ULTRA-HIGH CAPACITY OPTICAL NETWORKS

100G Transport Systems: Technology Bench-Mark

Testing in China and Evolution to Terabit/s Interfaces
ZHANG Xiaohong1, YI Xiaobo1, LIU Xiang2, Peter J. Winzer2
1

Alcatel-Lucent Shanghai Bell, Shanghai 201206, China

Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs, HOLMDEL, NJ 07733, USA

Abstract: To meet the exponentially growing

demand for bandwidth in Optical Transport
Networks (OTNs), 100-Gb/s (100G) coherent
technology based on Polarization-Division
Multiplexed Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
(PDM-QPSK), which enables the capacity of a
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
system to approach 10 Tb/s, is being widely
deployed globally. As the first vendor to introduce a single-carrier 100G solution, Alcatel-Lucent has developed key transponder
and network management technologies, which
are reviewed in this paper together with their
commercial evolution to 400G. Focusing on the
Chinese market, we also review some key
bench-mark testing results obtained in partnership with major Chinese operators. Finally, we
discuss enabling technologies that are currently
being researched to allow interfaces to scale to
Terabit/s rates.
Key words: WDM transmission; digital coherent detection; advanced modulation formats; wavelength monitoring; superchannel

I. INTRODUCTION
The amount of traffic carried on backbone
networks has been growing exponentially over
the past two decades, at about 30 to 60% per
year, depending on the nature and penetration
of services offered by various network operators in different geographic regions [1-2]. An
increasing number of applications are relying
on machine-to-machine traffic and cloud
China Communications April 2013

computing, which accelerates this growth,

especially for inter- and intra-data center traffic and traffic associated with high-performance computers. Since the interface bandwidth of modern computer architectures is
proportional to its processing power, and
cloud services are increasingly letting the
network take the role of a distributed computer interface, the required network bandwidth for such applications may scale with
data processing capabilities, at close to 90%
per year. Non-cacheable real-time multi-media
applications will also drive the need for more
network bandwidth. Consequently, per-channel data-rates have been pushed over the past
few years to migrate from 10 Gb/s and 40
Gb/s to 100 Gb/s (100G) and even up to 400
Gb/s (400G) to accommodate this network
traffic evolution. In this paper, we review recent
advances in the development and deployment
of commercial 100G and 400G coherent transmission systems using Alcatel-Lucents optical
networking technology as an example, and describe its successful bench-mark testing in rapidly growing Chinese networks. As an outlook,
we also review recent Bell Labs research on
Tb/s optical transmission.

II. EVOLUTION AND

COMMERCIALIZATION OF 100G
TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGIES
Research in 100G transmission started in the
scientific community in 2005, when Bell Labs

Received: 2013-02-20
Revised: 2013-03-01
Editor: JI Yuefeng

19

100G coherent technology is introduced by

the explosively bandwidth

demand,

and

PDM-QPSK is the only

mature approach in
the

industry.

With

WDM technology, the

capacity of each fiber
can be up to 10Tb/s.
With Bell-labs continuous innovation, Alcatel Lucent is the first
vendor to introduce
single-carrier

100G

solution and leading

the commercial evolution

to

400G.

This

paper introduces the

key benefits of AlcatelLucent

100G

and

bench mark testing in

China market segment,
and also discusses the
enabling technologies
for Terabits/s era.

used direct-detection on/off keying (OOK) to

transmit the first single-carrier, electronically
multiplexed 100G signals [3]. In order to
compress the fairly wide-band spectrum of
these optical OOK signals, both in-phase and
quadrature components of the optical field
were subsequently exploited by implementing
100G Differential Quadrature Phase Shift
Keying (DQPSK) with delay demodulation.
In 2007, this technology culminated in the
industrys first field trial of live video transmission using single-carrier 100G on a
504-km network route between Tampa and
Miami, Florida, United States as part of Verizons in-service production network [4].
Realizing that one further multiplexing step
would be necessary to enable operation on a
50-GHz Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
(WDM) grid, the above efforts were followed
by introducing Polarization Division Multiplexing (PDM) at around 25 Gbaud, which in
a commercial context can be most efficiently
done through coherent detection [5-7] and at
100G was first demonstrated in research in
2008 [8].
Soon after, in November 2009, AlcatelLucent performed the first 100G field trial
based on state-of-the-art Polarization-Division
Multiplexed Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
(PDM-QPSK) with coherent detection, transmitting with commercial margins a 112-Gb/s
channel together with 40-Gb/s and 10-Gb/s
channels on a 1088-km link between Madrid
and Merida via Sevilla, in Telefnicas network. Less than a year later, in June 2010,

