1- Objectives of the operative dentistry:

1- the objectives are now broadened to include both

preservation and prevention.
2- operative dentistry aims at the prevention of dental
disease and is concerned with the preservation of the
natural teeth and their supporting structures in an optimal
state of health to avoid their future loss or extraction
3- it provides the capability of restoring teeth to their
natural form, function, strength and esthetic state.
4- the clinical skills require to be based on sound
biomechanical principles to fulfill these objectives.
5- abolition and prevention of pain is one of the main
objectives of restorative treatment.
2- Proteolysis chelation theory
It is a process in which there is complexion of the metal
ions to form complex substance through coordinate
covalent bond which results in weakly ionized compound.
The bacterial attack on the surface of the enamel results
in the breakdown of the protein chiefly keratin and results
in the formation of soluble chelates with calcium which
decalcify enamel even at neutral PH. Mucopolysaccarides
may also act as secondary chelators.
3- Classification of dental caries
a) According to location:
1. Pits ang fissure caries.
2. Smooth surface caries.
b) According to rapidity of the process:
1. Acute caries (rapid).
2. Chronic caries (slow).

c) According to whether the surface is new or

whether it was previously filled and caries occurred
around the margins of the filling
1. Primary caries (Virgin).
2. Secondary caries (recurrent).
d) Black's classification:
1. Class I: it is a pits and fissure caries that occurs
in the occlusal surface of molars and premolars,
occlusal two-third of the buccal and lingual
surfaces of molars and in the palatal surfaces of
upper incisors.
2. Class II: Smooth surface cavities that occur in
the proximal surfaces of molars and premolars.
3. Class III: Smooth surface cavities that occur in
the proximal surfaces of anterior teeth not
including the incisal angle.
4. Class IV: Smooth surface cavities that occur in
the proximal surfaces of anterior teeth including
the incisal angle.
5. Class V: Smooth surface cavities that occur in
the gingival third of the buccal and lingual
surfaces of all teeth.
6. Class VI: it is found on the tips of cusps or along
the biting edges of incisors .
e) According to the number of surfaces affected by
caries:
1. Simple cavities: are cavities occurring in one
surface only.
2. Compound cavities: involving two surface e.g.
occluso-mesial.
3. Complex cavities: involving more than two
surfaces e.g. mesio-occluso-distal.
f) Mount and Hume's classification:
It is based on the site and the size of the lesion
The three sites are
Site1: pits and fissures and enamel defects.
Site2: proximal enamel surfaces.

Site3: the cervical one third of the crown or the

exposed root.
The four sizes are:
Size1: minimal dentin involvement.
Size2: moderate dentin involvement.
Size3: enlarged dentin involvement.
Size4: extensive involvement of caries and bulk
loss of tooth structure.

II) Define class I and mention line and point angles

Class I: it is a pits and fissure caries that occurs in the
occlusal surface of molars and premolars, occlusal twothird of the buccal and lingual surfaces of molars and in
the palatal surfaces of upper incisors.
The line angles are:
Mesio-buccal line angle.
Mesio-lingual line angle.
Disto-buccal line angle.
Disto- lingual line angle.
Pulpo-buccal line angle.
Pulpo-lingual line angle.
Pulpo-mesial line angle.
Pulpo-distal line angle.
The point angles are:
Pulpo-mesio buccal.
Pulpo-disto buccal.
Pulpo-mesio lingual.
Pulpo-disto lingual.

III) Define dental caries, operative

abrasion, erosion and attrition

dentistry,

Dental caries
It is an infectious microbial disease characterized by a
demineralization of the calcified tissues of the inorganic
portion and destruction of the organic substance of the
tooth.
Operative dentistry:
The art and science dealing with operations to restore or
reform the hard dental tissues. It may be also referred to
as conservative, restorative or constructive dentistry.
Abrasion
It is a mechanical loss of hard tooth structure through
abnormal mechanical processes involving foreign objects
introduced in the mouth and contacting the teeth as hard
tooth brush.
Erosion
It is a chemico-mechanical loss of hard tooth substance
resulting from direct chemical action on the tooth surface
with the absence of bacteria.

Attrition
It is a mechanical loss of hard tooth substance resulting
from friction between the opposing teeth with no foreign
substances intervening. It is commonly seen in anterior
teeth. Bruxism is a common cause of pathologic wear.