CROSS

SECTIONAL
SECTIONAL
PROPERTIES

Tutorial
Tutorial
Problems:
Ch t 7 & 8
Chapters7&8

Lecture Outline
LectureOutline

CentroidsofAreas
CentroidsofCompositeAreas
SecondMomentofArea
ParallelAxisTheorem
T
TransformationofAxes
f
ti
fA
PrincipalAxes
PrincipalSecondMomentofArea
MohrssCircle
Mohr
Circle

CENTROID

Centroids

Supposethatwewanttodeterminetheaveragepositionofa
groupofstudentssittinginaroom:
Introduceacoordinatesystemtospecifythepositionofeach
I t d
di t
t
t
if th
iti
f
h
student
e.g.aligntheaxeswiththewallsoftheroom
e g align the axes with the walls of the room

Centroids

Numberthestudentsfrom1to
Number
Numberthestudentsfrom1toN
the students from 1 to N &
&denotethepositionof
denote the position of
student1by(
student1by(xx1,,yy1),thepositionofstudent2by(
),thepositionofstudent2by(xx2,,yy2)&
so on
soon

Theaverage
The
Theaveragex
average xcoordinate,whichisdenotedby,isthe
x coordinate,whichisdenotedby,isthe
coordinate which is denoted by x is the
sumoftheirxx coordinatesdividedby
sumoftheir
coordinatesdividedbyN
N:

xi

x1 + x 2 + + x N
x=
= i
N
N

where

means sum over the range of i

Centroids

Theaveragey
Theaverage
ycoordinateis:
coordinateis:

y=

yi
i

Weindicatetheaveragepositionbythesymbolshown:

Centroids ofAreas
of Areas

ConsideranarbitraryareaA
ConsideranarbitraryareaA inthe
inthexxy plane:
Dividetheareaintoparts
DividetheareaintopartsA
A1,,A
A2,,
,,A
AN &denotethe
positionsofthepartsby(x
positionsofthepartsby(
iti
f th
t b (x1,,yy1),(
) (x2,,yy2),,(
),(x
)),,(x
(xN,,yyN)

Centroids ofAreas
of Areas
Thecentroidoraveragepositionofthearea:

x=

xi Ai
i

Ai
i

y=

yi Ai
i

Ai
i

Toreducetheuncertaintyinthepositionsof
To reduce the uncertainty in the positions of

areasA1,,A
areasA
A2,,
,,A
AN,divide
,divideA
A intosmallerparts:
Butwewouldstillobtainonlyapproximate
But we would still obtain only approximate
valuesof

x & y.

Centroids of Areas
CentroidsofAreas
Todeterminetheexactlocationofthecentroid,we

musttakethelimitasthesizesofthepartsapproach
zero:
Weobtainthislimitbyusingtheintegrals:

A xdA
x=
A dA
A ydA
y=
A dA

Centroids ofAreas
of Areas
Wherex &
Wherex
&yy arethecoordinatesofthe
differentialelementofareadA
differentialelementofareadA
ThesubscriptA ontheintegralsignmeans
ThesubscriptA
theintegrationiscarriedoutoverthe
g
entirearea

The centroid of the area is:

Thecentroidoftheareais:

Centroid of an Area
by Integration
g
Determine the centroid of
the triangular area shown
in the figure.

Strategy
Determine the coordinates of the centroid by
using an element of area dA in the form of a
strip
strip of width dx
dx..

Centroid ofanAreaby
Integration
Solution
LetdA betheverticalstrip.Theheightofthestrip
LetdA
is(h
is(
h/b)x,sodA
,sodA =(
=(h
h/b)x dx
dx.Tointegrateoverthe
.Tointegrateoverthe
entirearea,wemustintegratewithrespectto
entirearea,wemustintegratewithrespecttoxx
fromxx =0to
from
=0toxx =
=b
b.The
.Thexx coordinateofthe
centroidis:

Centroid ofanAreaby
Integration
Solution
y
Todetermine,welety
be the y coordinateofthe
bethey
coordinate of the
midpointofthestrip:

Centroid ofanAreaby
Integration
Solution
Thecentroidisshown:

Centroids ofComposite
Areas
Compositearea:
an area consisting of a combination of simple areas
anareaconsistingofacombinationofsimpleareas
Thecentroidofacompositeareacanbedeterminedwithout
g
p
integrationifthecentroidsofitspartsareknown

Theareainthefigureconsistsofa
triangle,arectangle&asemicircle,
g ,
g
,
whichwecallparts1,2&3