Fig.1 The key benefits of the PSE chipset

20

Alcatel-Lucent launched its first-to-market

single-carrier 100G PDM-QPSK coherent
solution, leveraging highly integrated silicon-based ultra-fast monolithic signal digitization and Digital Signal Processing (DSP),
unique algorithms, and high coding-gain Forward Error Correction (FEC) techniques.
Availability of 40-Gb/s Polarization-Division
Multiplexed Binary Phase Shift Keyed
(PDM-BPSK) single-carrier interfaces followed shortly, completing the portfolio of coherent solutions. All above solutions were
in-house developments, from the choice of
best-in-class DSP algorithms provided by Bell
Labs to the design of ultra-high speed digital
circuits that make coherent detection a commercial reality. The resulting 100G transponder comprised a board that featured a high
level of integration, both electronic and
photonic, and a best in class density. Owing to
its early adoption of single-carrier 100G technologies also allowed gathering significant
experience in the fabrication, testing and deployment of such transponders across various
deployed optical networks.
In Dec 2011, an enhanced 100G solution
was introduced to improve the 100G transponders reach from 1 500 km to 2 000 km. In
March 2012, the reach was further extended to
3 000 km using the Photonic Service Engine
(PSE), which scales to enable future 400G
per-channel interface rates. Key features of
this PSE monolithic chip include (see also in
Figure 1):
1) High resolution 4 channels ADC-DSP
and support 400G dual-carrier solution
2) DSP algorithms for robust plug and play
fiber operation
3) Advanced optical monitoring and FEC
4) Ultra-fast signal adaptation/synchronization
5) Advanced design for ultra-long-haul systems without optical compensation
6) 70M+ gates
Many other 100G coherent DSP solutions
have been announced by various vendors.
Concrete deployments from system integrators
are documented for dual-carrier 100G soluChina Communications April 2013

tions [e.g., CIENA], and single-carrier 100G

chips have recently been documented to be
available for integration as well [e.g., NTT;
and ACACIA+AT&T]. Currently many customers have deployed the 100G coherent system in their network already. According to the
forecast of market research, the increase ratio
of 100G market will be double digits in the
coming years.

III. SOME DETAILS OF

ALCATEL-LUCENTS 100G SOLUTION
3.1 Cycle slip management
Cycle slips are a well-known effect in digital
communications and affect every phasemodulated signal, from wireless to optical. For
QPSK and square Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation (QAM), the most commonly used
formats employed in digital communications,
a cycle slip occurs if the recovered signal
constellation is rotated by multiples of 90 degrees, which leads to uncorrectable errors for
all subsequent bits (and hence in system outage)
unless special measures are taken within the
DSP. Differential decoding and pilot symbols
are the most commonly used methods, but both
result in some baseline performance penalty.
In the first generation of Alcatel-Lucents single-carrier 100G transponder, as well as in its
subsequent enhancement, differential decoding
was used, which has the lowest complexity.
With PSE chip technology, cycle slips are

overcome through dedicated coding, without

any associated penalties or any bit rate overheads that could limit the tolerance to the signals ROADM cascading capability.

