OMAN

DAYS

LIFE INTHE
OF CICERO
a,

ornia
ial
Y

ALFRED

J. CHURCH

THE

LIBRARY

OF

UNIVERSITY

THE

CALIFORNIA

OF

LOS

ANGELES

GIFT

MARCUS

TULLIUS

CICERO.

Life

Roman

of

Days

ALFRED

the

M.A.

J. CHURCH,

Author

of

"

WITH

Stories

from

Homer

"

ILLUSTRATIONS

New

Dodd,

the

Cicero

By
REV.

in

Mead

York

and

Publishers

Company

College
Library

7S

C47/L
1883

TO

OGLE,

OCTAVIUS
IN

OF

REMEMBRANCE

THIS

BOOK

IS

ICGC157

LONG

DEDICATED.

FRIENDSHIP.

CONTENTS.

CHAP.

I.

BOY

ROMAN

I
.....

II.

III.

THE

IN

VJ

UNDERGRADUATE

ROMAN

DAYS

OF

DICTATOR.

THE

IV.

V.

ROMAN

64

MAGISTRATE
....

GREAT

CAUSE

ROMAN

IOO
.

VI.

COUNTRY

VIII.

GREAT

.Il6

X.

XI.

XII.

XIII.

XIV.

CATO,

.130

151

177

......

EXILE

BRAWL

......

POMPEY

CONSPIRACY

CJESAR

IX.

LIFE
.

VII.

43

193

......

CONSEQUENCES

ITS

AND

AND

BRUTUS,

PORCIA
.

IN

GOVERNOR

HIS

232

248

PROVINCE
.

219

268

ATTICUS
......

XV.

ANTONY

AND

280

AUGUSTUS
.

OF

LIST

MARCUS

ILLUSTRATIONS.

frontispiece

CICERO

TULLIUS

l6

BOY

ROMAN

......

48

SENATOR

ROMAN

.....

CAIUS

CESAR

JULIUS

BRITISH

MAGNUS

POMPEIUS

.177
.

VESTAL

151

.163

CHIEFTAIN
.

CNJEUS

VIRGIN

207
....

PORCIA

MARCUS

AND

CATO

PORCIUS

.235
.

MARCUS

BRUTUS

JUNIUS

241
.....

THE

DYING

GLADIATOR

273
.....

MARCUS

.281

ANTONIU3
.

OCTAVIUS

CJESAR

.289

AUGUSTUS
.

PREFACE.

book

THIS

or

does
of

history

ker's
narrative

is

tried

to

social

sketches

give

of

in

was

roughly
Cicero

of

to

first

be

the
the

six

of

of

first

"

central

most

century

important

life
of

provinces

decades

to

B.C.

figure,"

so

what

"

the

Cicero
and

manners,

the

lating
re-

I have

figure

idea

of

facts

Romans.

central

and

Bek-

as

of

the

some

"

as

of

come

thread

amount

and

men

Rome,

the

during

Rome,

the

readers

my

actually

life

to

slender

vast

Roman

the

work

Cicero

of

pretend

such

life

of

it

on

round

group

various

him

hung

the

to

does

which

in

Callus,

days

with

comparison

into

to

less

be

to

last

the

Still

Republic.

claim

not

not

man

as

of

speak

speak

of

judging
the

time,

PREFACE.

itis from

but because

letters,that

that I
but

chieflyderive

we

here made

I have

of which

indeed

give,not

sketch of his

the information
Hence

use.

to

trespass

of

of Caesar and
and

Antony,

striven

brief

as

disputed. It

much

give
course

had

the

opposing
to

was

done

I have

would

my
to

arguments

best

to

in

make

frequentuse

been

been

obviously

of the book
; and

to

only

my

which

correct.

der

Romer,

Ancient

Select Letters

their

have

to
acknowledge my obligations

UniversityLife

made

I have

speak dogmatica

conclusions

simply

state

quardt'sPrivat-Leben
Watson's

have

the character

with

inconsistent

to

questions which

some

and

action.
pojitical

apologize for seeming

on

of Cato

possible,of

and

militaryachievements
must

obligedto

was

Pompey,

as

of

the domain

give a narrative,which

to

make

to

of

I have

career.

on

history: speaking of Cicero,

speak also

it follows

lifeof the great orator,

and
personality

obligedalso

been

him, from his speeches and

Athens^

of

of Mr.

Mr.

Cicero.

Mar-

Capes'

and

I have

Mr.
also

Anthony Trollope's

ROMAN
IN

THE

LIFE

CICERO,

OF

DAYS

CHAPTER

lifting him
a

true

son

first

name

the

arms

in

with

accompanied

was

with

were

invited.

some

family
protect

Thus
state

or

him

named

the

This

birth,

after

to

which

he

was

register. The

from

teen)
seven-

religious ceremonies,

some

feast

(just

eighth day

was

with

limited.

was

the

on

he
him

furnish
list

after

boy,

that

token

scanty

choice

his

to

to

was

the

his

and

to

of

done

was

duty

house,

out

which

to

and

of

first

his

in

up

BOY.

ROMAN

father's

ROMAN

naming

I.

kinsfolk
enrolled

next

care

was

influence

malignant

in

of
t

the

evil

bulla,
leather
wore

eye

by hanging

round

plate

if he
till he

was

not

assumed

of

round
metal.
of

his

(The

neck

bulla

gentle birth.)
the

dress

of

gilded
was

This

manhood.

of

he

ROMAN

Then

LIFE

THE

IN

DA

he laid it aside,possibly
to
if he

more,

which

nursed
born

attained

the

up

his

by

mother,
It

of his life,and

him

had

the

or,

in

much

to

shut

not

histories
purpose

clusive
ex-

years

ing
order-

witness

"

the

for this
not
legends (forit matters
of the
whether
they are fact or fiction)
or

husband
turned

free-

mothers

Roman

part in affairs

Tullia, who

wives, of

Sabine

For

was

had

the

to

in

like their sisters in Greece,

up

small

played no

that

say

to

drawn

for the first seven

of his life afterwards.

were

honor

Capitol. He
any case, by a

his mother

was

charge of

it once

assume

crowning
aspire,and was

slope of

woman.

CICERO.

the

could

Roman

triumph

but

OF

YS

seize

to

her

Coriolanus

son

besiegingRome.
which

throne,

At
to

was

seven

make

stirred

his purpose

began
him

her

Veturia, who

or

from

up

of

the education

citizen

and

soldier.

Swimming, riding,throwing the

javelindeveloped his strength of body. He
time to be frugal,
learned at the same
temperate
and seemly in
in eating and drinking,modest
a

behavior,

reverent

authorityat

pioustowards

home
the

to

and

his elders, obedient

abroad, and

gods.

If it was

above
the

to

all.

duty of

the father

to act

BOY.

ROMAN

priestin

as

temple of

some

the

not
a class apart from
(forthe priestswere
the worship
to conduct
their fellow-citizens),
or
in some
chapel of the family,the lad would act
the clients,the
camillus
or
as
acolyte. When
dependents of the house, trooped into the hall
in the earlymorning hours to pay their respects

State

to

their patron,

the lad would

affairs,

in their

father's chair
humble

and

high

When

statesman

buried

or

At

listen

believe
writers

time

it

of

tells

us,

young

sembly, very
of Westminster

much

in the

School

one

are

great
soldier
to

be

hear the

to

if

we

may

of the Roman
introduce

to

sittingsof
same

on

bier.

senators

the

be

sometimes

the walls

custom,

which

to

sons

and

be taken
the

for the

his

thrown

was

famous

some

the

was

by his

celebrated

outside

over

quaint story

to

which

burned, he would

one

stand

publicaffairs or

on

carried

was

ance
assist-

held, he would

was

body

pronounced

oration

their

festival

the

hall

the

part in the songs

heroes.
or

When

would

He

past times.

and

acqaintance with

hear the talk

present and

take

make

and

friends.

open,

his advice

ask

to

or

way

admitted

as

to

their
the

as*

boys

hear the

ROMAN

LIFE

professesto

show

families of the
of

DA

THE

in the Houses

debates

name

IN

of

it was

the

that the

State
sons

that

clad
Pratextatus, i.e.,

in the

custom

it

The

the

bear the

to

prcetexta

thus

runs

story
of

one

in the

It

"

:
"

of the Roman

earlydays
should

senators

into the Senate

CICERO.

Papiriuscame

(thegarb of boyhood),and
was

OF

of Parliament.

how

race

YS

to

the

bringtheir young
end that they might

earlydays how great affairs of the

that no
commonwealth
were
managed. And
should
harm
to the city,it was
ensue
strictly
enjoinedupon the lads that they should not say
heard
they had
aught of the things which

learn in their

within
the

the

happened

Senate, after long debate

matter,

adjourned

Hereupon

the

Papirius,was
to

It

House.

tell the

son

much

matter

debated.

And

command

which

should

the

thing

of

certain

which
when

woman

day

upon

the

to

had been

that

certain
morrow.

senator,

importuned by

named

his mother

thus

painfully

the lad,remembering the

had been

be silent about

tell it,the

on

laid upon

such

besought

matters,

him

to

him

that he

refused

speak

to

more

tillat the last,being worn

out
urgently,
by her
he contrived this thing.
The
importunities,
'

Senate,' he said, debated

whether

'

might

harmony

more

be ; and whether, should

make

to
a

should

husband

should
the

have

were

change

of

; or, if any,

devised

have

should

be

order that

to

wives,

many

or

wife

Then

one.'

than

by the thing

disturbed

had
this

them

all the

to

not

told

the

questioned him,
to

story

boys might

the
have

not

to

and

how

he had

her

the

same

tunity.
impor-

constancy

from

revealingof things that

this

his

Senate, judging that

the State

made

Then

how

that

kept secret,

any

one.

wit, and
the

the

permit that

story

from

escape

make

to

than

wives

more

Thereupon

be

judged expedient

not
certainly

Papirius

young

mother

and

to

seen

gathered togetherat

women

besought

should

man

all

now

be

and stirred them

acquaintance,
it came
such thing. Thus
not
to suffer any
day,
pass that the Senate, meeting the next
astonished
to see
a great
beyond measure

doors, who

the

is

heard, hastened

had

should

of her

multitude

it be

husbands

being much

she

matrons

to

have

more

woman,

which

up

change,this

any

than

in families

something

there

whereby

be done

not

7.

BO

ROMAN

might

law, that

suffer damage

no

had
sons

best

of

ROMAN

senator

LIFE

THE

should

House,

have

he should
While

this

the lad

learned

characters

the

young

Papirius,but

that

rightto come
prcztexta"

general education

of

The

cypher.

into

come

elder Cato

used

for the benefit

of his

history, probably composed

by

his

"

"

Painter

from
the

the

landing of

Second

Punic

learn

"

that

he

soon

as

by

heart.

might

When

himself
tus, in
'

learn

reading was
"

one

Twelve

down

to

as

of his

the
of

the end

less

to

how

form

to

saying to his
Dialogues,"we
The

"

"

costlymaterial

of children

"

of

ingeniouslycombined
Ivory letters

justas they
now-a-days,
words.

acquired,be began to
we
were
boys," Cicero

Tables.'

Italy

tempted

was

put into his hands,

were

put into the hands

are

the

amusement.

in earlier times

probably
used

and

or

surnamed

He

War).

large

himself

chronicle

JEneas

which
by playthings,

instruction

was

of

in

to

portions

sons

by

Fabius,

(the author

on,

teaching.

write

to

as

write, and

to

of

contemporary

going

was

read,

to

course

long

so

definite

receivingsome

was

CICERO.

OF

the
the

wear

DAYS

thereafter

only this

save

he should

He

IN

As

learn
resents
rep-

brother

Quin-

used

learn

Twelve

to

Tables"

ROMAN

with

LIFE

blows.

many

himself

the

YS

DA

He

boy

(forwhich

have

had

verse

found

be

cannot

reconcile

lessons.

thingthan
we

CICERO.

whose

these

must

OF

could

never

of

matter

troublesome

use

THE

early poets

Roman

more

in

the

to

furnished
Our

IN

arithmetic

the

figuresnow

too

thankful

to

their

have made
it. It is
inventors)
difficult to imagine how
thing like a long
any
in multiplication
division could have
or
sum
the Arabs

with

done

been

they.

were

which

represent

we

require

the

for its

Roman

The

the

by

expression

signifynumbers
above

rightnumbers
would
tens,

have
and

figures 89
boy

used

hundred, and

the

it. Sometimes

his teacher

counting-board,on which units,

would
be represented by
hundreds
a

sample

lesson.

"

that Horace

The

the penny
five

ounces

nine

being

variouslycolored balls. The sums

kind.
did were
mostly of a practical
the

would

helped

was

left hand
a

brous
cum-

less than

no

The

below

so

for instance,

number,

figures,LXXXVIIII.
the
by using the fingers,
to

numerals,

Roman

by long

be subtracted

gives of
boys

are

an

Here

what

he
is

arithmetic

taught to

calculations.
one,

which

'

vide
di-

If from

is the

re-

mainder
of

'

At

penny.'

what

does

While

age

at

it up

own

began

to

which

the Elder,

his

Macedonia) who
Cato, had

as

While

triumph

he

as
painter,

own

we

sons,

the

few

tutor

Greek

years

preparing the
to

He

was

tainly
cer-

the
menced.
com-

he made

had

frugal master,
a

should

is

it a

less
nevertheof

taking
under-

did teach, to
actually

^milius,

sent

French

reached

capable

was

had

he

though

was

who

very

nobles,

other

the

regular education

work, and

Greek

families.

acquire it when

his

begun

nursery-governess

slave who

profitof

had

justas

wealthier

his

worth

was

where

nursery,

German

teach

Greek
the

of

penny.'

Roman

be found,

to

our

to

the

in

the

practice to

the

added
"

half of

Very possiblyhe

Greek.

"

Cato

be

ounce

The

'

which

own

or

among

'

an

take

to

was

girlwas

bonne

will be able

you
If

answer,

acquiring this knowledge he

learninga language,the one language

knowing
to
pick
slave

it make

his

besides

Good,

third

'

can

you

money.

he

also

was

BOY.

once
'

of your

care

ROMAN

of

the

call him, who

of

conqueror

than

younger

tion.
distinc-

some

procession

Athens

sons

for

of

his

scene-

might make

ROMAN

io

IN

LIFE

picturesof conquered
his victories.

trate

to
qualified

fortune

take

the

stock, so

the

in his

This

was

one

had

Cicero

him

gave

learned

In old age

pupil,

"

he

Stoic

pupil in his
tillthe day of

he

before

geometry

without
and

These

benefit.

own

his

death,

know

his benefactor
course

kind

books

"

read

studies

were

his

almost

seems

eyes

to

which
but

he

incredible,taught

his learners
them, instructing

whither

of what

had

; he

without

pursue
this

Of

teacher

philosopher.
boyhood, and

his

also, and

to

he wanted,

"

could

and

in

indeed, who

son

Diodotus,

have

to

Greek

for his

night and day.

whence

By good

tutor.

for his

also be

thingsfrom him, logicespecially."

he lost his sight.
Yet," says his
devoted
himself to study even
more

than
diligently
him

sion
commis-

the artist should

had

il

to

the

to

till later,but

home

many

added

Cicero

been
a

wherewith

place of

family,not
born

not

was

CICERO.

happened
speak,exactlythe man

to

own

OF

Athenians

Metrodorus.

one

YS

towns

He

that
stipulation

DA

THE

the

line

it was

that when
about

to

be."

the old
nine

to

was

man

thousand

onlywealthy Romans

be

drawn,

It is interesting
died he left

pounds.
could

com-

ROMAN

their

for

mand
teachers

contained

acquaintance with
and

Rome

had

number

vast

had

In Cicero's

and

into

of slaves

who

be

set

apart

would

knowledge
at

Rome

the

as

learn

One

Italian
knew

speak

to

of which
is

as

belonged
family,he
at

home.

There

to

knowledge

language, a

as

would

wicked

Appius

appears

among

he would

at

Rome

in

Claudius.

go

the

the Roman

the

speaking

school.

to
as

weli

days

of

as

the

schoolmaster

The

the Etruscans

Camillus, when
to

among

are

we

schools, girls'schools

were

common

French

of

he

him

wealthy and distinguished

probably receive his education

Commonly

over

; from

least

of whom

Greek

good deal,of
would probably

read
at

very

boys' schools,

hand

and
was

English gentlemen.
If the Roman
boy

of

families
the

attendant

of these

boy

time

munities
Greek-speaking com-

brought

literature.

less

the part

on

language,and something,often
Greek

or

more

of conquests

Greek

such

of

hold
well-to-do-house-

; but any

Greek.

more

over

services

slave who

the

sons

Diodotus

as

century

BOY.

in

the

traitor, who

general

the

story

of

offers

to

sons

of

ROMAN

12

LIFE

the chief

citizen of

scourged back
We

find

Latin
as

on

that

signsof

of scholars

the Forum

more

suitable localities.

noisy,the

on

that

read, and,

as

have

we

or

their
the
how

in

sooty

one

it in

letters.

same

old

insists
willfully
with

this

fate,

far-off suburb

Some

hundred

fulfilled.
prophecy was
the schoolboysstood each
hand

and

Virgilin the

the

the

seen,

which

book

will find

age

writingabout

sibly
Pos-

afterwards, Virgil.

into the world

out

Juvenal tells us
Horace

increased.

going

lamp

to

appliancesfor

the

afterwards

more

removed

were

and

time

as

and

more

was

added, certainly
readingbooks.

were

teaching boys

with

their lessons

threatens

old

years

against the
having revolted),

at

play-writers,and,

Horace

profound peace

Their

improved

teachingwere

Latin

it is mentioned

of

schools

and

was

story in the

same

became

busy

Homer

his scholars.

market-place. At Rome,

on, and

maps

his command

at

where

time

CICERG.

hurriedlymarched

hum

in the

went

the

false report of its

the

heard

in

OF

by

town

of Tusculum,

(Camillushad

YS

DA

Falerii,is

again

of the

town

THE

into the

him

town

one

IN

well-thumbed

other.

time, goes

Quintilian,
into

detail,

becomes

as

Homer

with

writers

also

benefit

to

But

here

authors
curious
that

in

only,

but

is,or

Heroides

tragic
much

is

also.

lyricpoets

selection

of

authors."

not

of

It is

banishingaltogethera book
used
more
extensively
certainly
was,
than

classic,the

other

any

of Ovid.

These, and such

which

part

an

find him

schools

our

make

The

there

the

got from
must

to

Virgil.

useful ; and

you

It is

"

boy'sreadingshould

the

and

are

be

13

schoolmaster.

practicethat

admirable

begin

old

an

BOY.

ROMAN

Roman

our

the books

these,then, are

as

boy

have

read.

to

forgotten. Let
him take," says the author just quoted, the
fables of ^Esop and tellthem in simplelanguage,
never
risingabove the ordinary level. Then
Composition

would

would
be

not

"

"

let him
to

styleless plain; then, again,

paraphrases,sometimes
shortening,
but always
amplifyingthe original,

pass

bolder

sometimes

to

on

followinghis
writing
he

sense."

of themes

He

and

givesis this,

"

suggests

characters.
Was

rightwhen, having met

administered

also

beating to

Crates

One

the
ample
ex-

the

philosopher
ignorantboy, he
*

an

his teacher?"

Many

ROMAN

14

subjectsof
Hannibal

of the

should

THE

YS

DA

these themes

was

passage

he

7Ar

LIFE

have

been

advanced

the

on

after the battle of Cannse,

Cicero

kind.
speculative
to

only to help
Has
To

the

Roman

that

the

thing

but

useless.

divide

the

boys

speak

in the

order

considered

The

the
next

the

the
be

month

have

was

any

his

to

duly

set

to

to

us

one

; every

proficiency.

estimated

struggleswhich

; and

we

of one's class

had
was

gloriousthingconceivable.

most

decision

they

powers

the head

to

accustomed

were

our

performances were

prod gious were

for victory. To
But

of

Quintilian,

teachers

according

turn

called in the

remember

own

mies.
ene-

to
interesting

classes,and

into

wall, but

"

more

They

stranger

repellingtheir

I feel sure," says

my

the

the law ?

practicewhich

taking his

to

his schoolmaster
"

the

subject of

mounts

studies

employed by

been

Our

A.

these

boy,

frequently

It is forbidden

"

A. broken

make

ately
cityimmedi-

were
a

the citizens in

aid of emulation.
"

mentions

the wall.

mount

preserved.

His
naturallyone often chosen.
Alps, and the question whether

have

discussed.

CICERO.

OF

was

not

brought

made
the

once

for all.

vanquished

an

ROMAN

rod

of which

walls of
of Eton
As

far

to

as

been

One

authorities

the savage

Roman

almost

without

As

to

schools
the

"

is

indignant
young

venial

"

the
was

the

the best

word

we

member
re-

aspect

of

in

capitals,

littleor

tinctio
dis-

no

Quintilian

he allows

that

ging
flog-

institution."

holidays the practiceof

probably resembled
Scotch

cane

"

And

words.

the

that which

Roman

prevails

Universities, though with

magnificentlength of
had a holiday on
the
festival

it

with

equallydecided, though
an

been

stops, and
the

at

as

sharpenerof

think, when

have

must

goes

for

word

butcher

"

would

book, written

was

in

will

he hesitates

between
is

advocate

but
thegein),

nearous

one

what

the

"

practice

practiceopinions

enthusiastic

who

learner because
fault indeed,

the

The

its details.

to

against it. Seneca

were

CICERO.

that the

that the Greek

say

OF

the educational

tree

advantage of

young" (narthex,

YS

alreadydiscovered.

by derivation,
signifies

with

DA

Pompeii indeed show

is trulyclassical down

divided.

were
so

had

the

to

THE

of birch, a

commonly

use

IN

LIFE

beginning

on

Every

vacation.
"

days

less

of

Saturn

the seventeenth

of

one
"

(a
De-

ROMAN

BOY.

ROMAN

cember), and
own

the

"

lads

March

of

the

in

was

of

of Minerva,"

"days

latter half

17

schoolboys had

the

the

on

BOY.

carrying

but

fifteenth of the month

fell in

which
the

long

"

Horace

summer.

their

of their

one

fees
for

speaks

school

to

cation
va-

on

the

in the

eight months

of a doubtful passage
(ifthis interpretation
this was
is correct). Perhaps as
a
country
made
the holidays were
school
longer than

year

usual, to let the scholars take

harvest, which
not

be

We

find

he should

to

summer

class,who

were

the

season

indeed

in the later

and

"

In

summer

boys

by

autumn

remark

sentiment

^Estate

July was

probably

was

schoolboy will forgiveits

"

of

convenient

more

doubtless

poet'sremark,

its admirable

heat

tillthe fifteenth of

his seat

abdicate

Rome

the

master
school-

learning,and suggesting that

brought a

study.

autumn.

imploringa

that

remember

favorable

October

late in the

Martial, however,

to
not

includingthe vintage would

as

tillsomewhat

over

their part in the

deserted

the wealthier

disposed to
to

which

Latin

for

agree

in

the idlest

for the sake of

pueri si valent satis discunt."

learn

enough,

if they

keep their health."

ROMAN

LIFE

IN

THE

YS

DA

not

and

"

us

from

The

We

than

more

gives

we

of

the

Rome

of

little book,

all, which

in

Crates, who

"

Rome

knowledge, to

was

to

owed,

as

Greek,

Minor, broke

Asia

from

ambassador

as

facts.

few

schoolmaster

coming
of

kings

glean

grammar

of her

most

of the

one

of

of

boys

pages

may

and

grammar,

certain

have

said

lives of illustrious schoolmasters

which

owed

the

twoscore

first business

teach
she

hands

committed.

were

CICERO.

be

Something, perhaps, may

teachers, into whose

OF

his

leg

while
and

of Rome,
streets
walking in the ill-paved
occupied his leisure by givinglectures at his

house.

Most

Catulus

him

bought

than

more

earlyteachers

of the

slave

Greek

fifteen hundred

his freedom

another

of the

between

three

him

set

four

and

as

somewhat

and

giving

schoolmaster

received

nation

same

for

pounds,
up

Greeks.

were

hundred

salaryof

pounds,

his

able
takingand probably making a considerfees. Orbilius, the
profitout of the pupils'
of blows, was
probably of Greek descent.

patron

man

He
then

had
a

been

first

beadle, then

trooper in his youth, and

the year

in which

Cicero

was

came

consul.

trumpeter,
to

Rome

He

seems

in

been

have

to

severe

as

he

pupils as

their

wrote

of

author
had
a

of

great age

his

seen

marble

in
figure,

of Orbilius, who
as

were,

and

invented
age
a

prizes

against

tutor

victor.
or

rare

to

his

each

This
old

whom

of

Atticus

Cicero

credit

used

to
was

book

pounds

to

of

his

gave
as

having

pit lads

write, but

commonly

he

annum.

of
not

first

equal
only
some
hand-

some

made
a

prize for

Augustus

per

the

Virgil'sassociates,

grandsons, giving him

eight hundred

school,

early dramatists.

other, supplying

which

subject on

the

the

He

two

acquaintance.

some

had

Flaccus

certain

of

one

was

authors

Virgil,with whom,

on

had

probably

he

to

man,

with

intimate

with

favorite

said, the

correspondent

freedom, lectured
was

The

The

It

town.

of the old-fashioned

Caecilius,a younger
friend

three.

schoolmasters

about

it.

was

been

has

livingto

sittingposture,

beside

writing desks

and

in his native

statue

him

prevent

little book

the

he

ingratitude. His

hundred

one

in which

book

and
not

lads

the

on

way

meanness

parents of his

the

on

troubles, however, did

the

19

in another

was

themselves, for he

exposed

BOY.

ROMAN

him

salaryof
Twenty

ROMAN

20

have

made

These

of

between

Caesar

fame, is said

finest

very

call the

had

commonly
on

the

much

yet

lawyer

to

of

man's

and

the

learn.
an

Julius

at

height of

very

his

his

lectures.

delivered

he

He

have

must

from

whom

the

"

of

what

Rome.

but

if he

orator.

had

to

Law

attachinghimself, by becoming

he

the

an

we

lad

thought
he

make

when

statesman,

commonwealth,
He

his education"
"

gown

his

been

great

so

something.
eloquence were

Professors

office in

of

Cicero, when

attended

"finished
"

them,

among

But

life,of becoming
political

taking

the

"

One

non-political
speeches,

learn

to

may

he put

his

teachers

These

sometimes

fifteen)
;
distinguishedpupil

in which

teacher

hoped

orator

at

year

of

clever

is said

men.

orphan

an

own.

of Cluentius.

defence

also

his

have

to

the

was

very

of

left

praetor, and

This

schoolmaster

were

in his

up,

grown

CICERO.

his classes in the house

(Csesarwas

was

OF

three and four thousands.

afterwards, when

he

YS

eloquence, lecturingto

having held

was

DA

for instance, is mentioned

Gnipho,

and

THE

schoolmasters

teachers

as

IN

later,a fashionable

years
to

LIFE

and

had

himself

learned

by

pupil,as

ROMAN

22

When

he

stand

gave
his

by

that

the

from

client

But

great

be

What

of

chance
have

power

that
who

country
had

to

speech ;

no

who

of

Rome,
the

to

of

it made

middle

giftin

Of

the

the

trick of

or

is

statesman

course,

We

professional

defect

of the
idea

an

received

Roman

all

est
highof

one

teaching is part
a

or

Sometimes

to

some

in this

eloquence.

even

go

the

speak

wield

can

this

called

wielded

who

had

call the

can

government.

us.

course.

man

of

be

to

it is much

us

sort

that such

quite strange

there

ever

training of

necessary

was

reached

never

learn

learn, as

"

country

man

one

get cured

but

either

only to

this

statesmen

will
politician

teacher

remembered

speak

With

offices in the

young

would

learned, how

be
in

had

others

CICERO.

they

not

to

whether

had

degree,but
lower

had

orator.

We

OF

payment

no

public man

matter

YS

pupil.

we

the

not.

took

thing can

of

before

must

It

Roman

career

at

home

from

of the

matter

at

also learn how

such

career

audience

man

or

eloquent.

have

DA

chair.

must

as

the

THE

the young

law, he
far

IN

LIFE

it as

like other

its way

but

of the

second

things
slowly. Just
century

B.C.

the

Senate

has

been

BOY.

ROMAN

resolved

"

of

made

23

philosophers and

certain

the

rhetoricians, let Pomponius

he shall hold

it,as

found
the

his

for

and

it

honor, that

own

issued

censors

rhetoricians

Latin

to

such

be

first century

forbiddingcertain

teach.

to

the great

was

censors

edict

an

see

public good,

none

in the

Early

Rome."

at

praetor

for the

be

to

mention

that

Seeing

One

of

these

Crassus, greatest

orator

Cicero puts
predecessorsof Cicero.
mouth
an
apology for this proceeding:
actuated
not
by any hostilityto

of all the
into his
"

was

culture.

learning or
were

youth

Rome
than

rivals,from

Greek

of their

but

rhetoricians

Latin

ignorant pretenders,inefficient

mere

Roman

These

not

were

likelyto

whom

learn any

tators
imi-

the

thing

ever,
howimpudence." In spiteof the censors,
belief in
and in spiteof the fashionable
that what

what

teachers

rose

Cicero,

"when

Plotinus, who
in Latin

of

was

we

to

be

growth,
"

were

the

was

must

native

into favor.

how, when

crowded
capital

Greek

was

first

says

eloquence

youth

itvexed

Latin

Lucius

one

teach

the studious

hear him

the

remember,"

boys,
to

far better

me

of the

much,

ROMAN

24

that I

LIFE

checked, however,
held

who

men,

of the young

that

he would

teachers

an

opinion

him.

of

learned

was

the abilities

matter

We

reminded

are

who

Johnson,

of

declared

which

part of the instruction

that

One

discuss.

these

imaginary cases
for their pupils
legaldifficulty
to

was

gave

involvingsome
to

CICERO.

disgracethe walls of Westminster

epitaph in English.

chief

The

OF

profitablynourished

Greek."

in

not

Abbey by

YS

attend

in this
more

Doctor

own

our

DA

the

by

were

exercises

by

THE

permitted to

not

was

IN

propose

of these

two

or

cases

be

may

given.
One

day

down

coming

they should
The

up

hamper

allegethis
The

whom

to

be

thread

theirs

fishermen

found

were

as

claim

did it belong ?

there

draw

bargain

draught for
paid. When

with

sewn

made

to

men

Ostia, and

found

about

were

they

fish

no

to

seashore

the

was

money

drawn

the

who

have

excursion

an

these

With

net.

party of young

to

fishermen

some

To

summer

made

Rome

from

net.

in

certain

the
in

net

in

that
sum.
was

it, but

gold. The buyers

the draught of the

of

it

as

not

being fish.

boy

purple-edged
wont

to

But

when

was

talked

that

robe
The

wear.

they came
of, it

reallyfree, seeing that

was

who

of

token

his

conclude

life which

days

this

picture,which

pretty
the

when

he

he

lads

were

discovered.

and

the

that

matter

the

his

was

boy

master

him

given

led with
first

the

the

came

without

gods

about
rebuke

me,
over

his teacher

timid

for

up

wanderer

when

the

very

of

in the

upon

hood.
man-

steps lost the

the bulla

offeringto

the

; when

and

rades
comflattering
might cast my eyes

the whole

busy

the shelter of the yet unsullied

days

poet draws

purple stripe,and

hung

household

with

entering

first my

guardianshipof
of the boy was
quaint

chapter
Roman

was

"When

the

the

of freedom.
shall

it

free will had

own

hands

and

bulla

maintained

was

them

lay

not

was

Rome,

to

with

free-born

deceit

of

cargo

value, fearing lest

the

him

upon

should

officers

him, put

upon

25

having

of great

custom-house

the

and

Brundisium,

at

beautiful

very

Y.

slave-dealers, landing

Certain
slaves

BO

ROMAN

path

is

knowing naught

street

gown

doubtful, and
of

life comes

der
un-

; in

the
with

26

bewildered
then

soul
made

took

at

myself

hands
how

its

I would

with

and

you,

long

first

hours.

One

certain

time

for

and

unbent

from

told

with

that

the
to

handed

keeping

it

over

for

work

this

one

charming

pupil, dying
old

his

and

gles
strug-

under

your
I

mind

summer

you

at

perverse

suns

the

bloom

we

had,

of
one

modest

table

picture

to

thoughts."

sterner

accords

property

rest,

applied

well

Ay,

with

another

each

assumes

away

You

rule,

reason,

lineaments.

pluck

"

of

your

by

night's

It

and

wear

roads

child.

straightens

subdued,

plastic

CICERO.

bosom

years

molded

is

be

to

the

disguise,

nature

OF

adopted

your

tender

skillful

YS

DA

many-branching

into

my

habit

THE

the

to

once

Socrates
with

IN

LIFE

ROMAN

to

himself

the

in

and

tutor,
kinsfolk

the

books

left

youth,
that
of

the

only.

the

be
his

latter

deceased,

II.

CHAPTER

IN

last

the

UNDERGRADUATE.

ROMAN

"Roman

chapter
in

Boy"

It

which

we

will

in
a

of

little

is

entia

hear
the

of

has

the

address

his

mother

subject
had

is

of

his

most

anxious

considerable

notices

the

letters
he

hear,"

to

and

me,

He

is

in

His

"

of

honeyWhen

is put
with

on

of

those

prospects

are

the

Terentia,

thought.
fortune

we

terms

his

name

along

Ter-

time

philosopher."
son's

that

"

that
to

of

spoken

and

writes

Atticus,

to

time

letters

sister.

Cicero's

person,

From

the

"Roman

trace

to

little

"

exile

and

of

born

always

in

our

particular

father's

his

glad

well."

his

but

to

affection.

Cicero,"

no

letters

been

and

him,

father

be

had

real

in

earliest

doing

the

him

will

tenderest

sweet

who

of

his

son

be

interesting

You

"

one

be

find

books.

view;

will

Undergraduate"
son.

we

of

her

own,

28

sell

to

proposes

ill fortune

to

their

duty by

if

they

do

do

implore
ruin

not

the

moderate

us,

same

what

lad.

will

fortune

do

not

save

he

is ruined

modest

will

me.

only something

then

want,

friends

troubles, do

our

Indeed

If he has

as

for money

want

all

by

sad

as

you

If my

means

your

poor

good

make

I shall not

you,

from

him

pursue

much.

so

enough already.
keep

If the

us.

to

to

sorry

me,

not,

Pray think," he

unhappy boy ? I cannot

My tears fairlyoverpower

I will say

myself.

to

CICERO.

OF

"

happen

our

be

YS

estate.

more.

any

; I should

me

DA

shall continue

happen

write

THE

an

will

writes, "what

will

IN

LIFE

ROMAN

merit

him

give

to

and

all he

wants."

Appointed
Cicero

takes

When

he

his

starts

Quintus, are

son

native

Deiotarus.
Rhodes."
to

to

him

his

the

into the

If need

Cilicia,

province.

campaign against the

his cousin, young
of

court

princes of
writes

of

government

with

on

sent

Ciceros," he

uncle

the

tribes,the boy and

mountain

of the

to

Deiotarus,

Galatia.

to

"

Atticus,

The
"

young
with

are

be, they will be taken

Atticus, it may

be

Quintus, and might

mentioned,

be anxious

one

to
was

about

ROMAN

30

IN

LIFE

THE

DA

YS

OF

CICERO.

his father's

took

at

the inhabitants,

control).The ceremony
Arpinum, much to the delightof
felt of

who

the greatest

course

interest

in their famous

it

was

sad time.

journeyed I

of

prospect
The

"

and

broken

this

"

This

While

his kinsfolk

and

preparing

was

probably not

was

just beginning

He

hastened

the

across

friend, and

father's

of

maneuvers

his chief and

him

Pharsalia

of

Adriatic

; but

lad who

to

join his
the

to

man.

mand
com-

till a

by

his comrades.

he waited
kind

pardon.

his

back,
horse-

on

the defeat

After

with his father

letter from
In

seat

and his general

javelin,
highlypraised both by

the

were
soldierly
qualities

disium

to

war

squadron of auxiliarycavalry. His

were
probably assisted by some

his skill with

at

The

himself

appointed

was

subordinate

veteran

think

to

already
Pompey

Italy.
evil

unmixed

an

had

entertaining

was

fly from

to

The

between

Arpinum,

at

as

indeed."

is sad

indeed

Cicero

friends

was

dismay.

the civil war

was

But

where

every

and
trouble

vast

Pompey.

out.

and

sorrow

trouble

vast

Csesar

saw

pride and

fellow-townsman.

There

"

place

B.C.

46 he

at

Csesar
was

made

Brun-

assured
sedile

ROMAN

Arpinum,

at

his cousin
The

time.

same

UNDERGRADUATE.

Pompey
of

; and

probably not
his

drew

nor

cause

the son's wish

lad has

the

in

give

with

connection

not

Oxford
of

and

the

accustomed

were

study'ssake.

long
"

take

but

still
of

sons

to

visit

is

to

the

living

bank,

or

of solicitors.
his

up

the

are

in

sense

the

place of

before

dence
resi-

university

wealthy Roman
complete their

years

In those

English

unremunera-

then the

exactlyin

Four-and-twenty
paid

in

firm

Cambridge

England,

culture,where

was

indeed

he

service

an

there

opening

Athens, which

Rome,

which

had

the

up

when

arms,
an

side

take

to

was

general. Neither
pleasedthe father,and

settled that he should

at

of

to

family,or

was

which

overruled, justas

was

forces

old

career

sometimes

promising
It

the

professionof

tive

ready

of his

son

of

sons

Cicero, who

young

was

the

against the

out

particularon

very

sword,

against the
the

the

have

Fighting

Spain, where

holding

the

at

would

he

year

militarycareer.

in

were

Caesar

being appointed

next

his

gladlyresumed
was
going on

31

sities
univer-

liberal
lies
fami-

tion.
educa-

the father

city, partly for

days," he writes,

"

ROMAN

32

IN

neck

figurethat

DA

YS

feeble

long and

was

THE

and

emaciated

was

LIFE

thin ;

to

CICERO.

degree ; my
of body and

habit

thought

are

OF

indicate

to

danger to life,if aggravated by a

professionand constant
strainingof
friends

My

in those
my

thought the more

days 1 was accustomed

speeches without

without

with

voice, and
At
me

when
first,

friends

abandon

to

and

while, I felt that

the

of oratorical distinction.

voice, and

regulate my

both

speaking,I might
threatened

health

my

self-controlled

than

risk

any

by learningto

that

moderate

the

avert

also

and

It

relinquish
Afterwards

changing

manner.

my

gesticulation.

sooner

I reflected

effort,
of

top

very

I would

hope

of

all

physicians advised

for

advocacy
run

deliver

to

abundant

most

the voice.

of this, because

the

variety,at

any

laborious

relaxation

any

much

my

and

styleof

danger

acquire a

was

more

resolve

that

to

break

through

induced

me

practicedfor

the

to

travel

two

years,

well known
to

the

Athens
most

I spent

when

formed

I had

habits

the

to

and

my

East.
name

I left Rome.

six months

and
distinguished

with

learned

that
I

had

had
come
be-

Coming
Antiochus,

philosopher

ROMAN

of the Old
wiser

UNDERGRADUATE.

famous

more

or

than

Academy,

33

whom

there

teacher.

At

the

under
myselfdiligently
practiced
Demetrius
Syrus, an old and not

of

of

master

always looked

then, Cicero

care

guished
undistin-

To

eloquence."

same

the

time

no

was

Athens,

with affection.

back

hears, for instance, that Appius is going

He

build

to
me

fool,"he writes

the

at

same

But

say.

I love

"

Will

Atticus,

to

Academy

I shall be

and

Eleusis.

porticoat

'

have

the

so,'you

will

place,much

Athens, the very

glad to

if I do

"

I think

think

you

some

memorial

of

should

call

there."

me

The

him,

undergraduate,as

new

have

to

was

shall have

much

as

liberal allowance.

Flamen,

the

would

interestingto

unhappily this
we

know

Rome

is that
not

were

writes
of the

this

three young

I hear, will

shall

to

live

at

be

the

more

their

know

the amount,
All

"

liberal father,

[whom

Athens
expense

at

he
the

than

as

It
but
that
in

men

young

more.

