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Phenotype
Dominant
Recessive
round (R)
wrinkled (r)
yellow (Y)
green (y)
inflated (I)
constricted (i)
green (G)
yellow (g)
purple (P)
white (p)
axial (A)
terminal (a)
tall (T)
short (t)
Phenotype
Dominant
Recessive
round (R)
wrinkled (r)
tall (T)
short (t)
Terminology
Dominant: If genotype is TT or Tt, plant is tall.
Recessive: If genotype is tt, plant is short.
The dominant allele is uppercase and the
recessive allele is lowercase.
Homozygous: both alleles same (TT or tt).
Heterozygous: mixed alleles (Tt).
TT: homozygous dominant
tt: homozygous recessive
Tt: heterozygous dominant
5
Female
Male
TR (1/2)
Tr (1/2)
TR (1/4)
TTRR (1/8)
TTRr (1/8)
Tr (1/4)
TTRr (1/8)
TTrr (1/8)
tR (1/4)
TtRR (1/8)
TtRr (1/8)
tr (1/4)
TtRr (1/8)
Ttrr (1/8)
Female
Male
TR (1/2)
Tr (1/2)
TR (1/4)
TTRR (1/8)
TTRr (1/8)
Tr (1/4)
TTRr (1/8)
TTrr (1/8)
tR (1/4)
TtRR (1/8)
TtRr (1/8)
tr (1/4)
TtRr (1/8)
Ttrr (1/8)
10
Phenotype
Tall & round (3/4)
11
Phenotype
AA or Ai
blood type A
BB or Bi
blood type B
AB
blood type AB
ii
blood type O
13
Linked genes
When gametes are formed in meiosis, the
two copies of each chromosome may be
mixed together via crossovers.
Mothers two copies of chromosome 1:
A
Linked genes
When gametes are formed in meiosis, the
two copies of each chromosome may be
mixed together via crossovers.
Crossover produces two eggs:
A
17
Mapping genes
We will make a scale along the chromosome
in units called centi-Morgans (abbreviated
cM) or Morgans (abbreviated M).
The unit Morgan is defined so that
crossovers occur at an average rate 1 per
Morgan (M) or .01 per centi-Morgan (cM).
If the recombination rate is exactly r=2%,
then D and F are approximately 2 centiMorgans apart (2 cM) on the scale.
Well work out the exact formula.
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Crossover probabilities
0
10 cM
19
c
c
r = (1" e
"2d
so d = 2.041 cM.
cM
Chr. 11
Recombination rate
r = 12 (1" e"2(0.0015) )
= 0.001497
= 0.1497%