THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

Department of Materials Engineering

APSC 278 Engineering Materials

MID-TERM EXAMINATION, Oct. 21, 2009
This is a closed book examination.
Use of relevant material stored in programmable calculators prohibited.
Answer all questions. Show all work and units.
The complete exam is 7 pages in length

Name:

Student #:

A cylindrical sample of titanium having a diameter of 15 mm and length of 100 mm is deformed

elastically in tension with a force of 50 kN. Given that the modulus of elasticity for titanium is 110 GPa
and Poissons ratio is 0.34, determine the following:
1. the amount the sample will elongate in the direction of the applied stress?
=

F
50000N
= (15mm)2 = 282.9M P a
A0
4

A =

282.9M P a
=
= 0.0026
E
110000M P a
4l = l0  = 0.26mm

2. the change in diameter of the sample

d
A
d = 0.0026 0.34 = 0.0009
=

d =

4d
d0

4d = d d0 = 0.0131mm
a) Sketch a typical engineering stress-strain for brass, identifying the following regions: elastic
deformation, uniform plastic deformation, non-uniform plastic deformation (necking).
b) Superimpose on this plot, the true stress-true strain curve. Clearly identify the location of the
necking point on the engineering and the true stress-strain curves.

Figure 1: Engineering and the true stressstrain curves

For an ionic bond such as NaCl, the bond energy can be described by:
U (r ) = U i
i)

q2
4 o r

B
rn

(1)

Describe a physical basis for each term on the right side of Eqn. (1)
Ui - energy to form Na+ and Cl- ions.
q2
- attractive energy due to attract between Na+ and Cl4 o r

(3)

B
- repulsive energy due to overlap of electron clouds.
rn

ii)

Draw a schematic diagram illustrating the form of Eqn. (1). Clearly indicate the zero
energy, the equilibrium bond spacing and the bond energy.

iii) Conceptually explain the physical basis of Youngs modulus.

(Note: you do not need to derive an expression !)
(2)

Youngs modulus relates the stress to strain in the elastic regime.

Physically, it is related to two factors:
i)
ii)

The stiffness of the bonds between atoms.

The density of bonds (i.e. of springs per cross-sectional area)

a) In the space below sketch the following planes:(112) and (101) for a simple cubic crystal system.

Figure 1: Planes of (112)

and

(101)

The hypothetical metal, apscidium, has an FCC crystal structure. The angle of diraction for the (322)
set of planes was 122.1 (rst order reection) when measured with xray radiation of 0.154 nm.
Calculate i) the interplanar spacing and the ii) the atomic radius of the apscidium atom. Hint: the
angle of diraction = 2.
n = 2dhkl sin
122.1 = 2
= 61.05
dhkl =

n
= 0.088nm
2 sin

a = dhkl (h2 + k 2 + l2 ) = 0.363nm

a 2
R=
= 0.128nm
4

Applied Science 278

Midterm Examination October 21, 2009

(4)

Show that the true stress can be related to the engineering stress as:

T = (1 + )
F
A
Fl
=
Aolo

e =

F
Ao

constant volume

Aolo=Al
A=

l
= l-lo+lo/lo = 1+
lo

Aol0
l

= e (1+ )

Under what conditions can this equation not be used.

This cannot be used once necking is initialized. (because then Aolo=Al)

(4)

Given the following yield strengths and grain sizes, determine the constants in the Hall-Petch
equation. Data for a plain carbon steel; ys = 225 MPa, d = 20 m and ys = 550 MPa, d = 3 m.

= o + kyd

225 MPa = o + ky (20m)-1/2

550 MPa = o + ky (3m)-1/2
-325 MPa = ky [(20m)-1/2 - (3m)-1/2]
ky = 918.7 MPa m1/2
o = ys - 918.7 MPa m1/2 * d-1/2 = 225 - 918.7 MPa m1/2 * (20m) -1/2 =19.6 MPa
Based on this calculation, what would be the yield strength for a plain carbon steel with a grain
size of 10 m.
ys = 19.6 MPa + 918.7 MPa m1/2 * (10m) -1/2 = 310.1 MPa.

Applied Science 278

Midterm Examination October 21, 2009

(4)

A typical steel used in a recovery boiler was observed to have a steady state creep rate of 1 x 10-4
s-1 at temperature of 500 oC for an applied stress of 100 MPa. Given the creep activation energy of
220 kJmol-1 ,and that the creep exponent = 7.0, calculate the steady state creep rate at 400 oC for
an applied stress of 150 MPa. Note: R = 8.314 Jmol-1K-1.

&s = K n exp(Q / RT )
&s
K= n
=
exp(Q / RT )

110 4 s 1
= 7.4 10 4 s 1MPa 7
1
kJmol
220

(100MPa) 7 exp(
)
8.314 Jmol 1K 1 773K
For &s at 400, = 150MPa

&s = 7.4 104 s 1MPa7 (150MPa)7 exp(

220kJmol 1
) = 1.1105 s 1
1 1
8.314 Jmol K 673K

Therefore the creep rate at 400 for 150MPa stress is 1.110 5 s 1 .

(5)

i) The aluminum alloy, AA7075-T651, has a plane strain fracture toughness of 24 MPa m and a
yield stress of 495 MPa. Determine the maximum load which may be applied to the component
shown below if it is to not fail under the following circumstances: thickness of 12.5 mm, a width
of 150 mm and a surface crack of length 30 mm.
F
4
W
a

a = 30mm, w=150mm,
a
= 0.2
w
From graph: Y = 1.4~1.5

2
B

1.4

1
0

0.2

K IC = Y a

0.6

a/W

K IC
24 MPa m
=
= 55.8MPa
Y a 1.4 0.030m

F = A = 55.8MPa 12.5mm 150mm = 104.7kN

Therefore the maximum load is 104.7kN.