He

sons."

recovered.

richest

have

men

at

allow

be

cannot

"

much

Publilius,as

as

Lentulus
be

we

I will guarantee,"
"

that

none

names] who,
same

he

time
will be

LIFE

ROMAN

34

able

to

were

the

do

Rome.

will

at

incomings

to

"

certain

his studies

for

generallyto

taken

himself

to

Helen.

Near

the poet

express

Plato.

about

three
but

money,

or

it had

of successive
one

famous

Lyceum.

legend of

Theseus

four hundred

be

small

pounds

Aristotle, Theophrastus,and

This
Another

had

spot,

represented

enlarged by

Aristotle had

sacred inclosure,

may

lecture-room.
Here

was

but

benefactors.

he

pride it was

Eleusis, Plato

was

been

that

Academus

or

to

which

Horace,

mean

whose

the sage

It

He

would

road

which

probably
philosophical
pursuits

his grove,

adjoinedthe

the

among

phrase by

Athens.

strictlyit

bought a garden.
purchased for a sum
by

he

think

not

truth

is the

at

be the successonof

which

"rents"

properties at

I do

"

local hero,connected with the

and

CICERO.

These

contemporary,

it

attached

from

seek

of Academus

describes

to

To

"

famous

uses

rents."

OF

ings,
something of the universitybuildspeak,which the young Cicero found

Athens,

more

YS

horse."

know

groves

DA

Only," he adds,

want

so

those

on

"

We

THE

IN

of

ality
liber-

the
then

was

the

was

taught,and
after him,

our

after
a

long

UNDERGRADUATE.

ROMAN

of the

of thinkers

succession

third institution of the

in which

he

and

their benefit

school.

same

kind

same

bequeathed

to

the garden

was

assembled

had

Epicurus

which

and

35

his disciples,
for

trustees

the benefit of their

successors

for all time.

To

the

nobler

buildingsmust

have

been

rather

than

of

Roman

and

places.

It

with these

was

temples of gods

that he

of

goodness
worship Jupiteror
was

better

duty

as

citizen ; his
his

it,was
Athens

what

him

to

the

"

teacher

Land

of this

something

had

We

of the

might be his
real religion,
as

is

been

Piso

Quintus,

and
a

agreed

among

he

with

me,

Atticus, and

Zeno.

describes

Antiochus

to

and

Lucius

to

him

followingpassage

wont

cousin, in affection
ourselves

or

in the school

was

To

Athens, but

to
listening

Academics)
was

the

there

stand
under-

we

Cicero

us.

feelingin

the Ptolemseus, where

Marcus

to

the

necessary

Plato

only what

not

with

make

not

it

for

holy

life.

his

did

dens
gar-

as

what

purity in

reverence

was

Holy

connected

Romulus

though

man,
a

and

these

sort

my

(a

called

lecture.
brother

Cicero, by
a

finish

brother.
our

lationship
re-

We

afternoon

36

LIFE

ROMAN

walk

in the

was

the proper

with

met

we

; and

solitude

the

said Piso,

by

'

than

touched
have

have

written

not

we

to

bring

him

up

which
who

"

that I

we

have

had been

burstingin
in which

after

Xenocrates

lies there

close

of

me

"

as

nightof

this

we

we

place;
hand

at

here

Here

spake

his

disciple

belonged

This

at

him, but actually

eyes.

my

us.'

was

was,

in

converted,

more

affected

am

lectured

indeed

before

spots

far

are

Plato, who

of

remind

Polemo

to

through

or

thingsthat
something that they

Speusippus, here Xenocrates,

Polemo

we

it,'

of the

hear

before

Is

'

the very

see

lived

read

first who

instinct

we

have

or

only to

which

sought.

natural

his little garden which

seems

walls

and

we

I think

told, the

are

Gate

which

It is thus

this moment.

the six

for their fame, found

when

thence,

traversed

the

At

reason

men

done,

they

place

that hour.

the Double

that when

famous

where

that

Piso's house

entering

some

delusion

some

CICERO.

OF

at

at

lie between

give such good

there

YS

talk,we

varied

furlongsthat
the Academy
can

DA

be crowded

to

time

occupied

THE

because
Academy, chiefly

not

sure

IN

was

this

seat

the Polemo

should

say,

revel upon

of
discoursing

when,

lecture

temper-

ROMAN

38

have

LIFE

IN

and

obeyed

THE

DA

reformed.

least that the repentance

his

misdoings

freed-man,

in

letter

OF

CICERO.

We

which

hope

may

he expresses

at

for

Tiro, his father's

to

This

genuine.

was

YS

picture of

is his

his life in the

I

"

days of repentance and soberness :

of the closest intimacywith Craterms

on

am

tippus,livingwith

pupil.

Not

but

beg

often

him

This

can.

to

has

he often

that

in the

looks

life,he
we

is yet

do

lodging for
help his
I have

with

so

in upon

light,
de-

the

small part of the

with

as

geniality
I spend whole days

me

habitual
us

at

; he

night;

often

as

he

as

with

him

when

dinner

lays aside

the

him

poverty

strict

to

Cassius, and

as

is his

delightfulcompanion.

most

philology.
close
out

us

for Bruttius, he

entirelybanish
in

begun

than

son

philosopherand jokes with

not

daily studies

his lectures with

As
fashion.
pleasantest
leaves me
; frugal and

never

with

dine

become

of the

sternness

no

expecting him

not

are

For

as

I hear

am

him, and

for I

we

only do

more

greatlytaken
is peculiarto the man.

which
with

him

by

of my

mirth
I have

; and
own

do

to

have

my

narrow

our

hired
best
means.

declamation

practiceGreek
wish

from

Latin

course

to

with

Bruttius.

with

who

first man

is the

pleasantwords

some

farm, and
a

I also

highly approves.

crates,

and

friends

My

daily

panions
com-

Cratippus brought
pupilswhom
Mitylene,well-read men, of whom

from

him

39

the

are

he

UNDERGRADUATE.

ROMAN

whom

he

bought a

find turned

to

expects

had

Epi-

After

Athens."

at

Tiro, who

to

of

much

see

into

farmer, bringingstores, holdingconsultations

with

his

and
bailiff,

pocket from

dessert, he says,

would

if you

send

much

had

sent

son

devoted

to

man

young

devoted
would

Among
Cicero

was,

to

have
the
as

is
than

those
him

not

friends

the

young

I found

son,

and

steadiness.
I

say

in Athens
your

your

studies

Cicero, that

; there

to

notes."

of
"

glad

I have

reputation for

dear

be

possible

my

laudable

most

in his

of Cicero's

one

excellent

please you

more

you

the

fancy,my

lovable

writingout

his father.

to

to

enjoying an
Don't

I should

satisfactoryreport

behavior

man's

"

by preference.

before

time

fruit-seeds

quickly as

as

pains on

short

me

Greek

copyist,a

spend

puttingby

a
nor

high pursuits in

this
more
one

which

interested."

contemporaries
has been

of the

young

said,the poet Horace.

40

ROMAN

His

had

been

had

not

been

taken

serve

LIFE

him

studies

he says,

of

"

much

taught how
the

Homer,

just as

Eton

Harrow.

or

added

be

might
and

able

It

was

And

English youth

goes

lot,"

had

amongst

harmed
read

his

him

at

reads

the

just in
to

read

the

be

to

Athens," he goes

Kind

on

In
of

and

to the end
learning,
distinguishrightfrom

Academus."

to

my

of Achilles

words, he

truth

for

seek

to

"

to

"

English boy

an

books

Pompey.

Rome,

at

up

other

littlemore

his

He

regular course

lad.

the wrath

In

Greeks.

the

see

CICERO.

boyhood.

officer under

be bred

to

OF

from

away

Roman

YS

DA

studious

accordinglywe

the

"

THE

more

cavalry

as

IN

on,

that I
wrong,

of

groves

same

the

way

philosophy

at

Oxford.
The

interrupted by
which

took

followed
service

the

same

the

with

two

men

young

death

Brutus,

of

answering more
our

own

army.

ornamental
favor

or

of the

less

Csesar.

both

It

nearlyto

was,

were

civil war

the

cause,

that

however,

rank, being bestowed

general in command,

They

having

rank, that of militarytribune,

same

in

the

of

studies

the

command
of colonel

mainly

sometimes
sometimes

an

by

ROMAN

by

The

popular vote.
already served,

had

himself

he

and

the

party

indeed

distinguished

considerable

When

him.

crushed

cesses
suc-

cavalry which

of the

gave

were

Cicero

now

some

command

afterwards

Brutus

41

young

winning
greatly,
in the

of

UNDERGRADUATE.

the

hopes

Phillippi,he

at

in Sicily;
Pompey
joined the younger
which
took an opportunity of an amnesty

four

offered

afterwards

years

Here

he

must

fellow-student, who

had

Rome.

the

to

victorious

collegeof

the

have

He

of the mint, and

in

also

and

B.C.

found

his

old

one

of

commissioner

the honour

he had

30

to

himself

made

was

was

return

also reconciled

party.

augurs,

to

but

of

Augustus himself.
dispatchannouncing the

sharing the consulshipwith

It

to

was

him

that

final defeat and

and

fallen chief.

orderingof

to

heaven

inflicted

His

time

Asia,

at

last

Antony

execute

"Then,"

was

Syria ;

of

the destruction

ordered

to

death

him

it fell to

the

the

by

says

and

according
thus

decree

the

to

which
of the

statues

Plutarch, "by the

punishment

of office ended, he
or,

the

of all the

delivered

was

some

disappears from

Antony

of Cicero."

house
went

of

as

Governor

accounts,
our

view.

to

LIFE

ROMAN

42

Pliny

Elder

the

sarcastically
himself

able

hardest

is
the
he

pa,

the

tells

swallow

clearly

of

of

and

man

the

it the

the
the
in

sought
of

the

of

Cicero

of

wine

we

at

may

of

being
story

draught

disbelieve
that

Agrip-

Marcus

and

utation
rep-

being

anecdote,

other

Emperor,

avenge

the

As

time.

head

Rome.

to

him

younger

pints

drunkard,

enjoyed

perhaps

at

to

he

CICERO.

was

robbing

the

with

cup

he

before

twelve

son-in-law

greatest

had

incredible,

whole,
threw

by

he

that

us

OF

YS

DA

that

drinker

he

to

tells

Antony

on

which

THE

observing

which
the

IN

after

him

CHAPTER

IN

absolute

82

Asia

and

that

called,
various
who

B.C.

rebelled

the

in

belonged

to

them.

the

of

the

party

leader
he
and

of

had
then

the

But

the

war

in

the

and

just

had

Asia

thinking

nobles,

himself

he

her,

the

as

called

against

at

Rome,

first century
that

the

was

Marius

people.

his

were

they
which

privileges

leader
was

of
the

Once

before

the

capital

in

supreme

used
was

the

in

who

with

of

he

of

and

they

as

part

was

in Africa

Rome,

treaties

rights

He

nations,

And

party

made
he

Italian

early

of

of

of my

part

man.

allies,"

made

became

victories

won

"

against

robbed

were

had

not

this

of

enemies

the

is

times

and

had

the

over

Sulla

It is

history

the

over

itself

Italy

Rome.

who

soldier

great

Cornelius

B.C.,

give

to

DICTATOR.

THE

OF

of

master

purpose
a

DAYS

THE

November

IN

III.

power
away

Mithridates,

with
to

ation.
modercarry

the

on

great

LIFE

ROMAN

44

IN

THE

King

of Pontus

; and

upper

hand, and

had

cruelly.

DA

OF

his enemies

used

the

terrible list of

YS

CICERO.

had

got the

opportunity most

victims, called the

because
it was
proscription,"
posted up in the
and a
forum, was
prepared. Fifty senators
thousand
knights (peers and gentlemen we
should call them) were
put to death, almost all
"

without

of them

outlawed.

was

he

had

led

he

; and

spring of 83.

landed

in the

of

followingyear,

the

of Rome,
The
and

opposing army

Sulla

had

waited

for

Senate

had

power

to

passed a

change

decree

laws,

State, and

to

deal with

of citizens

as

it might

he entered

Rome.
The

the

at

November

the

walls
war.

to

came

He

city tillthe

givinghim
fillthe

please him.
of

the

his mercy.

the lives and

Then
chief

Italy,and

absolutely
destroyed

thing

the

to

let his enemies

to

In

days outside

few

with

final battle of the

was

every

to

just outside

fought the

was

which

army

enriched

back

hastened

He

triumph.

self
him-

entirelydevoted

was

inclined

not

an

had

and

which

was

of trial. Sulla
he had

But

victory

to

prize-money,and
him

kind

any

absolute
offices of

properties
This

another

his enemies,

done,

scription
pro-

Marius.

46

marriage,had
when

IN

LIFE

ROMAN

of

DA

the courage

would

there

THE

be

CICERO.

OF

in

public

to

ask him

to

this terrible

end

an

YS

state

things. We do not beg you,"he said, to

remit the punishment of those whom
you have
made
mind
do beg you
to remove
; we
up your
to

do

have

with

away

resolved

the

spare."

to

least,"said Metellus,
to

mean

the

tyrant.

punish."
It

Plutarch

denounced

against any

the life of
of death

for his

for

murderers

received

slave who

for each

The

that

proscribed were

infamous

and
Nor

cities of

that
was

it

victim
to

the

sons

their

the

paid
who

son

to

killed

thing of all,it
and

declared

grandsons
be legally

to

property

it only in Rome

Italythat

talents

two

; it was

no

The

parent.

of

payment

or

ment
punishmade

He

or

son,

He

"

the

humanity.
or

that

shelter

might

monstrous

most

thought,was

of the

who

mother,

replied

terrible time

describes

killed his master,

his father.
was

thus

whom

I will do,"

That

Then

"

tell us

can

proscribedperson

exemption

(about ^4/0)

"

spare."

you

you

yet certain,"

not

am

"

indeed

was

followed.

save

I shall

"

you

"

whom

those

anxiety of

Sulla, whom

answered
at

"

"

was

but

was
proscription

cated.
confisin all the

carried

THE

IN

There

out.

but

not

was

the

slaughteredin

but

was

who

small

in

this

man

'

of their

or

Aurelius, a

sake

might well

of

have
of

the death

his

gardens,or his baths.' Quintus

peaceablecitizen,who had had only
of

he had

others, coming into

forum, read the list of the proscribedand

the

found

in it his

'

own

name.

'

been

my

ruin ;

steps before

'

he

he

and

was

followinghim.
wicked.
especially

own

brother.

began. He
name
might

This
went

be

put

still alive ; and

Sulla

was

shown

Lucius
He

not

the

it was

by

his

so

man

that

Catiline's conduct
murdered

had

Sulla and
in

many

gone

by

before

was

to

had

that I
that has

Alba

at

down

cut

was

Unfortunate

farm

am,' he said, it is my

to

for the

has been

felt for the misfortunes

were

the number

in the late civil troubles,that

this share

was

hatred

and

with

way

sons

the number

anger

murderers

fine mansion

His

were

wives, and

And
to

of the

house

Husbands

comparison

The

their property.
:

blood.

arms

out

put

47

singletemple,not

fell victims

who

were

said

DICTATOR.

of their mothers.

arms

of those

THE

OF

pollutedwith

was

in the

YS

DA

the

proscription

begged

list

his

as

that the

if the

man

put. His

gratitude

killingone

Marius,

48

ROMAN

LIFE

who

belonged to
his head

Sulla

was

in

men

in the

are

said

of

June,

of

terror

have

to

look

makes
to

was

I shall

into

live

at

to

The

story is all the

the

events

many

The
been

of

he

was
was

the

the first

Still the
the

as

reign

strange

amply prove.
particularcase

imagine

to

days

of

pages

what

it

really

of the Dictator

generaldescription.
impressive because

more

after

had

order

supposed

to

been

be proceeding

regularcourse.
to

an

same

murdered

year
in the

returning

home

has

end,

as

81.

In the

of

said, in the early summer

Roscius
as

of

proscription came

autumn

station,

last,on

end,

things were

in their

knights,

relate will

happened
and

At

an

in the

Rome

than

restored

read

at

now

able

hundred

closed.

details

the

better

us

yet

his hands

of obscure

perished.

not

was

popular

temple of Apollo."

men

many

8 1, the list was

story which
To

as

forum.

most

done, he washed

sixteen

than

in the

of the

one

and

more

CICERO.

of the great democratic

of the

senators

OF

sat

holy water-basin

Forty
and

was

This

Rome.)

he

as

kinsman

leader, and

YS

DA

oppositefaction,and bringing

the

to

(This Marius

THE

IN

certain
streets

from

Sextus
of Rome

dinner.

SENATOR.

IN

DAYS

THE

Roscius

was

Etruria, between

of

Rome.

He

families

Since

safe from

he had

any

he

who

enemies
death.

his

to

had

known

The

murder

desired

and

Capito,was

as

evening.

Rome

with

the

next

the house
was

the

livingat

news,

at

; the

home

and

Ameria

murdered
in

other, who
Ameria.
o'clock

seven

such

haste

placebefore

Strangelyenough
of the

of

immediately left

made

the

Titus

the time

at

about

messenger

he reached

day.
not

profit

certain

was

folk
kins-

own

would

who

at

committed

was

that

lived

had

his

of these,

One

in the

Ameria

he

among

Magnus,
residingat Rome

was

service.

good

power

Roscius, surnamed
the murder

in its less

indeed

rendered

to

the

wealthy, and

was

noblest

the

rightto do, to be perfectly

danger of proscription. But he

he had

indeed

culture, and

evidentlyconsidering himself,

Rome,

at

north

possessed,

of

some

town

he belonged
politics

its restoration

much

by

of
In

days

prosperous

little

and

taste

some

49

sixtymiles

party of Sulla,to which

the

as

of

Rome.

at

Ameria,

wealthy man,

friend

intimate

an

DICTATOR.

and
fifty

was

seem,

THE

of

native

of

it would

OF

he

man's

charge

went

son,

to

dawn
to

who

of his farms,

50

ROMAN

but

of

LIFE

the

hostile

days

afterwards

their

way

kinsman

had

Greek

freedman
him

to

if he

secure

deceased, it

of

them

lawful

the

the

way.

popular man,

heir, could
was

yet

Rome,
the

it would

three
was

be

be

particular
case,

was

included

had

was

followed

his

to

deal.

to

so

the

as

sold

the

by

purchased by Chrysogonus.
between

of

simple farmer,
to
wholly unknown

and

treated

was

the

and

Ultimately

The

tion
proscriptake

speak, to
name

of

property
auction.
The

and sixtythousand
fifty

in

Roscius

All

in the list of the condemned.

proscribed,and

was

And

well-known

son,

easy

revived,

this

his wealth

Tiber.

into alliance.

entered
to

the

of
large sum
farms, nearly all

out

outcry

no

The

them.

easilybe got
a

affairs,and

of

the

plained
ex-

could

they

prey

left

to

disappearance. With
ignorant

valuable

down

Roscius

Dictator, and

only help
had

thirteen

running

son,

rich

would
seems,

and

money

how

Chrysogonus,

one

the

of

Three

Magnus made
Sulla (he was
sieging
beEtrurian
town).

with

interview

an

CICERO.

and
of

camp

OF

Capito.

Volaterrae, another

They

YS

DA

Capito

the

to

THE

IN

of
It

the
was

real value

pounds.

LIFE

ROMAN

52

the

effect,and

same

their

had

object

Ameria.

THE

IN

There

of

they

had

the

been

attained, returned

of

was

trio

this purpose

course

thus

the

conveyed

was

he

where

The

made.

father.

the
Some

him, and

to

to

intention

no

deal with

to

was

dealt with

CICERO.

deputation,satisfied that

the promises
fulfilling
idea

OF

YS

DA

of

first

son

as

hint

of

he

fled

hospitablyentertained
by Csecilia,a wealthy lady of the family of
Rome,

to

Metellus, and
who

indeed

now

safe from

the

audacious

bore

the

accused

same

of

step

out

was

some
a

man

to

no

which

the

other

temper,
the
no

who

spent

polishedcircles

very

great

in

him

of

take

the

been
of

occupations
father, on

His
a

of

man

his

and

manner,

the rustic

much

time

genial
among

Capitol. If there

of the

between

discrepancyof

little intercourse.

to

was

Outrageous as it seems,
promise of success.
of singularly
reserved

positiveestrangement

was

resolved

devoted.

hand, had

he

As

accusing

thoughtsbeyond
his life was

Sulla's wife,

to

name.

boorish

character, rough and

with

related

violence, it was

held

plan

The

therefore

of his father.

murder
the

was

tastes,

This

was

them, there
and

it would

probably
be easy

IN

to

THE

YS

DA

into

exaggerate

OF

THE

committed
of

some

first time

that

and
trial,

to

be inclined

as

would

such

Sulla.

of

it

the necessary
The

of

themselves

to

none

of the

time

were

Cicero, however,
wanted
from

It

; and

his

the form
was

son,

for

was

had

the

guiltof

person

who
of the
take

satisfied of

were

and

exerted

they

him

conspicuous
to

ever
what-

it.

an

much

so

willing

and

he would

that

father

the

more

jurywould

that the verdict

secure

secure

Sulla

defense.

to

the

brought

case,

the

was

mitted
com-

was

the condemnation

of the

innocence

the

imply

to

had

year,

This

any

hoped

was

means

friends

past

hoped

He

by

profitmost

accused, and

of Roscius

sons.

severity. In

of the
murders

many

probable that

it was

be

not

plausible

alleged culpritwas

was

favorite

the

by

the evidence, it
would
a

them

an

to

that

the

during

53

circumstances

murder

closelyresembling the

TOR.

like

something

under the
charge,especially
It was
case.
beyond doubt

been

DICTA

efficient

dreaded

of the

orators

undertake
the courage

that

the
which

task.

they

speech,probably littlealtered

in which

horrible

he delivered
crime

of which

it,remains.
his client

54

ROMAN

was

accused, and

awful
the

LIFE

known

IN

the

law.

not
being one who was
light; shoes of wood were
that they might not
touch

sack

four animals

which

all that

most

was

dog, a

he

was

Cicero
undertaken

had

worthy

of

into the

was

; the

cock,

this

the

was

strange
river

nearest

pany
comor

sea.

begins by explaining why

he had

his elders and

betters

which

case

It

was

speak

they

could

not

could
choose

facts in

was

but

with

impunity when

be silent.

for

resolve

He

of

of

parricide.They

son

his

had

then

Roscius,

the fruitless

of the
Sulla, the flight
audacious

was

insignificant

more

detail,the murder

of his property,

he

because

not

they,and

indict him

He

which

ape,

In

man.

than

the

the earth.

the

and

he

and

the

his feet

put upon

contempt

bolder, but because

to

see

of all filialaffection ; the

its want

declined.

the seizure

to

supposed to symbolize
and depraved
the
hideous

thrown

gives the

wolf's skin,

leather,and with him

ot

objectof

imitation

face of

were

poisonous viper;
base

most

"

common

proverbialfor

the

The

with

as

then thrust into

CICERO.

OF

punishment

covered

was

YS

DA

the Roman

to

guiltyman

THE

to

tation
depu-

Rome,

enemies

murdered

to

IN

THE

DAYS

his father, they had

and
crime

him

Scaevola.

of his
him

accused

When

indict

be stabbed

indicted

man

the

to

has

been

Not

of age.

an

No

him.

"

so

For

; he

by

nothing. Well,"
did
him."
Why
"

reply,

"

he
"

you

he

I cannot

was

what

do

some

say,

their hands,
A

"

say.

worthless

panions."
com-

fortyyears

drove

he

young

him

never

to

goes

certainlyowes

his father disliked

dislike
say ;

to

His

Roscius.

than

more

and

but

exactlywhy

is

Extravagance and debt

; you
say yourselfthat

entertainment,

at

allowinghimself

indicted

is

as

selves,
them-

asked

This

away

and

that he

escaping from

led

I suppose,

thing

stabbed

found

killed his father,"you

Roscius

it."

of

not

heart.
have

the confederates
crime

for

The

Scsevola

was

blameless

so

what

For

one.

He

Fimbria

likelyto live, he

man,

the crime

mad

stab

to

of what

"

madman,

not

were

mony,
patri-

Fimbria

absolute

an

of Marius.

killed.

of

story

ruffian

some

the funeral

you

the

all who

by

got

not

of

Fimbria,

allowed

was

you

him

55

reminded

to

robbed

they

now

DICTATOR.

Surelyof nothingelse than

having escaped their attack.

of

"

THE

OF

him?
but

he

"That,"

certainly

56

ROMAN

kept

one

after

kept

THE

DA

an

his

other

with

CICERO.

Surely
him

give

him."

this

the

But," you

"

estate.

OF

left this Roscius

farms."

his

fine

YS

him, and

punishment, to

strange
so

IN

with

son

look

to

of

LIFE

the prosecutor,

have

who

know

to

you

read

play

and

one

the country
one

other

who

well that you

the

took

'

to

say.'
it'

him

and

do

Did

Ah

Jived

To

not

made

did

is it

It is

country

the

what
not

plow

'

the

Why?

Well, he
say

the land

covet

so

'

it is cultivated

say,

him.'

he

? And

when

did

'

the

was

from

he disinherit him

whom

it

yet

son,

when

Rome

in

live in old times

but,' you

him

sons,

that the

in the country

Dictator

two

reallyhis

not

was

live in the

did

in

left the other

true-born, and

disinherit

stopped

had

remember

you

him

land, but

own

others.

Who

who

men

their

with

disgraceto

they

father

and

Still you

remember

you

the

was

true-born
such

allowed

was.

how

lived with

who

the

Do

to

sarcasm

never

father

your

books.

Caecilius'

kept

Providence

"

he

"

listen

me," cries Cicero, turning with savage

to

charge

repeat,

Now

"

is

of

father intended
'

cannot

No, he did not.'

was

thinkingof
'To

no

one.'

THE

IN

YS

DA

Surely,"cries Cicero,
justiceand

and

wanton

most

only

this is

"

does

TOR.

the laws

abuse

to

57

not

and

the basest

chargeswhich

make

to

but

cannot

DICTA

dignityin

your

way,

THE

OF

he

attempt

even

not
to

establish."

livelydescriptionof
"It was
really
prosecutor'sdemeanor.

Shortlyafter
the

while, if

worth
man's

his

one

defense.

had
When

he found

that when
then

in

give him

orders, I
this

if it

were

an

it

was

called

gentlemen, that

and

no

careless
sat

for dinner, and

absolute
to

one

he continued

down,

servant,

in which

court

case.

speakers

so

him, he

suppose,

brought his speech

reply. He could be seen

that

became

took

last he
to

criminal

about, sometimes

treated
certainly

sittingas

it, he

humor

whether

of the usual

none

was

engaged for
thought,for I

never

in

who

saw

asked

was

before

that

the

walked

he

me

concerned

were

to

Of

spoken

never

he

one

an

conducting

was

benches, he
such

or

he

as

it that when

these

sittingon
the

observed, gentlemen, the

you

I take

an

indifference

utter

case.

such

comes

solitude.
end.

an

to

breathe

else.
to

are

you

At

rose

again
noticed,

laugh and

be

58

ROMAN

LIFE

THE

IN

DA

inattentive till I mentioned

soon

I got

as

and

touched

him, and

time, and

ceased

never

forwards,

From

to

was

some

to

oppose

would

in

one

be ; that

the

sham

the

so
parricide,

have

the very

There

was

found

that

and

the

case

murdered

same

slave

sale

of

or

two

room.

free man,

at

case

was

disregarded,

power

whole

the

ion
opin-

this

"

is the
evidence

to

of

it.

being

man

men,

who

must

support

both

young

charge

crime,

where

one

gracefu
dis-

generallywas

Tarracina

sons,

tion
atten-

common

in the chamber

No

tured
ven-

imagined it

speaker,

monstrous

strongest

his
sleeping,
the

he

giving their

Then," continued

"

the

as

that the transaction

was

of

cause,

that

goods was
confederacy grievously

people were
the

to

and

who

country

than

handled, his popularityand

the

have

men

I suppose,

pleasure,that

the

being exposed,

second

time

Chrysogonus,
his

had

what

saw

name

that

being pleaded otherwise

that

briskly backwards

run

tell

to

himself

friend roused

my

repeated the

third.

As

Chrysogonus.

evidentlyastonished.

was

there

him

to

CICERO.

OF

YS

he

was

being in

could be found, either

seemed

likelyto

have

60

ROMAN

fore he

have

must

the hands
Were

free

How

did

yet you

him

accuse

There

they belonged
accused.

of the

now.

poor

It

It
who

was

in Rome

he

was

familiar with

to

Ameria,

at

speed
and

but

might expect,
for that he
What

was

an

of

to

he

deputation that

went

was

then

of the murder

; and

Remember

he

to

when
to

I ask

And

Capito

be

famous

sent

Sulla

too

the

news

the

son,

his

accomplice;

accomplice is evident

else could

them

guilt.

deed

is rich.

which

it,not

sent

the

profited.He

assassins.

with

; but
to

your

maxim

who

the time

he

find the real truth

we

he

now

deed

produce

profitedby the

before, and

they

they

not

prove

the

was

Magnus

was

the strange

that

indeed

matter.

lawyer, Ask:

would

if

are

the

saw

not

you

they

ask,

confederate

do

Why

It is there

again

the

to

Purely because
"

of evidence, and

parricide. And

of

were

is the

Where

shred

they

from, where

come

slaves who

two

were

If

he hire them?

slaves, where,

were

it

they

others

these

were

slaves?

or

haven't

You

proof?

CICERO.

OF

it,if he did it at all,by

Who

did

YS

DA

done

men

where

men

live?

THE

of others.

they

free

IN

LIFE

he

so

at

as

one

enough.

cheated

the

Volaterrae

"

then

Cicero

when

"

See

enjoyment

own

suburbs, and

is both
His

near.

and

of Corinth

ware

famous

when

at

they

Delos,

heard

the

that

And

what

think

of

purple,and

colored
scarce

in

marbles
could

be

and

how

piledtogether
and

not

speak

I describe

varied
of

are

with
that

he

ers-by,
pass-

the

out

farm

quantities,
lets
cover-

and

statues,

I tell you,
quantities,

! Such

establishments.

should

be

plate,and

pictures, and

of tumult

time

wealthy
why

he has of embossed

you,

veniently
con-

the

clerk call

sold.

not

which

apparatus,

it must

being

the

in

them

among

that

was

for his

and

highestbid, supposed
which

sion
man-

is crowded

house

price so high

has

he

handsome

self-acting
cooking

latelybought

his fine

besides, and

estate

an

but

stood

he

delightfulretreat

many

of them

one

ing,
surpris-

of Rome,

master

Yes, and

the Palatine.

on

is

high

from

down

comes

which

how

the absolute

of

he

how

boldness

and

Chrysogonus,

to

remember

we

favor

the

in

turned

with

him

attacked

61

UNDERGRADUATE.

ROMAN

its

in

one

mansion

rapine from
And

how

many

his household
many

it

"

numbers,

accomplishments?

ordinary domestics,

as

I do

the cook, the

62

ROMAN

LIFE

IN

THE

DA

baker, the litter-bearer.

of his

enjoyment
of

that

men

again with

the

whole

CICERO.

OF

for

Why,
such

he has

ears

the

YS

the

mere

multitude

echoes

neighborhood
of

dailymusic

and harpsingers,
and with the uproar
players,and flute-players,
of his nightlybanquets. What
dailyexpenses,

what

extravagance,
there

as

be in such

must

be these

costlymust

indeed, held
do
a

I say, and

place

of

not

gentlemen, how
the
and

in such

house

for

his hair

dripping with
he looks

one

can

himself

one

about

fashionablyarranged
; what

to

rich and

him
one,

every

compared

be

the

upon

of
see,

you

"

where

every

perfumes

down

house,

kind

every

citizens,yes, of citizens, follow

how

"

quets,
ban-

of wickedness,

himself

man

he bustles

forum, with

this ! how

! Creditable

manufactory

men,
gentle-

banquets

for the

as

life as

entertainment

? And

crime

well know,

you

crowd
; you

thinks

of
see

no

himself, fancies

powerful

in

man

Rome?"
The

juryseems

of courage
the

from

accused.

recovered

the

It is

caught the contagion

advocate.
They acquitted
have

to

not

his property.

known
But

whether
as

he

ever

Sulla retired

IN

from

year
the

THE

DA

in

power

after,
villains

to

we

the

may

whom

disgorge

YS

OF

DICTATOR.

THE

following
hope
he

some

had

and

year,

that

the

least

died

favorites

sheltered

at

63

were

of

their

the

and

pelled
com-

gains.

IV.

CHAPTER

ROMAN

all

OF
the

the

base

and

commanded

be

the

for

The

fact

temple

plundered

private

he

boldly
the

was

high

office

been

for

one

highest.

he

at

the

man,

What

as

house,

murdered

of
home

and

courage,

he

might
Roman

little
he

sagacity,

citizens

he

zen
citi-

in

fact,
the
to

rose

had

and

had

he

and

risen

he

as

cruel,

yet

abroad,

have

He

scruple

most

And

were

justice,

foreigner

the

mitted
com-

them.

murdered

men.

he
if it

perverted

audacious,

most

shameless

most

of

he

as

that

denied

never

baser

was

belief

our

with

plundered

as

he

friends,

his

betrayed

that

one

crimes

beyond

Sulla

which

not

in

profit

plunderings

Verres.

would
not

found

permitted,

or

Caius

who

creatures

massacers

than

MAGISTRATE.

it

not

eloquence
to

the

very

sometimes,

and

subjects,it

Roman

often

endure

to

which

MAGISTRATE.

ROMAN

we

enabled

are

be

is to

be

may

65

from

seen

the

of

draw

to

feared, very

picture
Roman

magistrate.
Roman

politicians
began publiclife as quaestors.
(A quaestor was an officialwho managed
for

matters

money

governor

of

quaestors

under

Rome,

and

by lot.)

Cilicia with

it

not

which

rich.

Delos.

quaestor in Gaul
; he

was

his

in Asia

Delos

in these

in

Europe,

perpetrated
was

governor,

known

of

in

all

the
over

time

art,

on

the great
still

were

perhaps, of

audacious,

most
was

or

bezzled
em-

quaestor in

works

; and

them

and

opportunity. This

only, but

at

these

island

of

the world

the island of
the

was

shrines

Verres
He

assignedto

were

he laid his hands

The

elected

were

Dolabella, a like-minded

money

robberies

it

was

more

or

one

They

publicmoney

cities,whether

as

him.

used
diligently

was

had

province

their posts

Verres

the

and

higher magistrates.Every

was
was

Apollo. The legend was that

birthplaceof the god. None of his
famous.
more
frequentedor more
indifferent

to

strippedthe temple

such

considerations.

of its finest statues,

66.

ROMAN

ind

loaded
the

with

to

office,was

safe

was

to

departure

the

The

statues

On

his

return

ship
cast

sea

be

was

scarcely
wrecked,

was

subsided

storm

storm

sail in such

the shore.

upon

to

it

governor's

became

them

replacedin
as

so

suddenly

these

gave

evidence

he

he used

that

two

thus
so
or

to

his

profuselyin
three

years

peached
im-

against him,

cause

secured

was

characteristic

With

convincingas

But

guilty.

Do\abella

Rome

to

extortion.

Verres

evidence

votes

terrible

set

town

found

the

whom

arisen.

baseness

of

To

his

after

with
a

the

though

governor,

person

Verres'

ordered

for

and

lucky

it was

question. The

the

that

temple,and

But

were

governor

hired

not

was

the island. The

Then

it had

of the

out

habitable.
and

he

impeached

delayed.

high

so

not

upon

was

was

indeed

as

be

remonstrate.

suddenlyburst
weather

he had

islanders,though

and

of the governor,

of

CICERO.

the theft,did not, indeed,

proceedingsmight

term

OF

complain. They thought

to

doing

the

The

it.

discovered

venture

his

this time

But

secure

YS

DA

shipwhich

merchant

booty.

enough
they had

THE

IN

LIFE

own

the

verdict

of

gains,
purchase

afterwards

he

68

ROMAN

LIFE

IN

THE

give out for the benefit

profitmight be made
It had

wards.

of the

young

into his

before
"

that

"

has

the

guardian

the

contract

temple

guardian

in

was

the

to

appear

thing,"he asked,

any

made
him

of

property

in
difficulty

no

not

require of

to

the

as

the

Is there

ward

your

ought

we

arrangedthat
Junius should take

was

CICERO.

friends,that much

been

summoned

him.

OF

of the

out

repair,there

Verres

way.

YS

of his

hands, and,

own

excellent

DA

good, and
?

"

which

No," said he,

"

and
thing is quite right; all the statues
offeringsare there, and the fabric is in excellent
the praetor's
point of view this
repair." From
"

every

he

satisfactory
; and

not

was

determined

personal visit. Accordingly

temple, and inspectedit. The
whole

; the

"What

is to

satellites.

nothing

for

"

be

buildingin

done

?" he

Well," said
you

went

the best

the

of

with

cellent
ex-

repair.
of his

one
"

man,

there

"

perpendicular?

Verres, who
was

knew

explainedto

what

do

nothing of
him

that

you

mean

be
to

?" said

architecture.

it very

is

here, except

possiblyto require that the columns should

restored to the perpendicular." Restored
the

the

to

ceilingwas

asked

meddle

to

he

on

seldom

It

hap-

ROMAN

pened

that

69

MAGISTRATE.

column

absolutelytrue

was

the

to

perpendicular. Very good," said Verres ; we

will have
made
the columns
perpendicular."
"

"

accordingly

Notice

Disturbed

guardians.
loss
an

their ward's

to

interview

family

with

of

remonstrated

The

praetor showed

one

had

only

way

deal

to

with

ceeding.
pro-

The

in vain.

was

way,

all who

to

the

signs of relenting.

no

yet remained
known

remonstrance

and

him,

upon

iniquityof

the

noble

the

of

One

waited

against

they sought

property,

Verres.

Marcellus

inite
of indef-

the prospect

at

lad's

the

to

sent

was

There
well

too

him,

of

be
obtainingtheir object. Application must
made
of
freedwoman
to his mistress
(a Greek
of Chelidon
the name
The
or
Swallow"). If
"

she could
case
as

and

be

induced

such

must

course

honor,

have

be

to

seeking
begging

take
It

was

favors

it.

interest

an

done.

been

they resolved,

don's house.

were

take

something might yet

their ward,

were

to

Degrading

to

of rank

men

in the

They

in the

interest of

went

to

Cheli-

thronged with peoplewho

from

the

for decisions

for fresh trials of their

cases.

Some

prsetor.

in their favor;
"

want

some

posses-

LIFE

ROMAN

70

sion,"cried
from

The

the

THE

He

"

one.

DA

YS

must

OF

of

demand

be

must

cried

third.

assignedto me,"

fourth.

let him

Don't

"

judgment againstme,"

property

CICERO.

take the property

not

me," said another.

pronounce
"

IN

Some

was

counting

were

out

; others

money

after

was

for Chelidon's

begged
a

very

substantial

The

day

and

would

hear

how

be

any

This

pounds.
resolved

that

auction, and
should

have

he failed.
bid

Of

an

did
no

notice

best

the

next

could

be

of

large sum

the

proceeding,

compromise.

the

that

of it.

two

contract

the

to

guardians

Here, however,

the auction

lowest

sand
thou-

rejected.Verres

put up

They attended
course

of

againwas

his

what

They

nothing

offer of about

he would

the

succeeded.

that

refused
resolutely
made

again

that

sure

lady

the praetor about

to

had

out

next

The

do
willingly

come

got

They

she

felt

to

was

money

and

talk

found

Verres

done.

would

deputation must

again,but

came

tation,
depu-

assistance,and promised

consideration.

gracious. She

she could, and

it.

