gliroidesgroup
C.gliroidesgroup
Callosciurus
Callosciurus
Callosciurus
Akodonserrensis
Akodonsimulator
Akodonspegazzinii
Akodonsubfuscus
Akodonsurdus
Akodonsylvanus
Akodontoba
Akodontorques
Akodonurichi
Akodonvarius
Antechinusbellus
Antechinusflavipes
Antechinusgodmani
Antechinusleo
Antechinusmelanurus
Antechinusminimus
Antechinusnaso
Antechinusstuartii
Antechinusswainsonii
Antechinuswilhelmina
Murexialongicaudata
Murexiarothschildi
Axisaxis
Axiscalamianensis
Axiskuhlii
Axisporcinus
Boromysoffella
Boromystorrei
Brotomysvoratus
Clyomysbishopi
Clyomyslaticeps
Heteropsomysinsulans
Bubalusbubalis
Bubalusdepressicornis
Bubalusmindorensis
Bubalusquarlesi
Chiropodomyscalamianensis
Chiropodomysgliroides
Chiropodomyskarlkoopmani
Chiropodomysmajor
Chiropodomysmuroides
Chiropodomyspusillus
Callosciurusalbescens
Callosciurusnigrovittatus
Callosciuruspygerythrus
Insular
endemic
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
nodename
species
Callosciuruscanicepsgroup
Catopuma
Catopuma
Cervus
Cervus
Cervus
Cervus
Cervus
Cervus
Cervus
Cervus
Cervus
Cervus
Cervus
Chalinolobustuberculatusgroup
Chimarrogale
Chimarrogale
Chimarrogale
Chimarrogale
Chimarrogale
Chirodermaimprovisum
Choloepodini
Choloepodini
Choloepodini
Choloepodini
Choloepodini
Coleuraseychellensis
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Callosciuruscaniceps
Callosciurusfinlaysonii
Callosciurusorestes
Catopumabadia
Catopumatemminckii
Cervusalbirostris
Cervusalfredi
Cervusastylodon
Cervusduvaucelii
Cervuselaphus
Cervuseldii
Cervusmariannus
Cervusnippon
Cervustimorensis
Cervusunicolor
Elaphurusdavidianus
Chalinolobusdwyeri
Chalinolobusgouldii
Chalinolobusmorio
Chalinolobusnigrogriseus
Chalinolobuspicatus
Chalinolobustuberculatus
Chimarrogalehantu
Chimarrogalehimalayica
Chimarrogalephaeura
Chimarrogaleplatycephala
Chimarrogalestyani
Chirodermavillosum
Acratocnusantillensis
Acratocnusodontrigonus
Acratocnussimorhincus
Choloepusdidactylus
Choloepushoffmanni
Coleuraafra
Crociduraattenuata
Crocidurabatesi
Crocidurabeatus
Crocidurabottegi
Crociduracanariensis
Crociduracrenata
Crociduracrossei
Crociduracyanea
Crociduradenti
Insular
endemic
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
nodename
species
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crociduradolichura
Crociduradouceti
Crociduradsinezumi
Crociduraelgonius
Crociduraelongata
Crociduraflavescens
Crocidurafoxi
Crocidurafuliginosa
Crocidurafulvastra
Crocidurafumosa
Crocidurafuscomurina
Crociduragoliath
Crociduragracilipes
Crociduragrandiceps
Crociduragrassei
Crociduragrayi
Crociduragueldenstaedtii
Crocidurahildegardeae
Crocidurahirta
Crocidurahorsfieldii
Crocidurajacksoni
Crocidurajenkinsi
Crociduralamottei
Crociduralasiura
Crociduralea
Crociduraleucodon
Crociduralevicula
Crociduralittoralis
Crociduralongipes
Crociduraludia
Crociduraluna
Crociduralusitania
Crociduramaquassiensis
Crociduramariquensis
Crociduramaurisca
Crociduramaxi
Crociduramindorus
Crociduramiya
Crociduramonax
Crociduramonticola
Crociduramontis
Crociduramutesae
Crocidurananilla
Crociduranicobarica
Crociduranigeriae
Insular
endemic
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
nodename
species
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Crocidura
Cynocephalusvariegatus
Cynopterus1
Cynopterus1
Cynopterus1
Cynopterus2
Cynopterus2
Dactylopsila
Dactylopsila
Dactylopsila
Crociduranigricans
Crociduranigripes
Crociduranigrofusca
Crociduranimbae
Crociduraniobe
Crociduraolivieri
Crociduraorii
Crociduraosorio
Crociduraparadoxura
Crocidurapasha
Crocidurapergrisea
Crociduraplaniceps
Crocidurapoensis
Crociduraraineyi
Crocidurareligiosa
Crocidurarhoditis
Crocidurarussula
Crociduraselina
Crocidurasicula
Crocidurasilacea
Crocidurasomalica
Crocidurasuaveolens
Crociduratarfayensis
Crociduratenuis
Crociduratheresae
Crociduraturba
Crociduraultima
Crocidurausambarae
Crociduraviaria
Crocidurawhitakeri
Crocidurawimmeri
Crocidurayankariensis
Crocidurazarudnyi
Crocidurazimmeri
Crocidurazimmermanni
Cynocephalusvolans
Cynopterusbrachyotis
Cynopterussphinx
Cynopterustitthaecheileus
Cynopterushorsfieldi
Cynopterusnusatenggara
Dactylopsilapalpator
Dactylopsilatatei
Dactylopsilatrivirgata
Insular
endemic
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
nodename
species
Dasyurusalbopunctatus
Dendrogalemelanura
Dendrogalemelanura
Dendrolagus
Dendrolagus
Dendrolagus
Dendrolagus
Dendrolagus
Dendrolagus
Dendrolagus