Centroids ofComposite
Areas
Thex coordinateofthecentroidofthecomposite
Thex
areais:
x dA A x dA + A x dA + A x dA

2
3
= 1
x= A
AdA
A1dA + A2dA + A3dA

Fromtheequationforthe
From
Fromtheequationforthex
the equation for the x coordinateofthe
coordinate of the
centroidofpart1:
x dA
x1 =

Weobtain:

A1x dA = x1 A1

A1

A1dA

Centroids ofComposite
Areas
Usingthisequation&equivalentequationsforparts2&3,
we can write:
wecanwrite:

x1 A1 + x 2 A2 + x3 A3
x=
A1 + A2 + A3
Thecoordinatesofthecentroidofacompositeareawith
The
coordinates of the centroid of a composite area with
anarbitrarynumberofpartsare:

x=

xi Ai
i

Ai
i

y=

yi Ai
i

Ai
i

Centroid composite
Centroid
sections
Forcompositecrosssectionsmadeofelements:
y

Compositecrosssection
madeofelements

2
1

y2

y1

y3
x

Centroidofcompositeshape:

yA

y=
A
i

xA

x=
A
i

i istheith
element

yi , xi isthedistanceofthe
centroidofthei
centroid
of the ith elementto
element to
thereferenceaxis(x).

EXAMPLE
Findthecentroid:
y
5

5/2

65

70+5/22

5
20 0 10

40

EXAMPLE
i

Ai

xi

Ai xi

yi

Ai yi

1
2
3

Ai : 1050

A x :8750 A y :35875
i i

i i

EXAMPLE

ClassProblem
(i)Findcentroidwithrespecttobase:

1100

500

4000

C
y
100

b
base

MOMENTOFINERTIA
or
or
SECOND
SECONDMOMENTOF
MOMENT OF
AREA

MomentofInertia(Second
MomentofArea)
Consider an area A inthex
ConsideranareaA
in the xyy plane:

MomentofInertia(Second
MomentofArea)
MomentsofinertiaofA
MomentsofinertiaofA aredefined:
1 Moment of inertia about the x axis:
1.Momentofinertiaaboutthex
1.Momentofinertiaaboutthe

Ix = A y dA
2

wherey isthe
wherey
istheyy coordinateofthedifferentialelementof
areadA
area
dA

MomentofInertia(Second
MomentofArea)
2.Momentofinertiaaboutthey axis:

I y = A x dA
2

wherex isthex coordinateoftheelementdA

3.Productofinertia:

I xy = A xy dA

Example MomentsofInertiaofa
Example
TriangularArea
DetermineIx,Iy &Ixy forthetriangularareainthe
figure.
figure

Example MomentsofInertiaofa
Example
TriangularArea
Strategy
Themomentofinertiaaboutthey axisisverysimilartothe
equationforthex
ti f th coordinateofthecentroidofanarea&itcan
di t f th
t id f
& it
beevaluatedforthistriangularareainexactlyinthesameway:
by using a differential element of area dA intheformofa
byusingadifferentialelementofareadA
in the form of a
verticalstripofwidthdx.ThenshowthatIx &Ixy canbeevaluated
by using the same element of area
byusingthesameelementofarea.

Example MomentsofInertiaofa
Example
TriangularArea
Solution
LetdA betheverticalstrip.
Th
Theequationdescribing
ti d
ibi
thetriangularareas
upper boundary is
upperboundaryis
f(x)=(h/b)x,
f( ) =(h/b)x
( / ) dx.
sodA =f(x)dx
Tointegrateovertheentirearea,wemust
integratewithrespecttox fromx =0tox=b.

Example MomentsofInertiaofa
Example
TriangularArea
Solution
MomentofInertiaAboutthey Axis:

Example MomentsofInertiaofa
Example
TriangularArea
Solution
I
IntermsoftheelementareadA
f h l
dAs =dxdy:
d d

Example MomentsofInertiaofa
Example
TriangularArea
Solution
Integratingthisexpressionwithrespecttox fromx =0tox
,
=b,weobtainthevalueofI
x fortheentirearea:

Example MomentsofInertiaofa
Example
TriangularArea
Solution
ProductofInertia:
P
d t f I ti
1st evaluatetheproductofinertiaofthestripdA,holdingx
& dx fixed:
&dx

Example MomentsofInertiaofa
Example
TriangularArea
Solution
Integratethisexpressionwithrespecttox from
x =0tox =b toobtainthevalueofIxy fortheentirearea:

