Important Things to Remember for Exam 1

Thursday, September 24, 2015

9:17 PM

General Chem:
Ionic Bond- bond between two atoms where one atom gives up an electron to
the other
Covalent bond- sharing of electron pairs between atoms
Polar covalent bond- a bond between 2 atoms with different electronegativities
>> has a dipole moment
Dipole moment = size of charge x distance btw charges
Electronegativity- tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons
>> Increases from left to right & from bottom to top on the PT
Formal Charge = Group # Valence Electrons - Electrons the Atom Has in the
Structure
Hybridization:
Determines # of bonds and shape of molecule
Sigma bonds are the first/only bond, but the next bonds (like in a double or
triple bond) are Pi bonds
Sigma* and Pi* are antibonding in high energy
Carbon Bonds & Bond strength:
180deg

109deg

<

120deg

<

Acids and Bases:

HA + H2O <-->>> H3O+ + ALarger Ka, smaller pKa ---> STRONGER Acid
Acidity on PT >> Increases from left to right & from top to bottom
Strongest Acid is HI
Resonance-- actual structure is in between the resonance structures
Henderson-Hasselbach Equation:
pKa = pH + log [HA]/[A-]
>>> when pKa=pH, 50% of the acid is dissolved
>>> when pKa<pH, the acid remains protonated
>>> when pKa>pH, large fraction of acid is dissociated
Nomenclature:
Alkanes:
Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane etc
Constitutional isomers- the same compound with different arrangements
Ex. Butane & isobutane; pentane, isopentane & neopentane
To name:
1
2

Find the longest C chain

Number the chain where substituents obtain the lowest #
If the same on either end, either pick "side" of chain with more
substituents or pick based of alphabetical order of substituents

1
2

Find substituents on chains and name those

Name parent chain

Substituents:
Primary, Secondary and tertiary-- how many carbons is the "main" carbon
attached to?

Methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butylHalides (ex. Chlorine) are "chloro-" or "bromo-" with number in front or end
with "chloride" or "bromide"
Alcohols: OH group attached
OH has a "higher ranking" when labeling carbons w/ substituents
Ethers: R-O-R; oxygen in the middle
Name group on either side and end with "ether"
Amines: have NH2, NH3, or N etc attached >> name as "N-" with group
attached to the N
Physical Properties:
Melting & Boiling Point:
Induced-dipole-Induced-dipole interaction: temporary charges that hold
molecules together
Molecular weight increases, greater area of contact, stronger van der
Waals forces, boiling point increases to break these forces
Branching in a compound decreases the boiling pt
Dipole-Dipole: molecules with polar bonds attract based on
electronegativity
Hydrogen bonding: hydrogen that is attached to an O,N or F attracts to
O,N, or F on another molecule
Strongest out of all 3
Solubility: like dissolves like
As the molecule becomes more complicated, it becomes less soluble
C-C Sigma bonds & rotation
Molecules can rotate giving different conformations to the same molecule
Eclipse- 0deg are high energy and unstable
staggered- 60deg are more stable

Chair shaped cycloalkanes:

Axial: vertical
Equatorial: horizontal
As continuous rotation occurs, axial turn to equ and equ turn to axial
Cis: same side of cycloalkane, both substituents are axial/equ
Trans: opposite side of cycloalkane , one substituent is axial one is
equ