3.2 Wavelength tracker

Alcatel-Lucents 1830 PSS 100G was built
from the ground up to offer an advanced optical networking solution focused on helping
carriers meet todays optical networking challenges. At the heart of this solution is the
Wavelength Tracker technology. Wavelength
Tracker delivers advanced optical layer
management, giving carriers an unprecedented
ability to monitor and manage optical networks with accuracy and ease, with tools for
the optical layer that are similar in effectiveness to those at the SDH/SONET layer.
Wavelength Tracker enables every wavelength
to be traced as it passes through the network.
Figure 2 shows a working diagram of the
Wavelength Tracker.
A unique optical signature is applied to
each wavelength that enters the DWDM layer.
This signature is then used to track, monitor,
and report each wavelengtheven multiple
instances of wavelengths of the same color
traveling through an optical network.
Wavelength Tracker decoding circuitry is
present in optical modules throughout the optical network. This circuitry reads the signature
and power-level on each wavelength channel,
providing complete optical-layer visibility for

Fig.2 Working diagram of wavelength tracker. OT: optical terminal; WSS: wavelength-selective switch; ROADM: reconfigurable optical
add/drop multiplexer; DSP: digital signal processor; WTD: wave-tracker detetor

China Communications April 2013

21

network fiber connectivity and faultsregardless of whether wavelengths simply pass

through or are added or dropped at the optical
module.
The key advantage of the Wavelength
Tracker is that it does all the above without
converting the entire optical signal from optics
to electronics and back again. Wavelength
Tracker adds unique value for the manageability of optical WDM networks as they evolve
towards more flexible and more complex topologies than purely linear point-to-point systems. The operational benefits of Wavelength
Tracker for carriers can be summarized as
follows:
1) Complete wavelength identification and
path tracking
2) Optical power level monitoring and threshold alarm capability
3) Automatic fault sectionalisation and isolation
4) Remote optical power adjustment
5) Simplified and refined network operations
6) Operational similarity to SDH/SONET
networks
7) Accelerated network installation
8) Simplified planning and deploying of
new wavelengths

3.3 Online OSNR measurement

The Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio (OSNR) at
the receiver is a key parameter to evaluate the
performance of an optical channel from a provisioning and maintenance point of view,
since it directly relates to the receivers Bit
Error Ratio (BER). The OSNR may degrade
due to effects such as aging of Erbium-Doped
Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs), increase of fiber or
connector losses, imperfect power balancing,
etc.
The traditional OSNR measurement technique is based on the industry standard IEC
61280-2-9. This standard defines the OSNR
measurement based on the difference between the signal power and the average noise
power at half the spectral distance between
signal peaks, as indicated in Figure 3. This is

22

Fig.3 Traditional out-of-band OSNR measurement

diagram for a WDM system

conventionally called an out-of-band OSNR

measurement.
For todays high-spectral-efficiency networks, with signals at 100G and above occupying 50-GHz channel slots, the bandwidth of
the optical signal closely approaches the
channel bandwidth, which makes the spectral
resolution of the noise floor between two signal spectra impractical if not impossible. Further, in ROADM-based WDM systems,
ROADMs can filter out the inter-channel Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) noise
(as indicated in Figure 4), which lets an
out-of-band OSNR monitoring technique
measure a significantly lower noise floor (and
hence a significantly better OSNR) than what
is actually present across the bandwidth of the
signal channel. In this case, in-band OSNR
monitoring is needed for reliable OSNR
measurements and system performance predictions.
As a remedy to the above problems in
high-spectral-efficiency ROADM based networks, the polarization extinction method [9]
was introduced to measure the OSNR, but the
cost of its implementation is high. Also, the
method does not work properly in the practically relevant following circumstances:
If the polarization state of the signal at the
measurement point evolves rapidly (this can
be a particular problem with aerial fiber installations), or if the signal becomes de-polarized, then it is very difficult to obtain a
good extinction of the signal.
In the case where there is crosstalk between
the channels, the crosstalk may or may not be
included in the noise measurement depending
on the relative polarizations of the signal and
China Communications April 2013

