Cobalt - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

10/10/2015
CobaltWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Cobalt
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Thisarticleisaboutthechemicalelement.Forotheruses,seeCobalt(disambiguation).
CobaltisachemicalelementwithsymbolCoand
atomicnumber27.Likenickel,cobaltintheEarth's
crustisfoundonlyinchemicallycombinedform,save
forsmalldepositsfoundinalloysofnaturalmeteoric
iron.Thefreeelement,producedbyreductive
smelting,isahard,lustrous,silvergraymetal.
Cobaltbasedbluepigments(cobaltblue)havebeen
usedsinceancienttimesforjewelryandpaints,and
toimpartadistinctivebluetinttoglass,butthecolor
waslaterthoughtbyalchemiststobeduetothe
knownmetalbismuth.Minershadlongusedthe
namekoboldore(Germanforgoblinore)forsomeof
thebluepigmentproducingminerals;theywereso
namedbecausetheywerepoorinknownmetals,and
gavepoisonousarseniccontainingfumesupon
smelting.In1735,suchoreswerefoundtobe
reducibletoanewmetal(thefirstdiscoveredsince
ancienttimes),andthiswasultimatelynamedforthe
kobold.
Today,somecobaltisproducedspecificallyfrom
variousmetalliclusteredores,forexamplecobaltite
(CoAsS),butthemainsourceoftheelementisasa
byproductofcopperandnickelmining.Thecopper
beltintheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongoand
Zambiayieldsmostofthecobaltminedworldwide.
Cobalt,27Co
electrolyticallyrefinedcobaltchips
Generalproperties
Name,symbol
cobalt,Co
Appearance
hardlustrousgraymetal
Pronunciation
/koblt/
KOHbolt
Cobaltintheperiodictable
Co
Rh
ironcobaltnickel
Atomicnumber
27
Standardatomic
weight()(Ar)
58.933194(4)[1]
Cobaltisprimarilyusedasthemetal,inthe
preparationofmagnetic,wearresistantandhigh
strengthalloys.Itscompoundscobaltsilicateand
cobalt(II)aluminate(CoAl2O4,cobaltblue)givea
distinctivedeepbluecolortoglass,ceramics,inks,
paintsandvarnishes.Cobaltoccursnaturallyasonly
onestableisotope,cobalt59.Cobalt60isa
commerciallyimportantradioisotope,usedasa
radioactivetracerandfortheproductionofhigh
energygammarays.
Elementcategory
Group,block
transitionmetal
group9,dblock
Period
period4
Electron
configuration
[Ar]3d74s2
pershell
2,8,15,2
Physicalproperties
Color
metallicgray
Phase
solid
Cobaltistheactivecenterofcoenzymescalled
cobalamins,themostcommonexampleofwhichis
vitaminB12.Assuchitisanessentialtracedietary
Meltingpoint
1768K
(1495C,
2723F)
Boilingpoint
3200K
(2927C,
5301F)
Densitynearr.t.
mineralforallanimals.Cobaltininorganicformis
alsoanactivenutrientforbacteria,algaeandfungi.
8.90g/cm3
whenliquid,
atm.p.
8.86g/cm3
Heatoffusion
16.06kJ/mol
Contents
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt
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Contents
1Characteristics
2Compounds
2.1Oxygenandchalcogencompounds
2.2Halides
2.3Coordinationcompounds
2.4Organometalliccompounds
3Isotopes
4History
5Occurrence
6Production
7Applications
7.1Alloys
7.2Batteries
7.3Catalysts
7.4Pigmentsandcoloring
7.5Radioisotopes
7.6Otheruses
8Biologicalrole
9Precautions
10References
11Externallinks
Characteristics
Cobaltisa
ferromagnetic
metalwitha
specificgravity
of8.9.The
Curie
temperatureis
1,115C
(2,039F)[3]
andthe
magnetic
momentis
Ablockofelectrolyticallyrefined
1.61.7Bohr
cobalt(99.9%purity)cutfromalarge
magnetons
plate
peratom.[4]
Cobalthasarelativepermeabilitytwothirdsthatof
iron.[5]Metalliccobaltoccursastwocrystallographic
structures:hcpandfcc.Theidealtransition
temperaturebetweenthehcpandfccstructuresis
450C(842F),butinpractice,theenergydifference
issosmallthatrandomintergrowthofthetwois
common.[6][7][8]
Heatof
vaporization
377kJ/mol
Molarheat
capacity
24.81J/(molK)
vaporpressure
P(Pa)
10
100
1k
10k
100k
atT(K) 1790 1960 2165 2423 2755 3198

Atomicproperties
Oxidationstates
3,1,+1,+2,+3,+4,+5[2]
(anamphotericoxide)
Electronegativity
Paulingscale:1.88
Ionization
energies
1st:760.4kJ/mol
2nd:1648kJ/mol
3rd:3232kJ/mol
(more)
Atomicradius
empirical:125pm
