STRAIN ANALYSIS

Dept. of Geology

UNDEFORMED

DEFORMED

Strain is defined as the change in size and shape of a body

resulting from the action of an applied stress field
II Strain

KINEMATIC ANALYSIS
Dept. of Geology

Kinematic analysis is the reconstruction of movements

b

B. Rigid Body
Rotation

A. Rigid Body
Translation
f

b
c

C. Original Object f

e
a

e
d
D. Nonrigid Deformation
by Dilation

E. Nonrigid Deformation
by Distortion

f
e

b
c

(Davis and Reynolds, 1996)

II Strain

KINEMATIC ANALYSIS
Dept. of Geology

dilation
(volume change)

distortion
(volume change)

rotation
total strain
The nature of strain : dilation, distortion, and rotation
II Strain

KINEMATIC ANALYSIS
Dept. of Geology

NON-RIGID DEFORMATION

TYPES OF STRAIN

HOMOGENOUS

HETEROGENOUS
II Strain

KINEMATIC ANALYSIS
Dept. of Geology

A. Homogeneous strain

B. Inhomogeneous strain

TYPES OF STRAIN

II Strain

Fundamental Strain Equations

Dept. of Geology

LENGTHENING

Extension (e) = (lf lo)/lo

A.
l = 5 cm
o

Lengthening e>0 (+)

shortening e<0 (-)

L' = 3 cm

l = 8 cm
f

Stretch (S) = lf/lo = 1 + e

L' = 4.8 cm

Davis dan Reynolds (1996)

extension (e) = (l - lo)/lo dimana lo = panjang semula dan l = panjang akhir

e=

8 cm - 5 cm
= 0.6
5 cm

Strech (S) = l/lo

Quadratic elongation () = S2
= 1/ = 1/S2 = 1/(1+e)2

(Davis and Reynolds, 1996)

II Strain

Fundamental Strain Equations

Dept. of Geology

2
Angular shear () = 90-
tan = x/y = () = shear strain

Angular Shear
3

VOLUME CHANGE

II Strain

Fundamental Strain Equations

Dept. of Geology

Undeformed State

Deformed State
R = en

Strain

R=1

r = Sn

A. Extension and stretch

Undeformed State

Deformed State

es = 1/2 tan

t
R

Strain

B. Shear strain

(Twiss and Moore, 1997)

II Strain

STRAIN CALCULATION
Dept. of Geology

LORIGINAL

LFINAL

Strain (e) = (Lf Lo)/Lo

II Strain

STRAIN ELLIPSE
Dept. of Geology

II Strain

STRAIN CALCULATION
Dept. of Geology

(Davis and Reynolds, 1996)

II Strain

STRAIN ELLIPS EQUATION

Dept. of Geology

II Strain

Kasus Deformasi
Dept. of Geology

Peregangan suatu garis ()

II Strain

SHEAR STRAIN
Dept. of Geology

tan =

Reciprocal shear strain elongation

II Strain

Mohr circle for Finite Strain

Dept. of Geology

Equation

Center of the circle

Radius of the circle

II Strain

Mohr Circle for Finite Strain

Dept. of Geology

Otto Mohr (1882) generated Mohr diagram strain. A

diagram representing systematic variation changed of
quadratic elongation and shear strain.
II Strain

DEFINING max dan max

Dept. of Geology

II Strain

Mohr Strain Diagram

Dept. of Geology

B
1.0

Ad
S1

S1

(', / )

.49
1 Unit

d = +15

2 d = +30

Distorted Clay Cake

0

1.0

' 1 = .42

'

.56

/ =
1.0

2.0 ' = 2.4

3

3.0

2.0

3.0

'3 '1 .
SIN 2d
2

'3 '1
2
2 d

(Davis and Reynolds, 1996)

1.0

' 1 A'
'
Equals

Minus

'3

' 1 + ' 3
2

'3'1 .
COS 2d
2
II Strain

HOMOGENOUS DEFORMATION
Dept. of Geology

II Strain

Progressive Deformation
Dept. of Geology

Simple Shear
(Noncoaxial Strain)

Pure Shear
(Coaxial Strain)
O

M
N

+ 22

S3

25% Flattering
S3

S1

S1

+ 31

S3

30% Flattering
S3

S1

S1

+ 45

S3

S1

40% Flattering
S3
S1

(Davis and Reynolds, 1996)

II Strain

Dept. of Geology

Scale Factor

STRAIN HISTORY
^
S2 < 1

^
S2 = 1

^
S 2 >1

A. Regional scale

^
S1

^
S
1
perpendicu lar
to layer

^
S3

^
S2
100 m

A.