The

admitted
to
waiting awhile, were
Their spokesman explainedthe

the presence.
case,

signingbonds.

bidder

and

made

ought

to

have

been

ROMAN

knocked

accept it. He
at

priceof

this

and

little was

fact very
were

pulleddown

same

stones.

the

be wanted
His

governor

successor

his stay

and
Italy,

an

years,

harvests

decay

in

dailybread

now

the

that

Rome.
"

Pointed,"

the

some

put in.1

possibly
pounds.
sent

was

should

extended

into which

to

he

wealthiest
wheat-fields

as

have

only, but

the Servile

his

war

in

nearly

crowded

robberies.
of

all the

yielded

had begun
agriculture

Italy,provided no
of

fresh

of cruelties and

fertile

Its

which,

by

years

perhaps

provinces.

and

months

thus

was

incredible number

Sicilywas

to

three

with

again

ended, Verres

detained

was

of

matter

eighthundred

twelve

there

do

of the columns

Sicily. By rightshe

to

remained

three

of office

year

pounds,

for all that could

less than

was

As

up

out

self
him-

to

whitewashed

were

to

to
willing

sum.

Four

taken

cement

contract

persons

built

and

highestestimate

The

were

done.

Others

old

the

sixth of that

refused

Verres

security

five thousand

than

there

he gave

But

down

more

though

itfor less than

had

well.

work

TE.

TRA

CIS

accepted,so long as

doing the

for

MA

In

small part of the

its

I suppose.

cities,founded

ROMAN

72

LIFE

of

most

from

YS

DA

several

them

colonists

THE

IN

Greece,

of its states

Some

be the

would

which

and

had

wealth

This

disturbance

years.

The

of

with

more

than

of

the

richer

tapestriesof

artists

images

civilized world.

that

was
privilege

of freedom
the

between

class

not

without

indeed
incessant

neighbors

were

gold

embossed,
the hands

Greece.

all

The

for

the

And

; but

the

over

probably

were

its value.
over

were

costly offerings

Sicilians

prepared to pay something

of being governed by Rome.

hundred

or

known

were

The

terms.

the East, of

of

with

adorned

to

increasingwithout

pictures wrought by

were

querors.
con-

allowed

been

for

famous

most

temples
and

and

statues

it

earlydiscerned

platecunninglychased

silver

of the

been

houses
rich

full of the

its Roman

favorable

on

now

serious

the

the whole

On

had

had

themselves

surrender

and

Others

possessions.

by

winning side,and by making

had secured
their privileges

in time

their peace

before

accumulated

were

generations.
lightlytreated by

been

CICERO.

centuries

riches of many
had

OF

privilege

indeed

the

The

days

the

lence,
turbu-

strife,the bitter struggles

and

partieswere

also

at

an

ROMAN

end.

Men

MAGISTRATE.

left

were

enjoy it without
demands
they were
to

did

not
to

of

accumulate

hindrance.

willingenough

supply their

rulers with

prices lower
in the open

market.

probably

have

ready

will of

governor

in

been

and

museums

and

custom

dealt with

place.

Let

it suffice

himself

and

his

the

soil and

the way

to

of

doings were

to

say

ruin both

the

good
a

noisseur
con-

from

the

to

as

of

he

province is

that he

enriched
at

the

the cultivators

of

who
capitalists
As

publicrevenue.
of

the

be told in this

laid his hands

came,

both

story of how

on

to

the possessions

privatecitizens,his

emphaticallysummed
he

the

of followers

Roman

temples and

prosecutor when

been

they would

all bounds

greedy troop

he

quantity

presents

The

this part of the

in which

least
pelled
com-

himself

wheat-growers of
and complicated to

of absolute

at

picturegalleries.But

the

cost

meet.

have

secure

handsome

of endurance.

tedious

farmed

to

exceeded

of Verres

exactions

And

fancied

who

with

art

could

than

obtained

too

to

fixed

and

moderate

Any

not

at

corn

their

wealth

complain,for instance, or
complain aloud, that they were

did

They

to

73

we

up

by

his

shall afterwards

74

ROMAN

see,

to

be

of

ware,

article of

there

single jewel

on

in all those

singlepieceof

of

Corinthian

or

pearl,a single

or

which

canvas,

This

is

he did

the sake

how

of rhetorical

I say

hunt

not

leave

not

whole

language of

more

singleprivatehouse,

in

no

sacred

even

Sicilian,of

no

speak

I make

the kind
in

but in

the

plain

still:
clearly
; in

town

in

the

of Rome,

citizen

for

not

that this

not

accuser
professional

I will put

profane or

it. It is

singlearticle of

it

Nay,

say, you

that I declare

province.
the

to

exaggerationthat

sweeping assertion,
did

thing

great

Well, mark

think.

Latin.

old-established

examine, and, if it pleased his fancy,

and

in the

I affirm that in

towns,

not

was

CICERO.

whether
gold or ivory,a singlepicture,

abstract.

no

panel or

fellow

OF

"

plate,a single article

Delian

this

YS

Sicily,
wealthy and

wealthy homes,

up

DA

it is,in all those

province as

on

THE

his trial.

put upon

the whole

silver

IN

LIFE

no

place,
of

hands

did

of

of the

more

it may
spoliation

remarkable
be

worth

of these

while

no

he leave

single article,public or private property,

which came
things profane or thingsreligious,
his fancy."
under
his eyes or touched
Some

in

to

of

acts

relate.

76

ROMAN

LIFE

for

now-a-days

Angelo
and

and

THE

IN

couple of

of the

two

Correggio,we

wealthy
and

who

value

to

wealthy

dinner.

to

governor

inhabitant

of
He

his

be

to

table

was

silver dish

guest, who

promptly

considered

himself
he

when

the

adorned

sent

to

had
be

plate

the

it back

of

the

with

on

some

play
dis-

the
very

fancy

marvel

considered

it removed,
a

citizen
on

with

It struck

fine medallions.

sell,

to

invited the

Roman

Among

dangerous.

possessions

Tyndaris

imagined that he might venture

which
a provincial
might have

and

was

adding dignity

as

was

strous
mon-

owner

temptation

no

to

been, all the

the

only as works of art but

his hereditaryworship.

not

Michael

what

have

must

had

known

was

CICERO.

by

imagine

may

who

man,

OF

statues

because

monstrous

YS

masterpiecesof Raphael

fiction this sale

more

DA

of

and

the
who

tion
modera-

medallions

abstracted.
His
a
on

secretary happened

letter which
the

used

bore

composition

for

sealing.

Verres, who

day

one

to

receive

noteworthy impression

of chalk

which

It attracted

inquired from

the Greeks

the attention

what

place it

of
had

that
at

done.

The

his

this

time

not

citizen,but

the power

country,

the

their

mother.

The

the suit,and

to

of

one

of the

Two

intendingto

throne

had

they contended,

matched

had

visited Rome,
to

tributary

of Antiochus,

of Rome.

their claims

prosecute

favorable

Romar

of the

one

before

years

princes had

through

was

proceedingwas to rob,
Sicilian provincialor a

mere

many

itself with

which,

another

heir of the great house

kings, the

young

this

drawn
ringactually

his

audacious

simple Roman
which

in

finger.

stillmore

his agents

And

him.

had

way,

from

sent

seal-ringshould

unlucky possessor,

citizen,by the
from

for

secured

once

been
to

the

that

his desire

town

it had

77

he communicated

Agrigentum,

not

that

Hearing

come.

be

MAGISTRATE.

ROMAN

of

Egypt,
them

to

come

times

not

were

they returned

to

their

them, Antiochus, probably the

elder, choosing to take Sicilyon

his way.

He

naturallyvisited Syracuse,

where

and
residing,

recognizeda golden

Verres

opportunity.
the visitor

oil,and

at

The

handsome

wheat.

The

once

first

Verres

to
thing was
supply of wine,

next

was

to

was

send

olive-

invite him

to

78

LIFE

ROMAN

dinner.

IN

THE

YS

DA

CICERO.

OF

The

richly
dining-roomand table were
furnished, the silver plate being particularly
was
splendid.Antiochus
highlydelightedwith
Ithe entertainment, and
the

the

silver

was

also

cups

set

had

Verres

time

no

dinner

was

governor

which

to

were

The

compliment.

invited

There

lost

out

in

ing
return-

to

which

with

nothing to

he

dor
splen-

compare.

platein abundance, and there

of gold, these
last adorned

with

magnificentgems.
Conspicuous among

table

was

of

probably
gold.
what

Verres

he

handled

He

in its

praises.

to

of
King lend some
his excellency? He

to

his

for the

own

in

one

piece,
of

handle

expressedhimself delightedwith

King, on the other hand,

with pride. Next
day came
the

of the

ornaments

drinking vessel, all

amethyst, and with

saw.

loud

was

the

artists. A

amethyst

cup.

The

the

compliment
Would

message.

beautiful cups

more

wished

show

to

specialrequest
All

and

simple-minded

heard

the

vessel

every

was

sent

was

them
made

without

suspicionof danger.
But

the

something

King
that

had

still in

his

excited
especially

possession

the Roman's

cupidity.This

79

candelabrum

was

It had

jewels.

with

adorned

MAGISTRATE.

ROMAN

for

intended

been

the tutelary
deityof Romejupiter
offeringto
had
the temple, which
the Capitol. But

ah

of

burned

been

to

the

giftshould

that their

in the civil wars,

ground

the

rebuilt,and

yet been

not

be

not

knew

one

he

how,

before

seen

Antiochus

begged
The

it.

inklingof

some

to

carefullywrapped

of

It

Would

examination.

They

Antiochus,
When

The

not

again

the

had

being

leave

to

the

minutely
to

carry

enough

seen

than

more

it with

one

him

apprehensions.

no

passed

returned, he

begged
next
day.

governor

and

left it,suspecting nothing.

his part, had

days

some
was

on

they

had

not

clearly deserved
?

no

sightof

prepared

Verres, however, had

time

got,

it

sent

he

it back.

had

far from

and

up,

governor's palace. When

inspectedit, the messengers

for

itbackwith

have

so

was

cautious, had
hardlysufficiently

suspicious,was

it.

it

the matter,

let him

prince,who,

young

had

princes,anxious

resolved to carry
publicly
presented,
them to Syria. Verres, however,

it

gold richly

of

and

sent

the
to

ask

the messenger
It

seemed

brum
candela-

to
a

for it.
come

strange

8o

ROMAN

LIFE

request

again

that

the

on

honor

DA

man

The

world

and

knows

took

at

another

once

leave

to

plainly,
present.

it.

obey

but

before

that

had

the

valuables, the gold and

much

regret
be

; but

robbed

for the altar

of the

was

its way

his

that
had

from

choice

but

he

publiclyprotested
Syracuse against
His

done.

other

jewels,he

did

monstrous

that

the

were

of

departure

no

giftthat
tutelarygod of

of

Sicilian cities

protect their

it

less,
use-

heard

had
on

went

been

be

King,
The
nightfall.

was

market-placeof

in the
wrong

he

word."

my

line. The

He

Antiochus

necessary.

offeringis to
would

Sicilybefore

piratical
expeditionwhich
Syria to the province,and

The

as

from

soft words

publicsafetydemanded

should

said

that the
go back

cannot

perceived that

he said, must

so

him

begged

like it

then

"

All the

and

the

himself

rather

or

was

repliedthe prince, the

impossible,"
due to Jupiterand publicopinion forbid

Verres

to

and

again

and

much

CICERO.

is

be made,

was

OF

King

hinted,
very

YS

came

governor

should

he

This

it.

still the

it. Verres

return

THE

unsuccessful.

waited

"

IN

not

possessionsthan

he

he

destined

Rome.

better
were

not

able

to

privatein-

ROMAN

dividuals.

ranged
whom

Segesta was

itself on

the

left there

of his

some

journey.)

off all its

most

preciousbeing a
beauty

Italy

to

were

hardships of

the

it had

of Diana,

statue

invested

and

his way

stroyed
de-

been

Carthaginians,who had carried

valuable possessions,the most

the

by

with

followers, who

early days

In

early

Romans,

on

endure

unwillingany longer to
the

legendary relationship.

that ./Eneas

was

that had

town

TE.

TRA

side of the

people had

its

(The story
had

CIS

MA

with

of great

work

peculiarsacredness.

When

Carthage fell, Scipio its conqueror

carried off
restored
the spoilswhich
had been
from
the cities of Sicily. Among
other things
had

Agrigentum

brass, in which
it

than
It

Diana.

inscribed

one

of the
of

was

contrived
grace

it.

He

was

less

no

Scipio,and

back

its

which
became

notable

preserve

modesty.

demanded

of

name

colossal

to

and

the

of

burned,

neighbors,and got
set
on
a
pedestal on

most

Segesta

had

its

was

was

bull

its famous

the tyrant Phalaris

said, his victims.

was

fortunate

It

recovered

sightsof the island.

size, but the sculptorhad
the semblance
Verres

saw

of

maidenly

and

coveted

it of the authorities

of the

82

LIFE

ROMAN

and

town

with

met

was

to

obstinacy. All

their

and
A

and

money

and

court

imposed
with

should

be
from

away

them

It

was

easy

suffer for their

doubled

and

for
Heavy requisitions

corn

made

were

men

them.

upon

burden, that of attending

of

progresses

the

governor

was

citizens.
This was
principal
they could not hope to wage

which

success.

refusal.

CICERO.

their

on

contest

OF

imposts were

hateful

stillmore

the

doubled.

than

YS

DA

make

for the governor

more

THE

IN

Segestaresolved that the statue

It was
accordinglycarried
given up.
the town,

married

and

Mercury

; and

all the

of the town,

women

its
following it on
journey,showering perfumes and flowers upon
before
it,and burning incense
it, till it had
passed beyond the borders of their territory.
If Segesta had its Diana, Tyndaris had its

acid

to

unmarried,

this also Verreswas

his collection.

issued

He

Sopater, chief magistrateof

statue

was

to

betaken

to

being convenientlynear
in

which

refusing

he
was

stored

his

not

the

his orders

place,that

to
to

the

(Messana
the place
to Italywas
plunder.) Sopater
Messana.

threatened

penaltiesif it was

resolved

done

with

the

without

heaviest

delay,and

84

ROMAN

The

LIFE

IN

THE

pain caused by

brought
the

that
suffering
bear

to

the

upon

and

senate

for

search
"

risingof

any

wind, but simply because

any

finest linen

no

he

his head, and

was

it

another

finest thread, of the

this, too,
this

there

was

litter

he gave

full of

straight to

of

litter

of the

He

roses

upon

neck, made

smallest

his audiences."

stuffed with

his

his

in

was

was

roses.

"

him

saw

carried

wreath
round

roses

enduring,

ever

cushion

His

one

the

So

one

was

of Malta, and

There

roses.

in

"

eightbearers.

with

the

No

horseback.

upon

that

he

untiringwas

so

from

blowing of

saw

himself.

he bestirred

indeed

then

he

it was

as

the

he

to

up

in his

town

soon

or

vote

as

springnot

constellation

the

to

man

to

"As

art.

cries

Mercury.

the

town

that it was

he knew

and

spring

of

treasures

loud

given

got his

from

not

them

be

his

could

with

pictureof

curious

of

was
frightful

should

Verres

his progresses

made

So

being thus

the bronze

compelled

statue

So

the governor.
have

limbs

turned

They

that the coveted

We

CICERO.

his fellow-townsmen

it.

see

OF

with

contact

intense.

was

YS

the naked

into close

statue

DA

mesh,
was

chamber;

of
and

carried
and

When

spring had passed

such exertions
not

the old
A

number

of

tents

the

pitchedfor

nights, surrounded

the

at

spent his days and

he

of

by troops
let the

and

companions,

him

cool breezes

catch the

to

There

sea.

kings of Syracuse.

the

were

of the harbor

entrance

from

palaceof

could

He

official residence,

his

in

even

summer

for him.

remain

to

into

much

too

were

endure

even

85

MAGISTRATE.

ROMAN

vilest

the

province take

of

care

itself.
Such

was

governor

provincefree

from

their fastnesses

the

the Cilician

on

kept the
only,he

His

fleet

to

that it could

himself

from

that

one

was

no

towed

examine
one

of

into

The

delightthat

crew

come

them.

with

defend

issue
with

and

upon

Verres, who

to

Syracuse,

booty.

to

nor

escape

meddle

and

gained over

feastingto
to

where,
else-

and

success,

overladen

so

carried

his
was

his

was

neither

at once

was

have

lucky enough

was

pirateship,which
News

One

terror.

seems

coast

ranean
cities of the Mediter-

seaboard

in constant
one

likelyto keep his

pirateswho, issuingfrom
not

spoil
itself.

roused

strict orders
the

It

prize.

he hastened

to

general feelingwas
of merciless villains

86

ROMAN

had

been

LIFE

secretaries, his
of the

Rome.

sent

As

knew

to

what

favorite

had

to

he

kept an
to

was

catch

be

conjecturefrom
correct

He

had

the

friend at

It

him.

he

was

had

had

being

was

The

which

the

size

out

who

reckoned

the

he

had

suffer.

to

them

against the

it had

been

of the

ship.

easy

to

Verres

best he could.

fill the

sold

They

brought out

were

deficiencyas

audacity to

prisonerswhom

while

one,

one

ferings
the suf-

watch

Sicilyto

brought

of the crew,

to

of

of those

account

had

to

be

to

people of
the piratecaptainwas
only
watched
eagerly for the day

execution, and

number

happened

death.

to

whom

to

their

had

son

present

in

well known,

when

who

become

slowly tortured
Syracuse, to

and

given up.

pirate,if the government

the luck but

she

as

piratecaptainhimself, no

the

amusement

of

too

as

more

craftsmen,
be handi-

to

be

to

retinue, his

prize; six,

singers,were

far

deal

happened

valuable

too

the

pay

useless ; the young

all who

were

to

had

Justicemight

able bodied, and

share

Verres

the old and

pleasedwith

CICERO.

OF

about

were

their crimes.

practicalviews.

YS

DA

captured and

penalty of

His

THE

IN

or

placesof
given

the

away

RC :.;.i:;

with

Roman

citizens, whom
he

pretenses

had

it

the payment,

87

into

to

believed, of

was

The

prison.

suffered

was

false

various

on

thrown

piratecaptainhimself

on

escape

large

very

of money.

sum

It

had

Verres

But
was

that

them

fleet,and the fleet

of

Syracuse, who

for the

get

had

was

coming

dress,

very

scandal

The

to

the

to

to

mand.
com-

unwonted
to

tent

stood

the

upon

his tunic,

or

ankles, were

the

dignityof

it

see

all beholders.

to

his

citizen

anxious

was

his

he

as

purple cloak,

wholly unsuitable

His

garment,
under-

thought
a

Roman

might be expected,
for the
scandalouslyill equipped. Its men

magistrate.

part existed,

paper."
from

of

out

was

qualification

it the

paid

governor

of

His

was

way,

reachingto

names,

of

appointed

sandals, his

most

sort

no

sea.

of the

attention

was

to

put

There

Verres

The

shore,

must

pirates.
least,of

at

be made.

task, but whom

out

pass.

show,

some

should

the

with

yet done

not

necessary

coping with
a

MAGISTRATE.

There

but

of

was

names

the treasury

fleet,as

as

the

phrase is,only

the proper

only.
the pay

"

complement

The

on

of

prcetor drew

for these

imaginary

88

ROMAN

LIFE

soldiers and

And

they

as

had

been

they put
crews

were

roots

of

indeed

THE

the

the

into

the

in

engagement.

His

the

manning

the

fort.

as

courage
was

dealt with

that

cowardly as

the

and

spot.

ing
morn-

employed

pirate fleet

was

for

prepared

an

fought.
and
to

to

was

Still

His
of

such

But

of

man

ship

ing
commandthe

crew

Cleomenes

incompetent.

as

were

own

overpower

and

fight.

was

the fort

soldiers

The

sailors.

pirates;

he

the

on

that

on

dealt with

had

have

eager

the

ill

fairlywell manned,

was

The

grew,

thus

the fleet.

as

would

vessels of the

which

was

was

size, quite able

was

he

Verres

imaginary

sea

hope had been to complete

his ships from
the garrison of

of

But

at

Pachynus.

in it drinking from

While

He

he had

He

sat

approaching.

days

they

ample
followingthe exhad his tent
pitched

was

brought

tidingswere

After

abundance

meanwhile

night.

illprovisioned

as

five

of

palm,

of his patron.

to

ships were

less than

dwarf

the shore, and

it into his

their hunger
satisfy

to

still grows,

CICERO.

OF

diverted

harbor

driven

YS

illmanned.

were

something

Cleomenes

on

DA

marines, and

pocket.

own

IN

He

as

light
there
was

as

ordered

ROMAN

the

of his

mast

The

captured

Cleomenes

stranded

his

them

of

the

the

reached

the

left it

and

all

nothing
gave

port of Helorus,
its fate.

piratechief
them.

burned

sail into the

audacity to

do

His

found

He

we

had

harbor

inner

Syracuse, a place into which,

are

told,

hostile

fleet,the

ill-fated Athenian

expedition,three

centuries

and

only
had

one

penetrated.

ever

this

at

He

of

was,

Next

in

Cleomenes

had

the command.
indeed
were

more

remove

It seemed

them

because

sacrificed.

chief

culprit.

Cleomenes.
same

scandalous

who
captains,
courage,

all the

But

appointment

comparativelyblameless, were

execution.
to

shown

be

the

his

other

of the inhabitants

must

for the

caused

The

have

was

half before,

all bounds, and

himself

course,

guiltto him
was
spared

which

reason

victim

rage

spectacleexceeded

felt that

Verres

The

to

ships as they

to

The

same.

thus deserted

then

off with

pirates

of the

two

ship,and

did
colleagues

made

The

example.

his

chase, and
fled.

hoisted, the sails

of his fleet could

rest

follow

but

be

ship to

89

TE.

TRA

the cable cut, and

be set, and

speed.

CIS

MA

more

they could

but

to

might
who

ordered

to

necessary

have

given

ROMAN

90

inconvenient
condition
The

of the

his avarice.

offense, how

From

his way
did
in

to

he

Italyhe

of the
to

the

town

happened.
and

offered

of

same

He

fined
con-

which

Syracuse.
and

the

he

was

be

Just as

he

heard

to

had

made

one

safe

to

the

chief

heard

the

to

man

enraged by

the

of

was

trate
magis-

to

come

what

be

market-place.
Roman

to

complain

happened

his claim.

speak

about

was

day, and

place

received, and

before

ordered
in

the

was

Verres

town.

proof of

listen,and

he

brought
the

been

had

escape,

not

was

which

flogged
pleaded that

to

it would

embark

and

given

quarries

stone

Messana

governor.

arrested

had

Unluckily for himself, he

that

treatment

spicuous
con-

of this book

Gavius

contrived

Sicilywhere

as

this,as of his other

public prison

against the
the

indeed

not, and

Messana.

for

inefficient

conspicuous example

disused

know

not

One
certain

the

these

the

was

Of

know

we

for

served

the

in

CICERO.

suit the purpose

not

suffice.

OF

to

as

Verres

in detail.

speak

YS

DA

ships.

crueltyof

vices, it would

will

THE

testimony

as

to

IN

LIFE

had

stripped
Gavius

citizen

and

refused

to

repetitionof

the

Verres

ROMAN

92

LIFE

The

him

judge

to

were

IN

THE

were

Sulla had

given them.

furnished

the

tried.

of

do

and

could

who

would

who

have

insensible

fine

statue

bestowed.

would
halls

not
or

provided with

as

his

be

some
or

money,

influenced

by it,were

of other

such

these

for their

presents

have

glad to

the

of

"

"

order

for himself,
sufficiency

such

which

games

means

"

who
scrupulous,

more

people. Verres

in

hoped

And

receive

to

came

own

did
splen-

they

back

hibited
ex-

amply

securinghis safety.

for indeed
openly avowed
he was
unscrupulous that
extortions

had

promotion

bribes.

to

even

for
the

cused
ac-

Some

such

obtain

to

gardens,were
to

had

gifts to
splendid picturejudiciously

few,

accept

ornaments

He

few

men
Many insignificant

the charms

to
or

to

not

causes

the past ; others

scorned

wealthy

too

were

hope

not

such

wrong.

notoriously open

were

not

in the future.

so

whom

provincialgovernor

plundered provinces in
to

order.

own

the

senators

extortion

CICERO.

privilegewhich
They, and they alone,

these

for
fellow-feeling

OF

of his

juriesbefore
Of

YS

men

still retained

senators

were

DA

he
he

was

had

as

frank

trebled

that, after leaving a

he

might

have

where-

ROMAN

with

evident

became

Sicilians

The

the

province

for

had

won

and

And
integrity.

had

what

of

Cicero

the

had

been

too

chosen

him

imitate, and
a

in diction

moderation
in the

power

Verres

the model
of him

task
secured
orator

great

was

as

kept himself

which

retained
still

be

himself.
so

prosecutor

and

that time,

At

action.

And
1

there
So

Horace

It

was

be

an

sad

be

of

chance

the

advocate

to

that
have

it would

contrived

that the

less formidable

compliments

safeguard of

something

was

if it could

should

he

having
energeticspeaker, full of

powerful

more

as

perhaps, his reputationstood higher than

of Cicero

he

honorable

more

speaks

splendidand

life both

of

before, and

had

accused.1

He

their

greater because

prosecuted,but

Hortensius.
Cicero

escape.

division

his

was

need

plead

to

six years

year

held

was

to

was

quaestor in

defendingpersons

would

he

soon

would

he

Cicero

law, all the

yet

never

to

It

judges.

golden opinions by
of the

courts

help, if

been

93

that

engaged

had

He

cause.

his

him

to

all other

and

these

of

the favor

win

to

MAGISTRATE.

person.

contrivingthis.

friend

accused."

on

being

"

the illustrious

ROMAN

94

of

IN

Caecilius

certain
and

LIFE

claim

for

was

had

had

been

be

our

own,

Cicero
made

or

his

come

he

of

Caecilius,or the

it

he

collect evidence.
This

store.

forward

time

misdoings

in the

wanted

for

evidence.
collecting

hundred

first ; of

and

course

would

end

it was

in

an

not

favor,

days to

of the Senate

Achaia

in

came

Verres

prosecute

and

was

device

for

in Greece.

eight days only

If this claim should

prosecutionwould

allowed, the second

he

ten

another

province of

He

one

in his

and

the

ful,
doubt-

was

decided

had

to

of

that

Verres

claimed

and

choice

certain

hundred

member

prosecute,

his rival

one

established

he

the

was

court

allowed

was

and

together.Cicero

which

quite

The

incompetent.

which, like

to

was

two

speech, in

was

thing there

court,

question, who

he
had

he

presidingjudge

He

Sicily.He

that

first

the

provincials; the honesty of

and

forward,

province,and

The

consisted

while

CICERO.

of

pretended

Verres.

claim.

own

to

before

great

induced

argued
the

jury,was

OF

quaestor in the

quarreled,with
to

YS

late governor

quarreled, or

had

DA

himself, against Cicero, the duty

prosecuting the

too

THE

intended

to

be

be taken

be serious,

acquittal.Meanwhile

all

MAGISTRATE.

ROMAN

the available time

the

indeed

next

year.

that

Verres

Hortensius

had

feared.

good

Verres

taken

also

been

jurors,and
be

such

good

the

new

friend, and

sham

prosecutor

friend ;

be

to

was

have

"

the

I have

the election

"

other
acquitted." An-

are

chosen

praetor, and would

the

would

governor

he would

came

and

praetor
of

appointment

take

care

that

desired.
of

the

Sicilywould

be

throw

stacles
judiciousobof witnesses.

nothing.

to

they

At

of the attendance

prosecution
never

off tillhe

fortune.

the accused

as

in the way
The

hopes. In July
for the following

only be put

you

would

them

time

same

postponement

presidingjudge.Consul

between

should

his

you," cried

placeand

new

new

rested

his

on

friend had
be the

on

openly congratulatedin

was

for

news

was

postponed

be

to

office, nothing

upon

of Rome

streets

have

trial could

if the

entered

It

spent, and

been

elected consul

was

year, and

the

have

Sicilian affair would

tillthe

has

would

95

left Italy,Cicero,

on

The

the other

panied
hand, employed the greatest diligence.Accom-

by

his cousin

chief cities of
enormous

mass

Lucius

and
Sicily,
of

he

visited

collected from

evidence.

all the
them

In this work

an

he

LIFE

ROMAN

96

IN

out
only spent fifty

allotted
before

THE

he

be

last for

friends would

long

be in

indeed

And

left. The

trial began

called

months

Cicero

two

the

hours

only
his

In

August.

was

exhibit

to

the

come

and

Rome,"

to

little time

but

was

Pompey

of

Games

in

He

they did

not

would

do

made

world

on
justice

never

lasted

games

after this

be

so

were

strong

than
the

appeal to

on

their trial.

on

them.

notorious

trusted

more

he stated

which

themselves

were

of all the

eyes

have

not

in
delivering),

jury. They

they

pected
ex-

when

year,

would

Then

in outline.

The

be

might

the fifth of

on

speech (itcould

case

dence
of evi-

mass

much
of the three
again, filling
up
of September, October, and November.
anticipatedthis difficulty.He made a

others

short

number

If it could

next

there

of the month

The

"

The

this,

he might stillhope
office,

escape.

games.

and

of the very

time.

the

into

protracted

some

begin long

to

the trial

great that

so

the middle

days

ten

left ;

hope

strangelyenough,sprang out
and enormity of his crimes.
to

CICERO.

and

ready

was

still one

had

was

OF

expected.

was

Verres

YS

of the hundred

him, and

to

DA

any

If

criminal

more.

It

ROMAN

would

be

law.

the

trial.

The

Verres

was

97

senators

law

The

the law
acquitted,

itself was

liable

were

If

repealed.

be

to

fear of

no

had

their
better

prosecutionwere

hanging over them, they would be content

much
satisfytheir
as
plunder as would
They

wants.

much

more

Then

he

called

islands

"

of

to

bribe

of

In the

Rome.

temples, in

colonnade
on

From

and

own
as

judges.

marvelous

foot

of Mount

Sea, from

mainland, from

many

yEgean, from every city and

Sicily,
deputationsthronged to
porticoes, and
the

on

of the

area

the steps of
in the

Forum,
the

it,on

housetops

overlooking declivities,were

dense
heirs and

the

with

extort

their

of the Black

that surrounded

the

to

witnesses.

the shores

the

market-town

and

need

cities of the Grecian

many

and

his

were.

Taurus, from

the

not

wherewith

they

array

would

its

that if

which

accused
a

on

declared

under

fitto

not

were

openly
provincials

governors
be

that the

seen

administer

MAGISTRATE.

eager

crowds

of

tioned
sta-

impoverished

their

guardians,bankrupt tax-farmers
dren
merchants, fathers bewailingtheir chilcorn
carried off to the praetor's
harem, children

mourning

for their parents dead

in the

praetor's

98

ROMAN

LIFE

Greek

dungeons,
traced

IN

THE

DA

nobles

YS

OF

whose

CICERO.

descent

Cecrops or Eurysthenes, or
Minyan houses, and
great Ionian and
to

whose

Tyrian Melcarth,
Zidonian

Jah."1

this

had

ancestors

claimed

or

Nine

overpowered by

to

with

He

the
the

ing
spent in hear-

were

Hortensiuswas

it.

the

cians,
Phoeni-

priestsof

kindred

days

of evidence.

mass

been

was

had

terly
ut-

nity
opportu-

no

for

displayinghis eloquence,or making a

patheticappeal for a noble oppressed by the
hatred

of the

attempts

democracy.

the

perceived that
the nine
had

The

case.

his

to

come

an

feeble

practically
himself

defendant

positionwas

days, with

few

he

cross-examination,

at

abandoned

After

hopeless.

their terrible

fore
Be-

ment,
impeach-

end he fled from

Rome.

verdict of
jury returned an unanimous
condemned
to
guilty,and the prisoner was
banishment
and to pay a fine. The
placeof
banishment
(which he was apparentlyallowed

The

select outside

to

The

of the fine

amount

certainlywas
1

Article

certain

in

not

"

Mythology," by

was
limits)
we

enough

Dictionary of
William

Bodhana

do
to

not

Marseilles.
know.

It

impoverishhim.

Classical
Donne.

Biography

smd

CHAPTER

GREAT

THERE

accused

for

of

among

verdict

heard.

had

the

us,

all

induced

be

can

Each

juryman

tablet

of

if he

wood,

N.

L.

In

the

")

suspicious,

year

to

66

B.C.

the

opinion

as

not

though

little

")

acquit

(con-

K.
him

guilty,

clear")

if the

thought

It is

there

was

not

convict.
a

very

if

only

on

"

with

majority.

innocent,

if he
"

of

(absolvo,

A.

liquet,

evidence

enough

but

agree,

who

they

jury, given

accused

the

which
not,

is the

as

jury,

was

whole

putting

(non

seemed

case

verdict

judge,

just

had

pel

poisoning

evidence

his

I condemn

"

the

the
to

and,

judge

wrote

thought

demno,
and

of

verdict

murder

this

But

of

charges

try

on

One

crimes.

each

us,

their

gave

of

charges

another,
case

to

for

Rome

at

courts

various

used

instance,

CAUSE.

ROMAN

various

were

sons

V.

strange

trial

took

GREA

the Court

placein
Cluentius

ROMAN

of Poison

accused

was

CA

of

praetor

the

was

whole

natives

there

been

of

this

the

up

seem,

splendor of
Cluentius

going

was

rid

The

of

on,

his

slaves,who

some

declaringthat

because

he

with

desired

whom

in all that

he

cerned
con-

temple services,

Cluentius

consented.
it occurred

opponent

citizens.

people of Larinum,

their

asked

had

anicus
Oppi-

years.

interested

the claim, and

case.

some

all,but Roman

at

much

who

men,

fellow-townsmen,

very

resisted

two

of Mars,

slaves

both

Apulia,where
Mars.
A dispute
temple caused an

of

case

unpopular.

were

get

the

Servants

his

very

cause

for

did, it would

he

the

to

temple of

enemies

not

were

annoy

their

the

in

town

quarrel between

called

who

to

step-fatherwere

property

took

was

his

famous

indeed

to

in rank

(the

Cluentius, and told his client's

and

the

open

This

other persons.

praetor that year

was

of Larinum,

was

about

they

various

his

story.

Cluentius

were

certain

having poisoned

magistrate next

defended
consul),

i o i

Cases.

step-father,
Oppianicus,and
Cicero, who

USE.

to

While

plead
the

Oppianicus
by poison. He
to

ROMAK

102

"jFE

employed

the

OF

CICERO.

Scamander

tried

the

put

agent

of his freedman,

certain

accomplish

to

slave of the

objectby bribingthe

who

YS

DA

and

agent,

an

Scamander.

physician

The
attendingCluentius.
physician
needy Greek, and his slave had probably

was

was

hard

and

man,

and

clever

as

This

to

his

it

again to

the slave
and

packet

and

whole

the

should

friends
the

at

with

sealed

of money,

tended
pre-

arranged for

tween
be-

villain

The

the

with

be

interview

his tempter.

seized

was

He

physician,and the
tius
his patient. Cluen-

certain

in concealment

honest

an

told

he

the

that

arranged
present

was

honest.

was

done,

master

physician told

came,

he

as

he

accept the offer,and

meeting.
matter

fare ; but

scanty

to

poison

and

his master's

seal,

him.

upon

Cluentius, who
from

his

that his life was

defend
an

THE

into the hands

matter

his

IN

himself.

attempt

guilty.
call

to

had

mother's
in

He

old

The

patron

cations
provo-

felt

now

determined

man

was

(as they

master) was

next

to

for

Scamander

indicted

poison.

many

husband,

danger, and

Scamander's

freedman's

put up with

found
used

to

brought

trial,and

to

GREA

with

ROMAN

the

trial

Scamander's

criminal,

had

contrived

of this vote,
of

the

to

he

Senate,

and
to

had

about

one

only,

the

giver
He

recourse.

largesum

his

member
unprincipled

now

with

of course"

went,

and

needy

of

bring

And

secure.

attacked
him

warned

of all

Last

was

danger, and he had labored to

the man's
acquittal.One vote,
he had

103

result.

same

chief

Oppianicus, the

USE.

CA

his hand

in

six hundred
something about five thousand
With
this the senator
pounds of our money.
of
Staienus
sixteen out
to bribe
was
by name

"

"

"

the

hundred

three
votes,

his

and

the

whole, and
accosted

our

count

on

The

would

happy

idea

he

of

himself.
in

me," said the

defendant

majority),

has

Staienus

this

in

he
"

He

way.

knew

to

be

Bulbus," he said,
that
"

nothing.
man.

for1

appropriatingthe

taking care

for

their

much

as

give

managed it
whom
fellow-juror,

country

have

for his trouble.

over

unprincipledas
you will help me

serve

"

to

was

(which

something

have

to

were

fifty
pounds apiece for

Staienus

conceived

"

and

vote

own

and

as

They

thirty-twojurymen.

"

Staienus

promised

three

sha'n't

we

You
went

may
on,

hundred

104

ROMAN

and

fiftypounds

'

Not

LIFE

Guilty.' You

know

to

matter

"He

the other

trial

was

be

to

given.

it should

be

anxious

and

Staienus
To

Rumors

The

had

Bulbus

were

foul

circumstances

respectable
jurorsto

and

which

water

had

"

Guilty."

spread
some

hesitate.

vote.

about.
of

the

In the end

"

than
not

banishment,

prevent

him

from

banishment

living in

neighborhood of Rome.
Romans,
though they shed blood like
lenient
in their civilstrife,
were
singularly

Italy,and
The

voted

to

Not Proven,"
ten said
acquittal,'
Guilty." Oppianicus suffered

worse

did

being

"

seventeen

nothing

first

caused

more

that

their money.

the

play

verdict

mouth,

earned

two

for

the

claimed

of

word

The

fivevoted

is the

'

defendant

who

of

too

in

false," replied

end, and

an

surprise of all, they

the

sixteen

is not

given by

know

to

beaming

where

now,

the
me."

to

'

to

came

vote

forthcoming.As
vote
certainly
Guilty.'

shall

myself,I

got the

played me

the money

"

with

came

of ; and

has

will

again

come

I have

know

you

money?"

The

"

CICERO.

will take

who

them, and

Staienus.

OF

juror who

days after, Bulbus

face

YS

DA

every

Secure

Nine

for

THE

to

money.

the

IN

even

in the

in their

ROMAN

GREAT

CAUSE.

Not

punishments.

105

he

long afterwards

died.
His
of

widow

gratifyingthe

had

first

subjected
them

three

extorted

last the

man

But

the

the

their bodies

the

from
had

the

taken

into
as

she

one

and

an

of his

into the

tures
tor-

At

men.

to

her

to

renewed

of the

three

and

had

high favor,
physician at

of

summoned

audacious

Larinum.

robbery

house, breaking open

two

the

deceased

cruelties

abstractingfrom it a quantityof
five pounds weight of gold. At
he murdered

to

property

afterwards

had

committed

his mistress's

of

inquiry compelled

She

him

one

belonged

she

years

slaves

established

The

the

Three

tortured

torture,

attended

whom

at

attempt.

to

confession

no

friends

present

desist.
the

had

She

completely.

third

Oppianicus, a
last illness.

in his

She

poisoning his step-father.

another

physicianwho

she

which

Cluentius.

son

slaves

own,

opportunity

an

hatred

failed

attempt

her

younger

be

her

of

him

accuse

Her

unnatural

for

felt

long

would

the

in his death

saw

chest

in

and

silver coin and

the

same

fellow-slaves,and

time

threw

fish-pond. Suspicionfell

106

LIFE

ROMAN

found

of

be

to

remembered

with

the

had

been

told the

It

his mistress
to

No

The

The
the

confession

the

The

evidence

beyond
above

the

; but

and

very

then

there

accused.

suspicion perhaps more

in the

found

tortured.

was

also confessed,

he

given poison
of

Cluentius.

for further

inquiry.

immediately

was

from

his
took

now

for murder.

little or

weak,

was

and

forward

Cluentius

doubtful

been

lad who

Oppianicus

very

an

charged

compulsion

younger

was

had

saw

were

man

strong

indicted

such

young

instance

made, the

circular

now

slave

given

the

among

was
a

bodies

the

at

against the
"

this

He

deed, and

Under

case,

that

was

friend

just

declared, that he had

step-mother,the
up

kind.

made

guilty

opportunity was

executed.

opening

accomplice came

Oppianicus

His

the

Thereupon

story.

the chest

auction

an

physician.

his

confessed

at

found

crime.