Fig.4 OSNR measurement in ROADM-based WDM systems

the crosstalk.
Polarization-Dependent Loss (PDL) can
lead to a significant OSNR measurement error
since the noise with the same polarization as
the signal can have a different power compared to the noise in the orthogonal polarization.
For a polarization multiplexed signal, there
is a separate signal on each of the two orthogonal polarizations so it is not possible to
extinguish the signal using a polarization
beam splitter. Hence, it is not possible to use
this method of OSNR measurement for these
signals.
For 100G PDM-QPSK signals, which inherently contain signal in both polarizations,
the polarization extinction method fails to
measure the OSNR accurately. The industry
sometimes uses temporary laser shutdown to
measure OSNR, but this is an off-line method,
and has poor repeatability and low accuracy,
which cannot be used for in-service maintenance.
So far Alcatel-Lucent has developed the
first commercial solution of in-band OSNR
measurement applicable to all data-rates of
China Communications April 2013

relevance (10G, 40G, 100G, 400G, etc.) based

on its Wavelength Tracker technology and
advanced DSP algorithms. Figure 5 shows the
working diagram of the novel OSNR measurement technique: A narrow-band tunable
optical filter dynamically selects a WDM
channel to be measured by a specific algorithm. The output of the tunable optical filter
contains the signal and ASE noise within the
band. As the optical signal carries wavelength
tracker and ASE information, we can accurately evaluate the in-band ASE noise and
signal by using DSP. Through lab trials and
field trials with two China operators, China
Mobile Communications Corporation (CMCC)
and China Unicom (CU), OSNR measurements have been shown to work for 10G, 40G,
and 100G signals with high precision
(1.5 dB). Table I summarizes the results of
an OSNR online measurement campaign.
To the best of our knowledge, the above
described technique is the only commercially
implemented method to measure OSNR online
for dual-polarization signals. It has the capability to detect at all points within the network
in the pure optical domain without any (Optical-

23

Fig.5 OSNR online measurement working diagram

Table I Online OSNR measurement results
ALU 100G PDM-QPSK OSNR measurement demo results
OSA instrument MS9710C_off-line
Test A

Test B

Test C

Signal Power:-20.7 dBm

ASE noise power:-36.3 dBm
OSNR=15.6 dB
Signal Power:-18.2 dBm
ASE noise power:-36.3 dBm
OSNR=18.1 dB
Signal Power:-16.9 dBm
ASE noise power:-36.3 dBm
OSNR=19.4 dB

Table II Alcatel-Lucents 100G test results in

CMCC lab trial and field trial
Key factor

Test Result

Standard

B2B OSNR(dB)

13.3(HD)

15.0(HD)

SPAN

16(HD)

12(HD)

OSNR margin(dB)

5.7~6.6

Q margin(dB)

4.04~5.09

Protection

<50 ms

50 ms

OTN

3.84 T

Electrical-Optical) OEO conversion, which

makes it possible to measure the most important optical impairments online without a traffic hit for high-spectral-efficiency ROADM
based networks. This opens a door for the
evolution for dynamic wavelength- routed

24

ALU WT solution_on-line

OSNR Delta

OSNR=16.1 dB

0.5 dB

OSNR=18.8 dB

0.7 dB

OSNR=20.3 dB

0.9 dB

optical networks with real-time distributed

performance and impairment monitoring.

IV. BENCHMARK TESTING IN CHINA

In 2012, 100G solutions in China were in the
phase of testing and evaluation; major operators (China Mobile, China Telecom, China
Unicom) were actively involved in Bench
Mark Testing (BMT) to verify the 100G performance before first official commercial deployments. The common view is that commercial trials and early deployments in China
will start in 2013 and 2014.
Alcatel-Lucent participated in the 100G
OTN BMT activities in 2012 and achieved
positive results, as shown in Table II, which
China Communications April 2013

Fig.6 Alcatel-Lucents 100G test configuration in CMCC field trial

covers equipment to network, from management to multi-vendor interconnection.

The test configuration was large-scale, using 40 single-carrier wavelengths at 100G, and
transmitting them over up to 1 600 km of fiber
for lab trials and over more than 1 000 km in
field trials. Figure 6 shows the field trial configuration.
During these 100G BMT activities in 2012,
Alcatel-Lucents 100G WDM/OTN system
showed superior transmission performance,
and is capable of supporting ODU0/1/2/2e/3/4
switching with less than 50ms protection
switching. The 100G solution is mature, which
is also proven by the massive global deployment; and it is time to launch large-volume
commercial deployments in China.