Dendrolagus
Dipodomysingensgroup
Dipodomysmerriamigroup
Distoechuruspennatus
Dobsonia
Dobsonia
Dobsonia
Dobsonia
Dobsonia
Dobsonia
Dobsonia
Dobsonia
Dobsonia
Dobsonia
Dremomys
Dremomys
Dremomys
Dremomys
Dremomys
Dusicyon
Dusicyon
Echymipera
Echymipera
Echymipera
Echymipera
Echymipera
Eidolon
Eidolon
Dasyurusgeoffroii
Dendrogalemelanura
Dendrogalemurina
Dendrolagusdorianus
Dendrolagusgoodfellowi
Dendrolagusinustus
Dendrolaguslumholtzi
Dendrolagusmatschiei
Dendrolagusscottae
Dendrolagusspadix
Dendrolagusursinus
Dipodomyscompactus
Dipodomysgravipes
Dipodomysingens
Dipodomysordii
Dipodomysinsularis
Dipodomysmerriami
Dipodomysnitratoides
Acrobatespygmaeus
Dobsoniabeauforti
Dobsoniaemersa
Dobsoniaexoleta
Dobsoniainermis
Dobsoniaminor
Dobsoniamoluccensis
Dobsoniapannietensis
Dobsoniaperoni
Dobsoniapraedatrix
Dobsoniaviridis
Dremomyseveretti
Dremomyslokriah
Dremomyspernyi
Dremomyspyrrhomerus
Dremomysrufigenis
Dusicyonaustralis
Dusicyon avus
Echymiperaclara
Echymiperadavidi
Echymiperaechinista
Echymiperakalubu
Echymiperarufescens
Eidolondupreanum
Eidolonhelvum
Insular
endemic
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
nodename
species
Elephasantiquusgroup
Eliomys
Eliomys
Eliomys
Emballonuraalecto
Emballonuraalecto
Eonycterismajor
Eonycterismajor
Euroscaptor
Euroscaptor
Galidiinae
Galidiinae
Galidiinae
Galidiinae
Galidiinae
Galidiinae
Galidiinae
Galidiinae
Galidiinae
Galidiinae
Galidiinae
Galidiinae
Galidiinae
Galidiinae
Galidiinae
Galidiinae
Galidiinae
Galidiinae
Galidiinae
Galidiinae
Galidiinae
Galidiinae
Galidiinae
Galidiinae
Galidiinae
Galidiinae
Galidiinae
Galidiinae
Galidiinae
Galidiinae
Galidiinae
Galidiinae
Elephasantiquus
Elephascreutzburgi
Elephascypriotes
Elephasmnaidriensis
Eliomysmelanurus
Eliomysmorpheus
Eliomysquercinus
Emballonuraalecto
Emballonuramonticola
Eonycterismajor
Eonycterisspelaea
Euroscaptormicrura
Euroscaptormizura
Atilaxpaludinosus
Bdeogalecrassicauda
Bdeogalejacksoni
Bdeogalenigripes
Crossarchusalexandri
Crossarchusansorgei
Crossarchusobscurus
Cynictispenicillata
Dologaledybowskii
Galerellaflavescens
Galerellapulverulenta
Galerellasanguinea
Galerellaswalius
Galidiaelegans
Galidictisfasciata
Galidictisgrandidieri
Helogalehirtula
Helogaleparvula
Herpestesbrachyurus
Herpestesedwardsii
Herpestesichneumon
Herpestesjavanicus
Herpestesnaso
Herpestessmithii
Herpestesurva
Herpestesvitticollis
Ichneumiaalbicauda
Liberiictiskuhni
Mungosgambianus
Mungosmungo
Mungotictisdecemlineata
Paracynictisselousi
Insular
endemic
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
nodename
species
Galidiinae
Galidiinae
Galidiinae
Glirulusjaponicus
Glirulusjaponicus
Hippopotamus
Hippopotamus
Hippopotamus
Hippopotamus
Hippopotamus
Hippopotamus
Hippopotamus
Hipposiderosdoriae
Hipposiderosdoriae
Hipposideroswollastoni
HydromysXeromys
HydromysXeromys
HydromysXeromys
Hylobateslargroup
Hylobateslargroup
Hylobateslargroup
Hylobateslargroup
Hylobateslargroup
Hylomyshainanensis
Hylomyshainanensis
Hylopetes1
Hylopetes1
Hylopetes1
Hylopetes2
Hylopetes2
Hylopetes2
Hylopetes2
Hylopetes2
Hylopetes2
Hystrix
Hystrix
Hystrix
Hystrix
Hystrix
Hystrix
Hystrix
Hystrix
Kerivoulaargentatagroup
Rhynchogalemelleri
Salanoiaconcolor
Suricatasuricatta
Glirulusjaponicus
Myoxusglis
Hippopotamusamphibius
Hippopotamuscreutzburgi
Hippopotamuslaloumena
Hippopotamuslemerlei
Hippopotamusmadagascariensis
Hippopotamuspentlandi
Phanouriosminor
Hipposiderosdoriae
Hipposiderossabanus
Hipposiderosstenotis
Hydromyschrysogaster
Hydromysshawmayeri
Xeromysmyoides
Hylobatesagilis
Hylobateslar
Hylobatesmoloch
Hylobatesmuelleri
Hylobatespileatus
Hylomyshainanensis
Hylomyssinensis
Hylopetesbartelsi
Hylopetesfimbriatus
Hylopeteslepidus
Hylopetesalboniger
Hylopetesbaberi
Hylopetesnigripes
Hylopetesphayrei
Hylopetesspadiceus
Hylopeteswinstoni
Hystrixafricaeaustralis
Hystrixbrachyura
Hystrixcrassispinis
Hystrixcristata
Hystrixindica
Hystrixjavanica
Hystrixpumila
Hystrixsumatrae
Kerivoulaargentata
Kerivoulaflora
Insular
endemic
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
nodename
species
Kerivoulajagoriigroup
Lariscus
Lariscus
Lariscus
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
Kerivoulahardwickei
Kerivoulaintermedia
Kerivoulalanosa
Kerivoulaminuta
Kerivoulamuscina
Kerivoulapapillosa
Kerivoulapellucida
Kerivoulaphalaena
Kerivoulapicta
Kerivoulawhiteheadi
Kerivoulaatrox
Kerivoulajagorii
Kerivoulapapuensis
Lariscushosei
Lariscusinsignis