Rectangular section
Rectangularsection
dA = bdy
bd
b

dy

dA = I xx

by dy = [by / 3]

d /2

d /2
d / 2

d / 2

bd
I xx =
12

Rectangular section
Rectangularsection
b width
d depth

bd
I xx =
12

d
b

PARALLEL
PARALLEL
AXES
THEOREM

ParallelAxisTheorems
Parallel

Thevaluesofthe
The
Thevaluesofthemomentsofinertia
values of the momentsofinertia
moments of inertia of
ofanareadependonthe
an area depend on the
positionofthecoordinatesystemrelativetothearea

Insomesituationsthemomentsofinertiaofanareaareknown
intermsofaparticularcoordinatesystembutweneedtheir
valuesintermsofadifferentcoordinatesystem
valuesintermsofa
a ues te s o a d
differentcoordinatesystem
e e t coo d ate syste

Whenthecoordinatesystemsareparallel,thedesiredmoments
ofinertiacanbeobtainedusingtheparallel
ofinertiacanbeobtainedusingtheparallelaxistheorems:

Possible to determine the moments of inertia of a composite

Possibletodeterminethemomentsofinertiaofacomposite
areawhenthemomentsofinertiaofitspartsareknown

ParallelAxisTheorems
Parallel
Axis Theorems
SupposethatweknowthemomentsofinertiaofanareaA in
termsofacoordinatesystemxy withitsoriginatthecentroid
of the area & we wish to determine the moments of inertia in
ofthearea&wewishtodeterminethemomentsofinertiain
termsofaparallelcoordinatesystemxy:

ParallelAxisTheorems
Parallel
Axis Theorems
D
Denotethecoordinatesofthecentroidof
h
di
f h
id f
A inthexy coordinatesystemby
(dx,dy)&isthedistancefrom
d = d x2 + d y2
the origin of the xy coordinatesystemtothe
theoriginofthexy
coordinate system to the
centroid
Intermsofthexy coordinatesystem,
the coordinates of the centroid of A are:
thecoordinatesofthecentroidofA

A x dA
x =
,
A dA

A y dA
y =
A dA

ParallelAxisTheorems
Parallel
Axis Theorems
Buttheoriginofxy
g
y coordinatesystemislocatedatthe
y
centroidofA,so
Therefore,

x = 0 & y = 0.

A xdA
,
x =
A dA

A ydA
y =
A dA

MomentofInertiaAboutthex Axis:

I
Intermsofthexy
f h
coordinatesystem,themomentofinertiaofA
di
h
fi
i f A aboutthe
b
h
x axisis:

I x = A y dA
2

wherey isthey coordinateoftheelementdArelativetothe xycoordinatesystem

ParallelAxisTheorems
Parallel
Fromthefigure,y =y +dy,wherey isthe
coordinateofdA relativetothexy
coordinatesystem
SubstitutingthisexpressionintoEq.

I x = A y dA
2

weobtain:

I x = ( y + d y )2 dA = ( y)2 dA + 2d y y dA + d y2 dA
A

The1st integralontherightisthemomentofinertiaofA
aboutthexaxis
FromEq.
A xdA
A ydA
x =

A dA

y =

A dA

the2nd integralontherightequalszero

ParallelAxisTheorems
Parallel
Axis Theorems
Therefore,weobtain:

I x = I x +

2
dy A

Thisisaparallelaxistheorem
ll l i th
:
ItrelatesthemomentofinertiaofA about
thex axisthroughthecentroidtothe
momentofinertiaabouttheparallelaxisx
t f i ti b t th
ll l i

ParallelAxisTheorems
Parallel
Axis Theorems

M
MomentofInertiaAboutthey
fI
i Ab
h Axis:
A i

Intermsofthexy coordinatesystem,themomentofinertia
ofA aboutthey axisis:

A x dA = A ( x + d x ) dA
2
2

= ( x ) dA + 2 d x x dA + d x dA
A
A
A

Iy =

The2nd integralontherightequalszero
g
g
q

ParallelAxisTheorems
Parallel
Axis Theorems
Therefore,theparallelaxistheorem thatrelates
y axisthrough
g
themomentofinertiaofA aboutthey
thecentroidtothemomentofinertiaaboutthe
parallelaxisyy is:
p

