TRC2200: Thermo Fluids & Power Systems

LECTURE 10

Introduc)on & Basic Concepts of

Thermodynamics
Lecturer: Alpha Agape Gopalai

Lecture Outline
Basic concepts to form a sound foundation for the development
of the principles of thermodynamics.
Explain the basic concepts of thermodynamics such as system,
state, state postulate, equilibrium, process, and cycle.
Review concepts of temperature, temperature scales, pressure,
and absolute and gage pressure.
Energy
Introduce an intuitive systematic problem-solving technique.

Energy
Many form of Energy

Energy
In thermodynamic analysis, total energy of a system can be classied
into two groups:
Macroscopic forms of energy
Microscopic forms of energy

Energy: Macroscopic
Macroscopic energy: Forms of energy that are possessed by a
system with respect to an outside reference frame.
Kine)c Energy (KE)
=1/22

where : m = mass of a body (kg)

V = velocity of the body (m/s)

Poten)al Energy (KE)

=

where : m = mass of a body (kg)

g = gravita)onal accelera)on (m/s2)
z = eleva)on (m)

Energy: Microscopic
Microscopic energy: Forms of energy that are related to the
molecular structure of a system and the degree of molecular
ac)vity. They are independent of outside reference frames.

Transla)onal energy Rota)onal kine)c Vibra)onal kine)c

energy
energy

Spin energy

Sum of all microscopic forms of energy is

referred as the internal energy of a system
(U)
Sensible energy: Kine)c energy of the
molecules.

Energy: Microscopic
Latent energy: Internal energy associated with the phase of a
system.
Chemical energy: Internal energy associated with the atomic
bonds in a molecule.
Nuclear energy: Internal energy associated with the strong
bonds within the nucleus of the atom.

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Total Energy of a System

We dene the total energy in a system as:

mV 2
E = U + KE + PE = U +
+ mgz
2
We can also represent total energy as specic energy (per unit mass)
E = me = m u + ke + pe


2

V
E = m(u +
+ gz)
2

Where e = total energy of a system per unit mass (kJ/kg)

ke = Kine)c energy per unit mass (kJ/kg)
pe = Poten)al energy per unit mass (kJ/kg)

u = internal energy per unit mass (kJ/kg)

Total Energy of a System

E = me = m (u + ke + pe)
Closed system

Most closed systems remains sta)onary during a process

No change in their kine)c and poten)al energies

Open system
Open system involves uid ow for long periods of )me.
It is commonly expressed in term of energy ow rate ()
incorpora)ng mass ow rate ()

m = V = AcVavg

= uid density

V = volume ow rate

Ac = Cross-sec1onal area of ow
Vavg = the average ow velocity normal to Ac

Total Energy of a System

Energy can be contained or transferred
In a closed system Energy can be transferred by
Heat
Work

In a control volume Energy can be transferred by

Heat
Work
Mass

Mechanical Energy
Mechanical energy systems are
designed to transport uid from
one loca)on to another at a
specied ow rate, velocity and
eleva)on dierence.
Such systems may generate
mechanical work in a turbine or it
may consume mechanical work in a
pump/ fan during this process.

We can analyze these systems by considering the mechanical forms of

energy only and the fric)onal eect that cause the mechanical energy to
be lost.

Mechanical Energy
Mechanical energy: The form of energy that can be converted to
mechanical work completely and directly by an ideal mechanical
device such as an ideal turbine.
Kinetic and potential energies: The familiar forms of mechanical
energy.

Mechanical Energy
A pump transfers mechanical energy to a uid by raising its pressure
A turbine extracts mechanical energy from a uid by dropping its
pressure
Therefore, the pressure of a owing uid is also associated with
mechanical energy

Pressure on its own is not a form of energy
Pressure ac)ng on a uid through a distance produces work
Flow work , which can be calculated as

Therefore
Mechanical energy of a
flowing fluid per unit mass

Mechanical Energy
For a system with uids owing, we know that

Therefore,

Rate of mechanical
energy of a flowing fluid

Mechanical Energy

Mechanical Energy
Mechanical energy change of a fluid during incompressible flow per unit mass

Rate of mechanical energy change of a fluid during incompressible flow

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Example

Understanding: A site with a specied wind speed is considered. Wind energy per unit mass, for a specied mass,
and for a given mass ow rate of air is to be determined.
AssumpIon: Lets assume wind ows steadily at a constant speed of 8.5 m/s
Analysis: Wind ow (energy) is being converted into mechanical energy. The only harvestable form of energy of
atmospheric air is kine)c energy, which is captured by the wind turbine.
Wind energy per unit mass
== 2/2=8.52/2=. /

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Example

Wind energy for an air mass of 10kg

== 2/2=8.52/2=36.1 /

==

Wind energy for a mass ow rate of 1154 kg/s

== 2/2=8.52/2=36.1 /

==.

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3-3 ENERGY TRANSFER BY HEAT

Heat: The form of energy that is transferred
between two systems (or a system and its
surroundings) by virtue of a temperature
difference.

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Heat transfer per unit

mass
Amount of heat transfer when heat
transfer rate changes with time
Amount of heat transfer when
heat transfer rate is constant

Energy is
recognized as
heat transfer only
as it crosses the
system boundary.

During an adiabatic
process, a system
exchanges no heat with
its surroundings.