Lariscusobscurus
Allocebustrichotis
Archaeoindrisfontoynontii
Archeolemuredwardsi
Archeolemurmajori
Arctocebusaureus
Arctocebuscalabarensis
Avahilaniger
Avahioccidentalis
Babakotiaradofilai
Cheirogaleusmajor
Cheirogaleusmedius
Daubentoniamadagascariensis
Daubentoniarobusta
Eulemurcoronatus
Eulemurfulvus
Eulemurmacaco
Eulemurmongoz
Eulemurrubriventer
Euoticuselegantulus
Euoticuspallidus
Galagoalleni
Galagogallarum
Galagomatschiei
Galagomoholi
Galagosenegalensis
Galagoidesdemidoff
Galagoideszanzibaricus
Hadropithecusstenognathus
Hapalemuraureus
Insular
endemic
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
nodename
species
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
lemursgalagos
Leontopithecuscaissara
Leopoldamys
Leopoldamys
Leopoldamys
Leopoldamys
Lepusbrachyurus
Lepusbrachyurus
Lepushainanus
Lepushainanus
Lepushainanus
Hapalemurgriseus
Hapalemursimus
Indriindri
Lemurcatta
Lepilemurdorsalis
Lepilemuredwardsi
Lepilemurleucopus
Lepilemurmicrodon
Lepilemurmustelinus
Lepilemurruficaudatus
Lepilemurseptentrionalis
Loristardigradus
Megaladapisgrandidieri
Megaladapismadagascariensis
Mesopropithecusdolichobrachion
Mesopropithecusglobiceps
Mesopropithecuspithecoides
Microcebuscoquereli
Microcebusmurinus
Microcebusrufus
Nycticebuscoucang
Nycticebuspygmaeus
Otolemurcrassicaudatus
Otolemurgarnettii
Pachylemurinsignis
Pachylemurjullyi
Palaeopropithecusingens
Palaeopropithecusmaximus
Perodicticuspotto
Phanerfurcifer
Propithecusdiadema
Propithecustattersalli
Propithecusverreauxi
Vareciavariegata
Leontopithecuschrysopygus
Leopoldamysedwardsi
Leopoldamysneilli
Leopoldamyssabanus
Leopoldamyssiporanus
Lepusbrachyurus
Lepusmandshuricus
Lepushainanus
Lepusnigricollis
Lepuspeguensis
Insular
endemic
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
nodename
species
Lepusinsularis
Lepusinsularis
Lutralutragroup
Lutralutragroup
Lutralutragroup
Lutralutragroup
Lutralutragroup
Lutralutragroup
Lutralutragroup
Lutralutragroup
Macacacyclopis
Macacacyclopis
Macacasinica
Macacasinica
Macaca1
Macaca1
Macaca1
Macaca1
Macaca1
Macaca1
Mammuthusexilis
Mammuthusexilis
Mammuthuslamarmorae
Mammuthuslamarmorae
Maokopiaronaldi
Maokopiaronaldi
Massoutiera
Massoutiera
Massoutiera
Massoutiera
Maxomys
Maxomys
Maxomys
Maxomys
Maxomys
Maxomys
Maxomys
Maxomys
Maxomys
Maxomys
Maxomys
Maxomys
Maxomys
Maxomys
Maxomys
Lepuscalifornicus
Lepusinsularis
Algarolutramajori
Lutraeuxena
Lutralutra
Lutrasumatrana
Lutratrinacrie
Lutrogalecretensis
Megalenhydrisbarbaricina
Sardolutraichnusae
Macacacyclopis
Macacamulatta
Macacaradiata
Macacasinica
Macacamaura
Macacanemestrina
Macacanigra
Macacaochreata
Macacasilenus
Macacatonkeana
Mammuthuscolumbi
Mammuthusexilis
Mammuthuslamarmorae
Mammuthusprimigenius
Maokopiaronaldi
Zygomaturustrilobus
Ctenodactylusgundi
Ctenodactylusvali
Massoutieramzabi
Pectinatorspekei
Maxomysalticola
Maxomysbaeodon
Maxomysbartelsii
Maxomysdollmani
Maxomyshellwaldii
Maxomyshylomyoides
Maxomysinas
Maxomysinflatus
Maxomysmoi
Maxomysmusschenbroekii
Maxomysochraceiventer
Maxomyspagensis
Maxomyspanglima
Maxomysrajah
Maxomyssurifer
Insular
endemic
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
nodename
species
Maxomys
Maxomys
Megaerops
Megaerops
Megaerops
Megalonychina
Megalonychina
Megalonychina
Melogale
Melogale
Melogale
Melogale
Melomys
Melomys
Melomys
Melomys
Melomys
Melomys
Melomys
Melomys
Melomys
Melomys
Melomys
Melomys
Melomys
Melomys
Melomys
Melomys
Melomys
Melomys
Melomys
Melomys
Merioneslibycusgroup
Microtusarvalisgroup
Maxomyswattsi
Maxomyswhiteheadi
Megaeropsecaudatus
Megaeropsniphanae
Megaeropswetmorei
Megalocnusrodens
Megalocnuszile
Megalonyxjeffersonii
Melogaleeveretti
Melogalemoschata
Melogaleorientalis
Melogalepersonata
Melomysaerosus
Melomysbougainville
Melomysburtoni
Melomyscapensis
Melomyscervinipes
Melomysfellowsi
Melomysfraterculus
Melomyslanosus
Melomysleucogaster
Melomyslevipes
Melomyslorentzii
Melomysmatambuai
Melomysmollis
Melomysmoncktoni
Melomysobiensis
Melomysplatyops
Melomysrattoides
Melomysrubex
Melomysrubicola
Melomysrufescens
Merionescrassus
Merioneslibycus
Merionesmalatestai
Merionesmeridianus
Merionessacramenti
Merionesshawi
Merionestristrami
Merionesunguiculatus
Merionesvinogradovi
Merioneszarudnyi
Microtusarvalis
Microtushenseli
Microtusrossiaemeridionalis
Insular
endemic
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
nodename
species
Microtusgregalisgroup
Microtusoeconomus