Covalentradius
Lowspin:1263pm
Highspin:1507pm
Miscellanea
Crystalstructure
hexagonalclosepacked(hcp)
Speedofsound
thinrod
4720m/s(at20C)
Thermal
expansion
13.0m/(mK)(at25C)
Thermal
conductivity
100W/(mK)
Electrical
resistivity
62.4nm(at20C)
Magneticordering
ferromagnetic
Young'smodulus
209GPa
Shearmodulus
75GPa
Bulkmodulus
180GPa
Poissonratio
0.31
Mohshardness
5.0
Vickershardness
1043MPa
Brinellhardness
4703000MPa
CASRegistry
Number
7440484
History
Discovery
GeorgBrandt(1732)
Moststableisotopes
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Cobaltisaweaklyreducingmetalthatisprotected
fromoxidationbyapassivatingoxidefilm.Itis
attackedbyhalogensandsulfur.Heatinginoxygen
producesCo3O4whichlosesoxygenat900C
(1,650F)togivethemonoxideCoO.[9]Themetal
reactswithfluorine(F2)at520KtogiveCoF3;with
chlorine(Cl2),bromine(Br2)andiodine(I2),the
correspondingbinaryhalidesareformed.Itdoesnot
reactwithhydrogengas(H2)ornitrogengas(N2)
iso
NA
halflife
DM
DE(MeV)
DP
56Co
syn
77.27d
4.566
56Fe
57Co
syn
271.79d
0.836
57Fe
58Co
syn
70.86d
2.307
58Fe
59Co
60Co
100%
syn
59Coisstablewith32neutrons
5.2714y , 2.824
60Ni
evenwhenheated,butitdoesreactwithboron,carbon,phosphorus,arsenicandsulfur.[10]Atordinary
temperatures,itreactsslowlywithmineralacids,andveryslowlywithmoist,butnotwithdry,air.
Compounds
Seealso:Category:Cobaltcompounds.
Commonoxidationstatesofcobaltinclude+2and+3,althoughcompoundswithoxidationstates
rangingfrom3to+4arealsoknown.Acommonoxidationstateforsimplecompoundsis+2
(cobalt(II)).Thesesaltsformthepinkcoloredmetalaquocomplex[Co(H2O)6]2+inwater.Additionof
2
chloridegivestheintenselyblue[CoCl4] .[2]
Oxygenandchalcogencompounds
Severaloxidesofcobaltareknown.Greencobalt(II)oxide(CoO)hasrocksaltstructure.Itisreadily
oxidizedwithwaterandoxygentobrowncobalt(III)hydroxide(Co(OH)3).Attemperaturesof600
700C,CoOoxidizestothebluecobalt(II,III)oxide(Co3O4),whichhasaspinelstructure.[2]Black
cobalt(III)oxide(Co2O3)isalsoknown.[11]Cobaltoxidesareantiferromagneticatlowtemperature:
CoO(Neltemperature291K)andCo3O4(Neltemperature:40K),whichisanalogoustomagnetite
(Fe3O4),withamixtureof+2and+3oxidationstates.[12]
Theprincipalchalcogenidesofcobaltincludetheblackcobalt(II)sulfides,CoS2,whichadoptsapyrite
likestructure,andcobalt(III)sulfide(Co2S3).
Halides
Fourdihalidesofcobalt(II)areknown:cobalt(II)fluoride(CoF2,pink),cobalt(II)chloride(CoCl2,blue),
cobalt(II)bromide(CoBr2,green),cobalt(II)iodide(CoI2,blueblack).Thesehalidesexistinanhydrous
andhydratedforms.Whereastheanhydrousdichlorideisblue,thehydrateisred.[13]
Thereductionpotentialforthereaction
3+
2+
Co +eCo
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is+1.92V,beyondthatforchlorinetochloride,+1.36V.Asa
consequencecobalt(III)andchloridewouldresultinthe
cobalt(III)beingreducedtocobalt(II).Becausethereduction
potentialforfluorinetofluorideissohigh,+2.87V,cobalt(III)
fluorideisoneofthefewsimplestablecobalt(III)compounds.
Cobalt(III)fluoride,whichisusedinsomefluorinationreactions,
reactsvigorouslywithwater.[9]
Cobalt(II)chloridehexahydrate
Coordinationcompounds
Asforallmetals,molecularcompoundsandpolyatomicionsofcobaltareclassifiedascoordination
complexes,thatismoleculesorionsthatcontaincobaltlinkedtoseveralligands.Theprinciplesof
electronegativityandhardnesssoftnessofaseriesofligandscanbeusedtoexplaintheusual
oxidationstateofthecobalt.Forexample,Co+3complexestendtohaveammineligands.As
phosphorusissofterthannitrogen,phosphineligandstendtofeaturethesofterCo2+andCo+,an
examplebeingtris(triphenylphosphine)cobalt(I)chloride((P(C6H5)3)3CoCl).Themoreelectronegative
(andharder)oxideandfluoridecanstabilizeCo4+andCo5+derivatives,e.g.caesium
hexafluorocobaltate(Cs2CoF6)andpotassiumpercobaltate(K3CoO4).[9]
AlfredWerner,aNobelprizewinningpioneerincoordinationchemistry,workedwithcompoundsof
empiricalformula[Co(NH3)6]Cl3.Oneoftheisomersdeterminedwascobalt(III)hexamminechloride.