CICERO.

seen
lately

have

was

the

fish-pond.
He

articles
would

which

opening.
bought by

he had

OF

when

But

curious

very

that

miscellaneous
saw

YS

closelyexamined,

be

to

came

DA

THE

missing slaves.

the

upon

IN

confession
a

violent

very

There
than

nothing
spoken of

had

udice
prej-

been

suspicion
"

of

io8

ROMAN

she

time

IN

LIFE

made

DA

YS

OP

CICERO.

bulk

will, leaving the

her

to

property

THE

daughter'sson, the younger

providing for the missing man

Oppianicus,but

four
three and
legacy of between
pounds. The elder Oppianicus was

thousand

to

large

so

see

of her

sum

of the

out

go

posed
dis-

not

and he brought her his

family. Dinaea fell ill,
own
physician. The patientrefused the man's
services

her kinsfolk.

had

the

pounds

of

money

drug.

The

our

fee

he

in

was

visit ; and

to

no

was

need

agents
But

to

brought
to

had

had

kinsfolk

seventeen

deadly

markets

which

there

news,

The

the
had
had

agents

had

the

two

sent

missing son.

beforehand

been

bribed

found, and

assassinated.

Ancona.

many

dose
single

inquiriesfor

the first

be

had

; he

Dinsea's

He

troduce
in-

repeat.

make

to

about

to

large,and the fellow was

painswith the business

hurry

Oppianicus

them.

was

some

from

administer

to

he gave

Meanwhile

with

man

was

take

expected to

contrived

quack
traveling

bribed

but

fatal,she said, to all

been

Oppianicus then

her

to

He

had

they

man

learned

with

had

who

where

caused

him

wrote

to

he

to

be

their

GREA

ROMAN

employers at Larinum,
could

of their search

CA

be found,

not

information

whom

; and

market-place

the

in

happened

he

that

the

afterwards

Oppianicus
which
But

this
he

of

Metellus

There

he

suffered

It
man

was

to

which

few

himself

of

one

the murdered

deserved

easy

to

of rage

Larinum.
resources.

and

the party

dead)

now

was

fled

to

the

camp

Sulla's lieutenants.
as

one

Metellus

party.

Social War, and

therefore

his

Sulla

days
dead.

was

burst

of

end

have

returned.

he

the

Oppianicus

Pius,

for the

had

but

represented himself

fought in the
side

the

at

(forMarius

raging, and

was

man.

face

not

to

themselves

between

War

of Marius

be found

man,

hold

sponsible
present)re-

be

excited,and fled from

not

Civil

The

the

dared

news

was

missing
agents

found

had

They

obtained.

should

to

should

harm

the

to

be

to

Oppianicus (who happened

if any

the person

familypubliclydeclared

of the

one

Oppianicus

with

was

object

num
great indignationat Lari-

letter excited

This

109

that the

saying

having undoubtedly tampered

from

USE.

had

who

had

himself

foughtagainstthe
prisoner belonged.

persuade

his fate,and

him

that the

that his friends

ROMAN

no

LIFE

IN

unworthy

were

with

armed

an

as

returned

well

for

as

for the

of

the

dangerous to

his

the

Lari-

to

towns-people had

three

and

CICERO.

OF

force, deposed the

the

himself

stead,

and

Sulla's mandate

produced

YS

Oppianicus

whom

of

DA

persons

commonwealth.
num

THE

trates
magischosen,

appointment
in their

creatures

of

execution

four

These
obnoxious
to him.
particularly
who had publiclythreatened
the man
were,

persons

four

him,

his

of

two

of

found

his

to

story of the

which

only

small

all his

related
After

country.
a

in

From

quarrel with

small

these

his

his side.

His

he

Not

health

was

stances
circum-

shunned

by

by
to

outside

afterwards
severe

up

away

removed

hired

taken

Falernian

the
driven

was

received

of

he

in

long

way.

true

he had

had

now

his banishment

farmer, and

the

horse, and

the

Then

he

he

strume
in-

given,having

while

farmhouse

lodging which

walls of Rome.
from

for

about

the

Oppianicus,

part has been

acquaintances.

his quarters

of

crimes

finished, Cicero

wandered

of the

out

get

of his death.
had

of

one

whom
villainies,

own

it convenient

The

been

kinsfolk, and

he

the

fell

injuryin

alreadyweak,

fever

ORE

he

on,

came

after

into the

of

only

One

these

of

cup

giving it

with

the

to

allowed,

affirmed

prosecutor

friends had

The
man

had

not

contrary, he had

days, and
He
the

the

after

this illness had

orator,

called

had

young

witness

to

the father of the

of the

custom

been

invited.

of the bridegroom's

one

was

of health

whom
deceased.

guiltof

different

when

made

no

On

the

illness of several

he

cause.

to

came

himself

worse

freely, as," says

"

will do."

men

its

on

cup

expired.
instantly
complete. The

an

drinkingtoo

"

The

and

had

breakfast, and he had

by eating and

the

was

of

man's

instantly
expired.

died

alreadyout

was

the intention

as

that

this

to

tioned.
men-

poison

put

interceptedthe

answer

be

to

the- young

was

off its contents,

drunk

young

died

Oppianicus.

younger

to which,
wedding-breakfast,
at Larinum,
a largecompany

way,

cityand

said, had

honey wine,

occasion, it was

The

1 i 1

needs

Cluentius, it was
into

USE.

charge of poisoning Oppianicus

others that had to be brieflydealt

were

with.

carried

was

CA

the

Besides
there

ROMAN

days' illness.

few

could

one
"

He

The

Cluentius

then

object,

least
would

picion
sus-

have

ROMAN

ri2

LIFE

brought him
of

said

Cicero

And

you,

the

no

his support.

clerk,

about

the

admirable

"

read

his

Read,"

evidence.

involve

to

Nothing
but

not

innocent

allow

had

would

she

that

in the

man

contrived

against

this

content

herself

must

ful
shame-

wicked

journey

give all the help that she could

prosecution. And what a journey this
Rome

cried Cicero.
which

to

came

groaned

she

see

aloud

Why,

Larinum,
Sea,
and

I live

"

woman

from

near

what

Vast

Men,
she

ay, and

from

the

distant

the

very

shore

of

was

coming

with

heavy money-bags, coming

crowds
too,

Groaned

that

"

from

women

passed by.

towns

heard

happened.

her.
as

I have

to

the

was

of the

some

passed, and

witnesses

many

what

to

to

"

near

your

false accusation."

the mother

plotwhich

up

conduct

the story of the cruel and

came

son.

would

an
a

Your

case.

; you

deplorablecalamityof

woman

Instead

please,and submit to the pain

I am
obligedto relate. I will

you

sorrow

her

CICERO.

"

more

Then

OF

sir,"turning to the father, stand

has been
own

YS

against him.

gives him

hearing what

say

DA

witness

to

while, if

of

as

this he

doing

THE

IN

at

town

the

of

Upper

great retinue

with the

single

GREA

ROMAN

CA

was

every

spot

mother

of

mother

not

that

the
she
to

road

And

she

her

presence.

trust

herself

rather

than

to

was

think

that

do

we

her purposes
intrigues,
Truly we know exactly to
whom

she

has

she has endeavored

bribes.
the
her

indeed

Nay,

more

we

have

He

then

day

to

she has

whose

heard
be

tegrit
in-

her

all about
a

secret,

prayers,

her

vows."
turned

to

the

son,

whom

gone,

corrupt with

to
thingswhich she supposes
her wicked
nightly sacrifice,

abominable

she

schemes,

day

money,
to

and

woman,

does

"

her

from

promised

shun

not

cityor hostelry.

court,

whom

to

many

solitude

to

all know

not

her

to

did
And

any

probably sittingin

was

allowed

was

now," said Cicero, turning to the

who

of

There

host

the

is the

of all the

inn

to

the presence

by

wicked.

an

where

contagion of
preferredto

darkness

defiled

not

that

earth, which

in which

was

crowds

think

not

who

son

her foot needed

set

abominably

singletown

upon

did

the very

all,was

so

; there

she

which

on

us

stay

who

man

that
purified,

be

not

for his life. I nail those

being tried

there

1 1

of

the ruin

object of bringingabout
was

USE.

he would

ROMAN

114

LIFE

have the
mother

IN

jury believe
vile.

was

character.

The

townsman.

town

full of the
of the

praisesof

burst

among

and

us,

among

the

indeed

"

sure,

of

the

from
senate

passed this
but
sent

You

"

by

to

the

in

resolution."

are

loved

by

"

me

all these friends."

up

much

tears,
"

towns
to

than

men,"
gentle-

You

may

member

when
it

was

and

reason

any

jury.

the

more

south

sees

respectedcitizens

for Cluentius.

stood

also

Nor

tation
depu-

while

up

that every

tears

had

senate

the

the

these

see

seeing them,
was

most

I think,

loved

one

all the chief Samnite

their

evidence

no

of

care

deputation

to

are

people of

cried the orator

be

the

turned

of which

be ashamed.

to

fellow-

these witnesses

the accused,

into tears, which

common

journey

their

begged them to stand

was
They
being-read.

resolution

the

make

to

grown-up

left to

was

Cicero

senators.

and

every

resolution of the local

bringinga

come,

the

as

witnesses

support

children. With

and

of

strengthto
to

CICERO.

certainlybrought

Larinum

Rome

to

come

women

had

uF

admirable

as

array

From

that had the

had

He

YS

DA

was

wonderful

togethera
man

THE

they

num,
only Lari-

that had

give their

Few," said Cicero,

as

much

as

he is

CHAPTER

VI.

COUNTRY

of

ROMAN
far

was

his

"

miles

three

hill

and

Cicero

his

from

of

the

house

little
which
and

in

of
least

at

It

Sabines

describes

Cicero

country-

wealthiest

the

temperate

of

men

more

father.

Arpinum,
of

seat

richest

such

One

country

which

to

even

from

proverbial

the

possessed

belong

inherited

Cicero

of

one

nobles.

English

that

being

than

houses

for
"

commonly

time

wealth

moderate

even

from

LIFE.

about

was

in

town

the

was

frugal

Homeric

race,

phrase

as
"

In

his

Rough

when

of

the

Consuls

kind
of

manners

and

kindly

nurse

time

grandfather's

farmhouse,

simpler

but

it

that
former

Dictators

of

men."

had

been

had

satisfied

days
were

the
"

plain
the

days

content,

COUNTRY

LIFE.

their time

of office ended,

fields and

reap

their

within

its

was

born

fashion
married
house.

son

sumptuous

still

man's

thought that

Syrian slaves,

his
the

"

the greater knaves

the

want

his later

; but

"vhich

by

the

descriptionput
the younger
(t

I have

Fibrenus

son
never

here

the

son,

being

grandfather,
like

they

had

knew
felt

never

especiallyin
The

especially
delightful,
of all being an island
Fibrenus.

stream

the

mouth

of

Quintus,

house, thus depictsit :

a

divides

much

pleasant spot.

more

his

equal size, and so washes

rapidlyby he joinshis
compassed just as

was

of his time.

most

of the
seen

more

house

Greek

his

little
into

additions

they were,"

in which

the

the

contemporaries were
more

days, spent

to

way

life, the

garden and grounds were

the most
charming spot
formed

death, when

of the

greatlyenlarged, one
of
room
a library,a
who

prevailed,and

frugalitygave
of

primitive

live in his father's

the old

manner

own

Cicero

walls, for the

to

old-fashioned

their

harvests.

continued

After

plow

to

own

family life

of

117

stream

into

either side.

two

of

ing
Flow-

again,having
ground as makes a

waters

1 1

ROMAN

THE

place for

convenient

This

IN

LIFE

he

done

of such

if the

just as

on,

spot had

CICERO.

OF

literarydiscussions.

our

hurries

YS

DA

been

his

viding
pro-

only

office

and

function, to fall into the Liris. Then, like

one

adopted

own

obscurer

name.

much

colder.

makes

indeed

You

noble

family,he

The

Liris

colder

loses his

indeed

can

bear

scarce

remember

how

Plato

in it

Socrates

makes

his foot in Ilissus." Atticus

seen

foot

dip my

to

he

than this

stream

touched, though I have

never

many.

into

is loud

too

dip

in his

This, you know, is my first time of

admire
coming here, and I feel that I cannot

praises.

"

it

enough.

one

often

As

to

with

sees,

which

splendid villas

the

their

marble

pavements

And
I despisethem.
gildedceilings,
which
to
they give the
water-courses,
would
of Nile or
names
Euripus, who
and

laugh

at

them

When

we

want

it is

to

nature

used

to

wonder

was

any

that you
now

rest

that
"

I marvel

sees

must

we
never

rocks

and

fine
not

streams

your

delight for

and

for I

thingbut
took

he

when

their

the mind
I

Once

come.

thought that there

hills in the place
"

such

pleasurein

the spot.

that

when

are

you

away

But
from

CO

Rome
"

UNTR

be

to

care

you

LIFE.

from

for several

town

I love

indeed

And

this

and

because

his

of his life,as
of

he loved

;
us,

and

Lselius,before

the

shore.

writes

not

are

tions
associame."

various

times
tion
situa-

Cape

near

were

Atticus
:

him

noble

"

As

to

friends, Scipio

the

coast

was

were

mon
com-

neighbors,some

liberal of

on

it had

as

visitors

many
too

for

pick up pebbleson

to

Chance

far

villa

Formian
you

there

to

the

him,

resort.

were

it amused

this part of

But

fashionable

He

father's too,

Formise

at

so

also because

the

at

do.

it is

permitted. The

means

sea

he tells

of whom

because

before

gone

I do

particularly
agreeable to him,
the

; and

away

seldom

my

purchased

of them,

one

Caista, was

amused,

he

homes

Other

I get

can

among

that have

of those

and

live here

here."

time,

resort, but

land, mine

native

at

only

it,not

pleasant,so healthy a
it is my

days

but

preferthis place;

when

"

but

where

any

Well," replied Cicero,

1 1

one

their visits.

occasion

from

composition, to

his

which

possibl
always urging me, it is absolutelyimthat I have here,
It is a public-hall

such
country-house,

crowd

of

peopleis

ROMAN

120

LIFE

there

at

need

be said.

Formise.

trouble

me.

Arrius.

The

Rome

And

he

off

Arpinum

to

In the

here."

"

in

am

My

wants

even

pay

the

on

if I did

not

was

occasional

visits

to

I had

when

off

see

not

time
says,

away

race.'

from

"

the

sought after,
ceased

never

Formise.

days

write

sweetness,

and
He

plaints
com-

to

of my

family ;

that he spent the last

you

to

Arrius

going

famous

of his

to

repeats the

Sebosus.

annoyances.

resort

be
certainly

expect

is

is

will remember.

you

sittingdown

am

me,

side, there

be
certainly

being

with

other

letter he

next

is

neighbor

I would

do ?

to

cease

talk

friend, as

in these

favorite

they

going to
philosophywith

the cradle
native hills,

of

nothing

the idea of

to

Still,doubtless, there
sweetness

of them

nearest

give an inward groan,

'Good
morning.' And this

'

CICERO.

absolutely lives

friend

! I will

OF

o'clock

ten

to

Rome

YS

most

my

to

Just as
our

comes

DA

given up

then,

what

to

man

Sebosus, Catulus'
Now

As

But

because

me.

THE

After

that he has

says

IN

and

It
it

was

of his life.

was

to
a

there

CO

But

the

of all

his villa
the

height

notable

Marius

which

sea1

the

and

Dictator.

Caesar,

the

Cicero's

Sulla, and

its walls

he had

the

wealthy Lucullus,

wealthy Crassus,
Rome
for
"

when

This," he

the

all my

Though

writes

we

borrow

Cicero

frescoes

neighbors

the stillmore
who

three

ruled

friend

get

can

speaks of

describes

its

probably be

idea

Atticus,
some

"

is

rest

troubles."

often

shall
our

his

to

toils and

We

of the

no

which

in

his, he nowhere

the

the barbarians

and,
longer rule itself,
least, Quintus, his brother.

at

spot

one

from

it could

time

of

one

For

and

with

belonged to
with

of that great soldier's victories.

his

formed

kinsman

adorned

were

after

shared

had

lived in

from

Rome

house

own

such

orator

had

elder

an

town

make

had

Catulus, who

gloryof saving

; and

Latin

would

as

Cicero

young

best

Algidus, at

generation Crassus,
the

loved

he

Here

England.

eloquence ;

own

1 2 1

Mount

the

above

model

whose

LIFE.

Tusculum,

at

slope of

hill in

earlier

an

country-house

was

lyingon
a

UNTR

of

2 200

of

general arrangements.
not

this from
feet.

this house

far wrong

if

the letter in

ROMAN

122

which

LIFE

the

The

"

being

own

seats.

in

front

of this
on

inclosed

of the letter D.
into

again
side

every

large.

On

into

foldingdoors

to

this is another

room

the windows
the

bookcases
who
a

which

rest

my
most

used

so

the

most

use

of the

into.

guests

elegant bedroom,
both

as

of

bedroom

has

the

ing
Adjoinshape,
to

walls

in the

get
are

of authors

Out

of this

with

house

slaves and

is

hot

is

air.

priated
appro-

freedmen

good enough to put

opposite wing is a

another
and

of
to

arranged as
:

large

second

semicircular

the

the

out

equally

window

warmed

are

In

that

often.

of the

rooms

windows

collection

be

side

day

too

can

of this

to

yet

read

be

bedroom

The

are

containing a

cannot

there is
and

court,

settingsun.

of

all through the

sun

these

one

the

of which

in the

of this hall lies a

has

another

small

hall,which
or

beyond

size, which

into

colonnades

covered

the left hand

risingand

by

about

plain without

pass

handsome

CICERO.

friend

Between

inner

an

drawing-room, and
smaller

OF

is

this you

From

passage

YS

country

but cheerful space

DA

Pliny tells

courtyard

mean.

shape

THE

younger

of his

one

IN

which

can

and
sitting-room,

be
a

ROMAN

124

LIFE

of Rome.

IN

But

the

THE

DA

YS

which

room

specially
important was

was

call the lecture-room, and

his friend

for

ornaments

writes

to

it.

double

of Hermes

the heads

eyes

we

may

delightedwhen
appropriate

some

Hermathena"

he

composite

was

bust

which

he is

Your

"

CICERO.

in Cicero's

one

procure

(theHermathena

rather

or

able

was

OF

pedestal,with

upon

statue,

Athene, the Roman

and

Minerva) pleasesme greatly. It

that the whole
lecture-room
stands so prettily
looks like a votive chapel of the deity. I am
to the
greatly obliged to you." He returns
ably
subject in another letter. Atticus had probbust of the
purchased for him another
and

Mercury

kind.

same

"

What

"

for my

appropriate ornament
and

is the

Minerva

should

room.

suggest, find
kind

same

that

you

They
am

as

are

justnow

at

me

my

glad if you
more

place.

As

at

'

seat

every

where,

of

lecture-

would,

not

as

you

of the

for the

Formic,

thinkingof going.

most

little

ornaments

before, I have
house

is

own

emblem
special

many

the

for
sent

be

It

is suitable

learning.' Hermes

mathena
the Her-

about

greatly.

pleases me
of

write

you

seen

statues

them.

whither

I shall

remove

CO

them

all

to

shall find

keep

books.

your

that I may

And,

again,

do

ornaments

Tusculum

I get there

Hermes,

bronze.

most

in

They
"

to
delightful

another

to

letter

He

which
At

the

had
I

am
"

such

not

he

length of my purse.
fancy." Shortly after Atticus
of statue,double busts

some

had
he

time

busts

some

the

heads

of

when

he

hand

he says,

again urges diligence

things.

the

hear

friend

lookingfor them,"
and

we

pedestals were
to

come

fied
satis-

for

same

the

be

paid about

has

his

My

that it is

me

seem

Pentelicus, and

anxiously;

looking for

kind

them.

secure

that

can

lecture-room

find any

which

in

from

writes

next

Crassus."

by anticipationfor

him

of marble

than

eighty pounds

him.

hope

richer

prices.

Megara

for

purchased
of

and

from

statues

the

about

hundred

thanks

In

myself."

something
one

so

the

up

If I

can

is

Pray

mine.

neglectto

not

house

only when

"

If you

for

enough

them

make

to

I shall be
"

give

ever

the other.

ornament

Don't

be able
this

with

If

place at Tusculum.
than
myself with more
begin to

do

125

my

this I shall

only

LIFE.

UNTR

"

This

You

is my

has found

of Hermes

trust

may

special
another
and

Her-

126

IN

LIFE

ROMAN

THE

YS

DA

CICERO.

OF

cules,the god of strength; and Cicero is urgent

to

have

for his lecture-room.

them

he does

forget the books,

not

odds

keeping his

he calls them

as
vintages,"

received

and ends

from

small

All the
for which

of income, his

possiblythe

"

ample supply

could

make

close

much

as

splendidlibrarywhich
"

When

writes
want

in

at

was

of his

one

make

to

use

of the young
take

them

uncle

of

use

Lucullus
house

I found

had

in

treatises,

went

Cato

to

his

he had
he

collected.

Tusculum,"

he

happening to
in the library

"

books

some

myself, as

out

money

pleased,the

he

as

little

"

of which

home,

at

Lucullus, I

there

Coming

my

he is

vineyard attached

pleasure-grounds.Of books, however,

an

same

his

to

villa,to

custom

my

(Cato was

was.

the lad's

guardian),of whom, however, then

absolutely
nothing,sittingin the library

and

I knew

surrounded

with

of the Stoic writers

books

on

philosophy."
When

Cicero

Tusculum

shared

property.

The

was

the

banished, the
fate

buildingwas

furniture,and with it the books

so

collected,
were
diligently

the

of

house
rest

destroyed.
and

stolen

or

works

at

of his

The
of

art

sold. Cicero

CO

dealt

loss in this respect.

half

him

gave

rebuildingthe

no
as

of

more

in the

them.

He

was

money

been

in earlier

of

monument

of his

second
it the

last of

of which

he

publicsorrows.
in the

there

found

have

we

the

himself

discussinghow
superior to the fear

his

the

of

the

makes

writing
privateand

describes
to

noble

in the

treatises

for

afternoon

it

as

one

He

consolation
He

him

of Tusculum,"

Discussions

"

bly
Possi-

with

houses.

to

the times

troublous.

connected

Tusculum

for it,

happened

with
plentiful

man

hear

we

lost heart

older too, and

days. But

the

two

had

more

so

of the

scene

of the

one

not

compensation.

recovered, but

and

more

the

letter in which

same

disaster has

growing

was

growing

were

such

of his

hear

advertised

the insufficient
he

Formiae

at

We
had

collecting.He

will when

men

had

He

of his valuables

Some

his house

much.

as

us

complains of

he

For

house.

he tells

contract,

four and
something between
pounds as compensation for his

five thousand

they

1 2

him

voted

they

LIFE.

that
probablyrightin thinking,
meanly with him when
very

thought,andwas
the Senate

UNTR

"

as

ing
resort-

Academy,"

wise

death,

man

to

may

pain and

and

rise
to

128

ROMAN

LIFE

how

sorrow,

THE

he may

he says,

summing
if it

"

be, under

act],let

If it

seems,"

first of these

sions,
discus-

"

circumstances,

that

we

being loosed

are

and

released

from

chains, that

find

our

back

to

way

and
everlasting
be
If

such

no

that

day
to

by

for

nature,

It is not

been

man,

doom
woes,

by

which

or

that

we

look

us

by

There
which

does

not

let

is

having

look

on

that

nothing

over
a

as

an

that

we

evil.
have

all doubt
the

some
race

of

whose

creature

exhausted

fall at last into the

least

everlasting
gods

beyond

produce

least

at

full of blessing

as

chance

watches

once

at

us

may

on

the

at

trouble.

and

mother,

random

it is,after
to

own,

us,

common

some

Power

is

others

to

either

us

our

created.

mighty

let

; and

us

is ordered
or

dreadful

either

that

to

come

temper

so

home

us

prison,

may

of all sensation

bidding

such

cherish

laudable

from

we

manifestlyour

forever

quit

find

passions,and

obey gladlyand thankfully.Let

us

consider

CICERO.

bidding of God
life [he seems
be
to
appeared to a Roman

quit this

certain

OF

clear

the

speaking of suicide,which
to

YS

alone.
the

up

seems

should

we

DA

rule his

in virtue

contentment

that

IN

all other

unending

woe

of

CO

death.

let

Rather

death

haven

would

that

it

us

be

may

would
fate

one?"

be.
of

all,

still

we

And

as

can

the

the
be

the

spread
wide-

with

reach,
haven

fate

us.

shall

winds

needs

for

it

thither

contrary

must

late,

somewhat

how

if

not,

for

in

have

we

prepared
sail

that

refuge

if

LIFE.

believe

us

might

we

back,

TR

and

sails
blow

UN

though
where

which

unhappiness

we

is

the

of

CHAPTER

SERGIUS

had

fallen

which

power

when
had

fellows.

and

Like

of

grudges

in-law

his

with

had
his

and

his

very

worst,

did

high

offices

in

sedile,

then

character,
hinder

not

the

covering

as

State.
then
the

Tripoli

which

evil

was

and

the

rising

of

Africa,
bears

now

At

to

first

made

which

Tunis,

deeds
of

was

governor

region

brother-

from

He

serving

his

These

him

satisfied
of

pretense

his

of

any

had

killed

and
shown

had

he

hand.

praetor,

of

he

actually

own

private

province
names

under

own

the

plundered

and

others

many

and

party,

recovered

wicked

as

evil

the

In

nobles

lost,

family

ancient

an

adversaries,

cruel

as

to

poverty.

the

their

himself

the

into

they

murdered

CONSPIRACY.

belonged

Sulla,

of

days

his

GREAT

CATILINE

which

VIL

the

end

ROMAN

132

Catiline

give to the
to
begin.

hired

the

of

of

to
a

the

and

shall find

whit

better than

Catiline

action.

would

take

being a noble, for

honest when
they saw
of

his

own

order, and,

own

interests.

that

he

could

againstthe

to

whom

have

same

been
A

the

thought
him

thus

it

seemed,

indeed

say, and

say

second

Catiline
of

course

were

of

advantage
that he

turn

was

against

against his

there
with

one

in the

way.

had

He

They

not

the character

And

nobles.

an

shall

we

committed

up

men

as

in

the prosecutor,

to

himself.

in the

people.

friend of the

that

act, and

ended

followinganother

on

He

of

for misdeeds

of Sulla, ended
resolved

few

to

even

Clodius,

again,and

now

the

said, by largebribes

hear

days

signal

lost.

jurymen

trial,this time

the

The

misgovernment

certain

take

before

gave

courage

purchased,it was
acquittal,
given

he should

assassins

the

not

CICERO.

being carried

assembled.

was

trial for

OF

senate-house, and

signal he

This

opportunity was

The

the

band

present had

were

YS

arranged that

front

number

whole

DA

plot from

the

been

place in

THE

IN

hindered

It had

out.

his

LIFE

was

much

perfecttruth,
corrupt and

CONSPIRACY.

GREAT

all

profligatebeyond
juriesand

bearing. They

home

and

hoped to do the very

themselves.
People listened to
done

he

or

had

that

had

known

was

be very

to

of

hardships of
favor

again

for

Catiline

he had

brave, and
cold

enduring
kind.

every

which

he

and

On

to

were

to

be

unfolded

wiped

be put
It

be divided.

home,

and

was

able
remark-

and

hunger

the

strengthof

thus

him, unsuccessful

were

he

gained, he stood
consulship. In anticipationof

the

himself, and

when

bering
remem-

soldier, but

being elected, he gathered

about

had

He
just as bad himself.
reputation for strengthand
likelyto make him popular.

been

never

power

the

was

just the

too,

courage
He

he

then

things

same

spoke against such doings,without

that

selves
them-

greedy, and
who
acquitted by men

be

to

on

They

provinces, showed

govern

horribly cruel
came

sat

false verdicts for money.

gave
to

out

went

133

two

provinces,would

to

and

his

out,
death

number

men

discontented

plans.

and

All

wealthy

and

like
debts

citizens

their property

was

hoped

that

at

least of

the

support

of

the

the

consuls

armies

movement.

to

at

in the

The

ROMAN

134

LIFE

first failure

IN

YS

DA

that Catiline

was

being chosen

consul, Cicero

had

who

Antonius,

THE

unanimously,with
majority

Catiline,for his colleague.Enraged

the

of success,

than

lengths
in

latter

Sulla's army,

man

told

was

in

at

of

the

to

the

all she knew

Not

Catiline

set

Rome

hours

both

early.

he

thus

was

the

task
and

Thus

receive

should

we
a

he
the

Cicero.

of business

what

were

would

did

Nor

This

nicated
plan,commu-

riddinghimself

about

antagonist.

associates.

of the

for

through

lady,with whom
lady, dismayed at

to

that

knowing

met

wickedness

and

found,

discovered

of his

secret

came
again be-

Happily

turn.

every

one

love, and

boldness

The

then

consulship,resolving

designs were

weakness

the

for the

him

these

Rome

He

commanded.

thwarted

greater

old officer in

an

get rid of Cicero, who, he

first to
and

Manlius,

one

candidate

want

actuallyraised troops
Italy, but especiallyin

of

parts

Etruria, which

to

over

He

ever.

various

his

at

proceeded

now

elected

not

was

small

CICEKO.

OF

Roman
in the

betrayed,

of his great

difficult.

seem

of

think

noble

pleasurein
ently
inconvenior

first hours

man
states-

of

the

it is

which

It would
would

to

custom

our

find the

great

he

would

cases

bed.

This

popular,and

therefore

sunrise

the great hall of his

the consul
and

next

in the

To

of

had

they

day

he

to

of

of Cicero,

other

of November.
in

not

by

in his bed-chamber.

received

his door

at

surrounded

mansion,

were

this

of their

Two

finding him,

on

be

to

On

access.

the seventh

on

called

temple

supposed

could

habit

of

dependents, but

friends and

was

in

themselves

reckoned

They

The

them

knight, the

presented

shortlyafter

coming,

In

always anxious
easy

of them

one

senator,

But

yet risen.

conspiratorscounted.

the

number,

earlyvisitors

receive

probably the

was

kindly man,

habit

not

often

courteous,

in the afternoon.
that

man

friendship

or

pay

happen

sometimes

these

135

calls of ceremony

the

morning

CONSPIRACY.

GREAT

warning

of

their

refused

admittance.

meeting

of the

ate
Sen-

Jupiter the Stayer,which

be the safest

placewhere

they

assemble,
this

having

ventured

meeting Catiline,a
filled high offices
to

come.

of great

power

member
of state,

stalwart
tall,
of

in

body

and

man,

right

himself
festly
mani-

mind,

but

136

ROMAN

LIFE

with

face

eyes

haggard
him

greeted
his

took

his
"

dared

enough
its

on

it

he

to

turned
How

"

suffered

that

to

from
If he

and

to

him

consul,
in

addressed

Was

; how

not

citywas
fellow-

his

was

still alive, he owed

of

shrink

men

those

would

allow
For

to

to

so

to

the present, he

guarded

mischief.

thing that

doing it.

last

everyone

live

do, but

from

against whom

detail of the

fixed for

it

as

only every

intended

that had been

to

him

incapableof

related every

had

he

rose

all the

how

live, but

speaker

not

Cicero

this forbearance

and

knew

office of

meeting

know

watched

He

when

long,Catiline,"he cried,
How
had he
patience?

long only,as to
of his guilt.

be convinced

had

man

allotted

directlyand

forbearance

so

in

"

our

shrank

plotted;

alone

sat

No

Then

guard against

long,and

was

filled the

his

and

excess,

benches

him.

for him

the

by

CICERO.

entered, and

the

on

to

?
pestilence

OF

house.

he

from

come

senators
a

wasted

had

abuse

to

YS

bloodshot, he

when

place. He
adversary.

will you

DA

crowded

who

all shrank
his

and

place

senators

THE

pale and

of

the midst

IN

the

and

Then

the

conspiracy.
the

plices
accom-

very

days

Overwhelmed

GREAT

CONSPIRACY.

137

by this knowledge of his plans,Catiline scarcely

attempted
voice,
of

Do

"

wish

to

said

voice.

my

but

humble

house

generalruin."

And

! Traitor

"

he

mere

would

and

drowned

cried,

"

are

look ! if you

But

he rushed

city,

assembly burst

fire,I will put

on

this

He

it."

save

destruction.

to

to

consul,

this

enemies,"

My

"

whose

myself,

whole

the

Traitor

"

in

good

place,would

more,

driving me
set

much

done

the

into cries of
his

done,

have

it in ruins, while

see

lodger in
have

who

have

ancestors

said

think, Fathers, that I, a noble

not

Rome,

He

defense.

with

it out

of the Senate.

out

Nothing, he saw, could be done in Rome

;
Late
point was
guarded against him.
every
that same
night he left the city,committing
the

Lentulus, and
with

an

army

his road, he
senators,

of

of

management

the

promising to
at

wrote

in which

his

letters

Marseilles.

What

his

the

to

to

he
camp

some

and

on

chief

of the

give

the

up

quietlyretire

reallydid
of

long

that for the sake

should

his enemies

before

Halting awhile

he declared
he

and

Cethegus

to
return

back.

public peace

strugglewith

way

affairs

was

to

to

make

Manlius, where

he

138

ROMAN

LIFE

assumed

the

command.

usual
The

to

were

march

to

had

The

They

only
were

these
The

; Antonius

and

One

be

was

Cicero

to

behind

in

the

which

tribes

Capitolto

and

on

The

obtain

nothing. The
help of officials
bribes.

their

account

of their state, and

the

of

idea

One

trader

of

they complained.

purchased by heavy
heavily in debt both on

now

of the

effected little or

conceived

been

of

outlaw.

an

enemy,

busy.

of their needs.
had

hearing

army

neglected them.

Lentulus

CICERO.

conspiratorsleft

of
injuries

account

own

an

be

OF

regularmilitary

on

deputiesto

sent

had

men

Senate
could

raise

been

for

redress

to

the

had

Gaul

him

YS

city.

Meanwhile
Rome

of

state

against the

protect the

DA

Senate,

doings,declared
consuls

THE

IN

in

taking

tage
advan-

of his freedmen, who

Gaul, could

speak

the

language, and knew several of the deputies,

with them
opened negotiations
by his patron's
desire. They told him the tale of their wrongs.
They could see, they said, no way out of their
difficulties.
"

and

"

Behave

I will show
to

them

you

like men,"
a

way."

the existence

he answered,
He

of the

then

vealed
re-

conspiracy,

ROMAN

140

himself

LIFE

tells us

THE

in the

the

in

day

next

IN

DA

YS

OF

speech which
the

Forum

CICERO.

he delivered
of

story

what

followed.
I summoned

"

praetors

to

whose

on

put the whole

my

their way
and

themselves

(they had
I had

from

sent

houses

was

bridge.
drawn

were

blood

and
to

over

them

the

them

their

deputies
The

Immediately
knew

to

be

seals

I sent

the

the Gauls

and

them

they

swords

the

on

handed

had

brought
beginning to
four

any

upon

These

were

for the

cross

before

unbroken.

now

their

to

Gauls

The

men

in

About

began

letters which

was

divisions

praetors appeared

themselves

day

swordsmen

bridge.

sides ; but

quiet.

was

two

charged

both

the

of their own,

numerous,

men

on

with

house.

Our

all

the

of

Bridge,

attendants

picked

morning

very

shed

was

scene,

the

side

either

on

train,which
the

their

body-guard),in

o'clock in the

two

of

made

they

Mulvian

followers

number

own

my

with

trusty

some

dusk

the

to

rely,

them, and unfolded

it grew

unobserved

posted

and

As

I could

I knew

before

matter

of the

two

presence

courage

plans.

own

my

and
to

my

dawn.

whom

principalconspirators. They

CONSPIRA

GREA

141

who

suspecting nothing, Lentulus,

came

been

the

late

up

Some
at

last

wished

house

contents

blamed

trouble

for

to

no

matter

No

one,

too

careful

act

to

was

when

that

care

would

Gauls, I sent

safety

praetor

of

Rome

be

suggestion
of

of

at

was

should

number

being

Senate, and

that he could

great

away

of

the house

to

tant
impor-

so

me

of the

the

seize all the weapons

brought

in

responsibility.

the attendance
at

should

great deal of

accuse

meeting

large. Meanwhile,

If their

suspected I

own

my

the
a

the letters

I refused

on

sure,

had assembled

open

having given

I called

stake.

purpose.

himself.

the Senate.

what

not

were

to

had

writing the

present
who

me

before

layingthem

before

took

to

distinguished
persons

my

be

before

night

letters, being the

to

CY.

very

of the

Cethegus
find.

He

daggers and

swords.
"

The

Senate

Vulturcius,
House,
bade
soon

him
as

of

one

promised

the
him

tell all he
the

assembled,

being now

man

brought

conspirators, into

the

public pardon,

and

knew
could

without

speak,

terriblyfrightened,he said,

'

was

fear.
for

he

As
was

taking a

LIFE

ROMAN

142

letter and
Catiline
to

been

thus

of

it

set

OF

CICERO.

Lentulus

to

Catiline.

bring his forces up

city. They meanwhile

the

to

fire in

on

YS

various

quarters,

as

sacre.
arranged, and begin a generalmasHe was
and
to interceptthe fugitives,

effect

junction with
next
brought

the walls.' I
House.

from

instructed

walls

would

DA

THE

message

was

the

had

IN

Their

and

two

our

nation.

story

of his

was

his

the Gauls
follows.

as

companions

We

friends

into the
Lentulus
letters

us

gave

instructed

were

'

within

to

send

to

our

cavalryinto Italywith all speed. They would

find a force of infantry. Lentulus
told us how
he had learned from Sibylline
books
that he was
that

"

of Rome.

one

The

which

city,for
the

was

it

Vestal

was

of the

and

others

for

Sulla.

the

to

have

to

tenth
the

it done

before

gone
year

see

too

this

dispute about
fire. Lentulus
on

the

of the

of
acquittal

twentieth
After

him
the

was

the ruin

after the

Capitol.
had

the fated ruler

was

The

destined

settingthe cityon

wished

who

that had

Virgins,

burning
the

two

and

Cicero

were

"

third Cornelius

after

the

Cethegus
the

and

time

others

feast of Saturn

(December i7th). Cethegus thought that

this

GREA

putting it

was

letter

off

letter.

I read

the

his

handwriting and
the Senate

would

that

he

do

their

deputies,and

hand

to

perform

their

Cethegus, who
found

weapons

he had

alwaysbeen

was

overwhelmed

and

said

"

effect

him,

was

showed
'

Do

for the

by declaringthat

letter from

He

read.

in such

things,

his letter read,

ought
this.'

to

him

letter

whether

he

his

the

likeness
The
from

then

was

had

any

the

guilt.
asked

seal ?

Yes,' said

the

to

letter,and

his

'

seal and

much

confessed

grandfather.
have
kept you

His

his

him

acknowledge

device,

patriot,your

asked

accounted

acknowledged

answered.

well-known

as

taken.
under-

house

Lentulus

you

do,' he

it

other

deputieshad

by hearing

next

handwriting.
I then

to

nothing.

Manlius

same

the

on

connoisseur

the Gauls

promised

them

had

in his

in

this effect

to

had

he

the

cut

written

people of

begged

what

was

was

and

what

Cethegus

it.

It

the

had

First I showed

string.

he assured

143

I then

acknowledged

He

own

CY.

long.'

too

in.

brought

seal.

his

CONSPIRA

'

'I

I, 'it is
of

mere

such
read.

great

sightof
a

crime
I then

explanation to

ROMAN

144

give.

LIFE

I have

without

any

whether

he

DA

while

the

questions to

THE

nothing

After

answer.

the

IN

he

They

no

denied

expected,he

one

all his

power

turcius

then

of

about
the

was

; all his

the

abilities,

him.

Vul-

letter which
Catiline

to

opened. Lentulus
brought in and
greatlyagitated; stillhe acknowledged the
the

which

handwriting

will

know

send

to you.

of

the

what

help yoii

can,

In

against

them

you

which
must

word,
not

words

only by

seal

You

whom

Think

now

are,

and

Collect all the

it be

case

was

letter,

man.

do.

now

the

The

messenger

you

though

even

all

the

yourselfas

position in

consider

kind.

