Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Hour 1:
Conductors & Insulators
Expt. 2: Electrostatic Force
Hour 2:
Capacitors
P07 - 1
Last Time:
Gausss Law
P07 - 2
Gausss Law
E =
G G Qenc
E dA =
closed
surface S
Conductors
P07 - 4
P07 - 5
Conductors
Conductors have free charges
E must be zero inside the conductor
Conductors are equipotential objects
E
-
Neutral
Conductor
+
+
+
+
P07 - 6
Equipotentials
P07 - 7
Topographic Maps
P07 - 8
Equipotential Curves
PRS Question:
Walking down a mountain
P07 -10
Constant E field
Point Charge
Electric dipole
P07 -11
Properties of Equipotentials
E field lines point from high to low potential
E field lines perpendicular to equipotentials
Have no component along equipotential
No work to move along equipotential
P07 -12
Conductors in Equilibrium
Conductors are equipotential objects:
1) E = 0 inside
2) Net charge inside is 0
3) E perpendicular to surface
4) Excess charge on surface
E =
0
P07 -13
Conductors in Equilibrium
Put a net positive charge anywhere inside a
conductor, and it will move to the surface
to get as far away as possible from the
other charges of like sign.
http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/electrostatics/34-pentagon/34pentagon320.html
P07 -14
P07 -15
http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/electrostatics/36-electrostaticforce/36-esforce320.html
P07 -16
Experiment 2:
Electrostatic Force
P07 -17
P07 -
Q
C=
V
Units: Coulombs/Volt or
Farads
P07 -
+Q = A
E =?
d
E =0
Q = A
P07 -20
http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visuali
zations/electrostatics/35-capacitor/35capacitor320.html
P07 -21
G G qin
w
E dA =
S
AGauss
E ( AGauss ) =
0
Q
E= =
0 A 0
E=
2 0
++++++++++++++
E=
2 0
Bottom Sheet:
E=
2 0
- - - - - - - -- - - - - -
E=
2 0
Q
E=
+
= =
2 0 2 0 0 A 0
P07 -23
G G
Q
d
V = E dS = Ed =
A 0
bottom
top
0 A
Q
C=
=
V
d
P07 -24
Demonstration:
Big Capacitor
P07 -25
Spherical Capacitor
Two concentric spherical shells of radii a and b
What is E?
G
E=
Q
4 0 r
r
2
P07 -26
Spherical Capacitor
b
G G
Qr
V = E dS =
dr r
2
4 0 r
inside
a
outside
Q 1 1
=
4 0 b a
4 0
Q
= 1 1
C=
V
a b
C = 4 0 a
P07 -27
Capacitance of Earth
For an isolated spherical conductor of radius a:
C = 4 0 a
0 = 8.85 10
12
Fm
a = 6.4 10 m
6
C = 7 10 F = 0.7 mF
A Farad is REALLY BIG! We usually use pF (10-12) or nF (10-9)
P07 -28
1 Farad Capacitor
How much charge?
Q = C V
= ( 1 F )( 1 2 V )
= 12C
P07 -29
PRS Question:
Changing C Dimensions
P07 -30
Demonstration:
Changing C Dimensions
P07 -31
P07 -32
-q
-q
P07 -34
q 1
dW = dq V = dq = q dq
C C
Total energy to charge to q = Q:
Q
1
W = dW = q dq
C0
+q
1Q
=
C 2
-q
P07 -35
Q
1
1
U=
= Q V = C V
2C 2
2
P07 -36
( Ed )
C=
o E 2
2
o A
d
and V = Ed
( Ad ) = uE (volume)
oE
2
P07 -37
1
2
U = C V
2
1
2
= ( 1 F )( 1 2 V )
2
= 72 J
Compare to capacitor charged to 3kV:
1
1
2
2
U = C V = ( 1 0 0 F )( 3 k V )
2
2
2
1
3
4
1 1 0 F 3 1 0 V = 4 5 0 J
=
2
)(
P07 -38
PRS Question:
Changing C Dimensions
Energy Stored
P07 -39
Demonstration:
Dissectible Capacitor
P07 -40
P8- 1
Last Time:
Conductors
P8- 2
Conductors in Equilibrium
Conductors are equipotential objects:
1) E = 0 inside
2) Net charge inside is 0
3) E perpendicular to surface
4) Excess charge on surface
E =
0
P8- 3
Conductors as Shields
P8- 4
Hollow Conductors
Charge placed INSIDE induces
balancing charge INSIDE
+
- - +
+ - +
+q
+ -- - - +
+
+
P8- 5
Hollow Conductors
Charge placed OUTSIDE induces
charge separation on OUTSIDE
+q
+
E=0
+
+
P8- 6
PRS Setup
O2
I2
O1
I1
What happens
if we put Q in
the center?
P8- 7
PRS Questions:
Point Charge
Inside Conductor
P8- 8
Demonstration:
Conductive Shielding
P8- 9
Visualization: Inductive
Charging
http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizatio
ns/electrostatics/40-chargebyinduction/40chargebyinduction.html
P8- 10
Experiment 3:
Faraday Ice Pail
P8- 11
Last Time:
Capacitors
P8- 12
Q
C=
V
To calculate:
1) Put on arbitrary Q
2) Calculate E
3) Calculate V
C=
0 A
d
P8-
Batteries &
Elementary Circuits
P8- 14
Ideal Battery
Batteries in Series
V1
V2
Batteries in Parallel
P8- 17
Capacitors in Parallel
P8- 18
Capacitors in Parallel
Same potential!
Q1
Q2
C1 =
, C2 =
V
V
P8- 19
Equivalent Capacitance
?
Q = Q1 + Q2 = C1 V + C2 V
= ( C1 + C2 ) V
Q
Ceq =
= C1 + C2
V
P8- 20
Capacitors in Series
P8- 21
Capacitors in Series
P8- 22
Equivalent Capacitance
Q
Q
V1 = , V2 =
C1
C2
V = V1 + V2
(voltage adds in series)
Q
Q Q
V =
= +
Ceq C1 C2
1
1
1
= +
Ceq C1 C2
P8- 23
PRS Question:
Capacitors in Series and Parallel
P8- 24
Dielectrics
P8- 25
Demonstration:
Dielectric in Capacitor
P8- 26
Dielectrics
A dielectric is a non-conductor or insulator
Examples: rubber, glass, waxed paper
When placed in a charged capacitor, the
dielectric reduces the potential difference
between the two plates
HOW???
P8- 27
P8- 28
P8- 29
Dielectric in Capacitor
G G
qinside ( ') A
=
w
E dA = EA =
S
What is ?
'
E=
0
P8- 31
Dielectric Constant
Dielectric weakens original field by a factor
' E0
E=
=
0
0
1
' = 1
Dielectric constants
Vacuum
1.0
free
3.7
inside Paper
Pyrex Glass 5.6
Water
80
0
G G q
d
A
=
P8- 32
Dielectric in a Capacitor
Q0= constant after battery is disconnected
V0
Q0
Q0
Q
=
= C0
C= =
V V0 /
V0
P8- 33
Dielectric in a Capacitor
V0 = constant when battery remains connected
Q0
Q
C = = C0 =
V
V0
Upon inserting a dielectric:
Q = Q0
P8- 34
PRS Questions:
Dielectric in a Capacitor
P8- 35
P8- 36