V. RESEARCH BEYOND 100G

WDM transmission systems with per-channel
data rates of up to 1 Tb/s are being actively
researched worldwide to meet the ever inChina Communications April 2013

creasing capacity demands [10-11]. In order to

achieve net information rates in the 400-Gb/s
to 1-Tb/s range, novel signal synthesis and
detection approaches are being pursued. Superchannel transmission [12-13] has recently
attracted much attention in this context. Using
this approach, multiple optical carriers are
modulated individually at moderate symbol
rates, and are then combined to form a superchannel that delivers the desired high data
rates at high spectral efficiency. This scheme
exploits the benefits of mature electronic and
optoelectronic components at moderate speeds
and uses optical parallelization in the frequency domain to achieve high aggregate data
rates beyond the limits of the electronics and
optoelectronics. Large-scale photonic integration is essential to reduce the cost per bit for
superchannel implementations that require a
large number of transmitter and receiver frontends. Aggregate information rates per channel
at or beyond 1 Tb/s have been demonstrated
using different implementation choices [13-

25

16]. With the advances in high-speed electronics and optoelectronics, Bell Labs has recently increased the coherent modulation and
detection speed that can be achieved by a single pair of transmitter and receiver frontends
to 80 Gbaud for 16-QAM [16] and 107 Gbaud
for QPSK [17]. Based on this 16-QAM interface, a dual-carrier 1-Tb/s superchannel was
formed with the use of only two pairs of
transmitter/receiver frontends [16].
Figure 7 summarizes measured optical
spectra and signal constellations of recent
Tb/s-class transmission demonstrations by
Bell Labs [13-16]. Chandrasekhar et al. demonstrated the transmission of a 1.2-Tb/s super-

Fig.7 Recent demonstrations of Tb/s-class transmission by Bell Labs researchers using (a) 24-carrier
PDM-QPSK [13]; (b) 8-carrier PDM-OFDM16QAM [14]; (c) 4-carrier PDM-16QAM [15]; and
(d) 2-carrier PDM-16QAM [16]

26

channel, consisting of 24 PDM-QPSK signals,

seamlessly multiplexed at the Orthogonal
Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
condition, over 7 200 km of ultra-large area
fiber (ULAF) [13]. Liu et al. demonstrated
the transmission of a 1.5-Tb/s superchannel,
consisting of 8 PDM-OFDM-16QAM signals,
over 5 600 km of ULAF, achieving a record
Spectral-Efficiency-Distance-Product (SEDP)
of over 32 000 kmb/s/Hz for Tb/s-class superchannel transmission with >5 b/s/Hz net
spectral efficiency [14]. Renaudier et al. demonstrated high-SE long-haul transmission of
22-Tb/s using 1-Tb/s superchannels over
2 400 km [15]. Each of the 1-Tb/s superchannels consisted of four 40-Gbaud PDM16QAM signals, multiplexed under the quasiNyquist-WDM condition [18-19]. Finally,
Raybon et al. showed dual-carrier Terabit
transmission over 3 200 km of fiber [16]. This
Tb/s transceiver implementation requires the
minimum optical hardware, as compared to
other implementations demonstrated so far.
Figure 8 shows the schematic of the transmitter setup used for the 1.5-Tb/s superchannel generation reported in Ref. [14]. Eight
32.8-GHz spaced external cavity lasers were
separated into odd and even signal groups,
which were modulated by two I/Q modulators.
The two drive signals for the first I/Q modulator were provided by two 50-GSamples/s
DACs. The two drive signals for the second
modulator were the complementary outputs
from the same two DACs. The inputs to the
DACs were provided by a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based real-time logic
circuit with stored OFDM-16QAM waveforms.
The drive waveforms were pre-equalized to
compensate for frequency roll-off of the DAC.
The guard band between two adjacent
30-Gbaud signals was 2.8 GHz, which limits
the coherent crosstalk between the signals and
readily allows for efficient sub-band signal
processing. A Low-Density Parity Check
(LDPC) code with a rate of 0.864 was implemented for the inner SD-FEC, and a typical
7%-overhead HD-FEC code was assumed as
China Communications April 2013