Bear

his.

in these

unsigned,was
who
I am
by

was

be

to

he

should

be

and

he did what

deserted

Lentulus

carrying from

was

them

of conscience.

that

begged

reply

in

followed

confessed

speech

some

him

thing,but

every

put

him

to

What

strangest proof of the power

have

his first

answered

asked

spoken

not

CICERO.

and

rose

hesitation,and
had

OF

say,'was

to

Gauls.

Sibyllinebooks.

might

YS

of

the meanest

was

the

made

out

seals, the

but by the faces of the

letters,the handwritings,
men,

their downcast

look, their silence.

Their

CONSPIRACY.

GREAT

145

confusion, their stealthy looks

if there had

enough,

were

Lentulus

was

He

praetor.
handed

Catiline

were

when

his

they
of

elements
cities.

would

of

same
were

to

time

been

liberal

made

was

one

by

discovered.

Cicero's
No

one

profitby conflagrationand
they

disposed

were

known

there

that

always are

by theclients

of

of the noblest

rescue

several

him

from

of the

most

in

determined

take

to

Still there

party of order.

danger,as

be made

familywas
Rome,

the

It

had

greatlymoved

had
to

; and

sides with

whom

capital,to

regarded his plans, or

siderable
supposed to be his plans,with con-

expect

massacre

and

who

and

of what

could

the

custody

called for.

were

companions

favor, were
account

in safe

them

orders

and

promises,
what

keep

them

lower

The

certain of the chief citizens,who

to

produce

to

proof,

other

compelled to resignhis office of

and the other conspiratorswere

to

over

bound

were

no

them."

convict

to

been

other

each

at

were

great
effort

Lentulus, whose
and

wealthiest

custody.

At

in
the

powerful nobles

stronglysuspected of favoringthe

lutionists.
revo-

the wealthiest
Crassus, in particular,

146

LIFE

ROMAN

in Rome,

man

before

account

had

that

been

that he

to

afraid

to

were

its truth
Senate
that
he

or

forward.

at

who

that

Crassus

to

the

should
whose

and

special

by

the

of

arrest

of those

heard

in such

who

believed

be

to

under

allow

credibl
in-

it. Crassus

himself

were

who

seemed

againstso powerfula

falsehood,

its author

of

risk

the accused

resolved

disclosed

to

many

obligationsto

witnesses

massacre,

charge

who

Those
it

press

there

The

stake

perilousventures.

same

of those
at

the

other

the courage

large.

much

too

Catiline.

to

march
only he must
the
delay,and so rescue

others

restore

most

said,

was

Catiline,to the effect

alarmed

citywithout

still at

plicity.
com-

brought

gave

bearer

to

be

to

the

prisonersand
were

the

Crassus

and

the

and

he

given by

was

not

was

Lentulus
upon

he

from

message

with

was

his way

actuallyon

preparations for fire and

added

had

Tarquinius

tell all he knew,

to
as

of the

CICERO.

OF

Senate, having been, it

when

Charged

YS

DA

openly charged

was

certain

the

arrested

THE

IN

it were
citizen ;

too

great

it,whatever
The

be insisted upon.

false,and
charge was
kept in custody till

suggestionhe
himself

believed

had

come

that

the

48

ROMAN

oners

IN

LIFE

THE

DA

traitors,and

were

YS

CICERO.

pay

the

must

OF

usual

penalty.
consul

The
be

still feared
He

attempted.

might

rescue

the

officials

prison,the

to

to

himself

preparations,and

Lentulus

conducted

directed

all necessary

make

that

other

inals
crim-

The

being put into the charge of the prsetors.

prison itself was
strongly guarded. In

this

building,which
of the

side

eastern

twelve

feet

by King
vaulted

Tullius.

Lentulus

hurried

was

suffered

escorted

the

his

The

chief

fashion.
twelve

thousand

of these

were

had
men

and

noisome

fate.

house

by

he

THEY

the

H is accomplices

consul

enthusiastic

an

it had

with

answered

fared
the

LIVED."

HAVE

died

contrived
; but

den,

The

how

asked

conspirator

He

and

hideous.

were

this

same

was

"

walls

place

pit

strangledhim.

condemned,

words
significant

the

constructed

quite dark,

into

the

he

When

crowd.
with

to

been

stone

was

the

the executioners

where

was

had

; it

filth of

and

stench

have

to

It

roof

under

CapitolineHill, was

deep, said

stone

situated

was

in

ignoble

collect about

to

only

regularlyarmed

less

fourth

; the

rest

part
car"

GREAT

ried

hunting

avoided
of

the

When

he had

fifth of December

took

ranks

; with

made

into

Gaul.

Rome,

the year

for him
62

could

generalmore

skillful.

against him

were

saw

that

thickest

all
of
He

wounds.

of

was

the
was

his men,

have
But

to

armies

himself

force

fight,and
found

serting
de-

ready

the army
the south.

give

battle.
The

met.

that

day

been

braver,

the forces

overpowering.
lost, he

of

Apennines

from

but

the

B.C.

joined

north-west,

Antonius, with

showed

soldier

No

best.

he found

the

that his

had

the

pressinghim

remained

on

faithful he

the

across

But

while

was

leader

rebel

who

the

in Rome.

saw

remained
to

his way

his way,

Nothing
Early in

that

by

opportunity

march

make

to

Hither

bar

from

those

him

him, he

first

the

hurried

hoping

reached

news

cause

happened

desperate. Many

positionwas
the

had

hear

to

his

left behind

of what

news

first he

At

hoping

something accomplished for

friends whom

to

hand.

to

came

engagement,

an

149

pikes, sharpened stakes,

spears,

that

weapon

any

CONSPIRACY.

rushed
fell

stillbreathingand

no

arrayed

When
into

pierced

afterwards

his

at

he

the
with

far in advance

with

the

150

ROMAN

same

LIFE

haughty

him

force

contagious
free

alive

man

either

followed

CONSPIRACY.

THE

in

it.

of

the
Such

life.

of

his

battle

was

CICERO.

OF

his

on

in

all

YS

DA

expression

distinguished

single

IN

which

face

And

such

example

or

the

in

the
end

the

was

that

followers

his

had

taken

was

pursuit
of

not

that

GREAT

CAIUS

JULIUS

CESAR.

CHAPTER

VIII.

CESAR.

later

years

as

when
how
his

see

the
how

head, I
so

own

he

fortune
was

more

pounds
any

hold

publicoffice

him

This
; and

did
it,certainly

scratches

likelyto

contrived

the fortune

than

in debt.

arranged,

for his debts

As
had

and

hair is

then

tain
enter-

design as overthrowingthe

liberties of Rome."
He

; but

tyrant

singlefingerhe

conceive

cannot

monstrous

enormous.

carefullyhis

with
delicately

In

"

policy,"said Cicero,

of

temper

was

spendthrift.

all his

thirty

not

of Rome,

master

fop and

and

all his schemes

I discern

die

to

was

chieflyknown
"

who

Caesar,
eight-and-twenty,

AT

three
was

of his

spend
wife

hundred
before

office,when
not

to

they were

improve

his

; and

thousand

he had
he
his

came

held
to

position.

LIFE

ROMAN

IS 2

He

appointed

was

Appian Way
from

office

and

he

for

name),

London
his

had

is

own

the

Caesar
of

one

gladiatorsfought in

the

and

armor

trainingwhich

he

first and

The

six hundred

last,not

apiece, and
pf the whole

many

and

of them,
would

very

gladiator,
the

long

before

he

expensive

hundred

perhaps
be

he

pairs of

fortywould

and

less than

number,

which

undergo

to

of

all his predecessor

twenty

weapons,

had

to

deal of

good

; and

arena

of

Mayor

shows

and

nified
sig-

treasury, but

Lord

the

fightin public, was

slave.

public

made

was

far outdid

exhibited, three hundred

could

sides
sedile,be-

other

the

the

as

next

management

expected,to spend

money.

his

His

the

and

from

expenses

At

with

spent

expensive.

allowance

An

expected,just

was

He

repair (the specialbusiness

his

his

for travelers

route

for

was,

the

led southward

more

temples

publicgames.

him

that

repairs.

still

was

the

CICERO.

East).
in

always

it

buildingsin
the

the

money

keeping
by

was

OF

guardians of

the

sedile

Expensive

of the

one

and

of

of

YS

DA

road

Rome,

sum

THE

(the great

Greece

to

great

IN

cost,

pounds
a

third

killed in the

ROMAN

154

to

LIFE

IN

to

honor.

it

restore

this great

inscribed

were

which

he

the

seen,

height of

at

populace

again

see

said,

"

is

victories

home.

be

may
vacant.
to

some

abroad
Such

This

"

leader,

man," he

againsthis
afraid

was

or

people,it soon
remarkable
proof

What

given

their

was

his

was

filled with

were

Senate.

even

for the

man

became

into

of their

Csesar

that

nobles

out

the likeness

however,

As

act.

young

favor.

the

bringing battering-ramsagainst

Senate,

to

the

in the

broke

longer digging mines

no

he is

The

these

delight; many

Catulus, who

fear.

Csesar

country,
it."

The

successor.

accused

barians.
bar-

magistrate's

the young

enthusiastic

joy to

and

anger

by

the

from

of the show

old favorite ; all declared

worthy

which

on

victories

of the
Rome

of

statues

splendid with gilding,upon

the Capitol. The first feelingwas

expressions of
for

CICERO.

secretlymade,

morning

generalastonishment
audacity. Then the
wept

OF

caused

He

names

the

YS

DA

delivered

had
On

were

be

to

man

THE

and

called
It

was

aged

High
who

high
there

gave
of

were

its

hood
Priest-

honor

an

man

borne

competitors

the

willing
un-

monly
com-

had
honors
on

won

at

this

C"SAR.

occasion, Catulus

155

being

Caesar, though far below

offices

the lists.

enter

would

raise

Indeed, he staked

end.
When

the

on

day

with

door
kissed
see

her,

fact

The

either

signsof

confident

been

that his

and

courage

of

his future

position in

the

began to remember
youth. In the days when
who

Caesar

had

had ventured

been
to

he had

himself

Cunia, another

of

wife Sulla ordered

or

had

these

stories

always
Now

of his

of the very

was

the

of

master

was

resist the great

married

will

assured

was

one

and

always shown

country

Sulla

the

exile."

an

greatness.

Marius, the leader of the party,

and

turned

ambition, and

men

Rome,

had

to

to-dayyou

Priest

that Caesar

was

"

ing
leav-

was

him

He

eyes.

High

to

the struggle.

he

followed

Mother," he said,

"

son

your

in her

tears

all on

of election

his house, his mother

him

saying that he
cessful
bring it to a suc-

to

sum

to

bribe

heavy

induce

to

contest,

greater

the

sought

the

from

withdraw

such

which

at

held, determined

refused

Catulus

which

by

He

But

them.

the age

commonly

were

of

one

man's
his

few
will.

uncle,

daughter

the

popular leaders.

him

to

of

This

divorce, but he flatly

156

LIFE

ROMAN

refused.

For

Sulla

but

however,
the

THE

DA

induced

to

friends who

to

that he

The

neighborhood

of

hands

of the

terror

of all the

Asia

firstproceeding

for his

they wanted

not

for many
it safer

them
"

have

Messengers

were

Caesar, who

was

of slaves, made
he

wanted

message
He
to

much

how

Twenty talents,"

You

answer.

whom

shall have

fifty."

fetch the money,

to

left with

friend and

and

couple

the best of the situation.

go

to

commanding

sleep he
his

would

captors

joinedtheir sports,read
poems
them, and roundly abused them

barbarians
most

to

of.
sent

the
His

"

got hold

the

time

(about five thousand pounds) was their

"What
folly! he said, you don't know
you

to

and
as

send
be

If
a

silent.

speeches
ignorant

applaud. But his

threateningto hang them.

if they failed

telling
joke was

to

fell into the

that

at

ask

ransom.

"

see

Mediterranean.

to

was

he

on

You

"

travelingin

were

Eastern

do

found

Minor

who
pirates,

boy,

material

While

time.

danger ;

for him,

if you

Caesar

young

Italyfor

in

it,remarking,

still but

was

Mariuses."
leave

CICERO.

interceded

that in this

OF

spare

grain of sense,
boy there is the

not

YS

his life was

time

some

was

ground

have

IN

to

C"SAR.

The

laughed

men

long

not

were

serious

earnest.

money

arrived

immediately
squadron,

the

after the

to

pirateswere

handsomely

pay

the

consider

Caesar's

to

case,

mind.

his way

made

death.

of his

manner

The

own.

he

province,who

of life and

power

crucified all the

But

he

kind, had

views

of

rich and

could

afford

said. This

He

the

people saw

their
a

worst

chance

Catiline

resolute

These
when

discovered

and

gamus,
Per-

hands,

in whom

man

the nobles

last seemed
the

to

see

conspiracyof

crushed.

He

was

accused, especially
by Cato, of having been

accomplice;

all

at

to

own

their best friend and

ruininghim

was

not

back

hastened

would

He

was

his

prisoners.

enemy.
of

the

to

the governor,

for their lives.

the cool and

was

in his hands

had

and, takingthe law into his

This

He

released.

was

of his
returningto the scene
and captured the greater part
Leaving his prisoners in safe

of the

governor

the

time

Miletus, equipped

to

Pergamus,

at

in most

was

five weeks'

Caesar

went

and

he

findingthat

in

and

band.

custody

free-spoken lad, but

the

at

In about

found
captivity,
of the

157

and

when

he left the Senate

an

after

158

ROMAN

LIFE

the debate

IN

in which

the arrested
mobbed

by

the

it

sure

of

of

the

charge was

favor

not

leave

of

of Crassus, the richest

stood

security for nearly

To

which, whether

or

no,

of his character.
the

way

to

his

of his

He

province,

mean
particularly

One

are

and

"and

man

here

he

satisfied the
he

did

hundred

by

who
and
thous-

anecdotes

teristic
curiouslycharac-

passing,on

was

that

town

had

look.
poverty-stricken

are

the first

was

old

in Rome,

companions remarked,

indeed, for

was

The

This

struggles for office even

and parties." "Yes,"
jealousies
there

he

him, and

had

man

two

need

of office

belong two

this time
true

have

Spain.

his creditors.

in-

too

was

year

term

till he

help

pounds.

next

Further

Rome

of his life.

Caesar

still pressed upon

pressingof

most

it. The

was

pressed ;

people to

after his

ended, governor
could

he

Cicero's

danger

never

of the

win

praetor, and

of debt

CICERO.

formed

manifestlyfalse,for

was

trouble

OF

argued againstputting

in

even

was

conspiringto

made

he had

YS

gentlemen who

the formal

/deed

DA

conspiratorsto death,

body-guard, and
But

THE

myself, I

would

than

second

the

"

I dare

say

here, and
said

Caesar;

sooner

be

in Rome."

CAESAR.

Arrived

of

leisure

He

Alexander.
burst
"

journey'send, he

his

at

into

sat

enough

hour

awhile

he

that

at

half

the

thought,then
inquiredthe cause.

lost in

it not

Alexander

age

world, while

as

of the

to
provincials

the

at
to

honor

difficulty. He

of

by

the

the

to

of the

for the

beginning

to

was

to

voted

to

consulship must
canvass

when

was

and

the

sion
proces-

in

paigns),
cam-

date
candi-

general

outside

followed

in his

who

the gates

him, while
lose

the

rode

become
a

self
him-

have

prisonerstaken

consulship. But
triumph had to wait

city till it

trived
con-

enough

to

Capitol,preceded

for the
desired

of

Rome

general

he also wished

and

dominion

to

wished

victorious

spoilsand

he contrived

money

triumph (a triumph
a

done

ended, he found

was

in which

chariot

make

to

Returning

of command

his year

have

their satisfaction,and

time

his debts.

pay

in

the

same

quered
con-

Atlantic, settled the affairs

Rome

as

cause

had

nothing?" Something, however,

extended
the
to do in Spain. He
far

life of

the

replied. "Is

my

the opportunity

took
read

to

His friends

tears.

cause?"

The

159

no

didate
can-

time

in

people. Caesar,

160

IN

LIFE

ROMAN

and
consulship,

which

day, and
and

to

not

were

and

they

divide

power

and

had

very

of

sought

of

be

of

means

to

attain

be made

things. This the three

not
willingto endure,

out

put

we

this

of the

doing

shall hear

bitter hatred

to

did

some

that

putting himself

him, and

have

He

hesitation.

say

were

Clodius, of whom
a

prizes

fourth, but he refused,

determined

ready

the

would

Caesar

some

state

new

should

orator

way

the three

to

of Rome

masters

felt

then

thingswhich
they were
agreeable because

more

of the

true

before, the

said

; and

ventured

; he

the

them

perhaps,without

more

of

enemies,

Cicero

made
willingly

been

them.

between

soldier

been

Caesar reconciled

of power

Coalition

had

two

togetheragreed

not,

has

as

These

man.

famous

famous

most

Crassus,

richest

for the

stood

called the First Triumvirate.

the

was

that

he made

is commonly

Pompey

He

the two,

triumphantlyelected.

was

consul

Once

CICERO.

between

show.

to

OF

YS

choice

his

having to make
preferred power

DA

THE

troublesome
way.

They

certain

it.

hereafter,

more

againstCicero, and by
in a positionto injure

other

objectsof

tribune.

But

his own,

there

was

162

LIFE

ROMAN

What

IN

THE

Clodius

mischief

against Cicero

work

prize

of the

of

he left

he had

the satisfaction of

The

That

to
next

received

five years.

his command,

up

done,

he

driven

crossed

the

(forhis government
periodwhen the first

another

engaged in almost
incessant
though still finding time to
war,
The
of Rome.
the politics
campaigns
manage
from
which
in making Gaul
the Alps to
ended
came

the

British

the Rhine,
my

dealingswith

this

made
a

than
not

own

early in

force of

summer

effect

without

more

say

our

in the

words

few
island.
of 55

landing on

considerable
the

the Atlantic

within

about

his

In his first expedition,

B.C.,

he did little

the

loss.

followingyear,

than

to

Nevertheless, it may

describe.

to

from

possession,it is not

Roman

interestingto

more

was

Channel, and

purpose

be

he

for

seeing Cicero

nine years

prolonged for
to
an
end)

was

take

Italy to

next

in the

Caesar

Gaul

Before

Alps.

enabled

his services, the government

province

into banishment.

CICERO.

shall hear

we

for

OF

thus

was

chapterbut one.
His
consulship ended,
substantial

YS

DA

coast,

and

In the next,
he

fortythousand

employed
men,

con-

BRITISH

CHIEFTAIN.

163

CAESAR.

veyed

flotillaof
Britons

the

time
his

in

did

and

landing;

way

the

to

promised
empire

at

though
of

men,
not

the cost

of

war

with

to

fear and

to

children

the

to

world.

hate his

of

amount

of

two

to

lions
mil-

(forCsesar,

the

The

conqueror

coalition indeed

had

foolish and

Parthians, and

ten

careless
absolutely

leave

up, for Crassus

East, carryingon

and

say,

cruel,was
positively

the

now

some

and

of

great province

horrible

the

hostages

gave

women,

broken

with

peace

add

and
suffering),

was

was

now

native

one

to

of the Roman

master

London
of

as

little

some

generalresult

bloodshed, of the lives,as

of

the country

The

tribute.

years'fightingwas
the

submission

leader Cassivelaunus, who

native

their tactics and

where

finallyconcluded

tribe,and

and

the

in the

invariably

the Thames
of

westward

oppose

him

inward, they were

crossed

stands, received

to

met

changed
him, layingwaste

He

they went.

they

This

ships.

venture

then

They

before

retired

not

when

he marched
field,
as
defeated.

eighthundred

perishedin
unprovoked

Pompey

had

come

remainingrival. But Csesar

friends,
strong enough to do without
crush
The
enemies.
Senate
vainly

64

ROMAN

LIFE

him

commanded
certain

tillhe

made

his

famous

the

thought

the

awhile.

war

of how

judge

his

Then

"

Italy.

his
own,

returned

made

his way

had

collected

was

the

pained

at

would

the

famous

plunged
Rome

waste

into the

and

hour

an

from
in pursuing

making Italywholly
into Spain, which
was

marched

and
Pompey's stronghold,

he

consulted

First

success.

he

not

the

his act

with

fled from

did

Caesar

even

posteritywould

die is cast," he

The

Pompey

stream.

his

conduct.

this

thought

even

of which

beginning,and

cross

He

professed himself

of the

was

separated

and

he

vance
ad-

Italy,

Rubicon,

war,

a
an

to

of

To

be the

words,

considered

boundaries

declare

by

continued

by himself;
He

his friends.

his army

Umbria.

hesitated

over

CICERO.

OF

forever, which

from

Caesar

course

He

name,

to
practically

resolute

YS

being

the

to

came

CisalpineGaul
was

of

country.

little river, whose

then

DA

disperse

pain

the

of

THE

to

day, on

enemy

IN

to

Rome,

secured

and

from

into Macedonia,

his forces.

fought at

Pharsalia

remnants

of

in

Rome

where

The

again
Pompey

decisive

Thessaly

Pompey's party

Thence

it.

; for

held

battle

though

out,

the

165

CAESAR.

of the

issue

war

doubtful

never

was

after that

day.
Returning
in

speak),he
as

he

shown

the

had

written

that

; and

had

he

condescended

to

the

his friend
consistent

the

in Caesar

nature

himself
he

gave

while
the

with

he showed

policyof
He

written
; and

than
it

take

to

as

of

Cato

even

had

the

mercy

To

it.

He

dignitiesand
of

his

he

even

troversy.
friendly con-

little treatise

Cato

had

been

Caesar, and

required
it in

no

had

He
to

answer,

and

of

little good

good part.

useless

to

way

fall into the hands

writingan

how

to

kindness.

title of Anti-Cato, and

the

compliments to
man.

Cato

of Rome,

master

need

him, and

into

had

rather

much

out

with

adversary

killed himself

as

all his

enter

Cicero

no

Egypt, tellinghim

gone

interview

an

is

winning

and

from

keep

to

proceedings

only nothing of malice,

not

him

to

was

arrange

about

in

greatest courtesy

he

honors

there

energy

he showed

but

his

victorywith

his

used

had

Cicero

elsewhere

and

Egypt

(forof

Rome

to

in

tented
con-

which

which,

unpractical

been, he paid the highest

of
genius and integrity

conferred

upon

Cicero

the

the dis-

66

ROMAN

LIFE

IN

tinguishedhonor
thus

formidable

of

in

describes

THE

I have

guest

8th he

was

was

himself

could

thousand

happen

host

What

"

On

not

am

ber
Decem-

in the

ing.
even-

The
brother-in-law.)

Barba

there

that

troops

where

But

day.

next

well.

the great
there

man

two

were

what

reallyanxious

was

the

Still,I

I suppose

dine.

men.

with

chamber

scarcelya

CICERO.

Atticus.

had

his

crammed

so

OF

house
Philippus'

(Philippuswas
villa

to

off very

to

came

YS

visit ; which

letter

; for all went

sorry

DA

Cassius

might
to

came

help,and gave me a guard. The camp was

was
strictly
pitched in the park ; the house
with
closeted
guarded. On the iQth he was
my

Philippus till one

No

one

with

took

stroll

(a most
sat

no

As

he

and
entertainment

ate

in the
was

After

Then

epigram

over

this he

came

the

Mamurra,

to

epigram by Catullus),and

annoyance.

down.

medicine,

shore.

the

scurrilous

betrayed
and

the

on

afternoon.

going

was

Balbus, I fancy.

heard

He

bath.

the

in

He

admitted.

was

accounts

o'clock

he

and

He
was

for dinner

dressed
under

drank

without

pleasantesthumor.
sumptuous

and

of

course

hension
appreThe

elaborate

68

of
reality

the

it, Tarquin

out

nearly

the

from

had

books
the

conquer

of the

Parthians

command

of

driven

before.

be, judicio

that Caesar

prophecy
if she

There

it may

Sibyl,that

had

King

been

anxious

were

some

last bearer

the

since

The

it.

assume

the

the

of

name

centuries

enemies, who

CICERO.

suspiciousof

Proud,

seven

OF

friends, or,
injudicious

now

should

YS

The

Rome

at

of

DA

grew

signs.

hateful

were

THE

power,

of its outward
been

IN

LIFE

ROMAN

quoted

was

Rome

might

put herself under

king ; otherwise she must

fail. On the strengthof this Cassar was
saluted
by the title of King as he was
returningone
day from Alba to the Capitol. The populace
their

made
"

air.

indignationmanifest, and
no
king, only Caesar ; but
with
that
he passed on
bore

He

himself

haughtily

served
ob-

was

gloomy
the

in

not

gildedchair

robe, Antony offered him

not

it

replied,

pliments
risingto acknowledge the comAt
the festival of
paid to him.
Lupercalia,as he sat looking on at the

sports in

bay

he

"

am

Senate,

the

and
a

clad in
crown

triumphal

wreathed

applause followed ;
general,however, but manifestlygot
leaves.

Some

with
it

was

up for

169

CAESAR.

It

statues

were

These

two

the

people

tribunes

had

from

may

to

their

these

he

resolved

day

which

him

not

he

but

to

that

the words

midoros, of
thus

associates

come

the

of which

those

much

so

Plutarch

be

The

it :

"

Arte-

Greek, who

with

become

to

again in

once

of

the

in the

was

describes

teacher

of Brutus, had

By

fatal

purpose.

told

intimate

who

on

be

to

his
be

we

that he

his house

was

from

conspira-

wanting.

not

upon

may

Cnidus,
to

them

Brutus, who

followed
in which

had

satisfa
generaldis-

some

stir from

him

of the
The

from

were

understood

plot,dissuaded

had

The

the

at

king.

Caesar

come

Decimus

as

induced

wrought

was

had

scene

him

office.

have

secret,

and

His

them.

imprisonment

caused

to

in the

were

the

proceed. Warnings,

suppose

plauded
ap-

rejection

upon

removed,

delighted,but
thus

tors

second

crowns

just saluted

were

degraded

with

ordered

who

men

few

hearty approval.

same

found

time

same

be misunderstood.

not

and

away,

again, and

before, while

forth

crown

could

offered

was

as

drew

followed

that

the shout

put the

Caesar

the occasion.

some

of the

acquaintedto

LIFE

ROMAN

iyo

had

drawn

which

with

extent

great

came

would

him.

read

had

been

Cassius
invoked
was

In the

stood

the dead

to

Antony,

Csesar and

of

statue
at

who

to

rose

of

this

was

of great

man

purposelykept in conversation
Brutus.
senate-house
by Decimus
of the associates

it,

by

stood

silently

though
of Epicurus.
firmly

strength,

outside
As

greet him.

Brutus

Senate

Pompey.

it and

was

entered, the Senate

the

skepticaltenets

the

to

which

help,and

man's

Meanwhile
attached

took

hindered

was

looked

have

to

inclined

matters

thronged to salute
hand, he passed into

place to

summoned
is said

it contains

that

it in his

Keeping
House.

'

it,but

of persons

gave

slaves with

yourself.'Caesar

have

the

Csesar

said, Caesar, read

and

quickly:

nearlyconcern

the crowd

he

that

and

of the information

close

up

CICERO.

in progress,

was

to

this alone and

and

what

OF

YS

give. Seeing that

presented to him to the

the papers

that

DA

statement

up

he had

him, he

THE

IN

the

Csesar
Some

behind

his

chair;others approached him in front,seemingly

joiningtheir
Tullius
brother.

was

He

entreaties

to

addressingto
sat

down,

and

which

those
him

on

Cimber

behalf of his

rejectedthe petition

CAESAR.

with

gesture of disapprovalat their urgency.

Tullius

his toga

seized

then

arid

dragged it from
signal for attack.

his

wound

The

serious,

agitatedwas

so

first blow

turned

in

it fast,cryingat the
what
villain,

thou

cried in Greek
Those

to

his

brother,

with

overcome

'

drawn

he turned

sword

his eyes

They

in his hand

he

saw

strike,and he struggledlike
the hunters.
should
friend
some

take
as

say,

hither and
as

he

They

saw

he

could

plot

could neither

speak.

The

Caesar

each

ready

weapon

wild beast

agreed that

to

among

every

and

hold back.

not

Casca

; whithersoever

part in the murder,

was,

he

had

Casca,

'

the

privy to

help : they dared not even

conspiratorswere
standing round
with

held

Brother, help !'

nor

cry

Caesar

?' while

about

horror.

dealing

at

in Latin,

thou

not

even

dagger, and

time

were

first on

deed.

art

who

senators

were

terrible

same

the

was

him

striker

the

hands

fatal,nor

not

the

him, seized

upon

This

struck

was

so

both

with

neck.

Casca

the neck.

the

171

one

Brutus"
The

rest,

struggledwith, throwing himself

thither, and cryingaloud

Brutus

with

hand,he wrapped his head

drawn

; but

sword

in his toga and

as

soon

in his

ceased

ROMAN

172

LIFE

IN

THE

DA

whether
resist,falling,

to

from

by

blows

each

his

at

body

Field

his

of Mars.

gildedmodel

(Csesarclaimed

the

of

ivory,with

at

its head

descent

in the

sudden

two

each

and

set

had

the

they

held

he

(where

wearing

men,

carrying two

lightto

of Mother

Venus.

^Eneas
was

from
couch

robe which

he had
officers

High

in their

the
was

swords

of

killed). Of
at

it the

heap

their side,
forward

torches
The

into

burning it
in
Capitol,some

waxen

hands.

hastilypiledup

throwing on

idea

came
javelins,

it with

gold and purple,and

the

chapelof Jupiter in
Hall

in the

present, carried the couch

Some

Pompey's

which

erected

was

assassinated.

was

able
remark-

pit in

this shrine

trophy with

of state, past and

the Forum.

was

through
of

repeated

erected

Forum

coverlets

he

when

worn

aimed

was

temple

goddess.)Within

this

and

In

received

of his assailants

funeral

burned

pulsion
com-

pedestal of

have

to

they

by

or

Many

be

of the

CICERO.

the

popularity. The

to

was

said

as

His

body."

proof of
the

other

OF

chance

the assassins, at

He is
Pompey's statue.
three-and-twentywounds.
struck

YS

which

crowd

of

of

wood,
brush-

dry

stande
by-

hustings,the benches,

CAESAR.

and

thing

any

The

present.

flute

they had
threw
The

to

come

in the

them

could

be entered

March)
business

was

ever

the

with

which

of their children.

up

so

the murder
that it never

day (the i5th of

The

again.
to

clad,

ers
funeral,whilemoth-

blocked

to

flames, and

buildingin which

declared

was

the

as

threw

actors

they were

upon

ornaments

perpetratedwere

was

in which

attend

of the

doors

brought

the decorations

added

veterans

been

players and

them, and threw

rent

the

had

that

triumphalrobes

off the

173

be accursed.

be done

No

public

it.

upon

proceedingsprobablyrepresentedthe
popular feelingabout the deed, for Caesar, in
These

addition
have

to

the

genius

which

every

one

must

make

which
recognized,had just the qualities
but
men
popular. He had no scruples,

then

he

had

debts

enormous

paying
the

what

the
and

no

them

"

robbery of

no

with

but

chance, we

others.

he wanted,

He

meannesses.

He

faint

may

incurred

chance

of

say, except

laid his hands

by

upon

sand
takingfor instance three thoupounds weight of gold from the treasury of
Capitoland leavinggildedbrass in its stead ;
he plundered the unhappy Gauls without

LIFE

ROMAN

174

then

was

was

unscrupulous

in

of all

attractive

defeat

by

the

to

face with

is

into

of the

had

and

by

hundred

two

paces

teeth, for he

allowed

He

it suited
men,

his

to

the

not

and

regret.

to

tion
hesitathem

rival stood

to

he

Alexandria

the

ed,
besieg-

He

swam

a
ship,lifting

keep
the

it out

of the
in

his

boast

enemy

his person.

children,he

historywithout
If

face

small boat, he

nearest

have

hesitation,justas
in his

At

nothing to stand
policy to massacre

women,

without

or

would

in

would

force

the harbor.

securingany spoilfrom

of

again

holding his militarycloak

and

water,

most

seize them

main

sallyof

sudden

his left hand

manuscript in

in

obeyed.
a

the

Crossing the Hellespont

leapinto

to

and

himself, called upon

was

surprisedby

was

of the

one

enemy's ships. Without

he discovered

surrender, and

had

victory. He

get them

foe.

the

giving as

He

taking.

as
fugitives
they ran,

throat, and

two

free in

as

after the battle of Pharsalia

met

CICERO.

OF

qualities. Again

battle he turned
of the

YS

too, which

personalcourage,

lay hold

DA

he

But

remorse.

he

THE

IN

in his way.
a

gave

whole
the

recorded

he
a

in

trace

of

his way

If

tribe,
order

wards
it afterremorse

he

had

76

ROMAN

He

LIFE

THE

of

baldness, which

subjectof
his head
him

to

; and

the

by

he

him

to

his scanty locks

honors

arms,

than that which

excellent
On

hardy.
ride, but
his head
He

with

swim

it,or

Thus

he would

miles
if he

sometimes

For

often

in his
to

pavement

to

to

be

had

river he would
it

bladders.

on

He

with

laid down
in Gaul.

own

keen

costlyand

was

carried

campaign

anticipatehis

personal habits.
have

sunshine.

for several

day

cross

all this he

pleasure,and

and

ersing
expedition,trav-

in

came

times
some-

walk, keeping

in rain

marvelous

hundred

days together;

his

both

of

use

arily
extraordin-

would

he

march

commonly

more

uncovered

traveled

of

the

him

garland of

and

swimmer,

was

gave

skillful in the

wonderfully

an

decreed

people, none

rightof continuallywearing
bay."
was

made

was

It had become

the

He

ment
disfigure-

found

of all the
and

CICERO.

the

at

bringup

Senate

welcome

more

OF

YS

lampoons.

many

ihis habit,therefore,to
over

DA

excessivelyannoyed

was

the

IN

him

is

sengers.
mes-

tion
apprecia-

even

ous
luxuri-

stance
said, for ina

in his tent

tesselated

out
through-

CN^EUS

POMPEIUS

MAGNUS.

CHAPTER

IX.

POMPEY.

AT

an

his time,
as

the

Caesar

Pompey

had

could

regard

aspire.

achieved

the

as

had

He

serve

him

under

when

behaving

in

and

danger

courage.

he

in

The

squint-eyed,"as

was

they
indeed

took

him

against
not

than

more

of

great

by

difficulty
and

extraordinary prudence
elder
his

fashion

personal defects,
was

Strabo

Pompey,

an

of

giving
he

"

the

called him,

contemporaries

from

strange

the

distinguished himself

their

call himself,

tomed
accus-

which

father
war

He

after

to

the

circumstances
with

were

only just left,if

Italian allies of Rome.

nineteen

Rome

his

such

honors

highest to

left,school, when

he had

still idlingaway

was

generals of

veteran
to

to

when

age

nicknames

and

as

able

general,but

was

content

hated

178

ROMAN

for his

LIFE

crueltyand
faction

opposite
rid of
to

saw

their

son

as

he

and

at

the

the

troops.

The

CICERO.

leaders of the

of

forces

the

manded.
com-

the

father in his tent,

mutiny

however,

secret,

he

assassinate

stir up

to

bringingover

which

to

was

burn

time

same

and

the

plan

slept,to

OF

The

enemy

side

own

YS

opportunity of getting

an

dangerous

DA

avarice.

Their

THE

IN

among

kept.

not

was

letter

describingthe plotwas brought to the

Pompey as he sat at dinner with the
young
ance,
no
ringleader.The lad showed
signof disturbbut

drank

pledged his
He
on

but

then

false friend with

and

rose,

with

the

rouse

immediately
Pompey, though

his

son's

quellit.
occasion.

repeated blows,
in

an

he

The

been

Throwing

comrades

of the
were

man

ran

camp

the elder

preserved by
not

on

he

determined

to

attempt

equal

was

himself
camp,

then

The

and

uproar,

had

younger

and

revolt.

to

stabbed

assassins

precautions,dared

front of the gate

if his

The

soldiers

was

heartiness.
especial

puttingan extra guard

composed himself to sleep,

in his bed.

not

usual, and

after

his father's tent,

the coverlet
to

freelythan

more

his

face

declared
to

the

to

in

that

desert

to

POMPEY.

they must

the enemy,

the

effected between

was

Not

died, struck, it

and

Pompey

not

long

before

this

incident

service

to

the

to

Others

Pompey.

of

party

himself

to

do

He

his way

to

Picenum,

made

estates

we

great, and

was

twenty

thousand
and

the

situated

where

raised

three

with

his

force

on

him, carrying off,besides

distinction
combat
The

towns

the

of

by

which

them,
his

having

champion
he

cause.

his

family

of the

ence
influ-

own

sariat
commis-

hurried

of

Three

of

one

was

the

all their

generalssought to intercepthim.
his whole

their

legions(nearly

complete,and

of Sulla.

than

Pompey

where

and

transport

assistance

something for

men),

better

seek

to

Sulla's camp

resolved

did

aristocrats

content

were

personalsafety in

the

of

civil war

The

few

and

rage,

was

opportunity

an

gaining stillhigher distinction.

still continued

the

It

master.

own

found

he

his troops.

said, by lightning,

was

his

became

body.

reconciliation

generaland

after

weeks

many

father

his dead

over

pass

prevailed,and

entreaties

His

179

the

to

hostile

He

fell with

and

crushed

victory,the
slain

in

opposing

sonal
per-

single
force.

passed eagerly hailed

i8o

ROMAN

him

as

who

LIFE

IN

deserted

to

third

During

and

continued

two

crowd

saluted

that

him

to

unwilling to
triumph.
"

could

had
to

not

been
have

the

to

was
name

The

the

name

of his

of

headed

at

his

young

Sulla

glory
who

was

least

was

of

house

praetor,

(gens), Strabo
This

in its stead.

not

Scipios, who

family(familia).

disused,assuming Magnus

and

But

the

supreme

or

was

title which

which

"

in

these

family name.1

first of the

of

he

him,

meet

obtain, but

consul,

been

reputation

himself

one," he said,

No

and

seat

last

Great,

honor

grant, the

triumph.

Pompeius

his

as

anxious

generalwas

had

use

further

was

the

Pompey

guished
distin-

As

the

to

ceived
re-

victories

Africa.

forth

went

as

his

his

the great Dictator

to

more

with

won

after

Rome

he continued
there

He
in

not

age,

years

increase.

to

campaigns,

of

able

Sulla

was

risingfrom
approach.

Gaul, in Sicily,and

returning

himself

barely

was

even

next

to

commander

found

partisan,who

his

the

CICERO.

totallyrouted.

was

honors,
at

OF

him

twenty-three years

uncovering

YS

second

encounter

his young

or

his army

by
;

escape

the

DA

their deliverer.

ventured

than

THE

he

seems

82

ROMAN

LIFE

professed
"

if I

"

not

were

THE

great

adversary,

IN

YS

DA

the

whip

not

him

underrate

to

forth all his skill in

firstcampaign
the

serious

some

to

Perpenna
he

had

taken
to

of
most

held

secret

and

had

admirable

Sertorius.

invited him

by
the

years

little likely
to
ated
assassin-

was

Perpenna.
which

defeated

was

He

and

endeavored-

who

in Rome,

had

with the rebel leader

over

Pompey,

the instant execution

into

while

With
Italy.
he

ordered
the

of the traitor,burned

letters unread.

Returning
usual

good

to

Italyhe

fortune.

ence
producing the correspondof
This
implicatedsome

communications

wisdom

five

wield the power

men
distinguished

even

pey's
Pom-

disastrous

command,

prisoner by Pompey.

put

checkered

were

acquired,and

his life by

good

him.