^
S
2
perpendicu lar
to layer

B.

C.
B. Outcrop scale

^
S
1
^
S3

^
S
2

10 mm

D.

^
S
3
perpendicu lar
to layer

^
S
1
^
S
3

^
S2

C. Hand sample scale

E.

100 m

F.

Structural development in competent layer

based on orientation of S1, S2 and S3
D. Microscope scale

II Strain

Dept. of Geology

Strain Measurement

Geological Map
Geologic Cross-section
Seismic Section
Outcrop
Thin Section

Knowing the initial objects

Shape
Size
Orientation

II Strain

Dept. of Geology

Strain Ellipsoid
S1

S1 = Maximum Finite Stretch

S3 = Minimum Finite Stretch
S2

S3

S3
S1

S3
S2

S1

(Davis and Reynolds, 1996)

II Strain

FINITE AND INFINITESIMAL STRAIN

Dept. of Geology

II Strain

FINITE AND INFINITESIMAL STRAIN

Dept. of Geology

II Strain

Dept. of Geology

II Strain

Dept. of Geology

II Strain

Dept. of Geology

II Strain

Dept. of Geology

Strain Field Diagram

S3

Strating Size
and Sh ape

Field of
No Strain

1.0

Field of
Expansion

Field of Linier Strecthing

Field
of
Linear
Shortening

Field of Compensation

Field
of Contractio n

1.0

S1
II Strain

STRAIN DIAGRAM
Dept. of Geology

Special Types of Homogenous Strain

Z

k=
Y
X
A

K= 1

in

^
S
1
^
S2

Constrictional
Strain

St
ra

a=

Simple Extension

Pl

an

Simple Flattering

1
X

Flattering
Strain

A. Axial symmetric extension (X>Y=Z) or Prolate uniaxial

^
S
2
b=
^3
S

K= 0

Flinn Diagram

B. Axial symmetric shortening (X=Y>Z) or Oblate uniaxial

C. Plane strain (X>Y=1>Z) or Triaxial ellipsoid

II Strain

Flinn Diagram
Dept. of Geology

S1

S2
S3

S3
S1

S3
S2

S1

II Strain

Dept. of Geology

Strain Measurement from Outcrop

II Strain

Dept. of Geology

= gap
II Strain

STRESS vs. STRAIN

Dept. of Geology

II Strain

Relationship Between Stress and Strain

Dept. of Geology

Evaluate Using Experiment of Rock

Deformation
Rheology of The Rocks
Using Triaxial Deformation Apparatus
Measuring Shortening
Measuring Strain Rate
Strength and Ductility

II Strain

Stress Strain Diagram

Dept. of Geology

400

Yield Strength
After Strain
Hardening

Differential Stress (in MPa)

C
300

Yield
Strength

Ultimate
Strength

A
Rep ture
Strength

200

100

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

3
4
Strain (in %)

Onset plastic deformation

Removal axial load
Permanently strained
Plastic deformation
Rupture

II Strain

Effects of Temperature and Differential Stress

Dept. of Geology

2000
140
130

Differential Stress (in MPa)

Differential Stress, MPa

30 0

25C

80
70
60

20 0

40
20

10 0

1500

300C
1000

500C
500

Crown Point Limestone

700C
0

10

Strain, percent

12

14

16

800C
0

10

15

Strain (in %)

II Strain

Deformation and Material

Dept. of Geology

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Hookes Law: e = /E, E = Modulus Young or elasticity
Newtonian : = , = viscosity, = strain-rate

Elastic strain
Viscous strain
Viscoelastic strain
Elastoviscous
Plastic strain
(Modified from Park, 1989)

II Strain

Dept. of Geology

Effect increasing stress to strain-rate

(Modified from Park, 1989)

II Strain

Stress

Strain

Dept. of Geology

II Strain

Limitation of The Concept of Stress in Structural Geology

Dept. of Geology

No quantitative relationship between

stress and permanent strain
Paleostress determination contain
errors
No implication equation relating
stress to strain rate that causes the
deformation

II Strain