Fig.8 Schematic of the transmistter setup for generating a 1.5-Tb/s superchannel (upper) and the measured
spectra of the generated superchannel (lower)

the outer code [14]. The overall FEC overhead

was 23.46%. The net superchannel data rate
was 1.51 Tb/s and the channel spectral efficiency was 5.75 b/s/Hz. This channel used an
optical spectral bandwidth of 262.5 GHz,
which is compatible with the new ITU standard on flexible grid WDM with 12.5-GHz
granularity (ITU-T G.694.1).
The superchannel was launched into a
re-circulating loop consisting of four 100-km
ULAF spans with 19.7-ps/nm/km dispersion.
Each span was amplified by a hybrid Raman/Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA).
The average span loss was ~19 dB, and the
Raman gain per span was ~8 dB. After transmission, each of the signals was sent to a
digital coherent receiver with offline DSP. The
sampling rate of the ADCs was 50 GS/s, the
same as that of the DAC. The offline DSP
includes a dispersion-optimized 1-step-perspan Non-Linearity Compensation (NLC) in
which a pre-dispersion compensation of 1 780
ps/nm was applied so that the NLC was applied to the beginning portion of each of span
where the signal power was high. DeciChina Communications April 2013

sion-directed phase compensation, initiated by

training symbols, was used to realize pilot-free
phase estimation. The SD-FEC decoding was
performed using the same methodology reported in [20]. Figure 9 shows the measured
BER of all eight 30-Gbaud PDM-OFDM16QAM signals that made up the 1.5-Tb/s
superchannel after 5 600-km transmission at

Fig.9 Measured BER of all the signals inside a 1.5-Tb/s superchannel after
5 600-km transmission at the optimal signal launch power [14]

27

the optimal signal launch power. The output

BER values from the SD-FEC are all below
the outer HD-FEC threshold. The superchannel spectrum after 5 600 km transmission is
also shown. This demonstration indicates the
promising potential of Tb/s-class superchannel
transmission in future long-haul optical transport systems.
As IEEE is defining 400GbE as the next bit
rate for high speed Ethernet interface, there is
a call for interesting session for 400GE in the
coming IEEE meeting in March. Before this
meeting, most of the members vote for 400GE
to be the candidate. Together with the 400GbE
interface definition, and the 400GE transmission solution will be defined by ITU-T correspondingly. Actually all vendors are working
actively for beyond 100G solution. For example, France Telecom-Orange and AlcatelLucent announced the deployment of the
worlds first optical link offering a capacity of
400 Gigabits per second (Gb/s) per wavelength in a live network recently. In China,
from 2010, a few beyond 100G research projects are supported by national projects such
as 973, 863 and NSFC (National Natural Science Foundation of China). CCSA (China
Communications Standard Association) also
starts the research project about beyond 100G
technology. Local vendors also announced
several lab experiment result for beyond 100G
publicly.

underlying ASICs comprise ultra-fast Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) and Digital-to-Analog Converters (DACs) and feature
advanced DSP, monolithically integrated in
CMOS in a very compact, space and power
efficient design. The outstanding transmission
performance and the total cost of ownership
benefits provided by this innovative electro-optics engine made 100-Gb/s single-carrier
transmission commercially viable, as evidenced by its abundant deployment in many
different networks today, spanning both regional and long haul reaches over several different fiber types, and operating with 10G,
40G and 100G mixed signals. Regarding the
evolution to 400G, Alcatel-Lucent has recently
field-deployed the first such high-speed interface, and Bell Labs is intensely working on
ways to reach Terabit/s interface rates in a
commercially attractive way.

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VI. SUMMARY

Conference on Optical Communication: September 25-29, 2005. Glasgow, Scotland, 2005,

As the demand for network traffic grows continuously and exponentially, scaling line
speeds from 10 Gb/s and 40 Gb/s to 100 Gb/s
and beyond is becoming necessary, while
transmission performance should not be substantially degraded and the overall economics
must prove in.
We described Alcatel-Lucents single-carrier 100G transmission system utilizing an
advanced electro-optics engine that leverages
the concepts of optimized signal modulation
coupled with coherent detection as one of the
leading 100G solutions in the industry. The

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ments[J]. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters,

over 7200-km of Ultra-Large-Area Fiber[C]//

2011, 24(1): 40-42.