Microtusoeconomus
Microtuspennsylvanicusgroup
Microtussachalinensis
Miniopterus
Miniopterus
Miniopterus
Miniopterus
Miniopterus
Miniopterus
Miniopterus
Miniopterus
Miniopterus
Mogera
Mogera
Mogera
Mogera
Mogera
Mogera
Mogera
MonophyllusGlossophaga
Mopscongicusgroup
Mopscongicusgroup
Mopscongicusgroup
Mopscongicusgroup
Mopscongicusgroup
Mormoopsblainvillii
Mormoopsblainvillii
Mormopterusminutus
Mormopterusminutus
Muntiacus
Muntiacus
Terricolamelitensis
Microtusabbreviatus
Microtusgregalis
Microtusmiurus
Microtusmontebelli
Microtusoeconomus
Microtusbreweri
Microtuspennsylvanicus
Microtustownsendii
Microtusmongolicus
Miniopterusaustralis
Miniopterusfraterculus
Miniopterusfuscus
Miniopterusinflatus
Miniopterusmagnater
Miniopterusminor
Miniopteruspusillus
Miniopterusschreibersi
Miniopterustristis
Mogeraetigo
Mogerainsularis
Mogerakobeae
Mogeraminor
Mogerarobusta
Mogeratokudae
Mogerawogura
Glossophagacommissarisi
Glossophagaleachii
Glossophagalongirostris
Glossophagamorenoi
Glossophagasoricina
Monophyllusplethodon
Monophyllusredmani
Mopscondylurus
Mopscongicus
Mopsmidas
Mopsmops
Mopsniveiventer
Mormoopsblainvillii
Mormoopsmegalophylla
Mormopteruskalinowskii
Mormopterusminutus
Muntiacusatherodes
Muntiacuscrinifrons
Insular
endemic
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
nodename
species
Muntiacus
Muntiacus
Muntiacus
Muntiacus
Murinaaeneagroup
Murinaaeneagroup
Murinaaeneagroup
Murinaaeneagroup
Murinafloriumgroup
Murinafloriumgroup
Murinafloriumgroup
Murinafloriumgroup
Murinafloriumgroup
Mus1
Mus1
Mus1
Mus1
Mus2
Mus2
Mus2
Mus2
Mus2
Mus2
Mus2
Mus2
Mus2
Mus2
Mus2
Muscardinus
Muscardinus
Mustelalutreolagroup
Mydaus
Mydaus
Mydaus
Mydaus
Myoictismelas
Myoictismelas
Myotismacrotarsus
Myotismacrotarsus
Naemorhedus
Naemorhedus
Muntiacusfeae
Muntiacusgongshanensis
Muntiacusmuntjak
Muntiacusreevesi
Murinaaenea
Murinacyclotis
Murinahuttoni
Murinarozendaali
Murinaflorium
Murinaleucogaster
Murinasilvatica
Murinasuilla
Murinatubinaris
Muscrociduroides
Musfamulus
Muspahari
Musvulcani
Musbooduga
Muscaroli
Muscervicolor
Muscookii
Muslopadusae
Musmacedonicus
Musminotaurus
Musmusculus
Musspicilegus
Musspretus
Musterricolor
Muscardinusavellanarius
Muscardinusmalatestai
Mustelalutreola
Mustelalutreolina
Mustelanudipes
Mustelasibirica
Mustelastrigidorsa
Arctonyxcollaris
Melesmeles
Mydausjavanensis
Mydausmarchei
Myoictismelas
Pseudantechinusningbing
Myotismacrotarsus
Myotisvivesi
Bootheriumbombifrons
Euceratheriumcollinum
Insular
endemic
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
nodename
species
Naemorhedus
Naemorhedus
Naemorhedus
Naemorhedus
Naemorhedus
Naemorhedus
Naemorhedus
Naemorhedus
Natalus
Natalus
Natalus
Natalus
Natalus
Neotomaalbigulagroup
Nesolagusnetscheri
Nesolagusnetscheri
Nesoscaptoruchidai
Nesoscaptoruchidai
Niviventer
Niviventer
Niviventer
Niviventer
Niviventer
Niviventer
Niviventer
Niviventer
Niviventer
Niviventer
Niviventer
Niviventer
Naemorhedusbaileyi
Naemorheduscaudatus
Naemorheduscrispus
Naemorhedusgoral
Naemorhedussumatraensis
Naemorhedusswinhoei
Ovibosmoschatus
Symboscavifrons
Nataluslepidus
Natalusmicropus
Natalusstramineus
Natalustumidifrons
Natalustumidirostris
Neotomaalbigula
Neotomaangustapalata
Neotomaanthonyi
Neotomabryanti
Neotomabunkeri
Neotomachrysomelas
Neotomadevia
Neotomafloridana
Neotomagoldmani
Neotomalepida
Neotomamartinensis
Neotomamexicana
Neotomamicropus
Neotomanelsoni
Neotomapalatina
Neotomastephensi
Brachylagusidahoensis
Nesolagusnetscheri
Nesoscaptoruchidai
Scaptochirusmoschatus
Niviventerandersoni
Niviventerbrahma
Niviventerconfucianus
Niviventercoxingi
Niviventercremoriventer
Niviventerculturatus
Niviventereha
Niviventerexcelsior
Niviventerfulvescens
Niviventerhinpoon
Niviventerlangbianis
Niviventerlepturus
Insular
endemic
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
nodename
species
Niviventer
Niviventer
Niviventer
Nycterisjavanica
Nycterisjavanica
Nyctimenedraconilla
Nyctimenedraconilla
Nyctimenemajor
Nyctimenemajor
Nyctophilus
Nyctophilus
Nyctophilus
Nyctophilus
Nyctophilus
Nyctophilus
Oryzomys
Oryzomys
Oryzomys
Oryzomys
Oryzomys
Oryzomys
Oryzomys
Oryzomys
Oryzomys
Oryzomys
Oryzomys
Oryzomys
Oryzomys
Oryzomys
Oryzomys
Oryzomys
Oryzomys
Oryzomys
Oryzomys
Oryzomys
Oryzomys
Oryzomys
Oryzomys
Oryzomys
Oryzomys
Oryzomys
Oryzomys
Oryzomys
Oryzomys
Oryzomys
Niviventerniviventer
Niviventerrapit
Niviventertenaster
Nycterisjavanica
Nycteristragata
Nyctimenealbiventer