Energy Transfer by Heat

AdiabaIc process: A process during which
there is no heat transfer
It takes place when
The system is well insulated
System and surroundings are at the same
temperature, thus there is no temperature
dierence for heat transfer

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Energy Transfer by Heat

Heat is transferred by three mechanisms:
Conduction: The transfer of energy from
the more energetic particles of a
substance to the adjacent less energetic
ones as a result of interaction between
particles.
Convection: The transfer of energy
between a solid surface and the adjacent
fluid that is in motion, and it involves the
combined effects of conduction and fluid
motion.
Radiation: The transfer of energy due to
the emission of electromagnetic waves (or
photons).
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Energy Transfer
Heat and work are direc)onal quan))es.
Heat transfer to a system and work done on a system are posiIve
Heat transfer from a system and work done by a system are negaIve

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Energy Transfer by Work

Work: The energy transfer associated with a force acIng through a distance.
If the energy crossing the boundary of a closed system is not heat, it must be work.

Work done per unit

mass

Work per unit )me is called power and is denoted

=/
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Heat vs. Work

Both are recognized at the boundaries of a
system as they cross the boundaries. That
is, both heat and work are boundary
phenomena.
Systems possess energy, but not heat or
work.
Both are associated with a process, not a
state.
Unlike properties, heat or work has no
meaning at a state.
Both are path functions (i.e., their
magnitudes depend on the path followed
during a process as well as the end states).

Checkpoint

The interior surfaces of the oven forms the system boundary.

There will denitely be a rise of temperature in the oven.
- That means energy is being supplied to the system

What causes this energy transfer? Heat or Work?

What is crossing the boundaries? Heat or Work?

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Various Forms of Work

Electrical Work

=
=12
=

Where = Electrical power (W)
We = Electrical work (kJ)
= t2 t1 = )me interval (s)

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Various Forms of Work

ShaR Work

=
Force acts through a distance s, =2

Shag work Wsh:

==/2=2

Where n = number of revolu)on

Power transmihed by the shag :

=2

Where = number of revolu)on per unit )me

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Various Forms of Work

Spring Work
Rela)onship between displacement x and force F of a spring is
expressed as:

F = kx

Where k = spring constant (kN/m)

Work done by the spring, Wspring

=1/2(2212)

Where x1 = ini)al displacement of the spring (m)
x2 = nal displacement of the spring (m)

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Various Forms of Work

Work Done to Raise or to Accelerate a Body
The work transfer needed to raise a body is equal to the change in the
potenIal energy of the body
The work transfer needed to accelerate a body is equal to the change
in the kineIc energy of the body.
It plays important roles in: (Considering the fric1on and other energy
losses)
The design of elevators
The design of automo)ve and aircrag engine
Determina)on of hydroelectric power produced by a dam

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Example 2
Consider a 1200 kg car cruising steadily at 90 km/h. Now the car starts climbing a hill that is sloped 30o
from the horizontal. If the velocity of the car is to remain constant during climbing. Determine the
addi)onal power that must be delivered by the engine.

Analysis: The addi)onal power required is simply the work that needs to be done per unit )me to
raise the eleva)on of the car, which is equal to the change in the poten)al energy of the car per
unit )me

&= mg z/ t = mg Vver)cal
W
= 1200 kg x 9.81 m/s2 x 90 km/h x sin 30o
= 147 kJ/s = 147 kW

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Example 3
Determine the average power required to accelerate a 900 kg from rest to velocity of 80 km/h in 20 s on
a level road.

Analysis: The work needed to accelerate a body is simply the change in the kine)c energy of the body.
2

1
1
80000
m

2
2
2
Wa = m(V2 V1 ) = 900kg
0
2
2
3600 s

=222 kJ
The average power is determined from

&a = Wa = 222kJ = 11.1 kW

W
t
20 s
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Energy Transfer
Iden)fy heat and work interac)on in the following cases

No heat

Heat input if potato

is system

No work
No work

No heat
Work input
(electrical)

No work
Heat transfer if

element is turn on.

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Problem Solving Technique

Step 1: Problem Statement
Determine the interac)on between system and its surrounding.
Determine whether it is a closed system, open system or an isolated system.

InteracIon with surrounding

Energy exchange
No energy exchange

Mass
exchange

No mass exchange

Open sys.
(Control volume)

Closed sys.
(Control mass)

Isolated
system

Problem Solving Technique

Step 2: Schema)c
Draw a schema)c diagram of the system
Dene your system boundary

Q is heat supplied to/leaving the system

Problem Solving Technique

Step 3: Assump)ons and Approxima)ons
Is it a quasista)c or non-quasista)c equilibrium process?
Is it a steady ow process or transient ow process?
Is there any heat loss?

Problem Solving Technique

Step 4: Physical Laws
Determine physical laws that govern the system.

Problem Solving Technique

Step 5: Proper)es
Determine the proper)es of the system:
extensive or intensive proper)es.
Does it involve compressed liquid or saturated
liquid, saturated vapor or superheated vapor?

Problem Solving Technique

Step 6: Calcula)ons
Step 7: Reasoning, Verica)on, and Discussion
Are the results prac)cally viable?
What are the implica)ons of the results to the problem?

Reading Material
Y. A. Cengel, J. M. Cimbala, R. H. Turner, Fundamentals of Thermal-uid
Sciences, 4th ed. Chapter 2 & Chapter 3.

AVendance Code

TRC 2200: Thermo-Fluids & Power Systems

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