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on Optical Communication: September 20-24,
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[14]

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vestigation of the Impact of Ultra-Narrow

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[13]

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RAYBON G, ADAMIECKI A L, WINZER P J, et al.

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et al. 1.5-Tb/s Guard-Banded Superchannel
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ULAF Using 30-Gbaud Pilot-Free OFDM-

Biographies
ZHANG Xiaohong, is currently a Senior Product
Manager for WDM product in Optics China. He
works for the OTN product management and focuses on product strategy definition and product
evolution.

16QAM Signals with 5.75-b/s/Hz Net Spectral

Efficiency[C]// Proceedings of the 38th European Conference and Exhibition on Optical
Communication (ECOC12): September 16-20,
2012. Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 2012:
Th.3.C.5.
[15]

RENAUDIER J, BERTRAN-PARDO O, MARDO-

YI Xiaobo, is a Senior System Consultant Engineer

and DMTS in Optics China. He works for the system
and technology team and focuses on high speed
optical transmission, packet transmission network
and related transmission architecture design for wire
line and wireless network backhauling.

YAN H, et al. Spectrally Efficient Long-Haul

[16]

Transmission of 22-Tb/s Using 40-Gbaud

LIU Xiang, is a Distinguished Member of Technical

PDM-16QAM with Coherent Detection[C]//

Staff at Bell Labs, Alcatel-Lucent, USA. He received his

Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication

Ph.D. degree in applied physics from Cornell Univer-

Conference and Exposition and the National

sity, USA. Since joining Bell Labs in 2000, LIU has been

Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (OFC/NF-

primarily working on high-speed optical communica-

OEC): March 4-8. 2012. Los Angeles, CA, USA,

tion technologies including advanced modulation

2012: OW4C.2: 1-3.

formats, coherent detection schemes and fiber non-

RAYBON G, RANDEL S, ADAMIECKI A, et al.

linear impairment mitigation. Recently he was

1-Tb/s Dual-Carrier 80-Gbaud PDM-16QAM

recognized as a core member of the 100Gb/s Co-

WDM

over

herent (Long HaulHigh Capacity WDM Interface)

3 200km[C]// Proceedings of IEEE Photonics

Team and was awarded the 2010 Bell Labs Presi-

Conference (IPC): September 23-27, 2012. San

dents Award. Dr. LIU has authored/coauthored more

Transmission

at

5.2 b/s/Hz

China Communications April 2013

29

than 250 journals and conference papers. He holds

concepts, digital signal processing and coding, as

over 45 US patents. Dr. LIU is a Fellow of the OSA and

well as on robust network architectures for dynamic

an Associated Editor of Optics Express. He has served

data services. He demonstrated several high-speed

in technical committees of various conferences such

and high-capacity optical transmission records from

as OFC, ACP, FiO, OSA and IEEE Summer Topical

10 to 100 Gb/s and beyond, including the first 100G

Meetings.

and the first 400G electronically multiplexed optical

transmission systems and the first field trial of live

30

Peter J. Winzer, received his Ph.D. in electrical engi-

100G video traffic over an existing carrier network.

neering from the Vienna University of Technology,

He has widely published and patented and is actively

Austria in 1998. Supported by the European Space

involved in technical and organizational tasks with

Agency, he investigated space-borne Doppler lidar

the IEEE Photonics Society and the OSA. He was

and laser communications using high-sensitivity

promoted Distinguished Member of Technical Staff at

digital modulation and detection. In 2000, he joined

Bell Labs in 2007 and since 2010 he has headed the

Bell Labs, USA, focusing on many aspects of fiber

Optical Transmission Systems and Networks Research

optic networks, including Raman amplification, opti-

Department. He is a Fellow of the IEEE and a Fellow of

cal modulation formats, advanced optical receiver

the Optical Society of America (OSA).

China Communications April 2013