Nyctimenedraconilla
Nyctimenemajor
Nyctimenerobinsoni
Nyctophilusarnhemensis
Nyctophilusgeoffroyi
Nyctophilusgouldi
Nyctophilusmicrotis
Nyctophilustimoriensis
Nyctophiluswalkeri
Oryzomysalbigularis
Oryzomysalfaroi
Oryzomysauriventer
Oryzomysbalneator
Oryzomysbolivaris
Oryzomysbuccinatus
Oryzomyscapito
Oryzomyschapmani
Oryzomyscouesi
Oryzomysdimidiatus
Oryzomysgorgasi
Oryzomyshammondi
Oryzomysintectus
Oryzomysintermedius
Oryzomyskeaysi
Oryzomyskelloggi
Oryzomyslamia
Oryzomyslegatus
Oryzomyslevipes
Oryzomysmacconnelli
Oryzomysmelanotis
Oryzomysnelsoni
Oryzomysnitidus
Oryzomysoniscus
Oryzomyspalustris
Oryzomyspolius
Oryzomysratticeps
Oryzomysrostratus
Oryzomyssubflavus
Oryzomystalamancae
Insular
endemic
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
nodename
species
Oryzomys
Oryzomys
Otomopspapuensis
Otomopspapuensis
Palaeoloxodonnaumanni
Paradoxuruszeylonensis
Pentalagusfurnessi
Pentalagusfurnessi
Pentalagusfurnessi
Pentalagusfurnessi
PenthetorThoopterus
PenthetorThoopterus
PenthetorThoopterus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Oryzomysxantheolus
Oryzomysyunganus
Otomopsmartiensseni
Otomopspapuensis
Elephasnamadicus
Paradoxurusjerdoni
Pentalagusfurnessi
Pronolaguscrassicaudatus
Pronolagusrandensis
Pronolagusrupestris
Latidenssalimalii
Penthetorlucasi
Thoopterusnigrescens
Peromyscusattwateri
Peromyscusaztecus
Peromyscusboylii
Peromyscusbullatus
Peromyscuscalifornicus
Peromyscuscrinitus
Peromyscusdifficilis
Peromyscuseremicus
Peromyscuseva
Peromyscusfurvus
Peromyscusgossypinus
Peromyscusgrandis
Peromyscusgratus
Peromyscusguatemalensis
Peromyscusgymnotis
Peromyscushooperi
Peromyscusinterparietalis
Peromyscusleucopus
Peromyscuslevipes
Peromyscusmaniculatus
Peromyscusmayensis
Peromyscusmegalops
Peromyscusmekisturus
Peromyscusmelanocarpus
Peromyscusmelanophrys
Peromyscusmelanotis
Peromyscusmelanurus
Peromyscusmerriami
Peromyscusmexicanus
Peromyscusnasutus
Insular
endemic
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
nodename
species
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Peromyscus
Petaurillus
Petaurillus
Petaurillus
Petaurus
Petaurus
Petaurus
Petaurus
Petaurus
Petinomys
Petinomys
Petinomys
Petinomys
Petinomys
Petinomys
Petinomys
Petinomys
Phalangerorientalisgroup
Phaulomys
Phaulomys
Phaulomys
Phaulomys
Phaulomys
Phaulomys
Phaulomys
Phaulomys
Phaulomys
Phaulomys
Phaulomys
Phaulomys
Peromyscusochraventer
Peromyscusoreas
Peromyscuspectoralis
Peromyscusperfulvus
Peromyscuspolionotus
Peromyscuspolius
Peromyscussimulus
Peromyscussitkensis
Peromyscusspicilegus
Peromyscusstirtoni
Peromyscustruei
Peromyscuswinkelmanni
Peromyscusyucatanicus
Peromyscuszarhynchus
Petaurillusemiliae
Petaurillushosei
Petaurilluskinlochii
Petaurusabidi
Petaurusaustralis
Petaurusbreviceps
Petaurusgracilis
Petaurusnorfolcensis
Petinomyscrinitus
Petinomysfuscocapillus
Petinomysgenibarbis
Petinomyshageni
Petinomyslugens
Petinomyssagitta
Petinomyssetosus
Petinomysvordermanni
Phalangercarmelitae
Phalangerorientalis
Phalangervestitus
Alticolaargentatus
Alticolamacrotis
Alticolaroylei
Alticolastoliczkanus
Alticolastrelzowi
Clethrionomyscalifornicus
Clethrionomyscentralis
Clethrionomysgapperi
Clethrionomysglareolus
Clethrionomysrufocanus
Clethrionomysrutilus
Eothenomyschinensis
Insular
endemic
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
nodename
species
Phaulomys
Phaulomys
Phaulomys
Phaulomys
Phaulomys
Phaulomys
Phaulomys
Phaulomys
Pipistrelluscuprosus
Pipistrellusimbricatus
Pipistrelluspetersi
Pipistrelluspetersi
Pithecheir
Pithecheir
Planigaleingramigroup
Platyrrhinus
Platyrrhinus
Platyrrhinus
Platyrrhinus
Platyrrhinus
Platyrrhinus
Platyrrhinus
Platyrrhinus
Plecotustaivanus
Plecotustaivanus
Plecotusteneriffae
Plecotusteneriffae
PodogymnuraEchinosorex
Pogonomys
Pogonomys
Pogonomys
Pogonomys
Pongopygmaeus
Pongopygmaeus
Pongopygmaeus
Pongopygmaeus
Presbytis
Presbytis
Eothenomyscustos
Eothenomyseva
Eothenomysinez
Eothenomysmelanogaster
Eothenomysolitor
Eothenomysproditor
Phaulomysandersoni
Phaulomyssmithii
Pipistrelluscircumdatus
Pipistrellusarabicus
Pipistrellusnanus
Pipistrelluspetersi
Pipistrellustasmaniensis
Pithecheirmelanurus
Pithecheirparvus
Planigalegilesi
Planigaleingrami
Planigalenovaeguineae
Platyrrhinusaurarius
Platyrrhinusbrachycephalus
Platyrrhinusdorsalis
Platyrrhinushelleri
Platyrrhinusinfuscus
Platyrrhinuslineatus
Platyrrhinusumbratus
Platyrrhinusvittatus
Plecotusauritus