Sertorius

to

took

was

seemed

in

unable

was

thus

save

the

and

his second

by

he

ing
(mean-

and
practice,

For

defeats.

end, when

an

young

boy," he said,

dealingwith
second

strugglecontinued,
come

in

againsthim

of the

successes

his

afraid of the old woman"

Pompey's colleague). But

care

CICERO.

for

contempt

I should

OF

That

was

followed

country

had

by

his

been

183

POMPEY.

sufferingcruellyfrom

slaves,

revolt of the

generalshad been strangely

slow in suppressing. Roused
to
activityby
of Pompey's approach,Crassus, who
the tidings

which

the

Roman

in supreme

was

the

insurgent

this with
and

which

defeated

boast,

"

honors

No

enemy,"

he

pulledup

were

too

skillful and

so

it

so

the

great for

fortunate
belief in

always a great

by

war
a

(forthe

Crassus

enabled

thus

was

was

fall in,

Pompey

"

the
but

and

escape,

happened to
completelydestroyed.

he

which

to

feated
de-

considerable

army.

contrived

body, however,

and

attacked

command,

the

to

roots."
at

man

once

had

Romans

tune).
general'sgood forOn the 3 1 st of December, B. c. 71, being
that is,having held
still a simple gentleman
civil office in the State
he triumphed for
no
a

"

"

the

second

time, and

being then some

having held none
usual

to

years

Crassus

Still he had

below

the

followingday,
the legalage, and

of the offices
the

to

mount

commonwealth,

on

not

it was
the

on

his first consulship,

his

yet

glory. During the

which

highestdignity in

he entered

being

by

colleague.
reached the heightof

years that followed

his

his

con-

84

ROMAN

LIFE

IN

THE

the pirateswho
sulship,
had
as

of Northern
southern
the

more

made

in after

case

of Asia

eye

in the

their

to

in the

Even

Italy

The

harbor

stationed

there.

Roman

be such

"

"

and

him, and

to

and

under

Misenum

Caieta

the very

the

pirates

who

had

expeditionagainst them.
only to

blockade

Ostia,

and

almost

within

capture

the

fleet that

They

citizens.
the

of

of the admiral

not

of Rome,

city,but

of the

harbor

burned

an

ventured

even

the

to

strongholds.

From

led

before

the year

sible
impos-

was

of Rome

armies

seas

pirates

shipping,was

of the prsetor.

gain. It

and

the

safe.

not

was

its

to

fastnesses

winter, when

carried off the children

the

Issuing,not

times, from the harbors

for

the

transport

retired

They

ranean
Mediter-

Minor, they plundered

pleasure or

provincesexcept

with

the

regions of the West,

it highlydangerous to traverse
the

to

itself

CICERO.

civilized

either for

had

infested

Africa, but from

coast

OF

intolerable.

become

the

was

YS

DA

claim

were

If

sight
was

insulting
especially

prisonerclaimed

generallyinsured

to

tection
pro-

would

pretend the greatest penitence

their knees
before
alarm, falling
on

they

entreatinghis pardon.

Then

they

POMPEY.

put shoes

would

must

jestwas
with

his feet,and

on

robe

him

in

garb. Such a mistake, they would

not
happen again. The end of their

citizen's
say,

185

him

make

to

sarcastic

the

they let
him

compelled

"walk

permission

down
to

the

plank,"and
depart

to

ladder into the

harmed,
un-

and

sea,

penalty of

descend, under

summarily thrown overboard.

being still more
Men's
on
Pompey, as
eyes began to be turned
the

leader

who

had
In

undertakings.

been

67

B.C.

appointinga commander
not
named),who should
three years

for

furnished

with

million

pounds

furious

in their

prevent

by

as

have
as

absolute
far

as

was

for

power

the

ships,as

he wanted,

in money.

and

Pillars of

passing of

(one

was

Romulus,
form

of the

many
more

nobles

The

opposition, and

force the

himself

be another
die"

proposed

was

his

threatened.
like Romulus

legend of

the
be

diers
solthan
were

prepared

this law.

narrowly escaped with

proposer

Pompey

law

(who, however,

hundred

two

sailors

and
a

sea

(the Straits of Gibraltar),and

fiftymiles inland, and who should

Hercules
coast

the

over

in all his

prosperous

"

to

The

life, and
If you
you

Rome's

will

shall
first

86

ROMAN

LIFE

IN

THE

DA

YS

OF

CICERO.

king represented him as having been torn

piecesby the senators.)But all resistance
unavailing. The
and

of

price

bestowed

course

of

which

corn,

made.

the
justified
short

Not

work

choice.
of the

these

he

stormed

three
into

their

spared
the

change

their

removed

of

the

mercy

one

of

of

his

mand,
com-

shipsand

one

With

men.

the

and

seas

all in less than

prisonersfelT
humanity

thinking that
They

should

sea,

farmers.

man

the

in

one

of

into

to
to

be
be

possiblethat
his

the
a

he
was

to

skill in

pirateswhom

Pompey changed

were
cease

It is

Corycus, whose

Virgil celebrates
was

him.

unusual

of life.

manner

sailors,and become
man

set

circumstances, determined

from

the old

ment
appoint-

been

piratesfrom

lives,and
of

creature

had

thousand

With

hands.

their

that

five hundred

the

famine

general made

new

strongholds,and
Twenty thousand

months.

to

the force put under

twenty

swept

his

The

task

he collected
and

risen

result, indeed, amply

The

satisfied with

hundred

had

The

Pompey.

upon

was

created,

was

fell immediately the

height in Rome,
was

command

new

to

ing
garden-

Georgics,
judicious

useful citizen.

187

POMPEY.

stillgreater

A
For

than

more

remained

success

twenty

interceptedby periods of
been

carried

king of

to

once

retrieve

in

possession of

affairs

and

friends

Cicero

supported

perfect of
Pompey
four

hope

years

of

such
which

ultimate

The

Pro

Pompey's
command

supreme

in what

is

perhaps

held

out,
or

success

the

to

even

the

the

power

of

fortified himself

Lege

Manilius, a tribune

Manilla.
of the

The

law

people.

most

passed.

East.

but with

For

little

of escape.

to

poison

self,
him-

the

antidotes

by

vainly attempting

was

he had

his troops,

him, and the law, which

to

Mithridates

In 64, after

the

proceeded

once

was

original

was
speeches,1
political

his

at

of

standstill.

that

be transferred

B.C.

of the forces of Rome,

at

were

proposed

should

67

the greatest

generalof

lost the confidence

had

he

in

now

courage

the greater part of his

in command

was
ability,

reduced

the greatest extremities, had

Lucullus,

dominion.

Mithridates,

prince,though

his fortunes, and

to

but

and

had

peace,

extraordinaryskill and

with

contrived

doubtful

Rome

This

Pontus.

than

more

onbetween

won.

occasionally

war,

years

be

to

againstdomestic
was

proposed by

one

88

ROMAN

IN

LIFE

of

sword

Rome

At

splendidwhich

most

It lasted for
for

short
The

nations

the

chief of them

picturesto

fifteen

of the

the eyes

almost

had

conquests.

Ninety thousand

been

silver coin

was

this at the expense

money

share

amounted

such

was

Pompey
would

to

died

been

the

the

in

when

revenue

by

it

in

these

gold

the treasury,

smallest

the

Never

before

world, and

if

finished, he

was

proclaimedthe

nor

soldiers,whose

large that
fifty
pounds.

sight seen

had

have

of

of

means

talents

so

was

taken, and

doubled

paid into

and

prize

been

thousand

people. The

of the State

were

conquered

presented by

were

too

was

spoilsof victory.

the

cities,had

forts,nine hundred

the

witnessed.

ever

procession.A

carried in

were

that

stillthe time

less than

no

two

the
settling

in

cityhad

the

displayof

of

names

For

triumph,and

days, but

two

the

runs),he perishedby

last,in 61, he returned

third

enjoy a

to

CICERO.

OF

busied

was

affairs of the East.

to

YS

of his mercenaries.

one

Pompey

more

years

DA

the story

treachery(forso
the

THE

fortunate

most

of mankind.

Certainlyhe
was

that

day.

was

When

never

with

so

great again as
Caesar

and

he

Crassus

ROMAN

190

LIFE

IN

splendid,but

most

judge

of yours
who

actors

from

THE

DA

not

by

to

YS

for their

honor

own

it

to

favorite,
Pompey. Your
^Esopus, acquitted himself
he

all feel that he had

us

'

they

had

shows
which

not

commonly
they were

their gayety.
six hundred
thousand
or

to

friend

poorly

so

have.

The

furnished

What

as

When

tell you

to

shows

other

with

ostentation
took

is there

the

all

away
in

having

Clytemnestraor

supernumeraries in

battle-piece.The

this ; but

it would

\hree

Trojan Horse,

pleasure.

After

this

given

came

you
sort

kind

no

of

in

ail

populace admired

have

moderate

cavalry and infantryin foreignequipment

some

to

faith,'

which

forth

charm
in the

my

the

charm

mules

honor

dear

my

need

What

the

even

do

retired

best retire.

all about

know

had

to

I break

set

failed him.
You

more

veteran

"

if of purpose

And

his voice

oath

the

to

came

if I may

First, the

the stage, returned

make

CICERO.

taste,

your

own.

my

OF

of

wild-

lastingfor five days. They were

rights,
of
denies
it. But what man
splendid: no man
beast

culture

can

feel any

pleasurewhen

some

poor

POMPEY.

fellow is torn
when

or

in

piecesby

seeing,you

have

last

Great

the

was

sight; but
there

of

was

man."

to

at

has

elder

Pliny

some

kinship with

certain

the

nothing. Nay,

was

feelingof compassion,

some

The

nothing new.
the elephants.

saw

of the crowd

pleasurethere

I,

And

before.

astonishment

that this animal

sense

them

seen

actuallypresent,
day was
given up

was

The

through with
things are worth

is run

If these

spear.

who

powerfulanimal,

some

noble animal

some

hunting

191

tells

that

us

two

hundred

lions

and

that

the

the

lamentable
So
height of absolute rage.
the spectacleof their despair,so pitifully

was

did
"

pity felt

they implore

that the

called

whole

down

And

then

the

Pompey's
She

between

men,

was

it did

come

of

the
in

rose

the

to

audience,
and

tears

curses

which

would
it found

Caesar's
wife,Julia,

young
had

been

and

sensiblylessened by

first rupture

elephantsrose

him."

on

two

occasion,

this

on

mercy

Pompey

daughter,died.
the

for the

multitude

upon

descended

soon

killed

were

have

the

bond

of union

hope

of peace

her loss.
come

any

Perhaps
how

the

; when

Pompey quite unprepared

192

for

ROMAN

conflict.

the

for

match
almost

declared

salia

half

corpse

struggle.
all

the

three

on

on

2gth

shore

yet

little

the

lay
of

of

gth
man

Csesar

who

Egypt.

August,
had

naked,

fled

he

than
battle

and

"

when

more

The

the

stamp

to

Rubicon,

the

collapsed

occasion,

one

over.

be

to

but

"

continents

the

have

up

CICERO.

strength

on

In

was

OF

indeed

crossing

fought

was

September
over

by

YS

his

said

spring

war

without

but

"

he

will

DA

seemed

touch.

foot,"

soldiers

and

rival,

my

THE

He

his

at

with

IN

LIFE

year

of

Pharand

triumphed
headless

on

CHAPTER

X.

EXILE.

THE

suppressionof
certainlythe

was

Cicero's

life.

been

spoke
the
A

of him

both

of

in the

great victories had

his

than
him

in

such

honors

they

as

particularerected

and

gave

Still there
was

swear

the

the

him
were

as

that he

had

before

was

chief

trouble

consul

on

offered
siastic
enthuvoted

towns

bestow

him

ordered

more

could

signsof
of the

was

won,

title of Patron

duty

and

even

to

were

highest rank

the

been

capital.The

the

of

of his fatherland."

Italy was

name.

"

fore
be-

never

of Rome

Senate

Father

"

had

citizen

Men

the

Conspiracy

as

public thanksgiving, such

in

to

such

on

him.

people as

when

It

Honors

bestowed

Great

"

gloriousachievement

most

upon

heaped

the

Capua

gilded statue,
of the

city.

in the future.

quittingoffice

discharged his duty

with

ROMAN

194

LIFE

and
fidelity,
time

speak

when

usual

defense

is not

worthy
than

his

escorted
not

was

but

that he had

With
to

followed
of

preceding chapter.The
been
on
fairlygood
have
belonged
seen,
families

and

in

Rome,

wit, and

was

could

saved

The

city."
and

when

the

him

manifest.
the misfortune

the

in

the Clodius

was

had

men

that

year

in the

something

two

time

attack

to

he had

man

hitherto

terms.

Clodius,

to

one

of

the

man

of

some

make

sembly
as-

The

was

he

his house.

heard

have

we

was

multitude

consulship.This

his

do

must

the whole

collision

into

come

whom

to

dangerous

one

in their

alone, have

this

enemies

put

his voice

for his enemies

come

has

He

approval ;

ex-consul

the

vened.
inter-

Raising

concluded

was

ceremony

tribunes

Cicero

the

preparing

was

the oath."

and

their

same

he narrated

speak.

to

that I, and

shouted

the

at

hearing them

take

this commonwealth

CICERO.

him

new

answer.

I.swear

OF

cried, "who

he

death without

to

nothing more
ready with

YS

for

of the

one

man,"

citizens

"

DA

speech in which
consulship.Cicero

"A

said,

THE

of his

events
to

it was

make

to

IN

himself

as

we

noblest

ability

agreeable

EXILE.

he

when
which

Cicero

guiltyof

of scandalous

act

an

himself, disguisedas
sacred

Good

and

attempt
who

Cicero,

it

before

was

packed

had

in

at

least

rebut

by
the

the

him, which

his

put upon

had

jury which

have

to

occasion.

forward
at

Umbria,
two

the

trial,though

time

prosecution.

partisansof

the

As

was

he

accused

He

that

they

Interamna,

placewhich

Cicero

was

Rome.

swore

from

he

allegedto

was

at

an

was

that

at

the

days' journey

this evidence

he

who

and

specially

defense

witnesses
very

resisted.

been

His

himself

him

of the

in honor

screen

seems

misconducted

seen

town

to

night when

brought

liarly
pecu-

powerful friends,

the

on

some

of Rome

attempt, that is,to prove

elsewhere

been

genuinely indignant at

was

for the

alibi,an

have

he

them.

had

matrons

had

made

fellow's wickedness,
end

the

He

was

was

In the

into

perform

to

Goddess."

an

between

impiety,intruding

woman,

rites which

accustomed

were

blame

to

Clodius

year

for

events

least

enmity
life-long

the close of the

Toward

But

so.

in the

not

was

brought about

"

do

pleasedto

was

195

distant

was

Rome.

brought

To

forward

stepped

forward

set

howl

up

of

ig6

ROMAN

But

disapproval.
of

compliment

in

YS

the

the

their seats,

deposed

on

CICERO.

OF

jury paid him

high

and

that Clodius

the

had

of the

morning

that

house

place,and

he had

satisfied himself

of its inmates

he

now

all about

which

the

day

that

they
for

asked

of

one

in

were

But

of

case

the

fear of

guard.

"

them, "what

for ? that the

?

in the

Some

notorious.

money

had

taken

private

nothing

Probably the really

fact of the

The

in his

charge was

the

was

distributed
liberally

Crassus

duct
con-

was

know

professed to

had

the

by

that the

matter.

influence

jurors.

It

him.

saved

alleged intrusion

But

potent

the result,it was

with

that

If evidence

the

examination
true.

acquitted.

do

of Caesar

you

He

was

thing to

any

to

DA

question.
Clodius

at

the

his house

at

THE

risingfrom

ceased.

uproar

been

IN

LIFE

should

indeed

had

pretended

their lives,and

guard
did

the

among
was

money

jury

money

you
not

"

said
want

had

Catulus,
a

be taken

guard
from

"

Clodius, though he

forgave

the

man

given againsthim.

whose

Cicero

had

escaped,never

evidence
too

had

been

felt that there

198

ROMAN

LIFE

IN

to

have

known

was

has

and-twenty

crippled his

With

gave

credit"

me

gave

down."
Clodius

for

voted

The

Senate

down

sat

Clodius

How

gave

he

which

It

Clodius
when

he

was

to

have

finger.

He

for himself

has been

of Caesar.

Caesar

all that

allowed

him

by

determined

the

to

But

he

himself

after the first interference

matter

of the

adoption.

to

Clodius
He

work

He

his will without

proceeded

with

simply

to

never

in the

allowed

hindrance.

considerable

proposed various laws,which

lifting

prove

showed

master.

act

to

that

was

was

possiblefor

it

him

from

ground

Cicero

Clodius

he

applause,

secure

stopped

their

confounded.

made

he

was

have

his revenge,

who

five-

guilty;
thirty-

your

shouted

sketch

; and

act

to

of

verdict

reallyresponsiblefor

he could

of his

work

in the

was

done.

to

no

you

(five-and-twenty

silent and

contrived

hoped

already told
indeed

buying

"Yes;

office of tribune, the vantage

the

the

you

"but
thirtyfor acquittal),
for they would
none,
you

two-and

money

CICERO.

"

jury had

the

and

OF

They
jurymen."
though you spoke on oath."

credit

two

"

of

been

YS

DA

somewhat

by doing so.)

means

of

THE

were

so

skill.

popular

EXILE.

that Cicero,
be

though knowing

they would

to
againsthimself, did not venture
Then
them.
came
a
proposaldirectly

leveled

him.

at

death

put

to

and

without

one

furnish

the

was

endeavor

Senate

his

The

second

Cicero

he
He

with

him.

morning

was

by

the

of

of the upper

their presence.
of

motion

the

firstwas

Piso.

as

him

their

of

compassion
thousand

to

The
of

one

of

the

ing
mourn-

account.

consuls

The

water

persons

into this strange kind

tribunes, went
on

accused

the

Twenty

itself,on

fire and

to

of

for

arouse

supported

death

Rome.) Cicero at
squalid dress with which

the

fellow-citizens.
classes

with

custom

to

water."

of exile. No

penalty of

under

distance

assumed

once

fire and

sentence

condemned

certain

of

shall have

uncondemned

citizen

trial is forbidden

the

who

man

Roman

allowed

was

within

Any

"

the form

(This was

so

that

turned

oppose

it

199

year

Gabinus

were

and

notoriouslyhostile,of

hoped

to

kinsman

make
of

friend,the

the

more

his

band.
daughter'shuspictureof an interview
gives a lively
a

"

when

It

was

we

nearlyeleven
went

to

him.

o'clock in the
He

came

out

ROMAN

200

of

LIFE

IN

dirtyhovel

and

on,

smelt

his

head

the

on

petitionof
by
absolute

poverty, and
Without

turn.

province

he

humor

I must

humored

indeed

look

must

one

In default
that

hope

and

Plutarch
door
account
"

When

to

to

by

is

consul's

out

know

not

where

in
to

be ruined.

must

get by the

no

is

help

actingwith

were

why

reason

him.

Cicero,

you,

you

of

sul.
con-

you

protection. Every

for himself."

of the consuls

Pompey

panied
accom-

least commend-

at

my

the

to
was

wishes, justas

there

the

seek

pelled
com-

in which

answer

colleaguewhen

your

But

should

His

does

be

must

his

he excused

(for Cicero

hopes

Clodius, but it

; but

province he

breath

His

colleague Gabinius

My

"

slippers

medicines

use

was
son-in-law)

frank.

ably

his

of his health, which

score

his visitors
his

CICERO.

up.

of wine

employed."

was

OF

with

us,

muffled

him, he said, to
wine

YS

DA

meet

odiously

most

himself

to

THE

might

there

was

be induced

stillsome
to

sought an interview with

that he slipped out
by a

fere,
inter-

Cicero

him.

says

back

avoid

seeing him

is that
I threw

the

; but

interview

myself at

Cicero's
was

his feet

"

own

granted.
(he means,

EXILE.

humiliated

I suppose,
a

he could

favor),
"

could

He

201

himself
liftme

not

from

the

ground.
said, against the will

nothing,he

do

by asking such

of Caesar."

Cicero

had
He

courses.

help of

the

the law.

the

this
in

force of

would

of

to

would

and

superior strength. It
that

in such

victorious.

he

But

from

cowardice,

when

occasion

conflict

risk

the

from

even

lives

any

kind

other

course

go into

of

of

master

of

his

with

securityto
was

to

life and

him, but

that freedom
and

property.

the
anticipate

voluntaryexile.

This

willingness
un-

friends,

wanted

was

be

enough

becoming impossible in Rome,

the strong hand

to

would

courage

not

able,
prob-

the trial,not

though this weighed somewhat

chieflybecause he hated to confess
was

his

proposalby

Cicero

from

had

demanded,

to

and

possible,even

was

he

battle

open

their

was

yield to nothing but

shrank

for

an

Clodius
carry

it

ended,

like

Rome.

ready

arms,

his best with

have

something

streets

partisanswere

two

friends,to resist the passing of

his

But

between
do

and

might stay

well known,
in

choose

to

now

was

sentence

the

to

that

give
The
and

course

ROMAN

202

which

LIFE

his

this

the

was

left Rome,

he knew

THE

CICERO.

pressed upon

which

course

should

OF

friends

intendingto

that he

YS

DA

powerful

most

him, and
He

IN

find

chose.

where
Sicily,

to

go

he

the

heartiest

of

welcomes.

Immediately on his departure Clodius

Let
proposed his banishment.

ally
formit be

"

enacted," so
that

the

death

to

fire and
him

steps for the

a

banished

the

it

to

on

meanwhile

of

Italy.

farm

of

He

found

friend

near

had

or

any

dealt with

passed, the
operate

The

being

houses

of

the

ground,
Palat'iae.being

to*

the

was

partly

auction.
hurried

shelter for
Vibo

take

or

Liberty. His property

plundered,partlysold by
Cicero

soever
that who-

was

razed

were

bidden
for-

and

be

to

was

be

harbor

vote,

miles.

hundred

the site of the mansion

dedicated

bill

The

which

man

he

one

recallingof him,

within

fixed at four

no

death

shall

publicenemy."

distance

trial,forgingthereto

; that

of

Roman

put

Senate, that

water

move,

has

Cicero

the

pain

on

shall

as

"

without

authority of

receive

proposition, that,seeing

Tullius

Marcus

citizens

the

ran

to
a

the

while

in Brutii

south
at

(now

the

the

EXILE.

Abruzzi),but

found

place because
limits.

it

who,

unwilling to
Athens,
have

who

him

to

had

been

The

distance, and

though

bitter

enemies

this

of

matter

him

take

in

proposal did
out

was

of

still at

at

the

town

at

the

residence

the
be

moment

any

at

itself
and

way,

the presence
and

After

friend's

invited

his

seat

to

at

the

his taste.

would

be

very

of its master,

who

apparentlyintended
staying for

house

where
itself,

for fear of

inside

Atticus

commend

Rome,

there.

remain

strictly

Epirus (now Albania).But

not

dreary without
was

his

up

Buthrotum

It

might

the

fact,he did spend

of annoyance.

means

to

it

"

exile,
there,

very

the greater part of his banishment

prescribedlimit

of

within

was

not

was

would

Catiline's

in

up

place, too,

as

"

place

mixed

conspiracy.

made

its

by

he

his

for

had

He

insisted upon

this

prescribed

reasons

many

choose

to

the

forbidden

for

unsafe.

men

within

was

leave

to

though a personal friend, was

displease the party in power.

which

liked

was

it necessary

Sicilywas

governor,

203

he

near
was

bringing some

about

to

night
fort-

Dyrrachium
once

very

trouble

"

"

lar,
popu-

upon

it,

ROMAN

204

LIFE

he refused

to

THE

IN

enter

he crossed

"

ultimatelysettled

and

afterward

Long
dream

which

tells
have

to

for the greater part of the

Thessalonica.

at

of

us

him

fell into

night,but

toward
heavy slumber
morning.
the point of starting,but my
host
be waked.

to

me

I rose,

in
disconsolately

great Marius

myself

to

met

sad ?

so

you

'

took

then

Memorial

Hall.
His

safe."1

'

friend

the

and

'

Why
been

turning to
to

me

that

and

honorable

in the

repealingthe
actuallyproposed
most

with

were

I have

declared

that the decree

For

the

his

the
own

There,' he said, 'you will be

portended a speedy
Curiously enough it was
was

'

lead

him

lictor,bade

nearest

wandering

bays.

me.

this

country,'I answered.

my

hand,

my

be

to

with

asked

from

wrongly banished
He

he

not

friend

my

lictors

His

me.

him, their fasces wreathed

are

would

lonelyplace when

some

at

was

ever,
o'clock,how-

seven

told

then

and

I seemed

dream.

At

some

lain awake

allow

singular

I had

"

Greece,

to

given

this time.

at

CICETIO.

OF

over

himself

he

seems

littlecomfort

YS

DA

part he

was

Hall

sentence

and

this

dream
return.

of Marius
of banishment

passed.

miserablyunhappy

206

ROMAN

been

LIFE

restored

For

to

whatever

because

IN

THE

brother

my

I have

YS

DA

and

to

wronged

CICERO.

OF

children.

my

indeed

and

you,

have

for I have

wronged you, pardon me

I do not
wronged myself far worse.

write

as

this

and

were

you

trouble

greatest

very

love

me,

and

have

on

had been

much

as

loved

me,

as

have

abundantly at

is

so

perhaps

somewhat

had

not

much

as

he

himself

in

another
out

that I write

you,

except

I have

Indeed

days

find

certainly

affairs

his
to

in the

as

do, if he
duties

of

wife Terentia,

his heart yet

freely. Don't

in

of

one

I have

which

nothing to
it the

most

"

more

letters

his

longer letters

indeed

communication

This

correspondent,his

think,."he writes
"

you

that Atticus

felt bound

less remiss

been

which

it is

as

me

have

command."

means

have

love

would

advice

little obscure,

he would

obligationto

never

your

if

; but

actuallydo

lack the wise

interested

poured

the

subtle;but Cicero

(Cicero)had
friendship.
To

under

you

me

feel the

you

account

my

you

allowed

to

that

knowing

not

others

to

received

some

feel I

must

write

; and

difficult of

her,

to

than

to

long
answer.

in these

duties.

VESTAL

VIRGIN.

EXILE.

Writing

I could

have

timid

for

blame,
and

myself
And

love

if you

which

is

only fear
them.

are

that

am

In

am

on

too, that

that

see

! to

will

succeed

he

think

that

account.

she

should

And
be

so

my

be

; I

endure
you.

upon
wish

and

of

your

care

so

taking
under-

to

you

writes:

kind, should

my

able

depends

one

night,all
behalf

my

take

it.

health,

are

you

in what

compass,

so

ruin

to

your

All

on

be

not

another

loyal,so honest,
all

that all

tryingto

now

you

aware

to

are

health."
that

of you.

be

expenditure,

feeble.

imaginable labors

all

we

for

distress

already,I know,

I think

day

only

others

don't

me,

in such

they will,undertake

if

can

to

I should

....

let others, who

less

all used

that

As

you

deepest

be involved

to

you

I been

whom

to

see

made

delight,my

now

saved

mine

have

had

distress ! and

I who

tears.

I wanted

you

that you,

help,should
such

sorrow,
to

and

might

heart's

regret is to think
look

made

My

....

and

of

Tullia

dearest

my

floods

without

completelyhappy.

so.

If

to

utterlymiserable,

are

you

and

you
do

can

never

be

to

207

"Unhappy
virtuous,
so

dearest

unhappy

so

afflicted,
Tullia,
about

208

ROMAN

LIFE

IN

father in whom

she

And

feel any

to

little more

who

others

was

we

familyof
whom

whose

do

not

the

name

endure

it a

loved

was

by

and

me,

reallyon

men

keeping
side."

my

the

lady

herself.
There

the

in Rome,
the

was

brought

Who

notable

most

Varro1

Terentius
his

upon

of the defeat

of

was

the

country

She

Canna?,

half-sister,
probably older than herself,of

the

name

of Fabia, who
her

brought

married
thousand

began

as
really,

was

certainlyknow.

perhaps
rashness

had

how

he

as

terest
bit-

all brought about

was

were

about

terrible disaster

She

who

dear

my

is,perhaps, a good opportunity of saying

something

of

soon

jealous of

reallywere

This

it

piness
hap-

feel the

fate,I could

of

easily; but

aloof from

she

as

fault,thinkingthat

my

about

If all this

thing !

write, the work

you

by

trouble

and

sorrow

much

should

he

CICERO.

so

shall I say

That

OF

YS

found

once

what

little Cicero

DA

THE

about

78

was

husband,
B.C.,

five hundred

of

the

letters of Cicero's

o\rn

same

dowry,

pounds.

Cicero
affectionately
Another

whom

to

fair

vestal

name

time.

writes
was

an

We
to

virgin.
she

three

about
have

her

eminent

was

seen

during
man

of

EXILE.

his exile.
the

She

is his

thought

mere

with

all his
herself

the

to

utmost

the

return

she

is still the

nothing that

yet
not

what

know

the

excuses

rarityof

whom

one

by

was

willingto

to

his

others

he is about

signs

see

would

dearest

strike

battle of

after the

hopes,

hope
"

Don't

"(

dropped.

that

that

I have

you

think

may

of

long journey and

"

You

not

Pharsalia

got back
continue

very

we

He

is

were,

no

he

greetings became

are

coming,"

did

There

"

best," are

of coolness,

us

If there

The

of

happen.

to

formal, the superlatives dearest,"

"

belonging

province (Cilicia),

them.

write.

been

earlier of these

his letters.

send

that he

period have

afterwards

was

served
de-

ready to

means

When

begin to

we

and

amiable, the

most

Then

women.

from

Rome

to

the

The

B.C.

affectionate.
sufficiently

are

to

help him,

twenty

are

flow
over-

have

to

affection,exerting

find him

to

his eyes

seems

and

to

50-47

years

she

letters of this

Four

preserved.There
to

of her makes

praise

impoverish herself
needed.

darling,his only hope

And

tears.

zog

fondest,"

"

glad,"he

writes

had

dashed

safe

to

to

he goes

safe ; and

Italy;

be
on,

his
I

glad."
"it is

I don't

see

ROMAN

aio

what
In

IN

LIFE

good

THE

would

you

do

letter he

another

getting ready his

the

probably

come

seventh.

that

he

of their

quarrel.

could

His
"As

vexation

takes

Terentia

to

be

to

send

; for

there

in hand.

She

and

added

he

note

sent

The

writes

he

ing
greet-

the

of

ready

form

in

bottom

letter

don't

this ?

me

that this

capableof abstractingsuch

to

Atticus.

"

much

so

help him.

wrote

ou

and

out
thingswithspeak what

hundred

one

thinks,

money,
to

other

are

lady's

rich man,

was

the

Atticus

the

at

on

while
Mean-

to

with

relied upon

was

in

careless,he

was

be

days,

tub

on

friends

formal.

most

what

bills for

me

his

provided.

which

than

worse

pounds

not

was

there

"

of

number
can

and

stay several

to

in need
not

for the

he

Though

often

was

Terentia

about

and

She

extravagant.

yet he

directions

greatlydissatisfied
were
Money matters

was

conduct.

and

from

know

come."

letter is dated

is of the briefest and

we

should

Tusculum

at

be

must

one

CICERO.

The

If there

bath-room,

OF

if you

house

first of October,

would

YS

gives

receptionof guests.
the

DA

to

her

and

eight

money

left

just ninety pounds,

was

all.

If she

triflefrom

so

was

small

si

ROMAN

LIFE

shadowy
what
of

of

him.

But

of the

affair with

writes

less expected

proposals
discuss

by

to

the

they got to
place. This,
I

fancy the

the young

"

venture

meaning

Nero

had

betrothal

will be

fellow.
there

were

very

look

not

not

done

had

to

when
taken

match.

much

for the

were

thorns."

there.
the

usual
he

friend who

news

of Rome,

who

is, I

I do

indeed

been

some

wraps

politephrases.

writes,

"

on

this

things in

justiceto himself, these

up
"

gratulate
con-

worthy

of

him.

which
are

his

alliance

your

reallybelieve,
think

The

much, though he

in the

have

made

But

better

been

friends

sent

ladies.

the

hears

me," he

Tiberius
I had

her

pleasedwith
tesy,
gentleman'scomplaisanceand cour-

as

one

he

Believe

"

to

father

Her

have

hope,

you,"
with

of

was

and
Cilicia,

kept Cicero acquainted with

him

free

was

could

the

thorns," however,

told

became

nothing

with

ladies

do

but

"

Rome
I

Tullia

in

and

matter

nothing of

contriving.

me.

me,

CICERO.

what

or

surprise.

Atticus,

to

OF

know

was,

third

his government

at

was

Her

YS

We

B.C.

her mother's

or

DA

he

man

in 50

again.

marry

THE

indeed.

person

manner

own

IN

he
now

If
has

past

EXILE.

and
I

am

disappear,thanks

sure,

and

slow

in his errors,

not

divorce

been
It

beginning.

after about

could

passes

one

treatise for my

day

indeed

after

get any

own

there

griefis

too

and

my

much
much

to

your

from
end

an

by

writes

to

I have

griefof
Atticus,

done

what

before, written

(I will

copyists have

finished

nothing like it. I

all day long ; not that
it, but

company

my

occupies
violence

Still I

compose,

can,

it

; the

little more

been

Yet

the

ward
Shortly after-

inconsolable

forme.
to

indeed, but, if I
Next

have

marriage

consolation.

indeed

best

to

wives

is

day, and
good from

little,not

"

seem

other

almost

years.

did

ever

if the

the book

do

is

He
not

Her

he
My grief,"

"

certainlyno

And

the

all consolation.

"

you

three

died, to
thirty,

her father.

than

unhappy
brought

was

Tullia, who
than

does

husband.

her

have

to

successful

more

reforming

seems

fluenc
in-

good

your

and

soon,

ever,
appreciatebetter things." Tullia, how-

to
was

in

to

his respect for Tullia.

to

offensive

not

be left will

that may

traces

; any

gone

213

not

face."

am

my

And

nothingis more

send

it.)

write
I

can

me

of

my

soothed,

feelings,
again :
agree-

LIFE

ROMAN

214

able

to

books

comfort

"

on

deity.

"

all my

can

he

converse

but

From

this summer,

guilty." He

fixes upon

Atticus, in

of marble

columns

the

I shall

hold

building

He

discusses

gardens

the

to

sell

or

attract

It

be

must

disappointed."Then
build it
end

the

on

he did

not

best memorial
in which
him
"as

one

as

him

build

of Tullia

was

Some

nient
conve-

I would

if

of

sooner

little,than

on

all.

had

worth

In the

Perhaps

beautiful

friends seeks

She

be

he would

his villa.

is the

of Cicero's

life

"

it at

"

as

thought that

grounds

for his loss.

long

he

building.

conveniently near

live

or

some

of the site.

worshipers.

mortgage,

begs

buy

for the

strike

Rome

near

place.
it is

question

myself
He

design.

of Chios

dead.

this purpose

letters,to

of his

one

ing
find-

he writes,

Unless

of

Tullia should

....

be finished

ent
pres-

the

to

of which

shrine.

tears;

at

thought

honors

turned

be

CICERO.

determined,"

am

buildingthe

cannot

shrine

OF

interruptedby

as

unusual

in

YS

Then

time

one

build

would

be the

well

as

I fail." At

He

DA

yet this is

I resist

these

THE

than solitude.

me

is with

IN

to

the

letter
sole
con-

lived," he says,

living,as

long

EXILE.

it has

often

I wish

"

to

been

your

Asia,

^Egina, before

of

that

were

our

Strange !

it ill if

be

to

within

and

thus
of

so

towns

height

desolate
reflect

to

day,bear

disease,

whose

the dead

the very

of

was

or

are

life is bound

bodies
small

of
a

so

many
?

compass

"

When
in
Cicero was
anticipating.
to live ;
republichad yet some
years
gether.
were
hopes that it might survive alto-

there

exile's prospects,

brighten.Csesar
his

Corinth

creatures

we

me

righthand

my

at

perish

my

am

The

the

us

on

began

poor

sword,

inclosed

exile the
and

the

short, while

lie here
But

we,

of

one

slain with

eyes.

do

Behind

lie ruined

now

On

contemplatethe

to

once

it may

sailingfrom

was

left hand

my

prosperity,but

before
'

Megara

me

Piraeus, on

all of them

brought

sorrow.

as

^Egina to Megara, I began

me.
placesthat lay around
the

give.

must

something which

diminish

from

back

consolation,,hoping that

also somewhat
way

of

though

passage,

quoted before,

tell you

small

no

me

One

republicstood."

the

as

215

had

reached

height of his ambition, and

province of Gaul.
Pompey

too,

began

to

for the present

was

had

busy

with

quarreled

216

ROMAN

IN

LIFE

THE

Clodius, whom

with

Cicero's

of whom

I shall have

being the

most

to

recall all the

the

May

repealingthe
it

having caused

at

senator

the

their

the enthusiasm

But

who

actor

from

as

its

to

rose

banishment

(whose

consul

the

playing the

was

resolution

the Senate, and

placesto greet

! he

What

for his

Strove

Spared
Most
In

the

"

man

from

rose

he

part of Telamon

life nor

when

formed

house

And

ye,

"

she needed
Father

men.

yea,

his !

"

saw

he served

you,

"

heart

of

bestowed

; who

surpassed

Gods,

devoured

ungrateful,foolish,without

Of all wherein

steadfast

with

perilousdays

fortune, and

most

wit all other

His

stillwith
in

the

heightwhen

followinglines

who

in.

came

his country

country, who

neither

help

the

of

news

part of the action of the drama) declaimed

emphasis
significant

As

joy in the city.

was
being acted
applauded each

audience

he entered

as

struggle.

to

of

outburst

an

the time, and

be tedious

passed

of "Telamon"

drama

Accius'

ceased

of banishment, the

decree

Milo,

all,never

of the

Senate

utterly

hereafter,

more

say

vicissitudes

be

to

his recall. It would

agitatefor

earlyas

to

CICERO.

friend,one

of them

active

OF

found

he

And

unmanageable.

YS

DA

could

by

fire ;

thought
endure

EXILE.

To

banished

him

see

Suffer

that he

it was

decree

fourth

passed through
point of

the

the earliest
informed

Greece

the

when

be the

to

had

nearest

to

The

that

sailed

the

decree

news

had

come

It

to

me.

was

such

now

pened
hapof

On

Rome,

the

ways

were

were

When

by

and

Cicero

set

road

the

my

arrival

with

from

all parts

approached

honored

by

heartiness

of

such

the

eighth the

crowded

sent

her

meet

observed

was

from

came

far

"

which

men,

might

capital. All along

Italykept the day of my

holiday; the

coming

he

been

the foundation

so

coincidence

for the

cities of

take

to
Italy,

morrow.

which

on

townspeople with delight.

out

waiting

accordinglyon the
was
passed, and

the

on

day

of Tullia, who

welcome

been

came
be-

celebrated,and also the birthday

colony was

father.

that the

August

who

He

Brundisium

reached

of

all its stages and

friends

his

by

day

interposed,

was

opportunity of returning,had

safelyembark.
very

this hour

exile's day.

an

law. Cicero,
finally
at

to

after obstacle

tillthe

not

and

; yea,

prolong

Still obstacle
and

217

the

the

as

tations
depu-

to

gratulate
con-

city,my

concourse

as
congratulation

of
are

2i8

of

ascent

such

made

so

my

joy

grateful

could
had

oppressed."
"

that

day

"

was

yet
That

as

been

to

he

as

the

sorry

said

the

gates,
home

my

height

very

that

unhappy,

so

day,"

good

in

be

but

not

the

return

that

spectacle

the

CICERO.

OF

from

way

Capitol,

the

YS

DA

THE

The

believing.

past

of

IN

LIFE

ROMAN

so

people
cruelly

emphatically,

immortality

to

me."

ROMAN

220

LIFE

IN

site should

be

talkingfor

three

end.

of his

who

wounded

was

and
"

in which

Senate,

expressed.

"

ruffians shouted
the

showed

have

not

to

an

end

courage

was

abuse
and

"

been

of

ed,
kill-

surgery."

his hatred, for

was

he rose,

lowed,
fol-

his

consent

restored.
in the

scene

vigorously
rather

wished

Clodius' hired

All

him.