2
Iy = Iy + dx A

ParallelAxisTheorems
Parallel
Axis Theorems

Product
ProductofInertia
ProductofInertia:
of Inertia:
Inertia:
Intermsofthexy coordinatesystem,theproductof
Intermsofthexy
i ti i
inertiais:

A xyy dA = A ( x + d x )( y + d y ) dA
= x y dA + d y x dA + d x y dA + d x d y dA
A
A
A
A

I xy =

The2nd &3rd integralsequalzero

Theparallel
The parallelaxistheoremfortheproductofinertia
Theparallel
axis theorem for the product of inertia
is:

I xy = I xy + d x d y A

ParallelAxisTheorems
Parallel
Axis Theorems
Determining a moment of inertia of a composite area in terms of a
Determiningamomentofinertiaofacompositeareaintermsofa
givencoordinatesysteminvolves3steps:
1.

Choosetheparts
Choosetheparts trytodividethecompositeareaintopartswhosemoments
ofinertiayouknoworcaneasilydetermine.

2.

Determinethemomentsofinertiaoftheparts
Determinethemomentsofinertiaoftheparts
determinethemomentof
inertiaofeachpartintermsofaparallelcoordinatesystemwithitsoriginatthe
centroidofthepart&thenusetheparallel
centroidofthepart&thenusetheparallelaxistheoremtodeterminethe
momentofinertiaintermsofthegivencoordinatesystem.

3.

Sumtheresults sumthemomentsofinertiaoftheparts(orsubtractinthe
Sumtheresults
caseofacutout)toobtainthemomentofinertiaofthecompositearea.

Example Demonstrationofthe
Example
ParallelAxisTheorems
Parallel
Themomentsofinertia oftherectangulararea
Inthefigureintermsofthexy
g
y coordinate
systemare
3
3
1
1

I x = 12 bh , I y = 12 hb , I xy = 0 .

Determineitsmoment
ofinertiaintermsofthe
f i ti i t
f th
xycoordinatesystem.

Example Demonstrationofthe
ParallelAxisTheorems
Parallel
St t
Strategy
Thexy coordinatesystemhasitsoriginatthe
Thexy
centroidofthearea&isparalleltothexy
centroidofthearea&isparalleltothexy
coordinatesystem.Usetheparallel
coordinatesystem.Usetheparallelaxis
theoremstodeterminethemomentsofinertia
of A intermsofthe
ofA
of
in terms of the xy coordinatesystem.
intermsofthexy
coordinate system.

Example Demonstrationofthe
ParallelAxisTheorems
Parallel
Solution
Thecoordinatesofthecentroid intermsofthexy
coordinate system are dx =b/2,dy
coordinatesystemaredx
b/2, dy =h/2.
h/2.
Themomentofinertiaaboutthex axisis:

Themomentofinertiaaboutthey axisis:

Theproductofinertiais:

Example MomentsofInertiaofa
Example
CompositeArea
DetermineIx&Ixy forthecompositeareain
thefigureshown.
g

Strategy
Thisareacanbedividedinto2
rectangles.Usetheparallelaxis
theoremstodetermineIx &Ixyy foreach
rectangleintermsofthexycoordinate
system&sumtheresultsfortherectangles
todetermineIx &Ixy forthecompositearea.

Example
Example
p MomentsofInertiaofa
CompositeArea
Solution
ChoosetheParts:
Determinethemomentsof
inertiabydividingthearea
in2rectangularparts1
&2:

Example MomentsofInertiaofa
Example
CompositeArea
Solution
DeterminetheMomentsofInertiaoftheParts:
Foreachpart,introduceacoordinatesystemxy withits
originatthecentroidofthepart:

Example MomentsofInertiaofa
Example
CompositeArea
Solution
Usetheparallelaxistheoremtodeterminethemomentof
inertiaofeachpartaboutthexaxis:
Table Determiningthemomentsofinertiaofthepartsaboutthex
Table
Determining the moments of inertia of the parts about the x axis

dy (m) A (m2) Ix (m4)

I x = I x + d 2y A (m 4 )

Part 1

((1)(4)
)( )

1
12

(1)(4)3

21.33

Part 2

0.5

(2)(1)

1
12

(2)(1)3

0.67

Example MomentsofInertiaofa
Example
CompositeArea
Solution
SumtheResults:
Themomentofinertiaofthecompositearea
aboutthex axisis:

I x = ( I x )1 + ( I x )2 = 21.33 m + 0.67 m = 22.00 m

4

Example
Example
p MomentsofInertiaofa
CompositeArea
Solution
Repeatingthisprocedure,determineIxy foreach
partinTable:
i T bl
Table - Determining the products of inertia
of the parts of the xy coordinate system
dx (m) dy (m) A (m2)