Plecotustaivanus
Plecotusaustriacus
Plecotusteneriffae
Echinosorexgymnura
Podogymnuraaureospinula
Podogymnuratruei
Pogonomyschampioni
Pogonomysloriae
Pogonomysmacrourus
Pogonomyssylvestris
Gorillagorilla
Panpaniscus
Pantroglodytes
Pongopygmaeus
Presbytiscomata
Presbytisfemoralis
Insular
endemic
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
nodename
species
Presbytis
Presbytis
Presbytis
Presbytis
Presbytis
Presbytis
Prionailurus
Prionailurus
Prionailurus
Prionailurus
Protemnodon
Protemnodon
Protemnodon
Protemnodon
Protemnodon
Protemnodon
Pseudocheiruscaroli
Pseudocheiruscaroli
Pseudochiropscupreus
Pteromysmomonga
Pteromysmomonga
Pteronotuspersonatusgroup
Pteropusocularis
Pteropusocularis
Pteropuspoliocephalusgroup
Pteropusscapulatusgroup
Rattusleucopusgroup
Rattusleucopusgroup
Rattusleucopusgroup
Rattusleucopusgroup
Rattusleucopusgroup
Rattusleucopusgroup
Rattusleucopusgroup
Rattusleucopusgroup
Rattusleucopusgroup
Rattusrattusgroup
Rattusrattusgroup
Presbytisfrontata
Presbytishosei
Presbytismelalophos
Presbytispotenziani
Presbytisrubicunda
Presbytisthomasi
Prionailurusbengalensis
Prionailurusplaniceps
Prionailurusrubiginosus
Prionailurusviverrinus
Protemnodonanak
Protemnodonbrehus
Protemnodonhopei
Protemnodonnombe
Protemnodonroechus
Protemnodontumbuna
Pseudocheiruscaroli
Pseudocheirusherbertensis
Pseudochiropsarcheri
Pteromysmomonga
Pteromysvolans
Pteronotusmacleayii
Pteronotuspersonatus
Pteronotusquadridens
Pteropusconspicillatus
Pteropusocularis
Pteropusmacrotis
Pteropuspohlei
Pteropuspoliocephalus
Pteropusgilliardi
Pteropusmahaganus
Pteropusscapulatus
Pteropuswoodfordi
Rattuselaphinus
Rattusfeliceus
Rattusjobiensis
Rattusleucopus
Rattusmordax
Rattusmorotaiensis
Rattusnovaeguineae
Rattuspraetor
Rattussteini
Rattusadustus
Rattusargentiventer
Insular
endemic
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
nodename
species
Rattusrattusgroup
Rattusrattusgroup
Rattusrattusgroup
Rattusrattusgroup
Rattusrattusgroup
Rattusrattusgroup
Rattusrattusgroup
Rattusrattusgroup
Rattusrattusgroup
Rattusrattusgroup
Rattusrattusgroup
Rattusrattusgroup
Rattusrattusgroup
Rattusrattusgroup
Rattusrattusgroup
Reithrodontomysbrevirostrisgroup
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rattusbaluensis
Rattuseveretti
Rattushoffmanni
Rattuslosea
Rattuslugens
Rattusmindorensis
Rattusnitidus
Rattusosgoodi
Rattuspalmarum
Rattusrattus
Rattussikkimensis
Rattustanezumi
Rattustawitawiensis
Rattustiomanicus
Rattusturkestanicus
Reithrodontomysbrevirostris
Reithrodontomysdarienensis
Reithrodontomysgracilis
Reithrodontomysmexicanus
Reithrodontomysspectabilis
Rhinolophusacuminatus
Rhinolophusaffinis
Rhinolophusalcyone
Rhinolophusarcuatus
Rhinolophusblasii
Rhinolophusborneensis
Rhinolophuscapensis
Rhinolophusclivosus
Rhinolophuscoelophyllus
Rhinolophuscreaghi
Rhinolophusdarlingi
Rhinolophusdenti
Rhinolophuseloquens
Rhinolophuseuryale
Rhinolophuseuryotis
Rhinolophusferrumequinum
Rhinolophusfumigatus
Rhinolophusguineensis
Rhinolophushildebrandti
Rhinolophushipposideros
Rhinolophusinops
Rhinolophuslanderi
Rhinolophusluctus
Rhinolophusmaclaudi
Rhinolophusmacrotis
Insular
endemic
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
nodename
species
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus
Rousettus
Rousettus
Rousettus
Rousettus
Rousettus
Rousettus
Sciuruslis
Sciuruslis
Sciuruslis
Sciuruslis
Sciuruslis
Sciuruslis
Sciuruslis
Sciuruslis
Sciuruslis
Sciuruslis
Scotophilusborbonicus
Scotophilusnuxgroup
Scotophilusnuxgroup
Scotophilusnuxgroup
Sorexhydrodromusgroup
Rhinolophusmalayanus
Rhinolophusmarshalli
Rhinolophusmegaphyllus
Rhinolophusmehelyi
Rhinolophusparadoxolophus
Rhinolophusphilippinensis
Rhinolophusrobinsoni
Rhinolophusrufus
Rhinolophussedulus
Rhinolophusshameli
Rhinolophussimplex
Rhinolophussimulator
Rhinolophusstheno
Rhinolophusswinnyi
Rhinolophusthomasi
Rhinolophustrifoliatus
Rhinolophusvirgo
Rhinolophusyunanensis
Rousettusamplexicaudatus
Rousettuscelebensis
Rousettusleschenaulti
Rousettusmadagascariensis
Rousettusobliviosus
Rousettusspinalatus
Sciurusalleni
Sciurusarizonensis
Sciuruscolliaei
Sciurusgriseus
Sciurusigniventris
Sciuruslis
Sciurusoculatus
Sciurusrichmondi
Sciurussanborni
Sciurusspadiceus
Scotophilusviridis
Scotophilusdinganii
Scotophilusnux
Scotophilusrobustus
Megalocerosgiganteus
Sinomegacerosyabei
Sorexbairdii
Sorexbendirii
Sorexcinereus
Sorexdispar
Insular
endemic