; he

by

as

days

himself.

been

spoke, or

soon

at

same

but

shouts

came

tired

am

that without

Pompey

few

strugglewhich

this hatred

speak ; for,as

workmen

objectof

would

ruffians

Cicero

on

gives a livelypicture of

Cicero

by

another

was

the

Cicero, have

might, says

his great enemy

was

the

well
perfectly

he knew

it

in

to

the

at

of armed

house.

attack

"

not

was

out

an

but," he adds,

Pompey

to

drove

he made

afterwards

of his

frightenedinto

was

set

rebuildingthe

were

He

resources.

his command

under

opposed it,

in his interest put

Clodius

But

withdrawing it.
end

CICERO.

bring his speech

to

the motion, but

on

OF

hours, till the anger

of the tribunes

One

his veto

YS

Clodius

restored.

compelled him

audience
an

DA

THE

through his speech

interruptednot only

and

it must

curses.

When

be allowed

he

that he

nothing frightenedhim

he

said

BRA

his

silence
such

Clodius

uproar

from

his

he

Pompey

not

ribald

verses,

in the

followers, and

with

'

Who

hunger

Who

wants

to

they

answered

want

to

'

go

'

'

us

now

rage
from

partisansof
from

the

lest any
A

burst

Clodius

they
?

And

enemy,

we

'

and

He

was

should
one

spit

made

then

ed
ask-

'

Pompey,'
do

made

at

tried

you

About

began, at

They

out.

his

to

answered.

whom

to

fled.

hustings.
thing worse

third

turned

killingthe people

party of Clodius

and
place,

our

is

to

even

Crassus,' they said.

given signal,it seemed,

Our

speech, till

abuse,

Alexandria

to

nance.
counte-

against Clodius

Pompey,'

again.

go?'

six o'clock the

'

thoughts,

of the uproar

is it that
?

his

fury he

midst

had

o'clock,when

of

out

Pale with

his sister.

them,

shouted

were

he

as

his

three

kind

every

mined
had deter-

collect his
command

with

met

(forwe
good

as

from

on

obtained

was

only just finished

had

Meanwhile

'

could

went

five.

and

back

speech, or

This

He

side

our

221

even

rose.

him

give

given) that

CONSEQUENCES.

sometimes

then

to

control

ITS

and

say

"

an

AND

WL

some

side.

our

to

charge.

drive
The

thrust down
my

escape,

happen."
whom

Clodius

was

ROMAN

222

LIFE

destined
Cicero

find

to

the mother's

on

The

name

was

probably

of

side

he

and

one

who

it in

ate

for

was

the sword.
the

He

his

CICERO.

Milo

family.

commonly

known

given him,

it may

Milo

of Crotona,
an

ox

singleday.

his

on

Milo

For

well-born

gladiator,

ambitious, and

was

but

the
His

reack.

was

old Latin

carried

either

than

knots
cuttingall political

consulship;

within

the

to

fightingman,

great

was

was

wrestler, who

famous

shoulders

an

nickname

OF

Milo.

Annius

was

be, in joking allusion

the

YS

dangerous

which

by

DA

more

Pompey,

or

THE

IN

with

aspired to

scarcely
dignitywas
familywas not of the

highest; he was deeply in debt ; he had neither

fore,
eloquence nor ability. His best chance, therehimself to some
to attach
was
powerful
friend

whose

such

friend he seemed

the great orator's

saw

but

they

would
his

gratitudehe

would

those

be

back

from

quarrelwith
bands

find in

fortunes

probably

gratefulto
adversity. Hence

him

to

might
were

The

rather

He

low,

very

he

rise

again, and

who

helped him
and

banishment

of hired, or

Cicero.

Milo's exertions

Clodius.

Just

earn.

two

men

to

in

bring

hence

the

had

their

purchased, ruffians

AND

BRAWL

ITS

and
city,

about

the

Each

indicted

CONSEQUENCES.

other

the

frequentcollisions.

into

came

publiclydeclared that he
of putting his
earliest chance

should

matters

to

to

pay

the

visit

from

It

the old

it contained

small

days when
be

one

its

thingworth

in

spear

and

was

it

was

the chief
at

had

his

duty

priestof

meeting

temples of

its

quaint,turned-

hand

this occasion

the

while, as

Cicero, while his wife

to

in the

close

of

changed
men
was

its

have

dictator;

nominate

had

He

temple.

he had

small

and

place,and

till the

Returning home

recording ; but

peculiar sacredness.

of the Senate

remained

shoes, waited

on

againstRome

the Preserver, whose

one

of the

native

on

decayed

famous

most

shield in the other, had

Milo

much

town,

its revolt

of the

town

fifteen miles south

goat-skinrobe,

shoes, with

up

Latin

about

the dwellingof Juno

Italy,

image, in

brought

left Rome

Milo

January

and

was

thought to

was

of

Lanuvium,

to

Appian road,

of Rome.

death.

to

enemy

crisis.

the twentieth

On

the

take

collision

chance

probably a

was

assault.

for murderous

Each

What

223

been

morning,
the

and

sitting.

his dress and

to

wait, says

getting ready, and

ROMAN

224

then

started.

retinue

Milo

of

Much

no

several

boys,

him

of their

art.

he

met

when

Latin

He

Rome.

his usual
he

had

The

two

with

Clodius

and

back

sword.

council

town

the

to

returning

now

to

use

to

carriage,

armed

with

thought of

other, but

each
the

slaves

One
him

number

Milo's

of Clodius.

the aggressors

accosted

threateningmanner.
repliedby wounding
his

had

attendants.

such

gladiatorsfell out
rode

two

traveled

nearer

was

was

passed

men

the

of distinction

person

travelingwithout

slaves

were

had

He

thirtyslaves

him

with

No

swords.

whom

town,

which

custom,

But

horseback, contrary

on

was

of

enemy.

of armed

to

and

capitalthan Lanuvium,

started

Clodius, who

address

deliveringan

that

proving
he

number

his

to

of this great

as

gladiators,
among

miles

ten

made

his great

of Aricia, another

with

maid-servants

with

masters

about

CICERO.

carriagewith

when

blows

to

famous

in

OF

intention

he had also with

and

in

was

and

women

had

coming

to

YS

Several

friend.

wife followed.

been

DA

troop of singing boys belonging

and

THE

traveled

He

his wife and

and

IN

LIFE

of

the

in the
of

tors
gladia-

shoulder

Milo's

slaves

BRA

hastened

WL

AND

back

ITS

roadside

his wound,

by

which

tavern,

the firststage
he

had

gone

further

and

rid himself

now

refuge

and

done.

Cicero

did

the
dead

man

lay for

in the

Roman

to

it

which

and

thronged

tribunes

out

into

in

the

to

see

way

suggestedthat

the

to

the

his litter and

just before
hall

in the

state

stood

by

remains.

increased.

un-

hiding-places.

sympathizing
his

the

either fallen

his

his widow

to

excitement

had

it arrived

laid

wounds

the

put

where

was

of his mansion,

the

be

to

of

the road

upon

on

lieved
be-

Rome

corpse

crept into

gentleman

Rome,

nightfall.It

day

had

struggleor

city ordered
taken

time

some

slaves

belief that

But

The

his

promptly

the

killed.

story.

from

that the

in

little

forever,

was

for,for all his attendants

cared

Then

This

orders, and

other

marked

enemy

declared

been

refuge

go

Clodius

drag

indeed

had

master

might
his

finish him.

it without

their

of

to

took

Milo, thinkingthat

far he

so

his slaves

ordered

Clodius

probably

of Rome.

out

The

overpowered, and

was

himself, exhausted
a

225

assist their comrades.

to

party of Clodius

in

CONSEQUENCES.

crowd

Next
of

the

should

be

Two

body

ing
show-

226

ROMAN

carried
the

LIFE

into

IN

the

THE

DA

YS

OF

CICERO.

market-place,and

hustings from

which

addressed

the

placed on
monly
speaker com-

the

people.

Then

it

resolved, at the suggestion of another

a

notary, and

client of

signalhonor.
a

within

man

people,should

shalt

city

was

into' the

bury

not

Hall

it

burn

or

favorite

exception.

an

do

of the oldest

one

Clodius, the
be

Clodius,

family,to

"

the

laws.

of Roman

carried

Thou

"

the

was

His

of the

body

was

Hostilius, the usual

of

The
benches,
meeting-placeof the Senate.
the tables,the platform from which the orators

spoke, the

their

wrote

funeral

notes,

hall

the

ground

it,the
the

same

with

the corpse

make

to
to

was

caught fire,and

be

a
sumed.
con-

burned

was

of

fate.
of

largebuildingadjoining
Porcius, narrowly escaped

The
Milo

mob

attacked

among

them,

several
and

was

difficulty
repulsed.

It

had

been

voluntarily
go
the

the clerks

which

; another

Hall

houses, that

on

collected

were

which

pileon
The

to

tablets

wooden

expected
into

senate-house

feelingof

which

exile ; but

caused

he

that

took

Milo

the

strong

would

burning of
reaction

advantage.

He

of
re-

228

LIFE

ROMAN

IN

THE

in the Senate

appear

sinated, and

DA

lest he
left

even

gardens,which could
guarded by soldiers. In
of

having

charge which
his

under

he

had

that

having

been

seized

Milo

was

a
clothing,

freedman

he and

four others

fact, they had

the
for

up

came

of Clodius, and

murder

shut

effectually

his

that

mentioned
and

in

disproveby lifting
up

Next

the

actuallyseen

assas"

live

to

more

under

declared

forward, and

be

the Senate

to

garment.

CICERO.

should

be

arms

had

OF

his house

his

accused

YS

months

two

in

Milo's

counting-house. Finally a sheriff's

call him, deposed that
officer,if we
so
may
another

forciblytaken

had

been

the

partisansof
the

On

The
been
His

called

Clodius

evidence

him

examine

the

was

trial was

the

by

behalf

bench

obligedto

of

who

had

death.

his

look

case

begun.

friend who

day

the counsel

with such angry

refuge on

was

the

on

made

on

his hands

the accused.

first witness
with

of

out

eighth of April the

againstMilo, and

Milo

of Milo's slaves,

important witness, one

dark

very

was

to

cross-

of the accused

was

cries that he had

to

with

the

ask for the

ceived
re-

take

presidingjudge.
same

protection

BRA

WL

resolved

Pompey
be

of the witnesses

better

with

court

heard

were

of the trial. Three

for the

that

that he should

Clodius

was

slew him
he

judged

to

show

nth

It had

the last

was

been

line of

delivered

only,

one

suggested

arguing that

traitor,and that the citizen who

it better

follow another

to

But

well of his country.

deserved

that

rest

and cross-examined

take the bold

had

all the

The

troops.

for the defense

Cicero.

by

should

order

speeches were

prosecution ;

229

occupied

interruption.April

without

and

that

the

approaches to

CONSEQUENCES.

future, and

for the

kept

day

ITS

AND

had

Clodius

been

course,and

the

aggressor,

for Milo,
having deliberatelylaid an ambush
he
of whose
meditated
journey to Lanuvium
of course
aware.
was
Unfortunately for his

client the

left Rome

of the
not

This

murdered

later than

disproved

loitered

on

darkness

the conflict had

and

earlier than

much

Milo

down.

broke

case

was

said, because
reached

had

man

five o'clock
the

his way
gave

in

him

his adversaries.

to
an

happened
the
the

the

dently
evi-

body

capital

afternoon.
had

that Clodius

assertion

back

had

Rome

tillthe growing

opportunity

Then

it came

of

out

tacking
at-

that

ROMAN

230

Milo

LIFE

had

had

and

been

shut

the

The
hesitatingly.

has

come

down

delivered

by

the

borne

himself
the

marred
"

spoken

It

was

better

admirable

have

he

want

was

been

one

verdict

seems

seilles
Mar-

at

have

to

Cicero

of courage

which

effect of his defense, he

all for

I should

Marseilles

the

of

that when

is true

for the

have

to

really

banishment

which

if it
easily,

very

excused

into

punishment

"

went

his

which

was

assembled, gave

ever

Milo

oration

jury, which
to

spoke feebly

occasion,

The

of

and

professes

consent

common

best

guilty.

had

and

us,

this

on

he

admirable

afterwards.

allowed
of

to

accused

him, and

and

clamor

the

the

to

shops

riot,the presence

and

in court,

to

of mind.

all the

which

expectationof

in

had

and put
hiding-place

city,in

advocate, confounded

written

Finally

lost his presence

furiouslyhostile

been

women

fightingmen.

his

too

of the soldiers
mob

the

witnesses, that Clodius

from

Cicero

sightof

were

CICERO.

OF

damning fact,established,it would

dragged

death.
The

of

by competent

seem,

YS

DA

in his retinue, besides

the

was

THE

number

boys, a

there

IN

best

never

mullets."

have

; if you

tasted

swered,
an-

had
these

BRA

WL

AND

he

Naturally
When

Caesar

Rome,

he

at

this

Pompey.

to

corrupt

of

his
the

raise

to

and

him,

into

was

him.

there

and

in

ferred
pre-

and

favor

endeavored

he

the

ment.
banish-

Italy

to

insurrection

follow

of

Enraged

was.

whom

long.

master

over

came

an

followers

peninsula,

he

troops

refused

before

from

want

where

The

few

mullets

recalled

not

he

231

himself

did

him

to

the

be

to

treatment,

of

of

Caesar

have

CONSEQUENCES.

made

hoped

attempted

with

tired
had

But

to

ITS

He

extreme

killed

retreated
south

CHAPTER

CATO,

"

FROM

has

resolute

was

BRUTUS,

earliest

his
that

years," so
down

come

slightest. Not
roused,
but

the

his
one

of them.
It

and
that

bear

boyhood

house.

His

there

"

he

tutor

"

on.

his

Why

his anger,

once

but

acquired
wanted

The

took

days

signs

were

asked

evil

of the

teacher.

; he

stories

him

no
"

know
told of
is

Sulla's

tion,
Proscrip-

bloody
one

was

Here
to

of the

of the

does

slowly,

to

character.

this

out

with

was

learned

He

he

"

resistance.

smile

his

thing."

in the

was

going

was

with

teachers, but

of every

reason

Cato,

Flattery met

easilyprovoked,

his

to

of

us

forgota thing once

never

obedient

and

the character

runs

threats

implacable.

was

to

obstinacy.

to

laughed,

never

PORCIA.

AND

rough repulse, and

He

man

XII.

work

kill this

Because,

my

CATO,

son,

they

was

the

fear him

I may

set

be

may

Like

supposed,
most

his courage,

which

that

temperance

and

His

of

time

indeed

an

class

send

on

ended, he

he intended
in

their

master

did

acquaintance
to

master's
one.

they

It
went

visit.

to
most

and

in

accommodation

only

was

to

only by

of

out

from

"

cook

the

to

These

We

Roman

dawn

be

to

visit him.

At

his

on

the tributary

happened

duty.

an

get

of the

he would

place which

would

enter

the

unpretending fashion, and if

not
happen to have a friend or
betake
the place,would
selves
them-

inn, and

an

set

invitation

tour.

baker

town

on

enough
world, but by his

interestinglittle pictureof

upper

life as

began

common

the

family,to

it

as

off in haste.

was

Galatia, who

joinder,
re-

that

tutor,

diligentperformance

of the

old friend

sword

he

conquered

service

of

the

was

The

Romans

travels, acceptingan

king

"

him,"

hate

golden opinions not

nation

me

him

carried

young
won

then,"

free ?

country

my

233

they

given

not

you

soldier,and

in

Why

"

have

PORCIA.

than

more

answer.
"

AND

BRUTUS,

the

when

there

without
there

for their

prepare

troublingany
was

magistrates and

no

inn

that

asked

for

LIFE

ROMAN

234

; and

entertainment
with

what

IN

but scanty welcome

their demands

Nor

did

DA

they

were

and

their

enforcing
threats, so

nothing prepared.
favorable

more

did

he

impression, sittingas

with

they met

customary

create

master

CICERO.

always content

his arrival found

on

OF

attention, not

the

with

YS

Often

assigned.

was

that Cato

THE

quietlyon

his

luggage,and seeming

to

accept the situation.

Sometimes,

he

would

and

authorities

town

up

however,

these

mean

Once

least he

at

found

found

the

the

company,
in

boys

garlandsof
these
was

another.

in

Some

priests
"

that
But

old
so

man

ran

much

as

out

he

thought,
with

in

one

Every body
these

"

white

wore

side

stood

men

were

robes

the
and

Cato, supposing that all

intended

preparations were
annoyed

Catos."

are

either

on

The

flowers.

them.
An

lined

holiday dress.

magistratesand

give

Approaching Antioch,

of spectators.

troops

was

road

visitors

himself,as

received.
magnificently
he

best

the

friends
inhospitable

my

find that all your

won't

you

ways,

had

You

"

say,

for

send

his
he

had

servants
was

from

for himself,

soon

not

undeceived.

the crowd, and

greetingthe

new

vented
pre-

comer,

out
with-

cried,

"

did

Where

will

he

"

Returning
usual
duties

Cato

with

the

In the

Cato

stood

"

the

and
integrity,

filled
It

he

that

affair of the

only turn

through

went

zeal and

utmost

wanted

ness
great-

always discharginghis

probably,as long as he
place,with great success.
was

could

place !

he

of honors,

course

Pompey's

of his master's

Rome

to

When

was

Wretched

"

235

Demetrius

some

him.

on

muttering,

PORCIA.

Demetrius

had

and

reflected
away

leave

you

come

freedman,

AND

BRUTUS,

CATO.

subordinate

when

was

began

fail.

to

of

conspiracy

manship
states-

Catiline

firmlyby Cicero, supporting

the

propositionto put the conspiratorsto death in

a powerful speech, the
only speech of all that
he made
was

that
due

to

other

tion
preserva-

forethoughtof Cicero,

the

put the fastest writers

relieve each

This

preserved.

was

in

find

he could

whom

who
to

the oration.

taking down

the

to be told,was
This, it is interesting

ning
begin-

of shorthand.

Cato, like Cicero, loved

republic;

but

more

less
certainly

he

was

honest

much

perhaps

discreet in

believed

and

more
we

in the

mising,
uncompro-

may

say, but

puttinghis principles

236

ROMAN

into

LIFE

He

action.

of
and

Caesar

he

to

OF

CICERO.

lacked

of

both

the

to

"

abandon

his

opposing

of

Yet

the

citywould

of

He

the

secured

it failed

the

do

so

he

continued

Cato

but

the

act,

cause
certainlybe-

more

been

hardly used.

always seeking to

doing it ; anxious to serve

always contrivingto injureit.

in the

we

leavingof

the Roman
was

been

say, best became

may

view

doing
willingto

not

it (ifwe
of the
his best

live

in

honor, and

empty

very

of

which,

descended
con-

against
lapseof

sheer

right,but always choosing the

way

to

fruitless. Caesar

he had
to

been

obstruction

by

opposition was

all
reality,

have
"

entering

tillsunset

spoke

people felt that

And

of

arts

abandoned

course

become

to

triumph

the

use

proposition,and

time.

permission

the

hopes

him.

Spain,petitioned

consulship without

enter

to

the

for

for the

city

Pompey

accomplished nothing. When,

Senate

candidate

mulation
accu-

dignity and

for instance, Caesar, returningfrom

the

the

oppose

hands

in the
he

; but

YS

DA

himself

set

power

prudence,and

THE

IN

worst

his country,
Even

him

in that

in his

accept for the

life,

moment

he
moralityof suicide),
for

Rome.

(forCaesar

was

Had

he

ready

to

him,

spare

yet

good

for him

he

of what

of its

must

life

last army

to

the

stir up

the

story of his last hours.

of

the

republic had
Caesar

and

Cato

people

his life. A
to

kinsman

intercede

undisputed

vainlyendeavored

of Utica,

town

near

his quarters;

up
to

put

of Caesar, who
with

stroyed
de-

been

was

Carthage,inwhich he had taken

when
they refused, he resolved
to

characteristic

pictureso

world.

of the

citizen.

as

Thapsus,

at

master

hasty impatience

honest

most

omit

not

of Roman
The

do ; in his

disapproved,he preferredto deprive

his country
We

not

to

237

always ready to spare

harm
him), there was

was

could

who

enemies

he

as

PORCIA.

AND

BRUTUS,

CATO,

an
was

the conqueror

end
paring
pre-

for the

lives of the

help

in

said,

"

hands
to

take

should

by

the

three

vanquished leaders, begged Cato's

For you," he
revisinghis speech.
"

I should

and
my

go

fall

it

shame

no

his knees."

at

"

life at his hands,"

alone

favor

of

hundred

intercede, let

speech."

think

This

to
a

ask

us

see

business

I refuse

Still,as

for

what

Were

clasphis
willing

repliedCato,

it. But

tyrant.

others

to

whom
be

you

to

there
are

"

live
are

to

done

with

the

finished, he

took

an

can

238

affectionate
his

laid

he

with

the

he had

of the

invited

fated

conversation
favorite

himself, and

he

orders

to

dinner,

an

over

talk,and this
when

"

the

of the

one

on

Stoics,

with

of

since

ever

But

turn

bad

Only

the

slaves," Cato

are

energy

the company

and

even

suspect

some

melancholy silence that

speaker that he had betrayed

hastened

the officers

his chamber.

custom

After

; the

Here

to

other

his customary
to

ed
follow-

dinner, to which

in tone.

the

by talkingon
he took

to

The

the

warned

again ;

Then

learned

much

happened

terrible resolve.
ensued

his

been

that made

of

meal, instead

the

at

cheerful

is free
good man
expressed himself

fierceness

sat

of

meddle

of friends, magistrates

number

maxims

his

worthy

take

after the bath,

to

On

to

was

be shameful.

was

than

as

could

of Pharsalia.

day

other

CICERO.

OF

his friends.

part

man

no

had

the wine, there

not

Such

He

town.

This
reclining.
the

YS

injunctionnot

other would

the bath, and

and

son

strict

of Cato

any

DA

leave of his friend,commending

publiclife.
name

take

THE

offices his

good

son

IN

LIFE

ROMAN

topics.After

walk, gave
on

he

the

remove

guard,and
took

up

picion
sus-

dinner

the necessary
then

the

sought
Phaedo,

CATO,

the famous

which

dialoguein

day

when

he

is

drink

the

immortalityof

to

PORCIA.

AND

BRUTUS,

239

Socrates,

the

discusses

poison,

the soul.

almost

had

He

the

on

his

finished the book, when,

while

he

asked,

sat

of

roused.

struck

even

slaves," he

in

search
sword
still it

; and

my

hands

and

the

sword

my

breath
It

of my

give
can

is idle
years

do

My

son

listen
he

me

to

to

think

alive

my

the

to

entreaties,

going

Caesar

without
dash

and
me

no

you
to

up

or

which
fist,

said, "that

Are

arms

his

betraying

are

would

my

man

the

; but

for the

with
"

"

madman,"

strippedof

wall.

As

findingthat

asked

blow.

said,
He

enemy."

hold

he

"

his book

of them

one

the

injuredby

"Am

sword

was
now
forthcoming. His anger
He vehemently reproached the slaves,

not

and

my

it

slave and

interval followed

Another

again.

called

few minutes,

had

removed

He

resumed

being made,

not

was

taken

nothing,he

course

was

has

had

son

dinner.

at

Who

"

said

man

the

His

removed.

been

he

he

upwards,

eyes

chancing to turn
perceived that his sword

I
to

am

bind

As

it ; I need
head

my

that

you

but

against
can

againsthis will."

for

the

keep
It

was

*4Q

ROMAN

felt

to

this

LIFE

be

IN

and

and

read

to

end, and

sleep

that

OF

CICERO.

the face of

felt the weapon,

straightand

am

fell into

the

master."

own

my

again from

beginning
profound

so

outside

standing

persons

the

his

midnight
breathing.About
physician and one of his freed-

inquirewhether
physicianhe

slave-boy

young

was

freedman

The

hand,

Now

afterwards

for his

men.

"

the Phaedo

heard

chamber
sent

YS

Cato

the blade

findingthat
then

the sword.

back

said,
edge perfect,

he

DA

impossible to persist in

determination,

brought

He

THE

friends had

his

asked

to

bind

which

request

commissioned

was

sail.

set

his

up

to

The

wounded
heard

his attendants

to indicate a resolve
delight,as it seemed
He again sent
to
to live.
inquire about his
friends and expressed his regret at the rough
which they seemed
weather
likelyto have. The

with

birds

were

beginning

now

approach of dawn,
The

freedman

the harbor

was

again alone, he
but

stabbed

was

not

as

fatal.

with

He

was

by
fell

the

at

short

sleep.

news

that

he found

himself
it

with

returned

quiet. When

the blow, dealt

hand,

he fell into

and

now

twitter

to

himself

the sword,

the wounded

faintingon

the

CATO,

BRUTUS,

AND

couch, knocking down

stood

and

near,

rindingthat

wound

bind

to

Cato,

the

If the end
it is still
rests

on

physician,

memorable
a

as

who

of

had

He

was

the

genuine

of

of

faults.

Indeed

life with

which

is very

again,is

little to

life that it should

had

be

married

Appius Claudius,
Clodius, and
in-law

to

his
of

had

he

had

of

told in
the

one

serious

to

And

means

this,

detail.

some

of the

He

quainted
ac-

an
side of Rom-

accompanied

province,Cilicia.

lier
ear-

well

be

daughter of

kinsman

increasinghis

some

of his

credit.

his

ing.
learn-

from

seem,

happen

we

whose

taken, and

transaction

one

known,

letters and

but

part,

Brutus

was

been

for

age,

characteristic

so

of

He

had

love

his
the

fame

promise,with

free, it would

vices

Brutus

the

specialpains

education

aside, and

its noblest

deed.

man

young

his

expired.

that

true

more

ceeded
pro-

recovering

lifewas

of Cato's

one

indeed,

wound,

others

mortal,

not

was

it up.

the

consciousness, thrust the attendants

tearing open

which

with

son

and

chamber,

the

241

counting board

groaning. His

into the

rushed

PORCIA.

tain
cer-

ous
notori-

his father-

took

the opportuni

by lending

ROMAN

242

LIFE

the

to

money

THE

IN

lend

only

money

of

way

OF

CICERO.

making

credita
dis-

noblest.

for the very

interest

upon

it

money,

thought a

not

was

occupation even
To

YS

provincials.Lending

be remembered,

must

DA

indeed, the

was,

the

investment, besides

an

an
buying of land, that was available to the Romthan
But
Brutus
was
more
a
capitalist.
is,he
usurer
an
money-lender, he was
; that
an
extravagantlyhigh rate
sought to extract
of interest

brought

from

into collision with

him

A certain

Scaptius had

in

lendingmoney
Cyprus. Under
been

had

some

from

the

the

cavalryat

his

the

it is told

council-room

tillfive of them
heard

was

on

his way

refused
of
not

his
to

to

the

us,

of this
his

own

he
Senate

command,
grant such

pleased,
in their

deed

monstrous

of

extorted

ger.
hun-

perished of

province ;

request

He

way.

in the town,

terms

shuttingup,

he

as

posts

that
to

he had
any

he

torily
peremp-

Scaptius for

saying

in

Claudius,

and
disposal,

what

inhabitants

Cicero

of

command

Salamis

of

town

thing his

appointed to

greed

Cicero.

government

every

this

agent for Brutus

been

the

to

had

Scaptius had
had

And

his debtors.

newal
resolved
re-

person

Brutus'

it

sake
out

would

take

This

the

in the

and

"

that

came

town

it was

Brutus

243

or

one

the customary

principal he
should be paid.

do

interest. An

this should

"

but

came

been

twelve

exceed

monthly,

of payment.

way

then

edict had

never

cent,

per

that

time

some

the

was

ready to

was

question of

cent.,

for

not

that the money

care

publishedthat
per

PORCIA.

tradingor money-lending. Still,for

in

engaged

AND

BRUTUS,

CATO,

that

But

being

Scaptius

pleaded his bond, which provided for four per

cent,
monthly, and pleaded also a specialedict
that

not
regulationsrestraininginterest were
protested that
apply to Salamis. The town

to

they
"

could

not

could

They
smaller

not,

customary

Cicero

he

Atticus,
and

than

and

have
been

who

had

Brutus

was

me

there

churlish

the

not

asks
"

were

is

met

exacted

principal.
the

even

ality
for the liberdeclined
much

the

vexed.

favor," writes

always something

stillhe

moves

laughter

anger."
the

When
Caesar

governor,

when

to

arrogant
more

they said,

presents.

Even

terms

double

claim, if it had

of the

"

would

which

terms

if such

pay

civil

broke

war

Pompey,

it

was

out

between

expected

that

ROMAN

244

LIFE

would

Brutus

had

no

had

YS

DA

himself

OF

love.

CICERO.

the

to

put his father

to

reason

in

THE

attach

who

Pompey,

IN

death, he

to

if he

But

pulous
unscru-

was

he
things,in politics

some

which

would

he

former.

had

ciples
prin-

abandon,

not

the

strongest of these, perhaps, being that the side

of which

Cato

was

received

his

right. Pompey
astonishment
to

in

camp

side

He

of

most

spent

making

the

Greek

He

passed through

historian

of the
the

of

Second

disastrous

with

time

the very

epitome

an

the

his chair

his

study,being ingrossed on

of the battle in

of

adherent

new

delight,risingfrom

and

greet him.

the

approved

in
eve

Polybius,

Punic

day

War.

of Phar-

salia unhurt, Caesar

having given specialorders

that his life was

be

the conqueror
him

with

to

not

onlypardoned

time

at

been

ungrateful.

work

which

to

least,he

But

he could

friendshipwith
how

there

not

had

Caesar, and,

died
not

sooner

the

the

kindness
not

to

for
have

influences

were

There

had

was

at

his

passionate

remembrance

than

battle,

but treated

seems

resist.

Cassius, who

against usurpers,

Cato

him

the greatest kindness,

which, for

hatred

spared. After

submit

least,the association

of

himself
of his

CATO,

BRUTUS,

which

name,

The

he
of

statue

the

out

Tarquins

Brutus'

the time

which

How

Brutus

true

he slew

he killed himself
battle of

in

48

his first wife

inherited

She

opinions of
confide

both

her

his

her story, his

She

such

wound

wounded
as

barbers
was

like.

the

the

how

second

left

was

three
who
to

she

years

divorced
her.

marry

and

tastes
literary

father, and

on

sleepest,"

Cato,

in order

the

thought herself

seemed

unwilling

plansto her. Plutarch thus

authorityseeming to be a

little

her

first

of her

one

afterwards

husband

papers

elsewhere.

Brutus,

the

"

praetor

already;

married

her husband

biography which
"

cousin

Claudia

aggrievedwhen
to

and

B.C.,

her

afterwards

of

daughter

script
in-

alive !

was

with

told

be read

Philippimay

Porcia, the
widow

he

despair after

in

such

thou," and

I have

driven

wert

Brutus, thou

"

art

Caesar

had

thou

covered

scribbled,

were

"A

or,

found

forget.

to

with

"

was

"

covered

was

chair of office

own

245

patriotwho

Brutus, would

"

at

old

PORCIA.

permitted

not

was

the

as,

and

AND

wrote

herself in the
use

for

deep, the

by

sons

of

his

stepfather.

thighwith

cuttingthe

loss of blood

tells

nails.

knife
The

great, and

246

ROMAN

the

pain

husband

wife

IN

LIFE

THE

YS

DA

followed

and

fever

was

in the greatest

that

him

addressed

thus

CICERO.

OF

Her

acute.

distress,when
'

Brutus, it

his

was

wife,
daughter of Cato who became
your
merely to share your bed and board, but to be
of your

partner

adversityand

You

not

the

prosperity.

your

complain, but

what

give me no cause
proof can I give you

of my

affection

if I may

bear with you

secret

troubles.

Women,

not

I know,

Yet

secrets.

wife

showed
had

and

had

fixed for the

conceal

her

all who

entered

fainted

in the

of

business

the

heard

that

Porcia

of

Brutus

of

his wife

the
was

then

that

prove

she
her

all this resolution

weakness.

left the house

She

hall of her

not

to

on

could

assassination, she

how

pany
com-

She

woman's

had

agitation.

was

had.'

herself

it upon

husband

honest

told him

and

constancy." For

her

When

I have

something

keep

to

this,as Cato's daughter

and

the wound,

inflicted

she

good trainingand

Brutus,

to

him

courage

day

ill fitted

creatures,

do much,

may

and

your

weak

are

to

the
not

eagerlyinquiredof
fared, and

house.

at

last

In the midst

senate-house

Brutus

dying.

with her husband

during the

XIII.

CHAPTER

IT

usual

was

for

undertake

of the

one

indeed

were

having
Indeed
whole
Rome.

These
of

appointments

the

profession of

had

hear

We

for

this

hear
his

of

And

Even

of

one

governor

allowance
in

the
and

Cicero,

of

as

put

out

province
who,

pounds
Out

economized.
who
at

left the

if

we

itself

may

in

interest

splendid

commonly

indeed

much

purpose.

something might easilybe

we

magnificent

fifty thousand

allowed

been

to

the government

governor

and

consul,

or

more

prizes

new

gains might be,

got.

or

year

after

statesman,

praetor

provinces.

hundred

one

of

the treasury.

outfit from

of this

PROVINCE.

HIS

Roman

the

The
politics.

as

for
office

fillingthe
of

IN

GOVERNOR

were,

trust

his

GOVERNOR

and not
just,
dealingswith

his

have

the

seen,

thousand

HIS

of

out

the

on

fiftythousand

his

honors

not

and

felt himself

unfitted

for the

to

which

and
besides
value.

most

did

of

not

pettieraffairs

care

life,
political

superiorto

once

of

with eagerness

He

center
at

tionally
excep-

years,

forward

Cicero.

be

was

incalculable

of

the

from

office.

hundred

profitsto

attract

be absent

hand,

in three

looked

twenty

of

year

three

art

and

contemporaries
did

to

of

other

pounds

works
collecting

profitof

handsome

very

rapacious, made

the

249

proceedings,was exceptionally
in
only just,but even
generous
the provincials,
made, as we

pounds

Verres, who,

But

PROVINCE.

of his

account

own

IN

of

and

provincial

government.
He

had

after his

avoided the appointment

successfully
ship.
praetorshipand again after his consul-

But
upon

had
was

the time

him.

when

came

in his

Pompey

procured the passing of a

provided that all senators

the office of praetor

for the

vacant

his chance

with

or

consul

provinces.
the

it

third
law

rest, and

consulship
by which it

who

had

should

Cicero

forced

was

had

cast
to

filled
lots
take

the ballot gave

LIFE

250

ROMAN

him

Cilicia.
in his

was

Cilicia

IN

THE

This

YS

DA

in

was

B.

OF

CICERO.

51, and

c.

Cicero

fifty-sixth
year.

was

as
including,

considerable

province of

it

did, the south-eastern

extent,

portion of

Asia

Minor, togetherwith the island of Cyprus.

The

positionof

anxious

by

formidable
two

the

Crassus.

in the

between

Cicero

besides

to

take

with

lieutenant

in Cilicia.

of visitors

Hortensius

was

"

his

At

return). He asked
Every thing else I

(he

"

terms,

allow

but
as

far

me

under

Cumae

in him

him

on

Caesarin
to

act

he received
he

this

before

for my

left with

begged
as

cavalry.

command

died

to

brother, who,

them, and

among

feeble health

in very

attached

"little Rome,"

of

twelve

appointment

his

distinction

resigned

but

army

thousand

his

up

accompanied by

Gaul, had

levee

most

auxiliaries, were

three

and

two

served

piecesthe

province, having

started

ist,

of Rome's

Parthians, who
to

cut

more

legions, numbering

troops

stationed

having

had

Two

thousand

May

neighborhood

before

made

was

neighbors,the

years

them

its governor

aa

says.

though
Cicero's

instructions.

him

in

general
especiallynot to

lay,the government

of

my

be continued

province to
On

year."

the

Pompey.

He

State

the

from

shadows

of

in the

out

i;th

where

Tarentum,

PROVINCE.

HIS

IN

GOVERNOR

that

civil war,

the

after

year

for the

defend

which

break

return,

East, he

the
The

to

was

were

the

Brundisium,

At

with

days

dread."

we

Cicero's

alreadygathering.
of embarkation

ready to

"

dangers

he reached

three

spent
him

into another

me

month

of the

he

found

to

251

port

detained

was

partly by indisposition,
partlyby having to
wait
for one
of his officials for nearly a
in northwestern
reached
Actium,
fortnight He
Greece,
would

have

the

the

route

brought
from

; but

there

for his

province.

him

Athens.

this

to

place,

"

of my

I have

they must

do

he could

became

Eleven
So

montory
pro-

difficulty

which

"

having

not

governor

days

more

far,"he writes

expenditure of publicor

no

has

retinue.

was

He

by land,

formidable

the

which

state

privatemoney
that

of

rounding

thence

sailor, and

his retinue, without

maintain
en

bad

us,

Leucate
about

proceed

to

he tells

being,as
in view

liked

i5th of June.

the

on

been

made

convinced

their best

on

me

all my

for my

or

any

people

character.

ROMAN

252

So

LIFE

far all has gone

been

THE

DA

YS

OF

admirably.

noticed, and

Greeks."
me

IN

CICERO.

The

thing has
greatly praised by the

is

"Athens," he writes again,"delighted

much

"

(he is writing,it will be

Atticus, an old resident),and

affection felt for you

remembered,

all its beauty, the great

city with

; the

"

to

myself,much more,
good feelingtowards
studies."
He
able
was
too, its philosophical
do
before he left to
the people a
service,
the

from

rescuing

with

modern
went

of

sea

his

way,

at

to

pay

their

get back

ordinary Roman
Paris is

to

as

the

he

of persons

he

was

him.

to

Rome
"

to

without

tell

who

had

All

and

us,

come

this

was

anxious
peculiarly

was

Rome.

local vessels.

July 22nd,

is careful

he

respects

to

the country,

of the
on

pleasant enough, but

to

Then

doomed.

grumbling at the hardships

in July,at the violence of the

number

vast

pagus,
of Areo-

feelingfor antiquityas

Ephesus

being sea-sick,as

the

builder

the

the council

smallness

the

reached

found

of

council, had

voyage

winds,
He

little

as

town
on

hands

Epicurus, which

of

house

the

few

indeed

the

to

singularlovers

of

Virgiland Horace, excepted as

it absolutely
Make
Parisian.
"

"

IN

GOVERNOR

to

in office for

only ;

even

year

From
the

journeys,complaining of

he

roads,

Tralles, and

to

cities of his

am

that there is not

month."

intercalated

an

253

Atticus, "that

certain,"he writes
a

PROVINCE.

HIS

hot

and

Laodicea,

province, to

be

to

be

Ephesus

Tralles, one

from

to

dusty
of the

which

he

July 3ist, exactlythree months after

distance, directlymeasured,
starting.1The
reached

be

may

reckoned

province in

miles.

thousand
He

less than

something

at

found

have

to

seems

the

I staid," he
writes,
deplorable condition.
"three days at Laodicea, three again at Apamca,
and as many
at
Synnas, and heard nothing
except complaintsthat they could not pay the
"

poll-tax
imposed
property

them, that every

upon

sold ; heard, I say,

was

complaintsand

groans,

which

seemed

to

horrid

wild beast.

these

to
no

unhappy

expense

I will

not

for

me

receive

suit

and
not

man

Still it is
towns
or

the

some

that

they
of my

for any
fodder

which

reckoned
Forty-seven days was
accomplishing the journey.

nothing but
deeds

monstrous
a

very

one's

but

some

alleviation
are

put

to

followers.
is my
short

legal
time for

LIFE

ROMAN

254

due,

nor

the

even

accepted four
often

not

to

CICERO.

Sometimes
roof

see

people from

over

lodge

them

in

ble
incredi-

and

heavens

make

to

head

my

town

Good

me.

seems

I have

of all this is an

consequence
of

approach

and

OF

this, preferringto

concourse

anxious

YS

DA

wood.

beds

even

The

tent.