Ixy
y
(m4)

I xyy = I x y + d x d y A (m 4 )

Part 1

0.5

(1)(4)

P t2
Part

05
0.5

(2)(1)

Theproductofinertiaofthecompositeareais:

I xy = (I xy )1 + (I xy )2 = 4 m 4 + 2 m 4 = 6 m 4

Example
Example
p MomentsofInertiaof
aCompositeArea
Note:
Themomentsofinertia youobtaindonot
y
dependonhowyoudivideacompositearea
into parts & you will often have a choice of
intoparts&youwilloftenhaveachoiceof
convenientwaystodivideagivenarea.

PPRINCIPAL
PPRINCIPAL
AXES

ProductSecondMomentof
Area
Unlikesecondmomentsofarea,theproduct
secondmomentmaybenegative.
y
g
(v)

y
1 (u)

x1

2nd: x-,y+

y1

Arbitrary
body

1st: x+,y+

x
4th: x+,y3rd: x-,y-

1st &3rd
quadrants
quadrants
Ixy +ve
2nd &4th
quadrants
Ixy ve

ProductSecondMomentof
Area
Theproductsecondmomentofthefigureaboutthe
Theproductsecondmomentofthefigureaboutthexy
xy axisis
positive,
positive,sincethepredominantarealiesinthefirstandthird
since the predominant area lies in the first and third
quadrants.
If
Ifweconsidertheaxesx
id th
h
th
1y1,however,the
productofareaisnegative.

I x1 y1 = I xy

Thus,rotationoftheaxesby90o hasreversedthesignof
Ixy.ThechangeofI
The change of Ixy as
astheaxesrotateisagradualone,
the axes rotate is a gradual one
hence,forsomeintermediatepositionoftheaxes,Ixy =
0.
0.
ThesearecalledthePRINCIPALAXES.

Rotation of Axes
RotationofAxes
Definition:
Thecentroidalprincipalaxesarethoseaxesthroughthecentroid
for which the product second moment of area Ixy,iszero.
forwhichtheproductsecondmomentofarea,I
is zero

Supposeweknow

(i) Centroidand
C t id d
(ii) Ixx,Iyy andIxy

aboutanaxessystemthroughthecentroid.
Wewanttodeterminetheangleofrotationof
theaxes
theaxesp
p,suchthat

I uv = 0

Rotation of Axes
RotationofAxes
i.e.
- rectangle
- circle
i l

u = x cos + y sin
v = y cos x sin

I xy = 0

Wantp suchthatIuv =0

Transformationofsecond
momentofarea
Themomentsandproductofinertiabecome

I uu = I yy sin 2 I xy sin cos + I xx cos

2

I vv = I yy cos 2 + 2 I xy sin cos + I xx sin 2

I uv = ( I xx I yy ) sin cos + (cos 2 sin 2 ) I xy

Transformationofsecond
momentofarea
I uu =
I vv =

I xx + I yy

I xx

2
+ I yy
2

Note:

I xx I yy

I xx

2
I yy
2

cos 2 I xy sin 2
cos 2 + I xy sin 2

I uu + I vv = I xx + I yy

Thesumofthesecondmomentsofareawith
respect to all pairs of rectangular axes having a
respecttoallpairsofrectangularaxeshavinga
commonorigin,isaconstant.
I uv =

I xx I yy
2

sin 2 + I xy cos 2

Principal
PrincipalMomentofInertia
Moment of Inertia
I uv =

I xx I yy

sin 2 p + I xy cos 2 p = 0

tan 2 p =

I xx I yy

+ I xy2
2

Sin 2 p 1 = I xy
cos 2 p1

I xx I yy
=
2

I xx I yy
+ I xy2

I xx I yy
+ I xy2

Sin 2 p 2 = I xy

cos 2 p 2

I xx I yy
=
2

I xx I yy
+ I xy2

I xy
( I xx I yy ) / 2

Mohrs
Mohr sCircle
Circle
max
I min
=

I uu

I xx + I yy
2

I xx I yy

+ I xy2

I xx + I yy
I xx I yy
2

+ I uv =
2
2

+ I xy2

Mohrs
Mohr sCircle
Circle
(I uu

a ) + I uv2 = R 2

a =

R =

I xx + I yy
2

I xx I yy

+ I xy2