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
nodename
species
Sorexminutissimusgroup
Sorexshinto
Sorexshinto
Soriculuscaudatusgroup
Spilocuscusrufoniger
Stegodon
Stegodon
Stenodermatinae
Stenodermatinae
Stenodermatinae
Stenodermatinae
Stenodermatinae
Stenodermatinae
Stenodermatinae
Stenodermatinae
Suncus
Suncus
Suncus
Suncus
Suncus
Suncus
Suncus
Suncus
Sorexfumeus
Sorexhaydeni
Sorexhoyi
Sorexhydrodromus
Sorexjacksoni
Sorexlongirostris
Sorexmonticolus
Sorexnanus
Sorexornatus
Sorexpacificus
Sorexpalustris
Sorexpreblei
Sorextenellus
Sorexugyunak
Sorexvagrans
Sorexgracillimus
Sorexhosonoi
Sorexminutissimus
Sorexminutus
Sorexcaecutiens
Sorexshinto
Soriculuscaudatus
Soriculusfumidus
Soriculusleucops
Soriculusmacrurus
Spilocuscusmaculatus
Stegodonorientalis
Stegodonsp.
Ametridacenturio
Ardopsnichollsi
Ariteusflavescens
Centuriosenex
Phyllopsfalcatus
Pygodermabilabiatum
Sphaeronycteristoxophyllum
Stenodermarufum
Suncusater
Suncusdayi
Suncusetruscus
Suncusinfinitesimus
Suncuslixus
Suncusmadagascariensis
Suncusmalayanus
Suncusmertensi
Insular
endemic
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
nodename
species
Suncus
Suncus
Suncus
Suncus
Suncus
Suncus
Sundamys
Sundamys
Sundamys
Sundasciurus
Sundasciurus
Sundasciurus
Sundasciurus
Sundasciurus
Sundasciurus
Sundasciurus
Sundasciurus
Sundasciurus
Sundasciurus
Sundasciurus
Sundasciurus
Sus
Sus
Sus
Sus
Sus
Sus
Syconycteris
Syconycteris
Syconycteris
Taphozousphilippinensis
Tarsius
Tarsius
Tarsius
Tarsius
Tarsius
Tenrecidae
Tenrecidae
Tenrecidae
Tenrecidae
Tenrecidae
Tenrecidae
Tenrecidae
Tenrecidae
Suncusmontanus
Suncusmurinus
Suncusremyi
Suncusstoliczkanus
Suncusvarilla
Suncuszeylanicus
Sundamysinfraluteus
Sundamysmaxi
Sundamysmuelleri
Sundasciurusbrookei
Sundasciurushippurus
Sundasciurusjentinki
Sundasciurusjuvencus
Sundasciuruslowii
Sundasciurusmindanensis
Sundasciurusmoellendorffi
Sundasciurusphilippinensis
Sundasciurusrabori
Sundasciurussamarensis
Sundasciurussteerii
Sundasciurustenuis
Susbarbatus
Suscebifrons
Suscelebensis
Sussalvanius
Susscrofa
Susverrucosus
Syconycterisaustralis
Syconycteriscarolinae
Syconycterishobbit
Taphozousmelanopogon
Tarsiusbancanus
Tarsiusdianae
Tarsiuspumilus
Tarsiusspectrum
Tarsiussyrichta
Echinopstelfairi
Geogaleaurita
Hemicentetesnigricepts
Hemicentetessemispinosus
Limnogalemergulus
Microgalebrevicaudata
Microgalecowani
Microgaledobsoni
Insular
endemic
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
nodename
species
Tenrecidae
Tenrecidae
Tenrecidae
Tenrecidae
Tenrecidae
Tenrecidae
Tenrecidae
Tenrecidae
Tenrecidae
Tenrecidae
Tenrecidae
Tenrecidae
Tenrecidae
Tenrecidae
Tenrecidae
Tenrecidae
Tenrecidae
Tenrecidae
Tenrecidae
Tenrecidae
Tenrecidae
Tenrecidae
Thylogalebruniigroup
Trachypithecusauratus
Trichosurini
Trichosurini
Trichosurini
Trichosurini
Trichosurini
Trichosurini
Tupaia
Tupaia
Tupaia
Tupaia
Tupaia
Tupaia
Tupaia
Microgaledrouhardi
Microgaledryas
Microgalefotsifotsy
Microgalegracilis
Microgalelongicaudata
Microgalelongirostris
Microgalemonticola
Microgaleparvula
Microgaleprincipula
Microgalepusilla
Microgalesoricoides
Microgaletaiva
Microgaletalazaci
Microgalethomasi
Micropotamogalelamottei
Micropotamogaleruwenzorii
Oryzoricteshova
Oryzorictestalpoides
Oryzorictestetradactylus
Potamogalevelox
Setifersetosus
Tenrececaudatus
Thylogalebrunii
Thylogalestigmatica
Thylogalethetis
Trachypithecuscristatus
Trachypithecusfrancoisi
Trachypithecusgeei
Trachypithecusobscurus
Trachypithecusphayrei
Trachypithecuspileatus
Phalangermatanim
Phalangerornatus
Trichosurusarnhemensis
Trichosuruscaninus
Trichosurusvulpecula
Wyuldasquamicaudata
Tupaiabelangeri
Tupaiadorsalis
Tupaiaglis
Tupaiagracilis
Tupaiajavanica
Tupaialongipes
Tupaiaminor
Insular
endemic
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
nodename
species
Tupaia
Tupaia
Tupaia
Tupaia
Tupaia
Urogaleeveretti
Urogaleeveretti
Uromys
Uromys
Uromys
Uromys
Uromys
Uromys
UrotrichusNeurotrichus
Vandeleuria
Vandeleuria
Volemys
Volemys
Zaglossus
Zaglossus
Tupaiamontana
Tupaianicobarica
Tupaiapicta
Tupaiasplendidula
Tupaiatana
Anathanaellioti
Urogaleeveretti
Uromysanak
Uromyscaudimaculatus
Uromyshadrourus
Uromysimperator
Uromysneobritanicus
Uromysrex
Neurotrichusgibbsii
Urotrichuspilirostris
Urotrichustalpoides
Vandeleurianolthenii
Vandeleuriaoleracea
Volemyskikuchii
Volemysmusseri
Zaglossusbruijni
Zaglossushacketti
Insular
endemic
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0