THE

IN

country

! my

revive,

very

so

pletely
com-

moderation, and clemency

justice,
all expectation." It
friend surpass

do the

of

your

allowed

be

must

to

Usury

sound

his

the

; and

widespread distress
was

practicedeven

by

We

have

"

an

seen

Pompey

cent.

interest

nearlyone
the

from
was

do

we

he

was

what

enormous

pounds

entitled

every

thingwent

whole

country
In

into
was

the

to.

could

Pompey's

drained

as

nearlyfifty
per

per

rate

of

sum

of

annum

tributaryking of Cappadocia, and

impecunious king

uttermost.

such

man,"
of

seen,

good repute.

receiving,at
thousand

of this
have

we

of

Romans

know, the

not

tomed
unaccus-

causes

as

usury,

honorable

was

hundred

less than

of this

chief

interest

Brutus, exacting an

not

was

praises.

own

of

one

was

Cicero

that

Other

this

debtors

get nothing
purse,

of coin

end, however,

to

and

the

the very

Cicero

did

256

ROMAN

LIFE

THE

IN

Parthians, he founder
of

as

and

had
the

days
had

taken

he,"

says

of

position which

Alexander

up

his face,

"

either

was

againstthe
with

allthe

somewhat

I."

or

you

form

Free

something
He

plunder

general than
his

of

At

the

place surrendered.
of the

place to

Cicero

his

considerable

sum

slaves.

in the world
"

you
"

are

these

Pindenissi

will say.

Well, what

Cilicia another

^tolia,

The

was

campaign

"

never

"

Who

who

heard

are

the

I do ? I can't make

can
or

the

gave

host, reservingthe

only for publicpurposes.

realized by the sale of
was

name."

arms

their hold
siege,
strongend of forty-seven

horses

they ?

on

and
trenches, earthworks, catapults,

regularmachinery

the

military

smile

turned

next

And

"

Cilicians,investingin regular

Pindenissum.

days

better

his

some

Great

the

like

as

soldiers,

occupying for

always relates

Cicero, who
with

his

the battle of Issus.

before

achievements

were

saluted

by

the satisfaction

The

border

was

the field of battle

"Imperator"on

opportunity

soldier.

; Cicero

defeated

CICERO.

an

of the

independent mountaineers
and

OF

contrived

distinguishinghimself

attacked

YS

DA

another

concluded

about

Macedonia."

the middle

GO

of December,
the army

placehe

this

that

I left Tarsus

as

for Asia

cannot

handing
his way

writes

over

Lao-

to

Atticus

to

57

in

us

(theRoman

June 5th, followed

called)on

VINCE.

and
self-glorious
ring of honesty about it.
to

seems

boastful,but stillhas
"

PRO

the governor,

and

From

language

HIS

his brother, made

to

dicea.

IN

VERNOR

provinceso
such

by

cities of

the

from

express

tion
admira-

and especially
from the peopleof Tarsus.
Cilicia,

When

I had

marvelous
as

to

eagerness

from
singlerequisition
quartered upon
person
before
turned

to

to
to

profitin

find winter

paid
from
and

while

this island
in sober
I

was

had

after year

Year

The

had

I say

"

truth
in

"

it without

not

to

not

In

at

ished. I will

allow

which

any

but

have

; and

exaggeration

return

they are

cities

Cyprus

account

singlecoin

power.

benefits,benefits
not

this

,"48,000 on

been

wealthy

of money

single

quarters for the soldiers.

than

more

this way.

far

as

received

not

them.

six months

not

had

me,

largesums

pay

had

was

in Asia

me

this part of the year

time

my

there

During

they

government

my

used

see

districts extended.

my

of

the Taurus

crossed

levied

was

for

these

simplyaston*
verbal

honors

LIFE

ROMAN

258

be voted

to

IN

THE

DA

YS

OF

CICERO.

of
Statues, temples,chariots

to me.

bronze, I forbid. In nothing do I make

a

trouble

I do

to

so

the

to

you,

cities, though it is
while

with

praises.Bear
the rule which

I thus

would

you

the famine

and

"

had

than

for

event

an

me

results that
there is
then

been

no

Greeks

"

and

which

citizens,who

engage

to

that you

see

more

to

Roman

convey

tribes."

various

the

to

prevailed
harvest)

the

help

are

many

of

I held

at

He

writes

were

here.

Laodicea

At

again :
tion
modera-

my

would

You

secreted

largequantity

pleasedwith

self-restraint.

pleasedif you

had

be

cities were

for all my

freed
entirely

greatlyrelieved,and

from

much

the sessions

districts,

exceptingCilicia,from February i5th

a
really,marvelous
ist, I effected
Many

fluenc
simple inI prevailedupon
the
expostulations,

and

the corn,

no

desire ; for wherever

to

force, without
journeyed,without
law, without
reproaches, but my
and

is

follow.

me

such

which

(therehad

in the country

had

own

This

me.

famine

"

was

love

have

deplorablecalamity

more

proclaim my

if you

me,

My journey through Asia

even

myself
possible

to

May
work.

their debts,

all of them

enjoy

GO

VERNOR

HIS

IN

PRO

laws and courts,

ing their own
self-governmentreceived new
two

in which

ways

of either

no

throwing off

of debt.

burden

spend
been

or

First

and

259

obtaining

so

life. There
the

them

were

opportunity

greatlylighteningthe
been
: they have
put to

my

rule

positively
say

that

under

expense
; I

I gave

VINCE.

farthing. Then
atrociouslyrobbed

I do

"

they

not

ate
exagger-

have

not

to

again : the cities had

Greek
by their own

who
magistrates.I myself questioned the men
office during the last ten
borne
had
years.
and, without
They confessed
being publicly

disgraced,made

being wanting in
by clemency and courtesy.

address, is marked
There

is

of the

none

usual
so
difficulty,

provinces,of approaching me
by

chamberlain.

in my

house,

was

old

my

He

who

I used

and

This

popular,and
not

other less serious

good enough

to

be in old

for office.

to

am

is

keep him

foot

on

days
a

when

great

myself,from

yet been

cares.

in the

introduction

no

dawn

to

practicein it,has

had
was

Before

candidate
here

matter

as

respects

without

government,

my

In other

restitution.

One

some."
trouble-

Caelius,

informed

of

260

ROMAN

what
find

LIFE

THE

IN

happening
his letters
filling
was

DA

YS

OF

and

Rome,

at

with

CICERO.

whom

of

scandal, and gossip,makes

politics,
panthers,which the
request for some
of

wild

so

would

country

for

beasts

Cicero

exhibit.
them

soon

as

nearlyall my
the

as

panthers.
and

Curio

If you
from

which

must

gave

sent

I have

the

orders.

and

transport

The

governor

the

letters

In

about
to

you,
thers,
pan-

These
Africa.

for hunters

to

Pamphylia
taken

than

beseech

you

only to give
provided people to keep
You

not

have

when

hear

of

once

province. Still he

would

taken."

imposing

the

ers
the hunt-

charge of capturing the panthers on

of the

"

ten

from

are

I do

to

after

you

more.

send

to

animals

would

the

have

Curio

others

ten

only remember
Cibyra,and also send

matter.

didate
can-

look

to

to

times

will

after this

no

wanted

discreditable

(forthere, I understand, more

elsewhere),
you will succeed.
look

was

would

written

many

and

have

of the election.

have

me,

governor

forgetto

It will be

not

you

he

not

he hears

should

He

sedile,and

letters I have

that Patiscus

ten

show

the

him.

modest

doubtless

in procuringfor
difficulty

for the office of

mixture

amusing

an

we

do

his best

GOVERNOR

obligehis

to

is

friend.

who

"

The

there

is

few

that

there

persecuted."

are

only

Laodicea

capitalof

Cicero

his

governor,

and

August.

On

returned

he

way

where

had

himself

studied.

regret of the

amusing
of

him
His

says.
some

to

dinner

stay

at

for his
Rhodes

days brought

and
to

his government)

eloquence in
he

heard

Laodicea,

at

son

in the

utable
disrep-

him

probably of
reach Ephesus

tedious
to

had

father's sake, he
was

not

to

ew
neph-

and
gladiators,

some

till the first of October.

visit

of Hortensius.

himself

duration, for he did

fourteen

acting
early in

Here

death

the great orator's

was

of

the

an

son

him

school

company

asked

his

famous

he

the

ince
prov-

up

paid

the

seen

Tarsus,

to

homewards

wishing to show to
(they had accompanied

had

my

appointed

Rhodes,

He

them

wound

province,

started
his

in

creatures

affairs of his government,

much

hunt

to

the

complain grievously,
saying

are

that

he

by

to

of them, and
strange scarcity

the

From

with

of the panthers

matter

they are

which

261

PROVINCE.

accustomed

are

but

the

HIS

being diligentlyattended

persons

that

IN

passage

Athens.

On

of
his

262

ROMAN

LIFE

IN

journey westwards
behind

afterwards
a

of

man

and

writes

was

his

by

great and

Cicero

very

free

set

varied
him

to

he

of

than

the

in

it of

such

Nor

is there

quite like

say,

when

Now

slavery still

mulatto

States of America,

men

was

the

nothing
Life"
Tiro.

as

venture

even

in the

and

existed

is

to

Roman

"

might

it elsewhere

of the world.

might

There

know

to

he

accomplishments,
as

thing,we

be left

to

but

we

presence

ant,
serv-

slave, though

master

stranger in all that

any

CICERO.

had

of his friends.

dearest

OF

illness,and
Tiro

Patrae.

at

YS

DA

Tiro, his confidential

with

seized

was

THE

whole

tory
his-

then, in the days

the

in

Southern

and

quadroon slaves
in point of apmight have been found who
pearanc
and
accomplishments were
scarcely
their

from

different

what

was

in the

men

always a taint,or
of negro

blood
In

to

see

men,

might even
descent),and
their masters,
human

it

Rome

But

owners.

reckoned

and
have

must

possiblybetter
be

counted

there
a

women

been

born

better

as

was

taint,
so

uated.
sit-

common

(for Greek
than

Roman

than
probably better educated
had absolutelyno
who
rightsas

beings,and

could

be tortured

or

killed

264

ROMAN

who

was
certainly

LIFE

friend

IN

THE

far above

rather

than

YS

DA

his

OF

CICERO.

condition

mean

Believe

servant.

me,

letters and

his, I fairly
leaped

for

thank

congratulateyou.

If

my

when

I read your

joy ; I both
of
the fidelity

and

Statius

valuable

how
pleasure,1

gives me

in

Tiro

much

so

be

must

this

good qualitywith the additional and even

ness
superioradvantages of culture, wit, and polite-

same

I have

loving you
told

have
tell

me,

and

frequent.
on

the

are

and

;
no

fewer

the

by

second.

without
not

piece of

to

trust

invalid

the

third

on

the

news.

than

to

all

saw

seventh

of

the month

letter from

by

hesitation,tillyou

See

the

on

your

letter

now

by
say,

quitestrong,

are

either

277.

by

"

much

"

is that

travel
page

Tiro.

littlecomforted

result

yourselfto

firstvery

three, the first of them

to

The

at

are

eighth of

first page,

bound

were

the third, another

on

answer

the

you

letter."

variously affected

troubled

for

reasons

is this that

you

is dated

One

apparentlyin
am

indeed

in your

fifth,and

November
there

there

this excellent

Cicero's letters

good

very

now

as

me,

heart

your

many

land

do
or

GO

I shall

sea.

see

quite

the

doctor's

fee

not

invitation

left

to

and

Then, after
to

returns

the

him

make

regrets that

tells him

for

him

of

my

dear

Tiro.

the

to

sea

He

Mescinius.
If

voyages.

is

not

of distinction, who

captain."
he

must

In

revive

wide

will have

ease

; for this the

best

that

much

ous
dangerwith

come

careful in his
with

come

person

influence with
tells Tiro

his mind

remedy
"

and

of letters and

physician thought
he writes

be

letter he

his love

in your
too

can,

to

The

In another

him,

another

"

profits. Be cautious,

wont

with

rash

make

If you

traverse.

that he had

voyage.

be

to

have

You

an

public affairs,he

of

not

their

increase

to

the

Brundisium.

at

traveling. Sailors, I observe,

haste

tive.
atten-

more

and

notice

you

Another

expense.

question

ask

again

must

the

not

was

compelled to accept

mule

brief

see

criticise

to

on

if I

dyspeptic patient.

letter he

concert,

265

I wish

goes

any

felt himself

horse

V1NCE.

as

might

another

invalid had

to

spare

doctor

In

He

give

to

to

the

to

soon

as

you

PRO

prescriptions.Soup

right thing
is

HIS

restored."

you

Tiro

IN

VERNOR

I have

was

the
that

learning.
was

illat

occupation.
received

your

266

ROMAN

LIFE

letter with

its

IN

THE

slave)to
Cicero

could

of

care

Tiro

of

age

we

not

Cicero

it

reached
between

civil

growing
have

to

had

The

offense
to

it

by

so

obtain, and

weakness

His

anxieties

two

he

been

livingto

mind

the

"

perceived

to

voted

danger of
be
daily

anxious

desire

the Cilician

over

by
of

an

tracted
dis-

was

the distinction

in Cicero

it

to

that

seems

he

of

publicthanksgiving
him

Cato, who

principle,having given
doing. A triumph was less
indeed

the

journey by
tillNovember
25th

not

was

honor

on

life of his

homeward

rewarded

already

opposed

his

militarysuccesses

mountaineers

triumph.

him."

with

from

imminent, and

more

his

ness.
ill-

three.

Italy.

which

war,

him

and

pursued

he

your

affectionate

more

written

prevent

slow stages, and

that

been

the
to his care
owe
certainly
his correspondence. His weak

hundred

wonder,

no

cook

shown

have

to

preservation of
did

CICERO.

son.

And

health

and

you,

have

not

is said

master.

has

serious

upon

sick

OF

y"gypta (probablya superior

you

wait

YS

shaky handwriting;

indeed, seeing how

I send

DA

to

show

should

have

him
easy

certain

sought

GO

kind.
a

their

ax)

an

the

fasces

hoped

with

obtain

to

with

whom

him

to

hopes

of

look

triumph,

lictors with

their

that

far

went

so

made

in the Senate
; but

granted

suggestion
Cicero

of

thinks,

given
was

the
up

that the

of

his

his

make
the

when
end

of

services

should

time
he

In

few

on

the

should

be

at

the

consuls, anxious,
own

actually

was

postponed

January

hopes.

fairlyembarked

the

was

Things

triumph

was

his

he

company.

proposition

the

to

dismiss

though

their

matter

clung

not

ornaments,

one

to

would

growing

was

still

he

tb**

reached

he

affairs

and

the

appreciated
Before

4th that

of

of

heartilywearied

his support.

promised

darker, but

and

Pompey,

long interview, encouraged

for it,and

The

capital.

as

lictors

His

honor.

distinction.

till January

not

darker

this

he had

hope

Brundisium

at

the

(bundles of rods inclosing

with
bay leaves, as was
the victorious
general who

wreathed

custom

was

for

moderate

very

landed

he

claimant

so

267

VINCE.

PRO

HIS

exploitsof

However,

formal

had

It

it for

obtain

to

IN

VERNOR

seems
more

more

come.

to

have

days

tide of civil

he

war.

XIV.

CHAPTER

ATTICUS.

of Atticus

THE

name

than

once

in the

of

extending
twenty
silence
to

the

over

not

"

period

There
a

the

have

We

letters

other

Atticus
contrive
times

he

had

was

to

at

of

with

men

Rome.

The

all

he

were

they

last

was

death.

characters

rare

beyond
who

in

Cicero's

position ;

being

later years,

with

peace

troublous
and

the

before

of those

one

wealth

friendship

him,

five-and-

reason

were

closely.

very

year

live

were

more

to

almost

correspondents

follow

about

addressed
of

spondent
corre-

indeed

the
consulship,

especiallyin

written

frequent intervals

are

Sometimes,
each

more

singleletter,for instance, belongs

of the

year

both

that

Cicero.

years.

mentioned

preceding chapters as

hundred

five

than

has been

The

men.

all

who

measure

kept

up

close

in

the

very

ATTICUS.

of the

thickest
his

vanquished ;
enmities

no

in

Atticus

after

one

democratic

taking

But

characteristic

he

residence

he

Athens

He

popular.

every

Latin

giving as much
needy citizen.

tual
effec-

an

by

purpose

Athens.

With

transferred
to

the

investments

in

exceedingly
to

the

liberal distributions

of

at

bushel

He

rates

easy

and

spoke

Greek

half

to

and

Sulla, who, for all his savagery,

had

charmed

young

cultivated

"

to

equal ease and eloquence; and had,

told, an
unsurpassed gift for reciting

poetry.

man,

as

man's
gentle-

with

are

we

made

took

became

lent money

and
municipality,
corn,

he

inheritance

his

at

prudence

At

rupted
inter-

early resolved

out

greater part of his property

Greece.

call

and
politics,

carrying

his

up

should

we

party.

of

means

arouse

alarms,

temporary

belonged by

aloof from

stand

to

to

were

old age.

family,and
the

who

contrived

two

of what

was

those

life-long
peace,

or

ready with

ever

for

he

yet

; and

good

was

help

and

only by
died

he

fight;
and

sympathy

269

and

I beseech

taste,

would

was

have

taken

with
him

you," replied Atticus,

the

in his train.
"

don't take

ROMAN

270

LIFE

IN

THE

DA

YS

OF

fightagainst those in whose company,

I might be fighting
that I left Italy,
against

to

me

but

After

you."
he

returned

Cicero's

he had
he

residence

to

Rome,

of

stood

to

turmoil

the

steadilyrefused

were

help from

his purse,

neutral.

He

presentingwhat
order

of the

join

to

of

knights;

not

most

with

of

between

thousand

four

pounds.

outlawed

he

in return

secured

the

horrors

second

biographer,Cornelius

say

of his moderation

He

had

no

hesitate

to

three

and

and
was

Antony

property

amidst

Proscription.

His

of life.

of the

Antony

protectedhis family ;
of the

testimonial

conspicuous

When

his life and

projectof

behalf

on

but he did

present

resolutely
a

of the

receive

to

in

relieve the necessities

of them

not

partisansof

call

Csesar

as

kind

was

him

see

as

tions
obliga-

no

content
to

of

civil strife

The

should

we

the murderers

to

and

refused

stood

therefore

Caesar

Pompey

he

under

and
any.

of

year

of

was

thought ungratefulby
and

very

Office of every

; he

man,

any

the

Rome

Athens.

at

twenty-threeyears

in

consulship. At

aloof from

much

to

CICERO.

and

sumptuous

Nepos,

has

temperate

much

habits

country-house

ROMAN

272

LIFE

believed

IN

THE

YS

DA

OF

CICERO.

be incurable, and shortened

to

his

days

by voluntarystarvation.
It was
confided
and

his

and

had

when

this

to

for about

there

much,

happiness of
had

and

sympathy,
the

no

common

enabled

of

politics,an

his

not

full of

was

help ;

and

he

sagacious and prudent in

to

him

He

the

could

Cicero

with

degree, an
thanks

tion
connec-

letters,to

the

confidant.

time

same

and,
which

from

ready

family

brother, Quintus,

either of them.

better

of health.

sister, Pomponia,

younger

gather

we

acquaintance

in search

them, Atticus'

cares

schoolfellows,

their

be

Cicero

century his

been

to

came

Cicero's

marrying

at

had

two

visited Greece

between

was

quarter of

probably renewed

Cicero

have

The

wants.

Afterwards

not

correspondent,then, that

to

excellent
the

admirable

stand

outside

equally

ness,
of busi-

man

excellent

coolness
the turmoil
adviser

in

politics.
frequent subjectof

One

his friend

Atticus
must

not

I may

is money.

the relation

be

the

between
Cicero's

was

taken

Cicero's

two

letters

perhaps

to

express

by saying

that

banker, though the phrase

too

literally.He

did

not

ATTICUS.

and

habituallyreceive
but

account,

did

he

constantlyin

was

273

pay

occasions

on

so

the habit

of

though probably without

gather from

Atticus

he

making advances,
porary
tem-

as
infrequent,

not

we

letters,called for them.

the

himself

was

; and

interest, when

embarrassments,
may

Cicero's

on

money

wealthy

he
contemporaries generally,

his

Like

man.

made

income

an

by money-lending,and possibly,for the point

is not
quite clear, by lettingout gladiators
His biographer happens to give us
for hire.
the

precisefigureof

do

not

he

latter.

mentions

If

this
of

be

pounds,

thousand

pounds.

about
way,

of

rather

famous

would
should

be

and

have

had

to
matter

among

the

in

come.
in-

it is the

early

nearlyninety

say

something

which

ourselves

is,in its
the

case

there

in understandingthat
difficulty

acquireda great

life

eighteen

perplexingquestion. In
advocate

no

that

afterwards

property,

words

whether

less than

this occasion

take

Cicero's
a

he

so,

something

thousand

I may

think

to

His

capitalor

means

inclined

am

income

an

expressly state

indeed

that

sum

his property.

fortune.

But

he

the

LIFE

ROMAN

274

law

Roman

of old

times, when

the

life or

and

was

day, and

his fees.

But

to

grow

have

respect, and

charge of

this

well be

may

very

look

for other

This

is

strange

to

thinking.
a

man

our

circle of his

his

any

statement

of

His

income.

he had

of

which
of

ways

happens

leaves

any

as

house

is almost

acting

among

us

thing outside

Sometimes

we

legacies.

numerous

income

modern

family.

and

to

mony
patri-

included,

It

Arpinum

at

It seldom

of property

in this

have, then,

then

source

temporaries
con-

accepted. We

estate

And

in Rome.

counsel

brought

against him,

sources

an

seen,

ing
recover-

clean

never

considerable.

was

have

kind

of

hands

his enemies

as

barrister

ration
largeremunehimself always

Cicero

his

kept

this

to

of Cicero's

Some

up.

for their services.

to

indeed

fact that

certainlyreceived
claims

support,

practiceof paying

for

defendants,

legalmeans

no

ceive
re-

practice

and

It exists

for the
has

to

pleaded

of his humbler

accounts

begun

great noble

theory.

ourselves

among

CICERO.

advocate

an

their attachment

repaidby
in

OF

his clients. The

the

property

stillexisted

had

from

YS

DA

forbade
strictly

payment

any

THE

IN

an

and

that
the

intimate

ATTICUS.

friend will receive

legacy.

bequeathed

money

recognitionof
In

Cicero

his

had

help

to
we

been

tillsomewhat

recognitionsof
to

his

about

of

year'sgovernment
that

probable

again,

he

Augurs

was

this

in

thing
some-

have

that these

career

the

to

State

He
out

of

lost.
the

and

made

province, but

into
his

was

hardly

was

money

elected

(this was

does

pounds
his

his

dred
hun-

two

fall in.

to

the

difficulty.Only

our

thousand

twenty

This

services

began

of

legacies. This

late in his
his

friends

received

it could

that

remember

must

common.

proof

life.
of

out

in

appreciatedby

in

of his
us

as

had

pounds

in the last year

it

nition
recog-

exceedingly

are

very

been

that he
fellow-citizens,

in

literaryman

were

declares, giving

thousand

or

of

instances

statesman

they

he

But

eminence,

Rome

in which

way

to

his services,

of

rare.

275

his
it is

Then,

College

of

fifty-fourth
year).

These

religious
collegeswere
very rich. Their
proverbial for their splendor.
banquets were
Whether

the individual

benefit from
We

often

their

find him

revenues

members
we

derived
do

complaining

of

not

debt

any

know.
; but

276

he

LIFE

ROMAN

IN

THE

always speaks of
rather

does

not

than

YS

OF

CICERO,

; he

laugh

can

burden.

It

always

find

When

it.

at

mansion

nience
Inconve-

temporary

permanent

him

to

his great town

it as
as

oppress

spiritsenough

DA

the

on

he

buys

Palatine

Hill

(ithad belonged to the wealthy Crassus),for

I now
owe
thirtythousand
pounds, he says,
"

much

so

would

any

body

But

this is

did

not

I should

that

see

accept
the

way

his way

out

not

be

glad to conspire if
as
an
accomplice."

me

which

in

who

man

of his difficulties would

speak.
affairs

Domestic
He
he

gives

the

birth
the

he sends

after years

of

his

of his wife ;

children.

when

news

when

and

is betrothed

frequent topic.

the health

of

accounts

announces

furnish

his

In

daughter

she is married, and

tells

He
doings and prospects of his son.
his brother's
also a good deal to say about

of the
has

household, which,
not

very

my

talk

brother
about

Here

happy.

domestic

life.

"When
to

came

you

subjectwhich

as

me.

have
is

and

before,

First
we

I had

we

was

their

of

scene

I reached

; afterwards

you

said

Arpinum,
had

much
to

the

discussed

at

came

278

LIFE

ROMAN

Not

make

to

have
no

been

more

Quintus.

at

least,and

offended

things which
behavior

went

The

Another

It is

he

day

next

To

"

agent)

"

told

He

I did
me,

not
not

the

like them
that

when
especially
wished

you

"

between

me

that

news

sending,he said,

was

to

the

mote
re-

the

at
at

the

Arpihave

moment

mood

same

in

touching on

readers.

my

invitation.

to

3Oth,with

to

up

cause
be-

would

me,

interest

delight,Cincius

came

to

joined me

of letters

specimen

my

did

they

her."

seen

hearty

than

in

"

other

many

Quintus remained

"

agreeabletopic may

more

by

his way

on

sister, he

I had

sister

blameworthy

more

nothing to do with him, and

of her departure was
justin
which

CICERO.

your

more

was

province.)
Your

OF

Aquinum." (The lady's

to

on

husband

her

num.

YS

I pass

me

all the

was

Retreat.

DA

exasperatingthan

judgment

my

THE

could
long story of- it,no one
gentle than my brother, and

more

one

IN

I had
you

to

go

any
were

understand

Atticus'

(he was

daylighton
in

were

you

to

messengers
without

thing to
so

uary
Jan-

Italy.
you.

letter from

write

to

you,

close, but that

with

what

delightI

US.

ATTIC

anticipate

will
"

has

that

than

would

send

Tullius

to

general

employ
give

They
the

at

wishes

too

had

time

Pilia

was

his
the

for
in

some

if

with

the

rest

of

right.

but

is

Cicero's

property

exile.

lady

to

whom

Atticus

was

it

yourself

it."

suffered
of

take

however,

That

you

helpers

how,come

you.

if

clerks,

to

this,

well.

glad

and

too

Any
with

be

library

All

indices.

Pilia2

should

orders

some

letters)

tory
satisfac-

more

binders

as

of

man

much

your

convenience.

bring

Tullia

of

two

for

your

and

You

marvelously

is

thought.1
me

parchment
suits

them

of
I

books

arrive

you

party.

your

Greek

(a

my

day

all

Tyrannic"

remains

with

house

arranged

What

my

find

The

coming.

your

to

come

279

engaged

CHAPTER

XV.

ANTONY

THERE

were

and

part,

of

power

But

he

little

seemed
His

belongings.
in

even

only

were

not

so

too

enormous

Plutarch,

of

matron

city

his

the

where

extravagance
and

common,

Caesar's,

became

his

his

were

the

was

kinswoman

type.

credit

life became

good
of

Roman
do

to

of

more,

one

best

likely

still

father

mother

same

wanted

of

riotous

as

than

and,

been

day,

his

man,

he

came

had

it

height

because

others,

his

the

same

He

of

generous

Caesar,

end

himself.

orators

kindly,

the

time

play

the

grandfather

His

greatest

in

Mark

the

would

to

managing

controlling

stock.

of

failed

At

he

climb

even

He

power.

of

that

which

in

Caesar.

probable

seemed

AUGUSTUS.

things

some

resembled

Antony

the

AND

to

his

ous
conspicuand

debts,

though

greater,

youth,

vice

for

says

they

MARCUS

ANTONIUS.

ANTON

amounted

about

to

taken

was

AND

There

look

manly

the

support
he

gired up

by

meals

taking his
had

as

help which
On

he

had

he

stood

of

ever
When-

with

and

friends, made

one

occasion

tunic
his

at

others

"

his drinking

eating in public,

from

His

the soldiers.

he gave

to

of Cilician hair.

humor,

coarse

from

dress.

soldiers'

the

astonishingeffect

an

popularwith

easy.

statues

anxious

vulgar to

that seemed

too

boastfulness, his

comrades

and

indeed

was

was

cloak

rough

wore

habits

"

him

gave

descended

this he

his appearance

bouts, the way

the

beard, his

appeared in public he had his

to the hip,carried a great sword

side, and

tables

There

dignified

the familiar

were

; and

of him

and

handsome

Antonii

soldier.

draws

noble

Hercules.

of Hercules

son

him

Plutarch

that resembled

legend that

his

as

His

picturesof

The

reputation

quired
rapidlyac-

forehead, his aquiline nose,

broad

dissipationsby
he

something

was

He

pounds.

East, and

picturethat

in his appearance.

and

these

in the

considerable
is the

281

thousand
fifty
from

away

militaryservice
Here

AUGUSTUS.

in

making

bounty

too,

liberal hand

his way

he directed

to

that

to

power
a

pres-

282

ROMAN

LIFE

of three

ent
to

of the

His

he

"

happened

me

over/'

pay

had

to

thought
This

this.

OF

CICERO.

should

pounds

be

given

thought to bring it home

by putting the actual

mind

table.

YS

DA

steward, aghast at the magnitude

sum,

his master's
on

THE

thousand

friend.

IN

"

is this ?

What

by.

pass

The

"

it would

is but

be

times

trifle.

Add

broke

out,

as

to

it

as

bade

you

reply.

ten

coin

Antony,

money

the man's

was

said

to

Why,

"

much

as

much

as

more."
the civil war

When

party of Caesar,who,

the

the troops, made

with

He

while

did

his chief

Rome

as

his

him

on

and

Antony
rewarded

at

the open

found

him

to

the

to

; Caesar

Antony's

be

to

property, which

was
ners
man-

adherent

he

was

for

Pompey's

confiscated

he

had

bought.

Their

That

had

been

event

renewed

made

insufficiently

pay

alliance, however,
Caesar's death.

to

wards
after-

were

when
for his services,especially

called upon

mand.
com-

returned

troublesome

himself

conceived

two

of

in

Pharsalia, and

at

scandal
a

ity
popular-

his second

Egypt,
representative.There
went

differences between
offended

his

knowing

service

good

Antony joined

him

close
before

the first

ROMAN

284

gave

him

the

rank

next

He

came

to

Rome

avenging
who

had

his

having approved

time

For

some

death

and

after it, he

literature.1

he

reached

which

there

was

Antony

was

of

past, both
had

send
1

To

workmen

be

day

of

to

the years

rhetoric and

dig

of

the

for the

public,
re-

which
The

he
next

Senate,

at

honors
be

to
affecting

or

to

chance

certain

absent, and

was

who

threatened

out

of his house.

46-44 belong nearly

philosophy.

him

done

propose

him

himself

August.

meeting

public

to

before Caesar's

Rome,

to

by Antony,
to

of

secret

no

to

wearied, by his journey, was

attacked
fiercely

priated
appro-

Caesar, yet

devoted

Cicero, wearied,

Caesar.

to

tony,
An-

friendly,if

returned

now

returned

the last

on

how

with

was

made

something might yet

and

day

he

there seemed

Now

he knew

terms

on

and

their deed.

also had

Cicero

as

purpose,

positionand

who

self.
him-

inheritance

murderers

life.

that

kept
his

CICERO.

the

But

inheritance, and

with Cicero,
certainly

For

with

He

actual

OF

the Dictator

to

usurped

the

with

not

YS

his uncle's death.

his time.

abide

DA

claiming his

he declared, of

to

THE

IN

LIFE

all his treatises

to

on

ANTONY

The

Cicero

day

next

being absent,
his conduct,

the

AND

and

and

was

two

have

criticised

I beseech

rejoicethat
be

can
or

After

these

and

delivered

The

object

to

attend

Antony

was

may
no

stillbelieved,

Antony
had

any

be crushed.

professionalteacher

down

attack

him,

of

this

he
to

invective

actual violence

whom

The

his

hindered

friends

into the

of

who

course

He

If

the

spent in preparation,

came

savage

wished

had

reason,

the

Without

soon

more

eloquence,Antony

of

were

told,by

are

the

those

believe, that

to

far

so

countrymen

patriotism.

fortnightor

assisted, we

He

of

of

famous."

or

professed

of peace,

hopes

Still
between

steer

so

born.

were

happy

capable

was

severity

some

think

that your

you

of

course," says

your

you

the Commonwealth

man

with

his assailant.

before, and

gone

dignifieddefense

Change

"

"

place,Antony

irreconcilable breach

no

men.

orator,

285

in his

was

made

proceedings of

there

AUGUSTUS.

the Senate

againstCicero.
meeting,

fearing, not
from

absent.

again

was

the

to

the

armed

accustomed

but

his

without
ants
attendto

bring

senate-house.
attack

was

answered

in

the

famous

286

LIFE

ROMAN

If I could
other

besides

give us

Life."

and

I shall

give

CICERO.

Philippic.1

second

speech (which, for

length,I

incredible

do)

cannot

that

vile should

in

have

"

Roman

man

so

been

the

still nominally free.

state

from

extract

one

OF

strange pictureof

so

greatest power

YS

the

its

It is almost

shameless

DA

this

transcribe

reasons

it would

THE

is called

which

oration

IN

it.

Cicero

has

speaking of Antony's purchase of PomHe was

wild with
pey'sconfiscated property.
joy,like a character in a farce ; a beggar one
But, as some
day, a millionaire the next.
writer says, '111 gotten, illkept.' It is beyond
been

"

belief,it is
this
I say ?
"

no,

absolute

an

vast

property

in

cellar of wine,

a
a

few
very

he squandered

miracle, how
in

"

few

There

days.

months
was

splendidfurniture,justas
who

man

And
1

was

affluent

might

one

without

of all this within

expect in

being
few

even

rious.
luxu-

days there

of
there are fourteen
against Antony
transferred
called "Philippics,"
them
to them
are
a name
Demosthenes
attacked
from
the great speeches in which
The
been
iu
to have
name
seems
Philip of Macedon.
in Juvenal's time (circano
A.D.)
use
common
The
"

orations

great

great quantityof excellent

plate,costlystuffs,plentyof elegantand
a

do

"

AND

ANTONY

was
so

AUGUSTUS.

nothing. Was there ever

devouring? A Charybdis, do

287

left

there

animal.

such

Good

that the whole

could

ocean

have

locked

was

Whole
to

of

actresses

if

"

so

up
tered,
scat-

distant.

Nothing
logued.
nothing sealed, nothing cata-

up,

present of

no

swallowed

numerous,

lyingat places so

and

say?

quickly possessions so

so

thing,it was but a single

heavens
! I can
scarcelybelieve

was

ever

Charybdis

store-rooms

the vilest

creatures.

burlesque

plunder of their own.

of dice players and

made

were

were

busy

The

mansion

drunkards.

Actors

and

each

with

was

There

full
was

drinkingfrom morning to night, and that

places. His losses at dice (foreven
many

he

always lucky) kept mounting

In

is

not

of slaves

the chambers
beds
to

the

the

wealth

purple coverlets
Pompey.

great
was

you

spent

so

No

might
which

see

had

Reckless

on

the

belonged

that

wonder

quickly.

up.

in

all this
men

so

might well have speedilydevoured,

ever
not
only the patrimony of a singlecitizen,howbut
whole
and
ample
ample it was
cities and kingdoms."
abandoned

"

"

The

speech

was

never

delivered

but

cir

288

ROMAN

culated

LIFE

in

found

into northern

not

was

fourth

during the

been

the

honors

The
received

joy

had

was

been

who

but

in the

loyalto

opportunity for

of

betraying it.

The

bidding,and

he

leading
third

44, and

the
A

; and

he

Antony

Cicero

troops,

tidingshad
Of

had

resolved

been
were

to

three

the

two

dead

republicwere
had

been

the

of thanks

soldiers

posed
pro-

fallen.

brief.

the

in the

great battle

and

had

vote

the

republic
falling

in which

Octavius,

which

on

in Mu-

up

spoken

was

these

very

the third, the young

his

venture

the

commanders

which

with

Brutus.

of the following

revived.

those

to

hastened

deliveringthe

fortunes

the

to

generalsnamed
who

to

take

fought at Mutina,
completely defeated

thanks

and

and

five months

have

to

seem

had

for

Decimus

to

fourteenth

The

Senate, when

been

desertinghim

himself

shut

Rome,

at

end

in December,
Philippics

year.

had

44,

enough

continued

CICERO.

of

attack

strong

Cicero

others

ten

the

the army

him, and

part in affairs
and

OF

YS

Toward

Italy,to

battle with

tina.

DA

Octavius, left Rome,

the young

THE

writing.

Antony, who

Brutus

IN

the

found

waiting of
ready

seize

by

to

do

their

OCTAVIUS

CAESAR

AUGUSTUS.

LIFE

290

ROMAN

was

drawn

in Tusculum

he would, for

nothing with him,

to

fetch
ill

but

some

to

came

the

had

experience of

it when

for the

Csesar

always

landed, and
Some

cherished

; others

his

way

himself

into
on

that
the

it

greatest
odious

an

struggling

was

would

sooner

trial of it again. He

twelve

miles

said

that

towards

still

he

being protected by
was

house

it

resolution

felt the

He

afterwards
of

alone.

When

had had

mastery.

traveled

hopes

himself

was

journey

Pompey

or

home

go

he embarked.

die, he thought,than make

Rome.

his

two

little

had

obligedto

was

life. He

for camp

reach

powerfularmy,

Cicero, who

had

He

to

was

could

he

Quintus

and

coast,

teen
seven-

impulse

point of leavingItalyhis

the

aversion

these

least,be safe. The

at

money.

failed him.

with

first

provided, pursued

Reaching

singled out

among

If

But

started.

CICERO.

stayingat his home

the
brother Quintus when

Brutus

time

OF

were

sea-coast.

where

Macedonia,

YS

was

His

him.

for the

brothers

He

with his

reached

make

DA

execution, and

Cicero.

was

THE

Seventeen

up.

for instant

news

IN

his purpose

of

Octavius

his hearth, cursinghim

to

and

tony
An-

make
kill

with his last

AND

ANTONY

breath, but that he

USTUS.

tortured.

allowed

his

291

the fear of

by

he turned

Any how,

slaves

him

take

to

to

plan of takingrefuge with Brutus

him
panions,
probably urged upon
by his comThe

Capua.
was

felt that this gave

who
of their

own

flock of

Plutarch

ship while

windows

of

One

night.
and

the

pecked

himself.

was

slaves

the

he

in which

soldiers

him

reached

now

the

the

wrapped

animals

the very

toward

the

themselves

seekingto help,to perishbefore

Almost
by main force they put him
carried

the

on

his couch

he had

reproached

story

passed

says, flew upon

thus

litter and

and

yardarms

board, and

on

whom

master,

only chance

strange

on

villa in which

the cloak

His

allowinga

he

bird, he
at

tells

that settled

ravens

of his

the

he embarked,

Again

escape.

landed.

again he
of

UG

deterred

was

and

being seized
back, and

at
were

their eyes.
into

coast.

his
tony's
An-

villa,the officer

in command
had

them
of

Cicero
being an old client whom
defended
a charge of muron
der.
successfully
They found the doors shut and burst
open.

their

Greek,

one

The

inmates

master's

of his

denied

movements,

brother's

all knowledge
till

freedmen,

young

whom

LIFE

ROMAN

292

had

Cicero

the

through

hand,

with

of

the

head

sword,

hands

and

nailed

been
one

of the
words
a

good

off

cut

were

in the

up

of this
of his

one

in his robe

reading.

with
was

hide

deed

He

which
man

THE

He

with

his

him

and

the neck

on

rough

soldiers

done.

was

by

order

The
of

tony,
An-

Emperor Augustus

grandsons, saw
a

left

worn

chapter),coming
volume

it,and

I would
a

ground.

pale

of Cicero.

and

bade

Forum.
the

took

treatises

hastened

steadfastly at

was

afterwards

years

upon
to

the

sea.

steps,

chin

of the

some

while

away

(the Octavius
seek

face

carried

the

to

he

the

on

officer struck

and

Many

villa

looked

was,

His

The

his

litter

habit

his

as

CICERO.

being

men,

stroking his

out, and

turning

of his

some

the

set

care.

with

OF

pleasurein teaching,showed
was

murderers.

the

YS

Cicero, hearing their

bearers

looked

DA

litter which

him

follow.

the

THE

shrubbery

with

Taking
to

taken

officer the

the

IN

END.

found

He

here

lover

which

the lad
he had
it

to

be

returned

repeat

of his

pectedly
unex-

"

it
He

country."