Raia Et Al. 2010 One Size Does Not Fit All

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Raia Et Al. 2010 One Size Does Not Fit All

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Global Ecology and Biogeography, (Global Ecol. Biogeogr.

One size does not fit all: no evidence for

Pasquale Raia1,2*, Francesco Carotenuto1 and Shai Meiri3

Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra,

*Correspondence: Pasquale Raia, Dipartimento

No optimal body size in mammals

(Appendix S1A). Thus, it is reasonable to assume that our

Tests for evolution toward the optimal size

Table 1 The number of clades in which the median body size in

Median size smaller

Median size larger

Tests for decreased size range in insular clades

No optimal body size in mammals

Smaller size range on

No. of species larger on

Apodemus argenteus group

against the mainland minus island species-richness difference.

Insular clades within clade pairs do not show narrower size

Mean body size of the

Confidence intervals for

Apodemus argenteus group

*Wider than expected.

Using randomizations, the body size range of insular

No optimal body size in mammals

P (body size range is

*Marginally significant, 0.1 > P > 0.05.

within mammalian families, but size ranges are not

mammals, which is predicted under both the island rule and

under the circumstances which best match its predictions (on

No optimal body size in mammals

Mattila, T.M. & Bokma, F. (2008) Extant mammal body masses

SUPPO RTING INF O R MATIO N

Pasquale Raia is a post-doctoral research fellow at the

Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online

Francesco Carotenuto is a post-doctoral research

As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides

Shai Meiri is a senior lecturer at the Department of

Appendix S1 Phylogenetic tree used for this study, along with

Editor: Jos Alexandre F. Diniz-Filho

Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd

body mass reference

Brook & Bowman 2004

Janis & Manning

Brook & Bowman 2004

Janis & Manning

Brook & Bowman 2004

Janis & Manning

Smith et al. 2003

Janis & Manning

Smith et al. 2003

Janis & Manning

Brook & Bowman 2004

Brook & Bowman 2004

McDonald & Ray

Smith et al. 2003

McDonald & Ray

Smith et al. 2003

Smith et al. 2003

body mass reference

Smith et al. 2003

Smith et al. 2003

Smith et al. 2003

Zrzavy & Rikankova

Woods et al. 2001