Thiscoordinationcomplex,a"typical"Wernertypecomplex,consistsofacentralcobaltatom
coordinatedbysixammineligandsorthogonaltoeachotherandthreechloridecounteranions.Using
chelatingethylenediamineligandsinplaceofammoniagivestris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III)chloride
([Co(en)3]Cl3),whichwasoneofthefirstcoordinationcomplexesthatwasresolvedintooptical
isomers.Thecomplexexistsasbotheitherrightorlefthandedformsofa"threebladedpropeller".
ThiscomplexwasfirstisolatedbyWernerasyellowgoldneedlelikecrystals.[14][15]
Organometalliccompounds
Mainarticle:Organocobaltchemistry
Cobaltoceneisastructuralanalogtoferrocene,wherecobaltsubstitutesforiron.Cobaltoceneis
sensitivetooxidation,muchmorethanferrocene.[16]Cobaltcarbonyl(Co2(CO)8)isacatalystin
carbonylationandhydrosilylationreactions.[17]VitaminB12(seebelow)isanorganometalliccompound
foundinnatureandistheonlyvitamintocontainametalatom.[18]
Isotopes
Mainarticle:Isotopesofcobalt
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59CoistheonlystablecobaltisotopeandtheonlyisotopetoexistnaturallyonEarth.22radioisotopes
havebeencharacterizedwiththemoststablebeing60Cowithahalflifeof5.2714years,57Cowitha
halflifeof271.8days,56Cowithahalflifeof77.27days,and58Cowithahalflifeof70.86days.Allof
theremainingradioactiveisotopeshavehalflivesthatareshorterthan18hours,andthemajorityof
theseareshorterthan1second.Thiselementalsohas4metastates,allofwhichhavehalflives
shorterthan15minutes.[19]
Theisotopesofcobaltrangeinatomicweightfrom50u(50Co)to73u(73Co).Theprimarydecaymode
forisotopeswithatomicmassunitvalueslessthanthatofthemostabundantstableisotope,59Co,is
electroncaptureandtheprimarymodeofdecayforthoseofgreaterthan59atomicmassunitsisbeta
decay.Theprimarydecayproductsbefore59Coareelement26(iron)isotopesandtheprimary
productsafterareelement28(nickel)isotopes.[19]
History
Cobaltcompoundshavebeenusedforcenturiestoimpartarichblue
colortoglass,glazesandceramics.Cobalthasbeendetectedin
EgyptiansculptureandPersianjewelryfromthethirdmillenniumBC,in
theruinsofPompeii(destroyedin79AD),andinChinadatingfromthe
Tangdynasty(618907AD)andtheMingdynasty(13681644AD).[20]
EarlyChineseblueandwhite
porcelain,manufactured
circa1335
CobalthasbeenusedtocolorglasssincetheBronzeAge.The
excavationoftheUluburunshipwreckyieldedaningotofblueglass,
whichwascastduringthe14thcenturyBC.[21][22]Blueglassitemsfrom
Egyptarecoloredwithcopper,iron,orcobalt.Theoldestcobaltcolored
glasswasfromthetimeoftheEighteenthdynastyinEgypt(15501292
BC).Thelocationwherethecobaltcompoundswereobtainedis
unknown.[23][24]
ThewordcobaltisderivedfromtheGermankobalt,fromkobold
meaning"goblin",asuperstitioustermusedfortheoreofcobaltby
miners.Thefirstattemptsatsmeltingtheseorestoproducemetalssuchascopperornickelfailed,
yieldingsimplypowder(cobalt(II)oxide)instead.Also,becausetheprimaryoresofcobaltalways
containarsenic,smeltingtheoreoxidizedthearseniccontentintothehighlytoxicandvolatilearsenic
oxide,whichalsodecreasedthereputationoftheorefortheminers.[25]
SwedishchemistGeorgBrandt(16941768)iscreditedwithdiscoveringcobaltcirca1735,showingitto
beanewpreviouslyunknownelementdifferentfrombismuthandothertraditionalmetals,andcalling
itanew"semimetal."[26][27]Hewasabletoshowthatcompoundsofcobaltmetalwerethesourceof
thebluecoloringlass,whichpreviouslyhadbeenattributedtothebismuthfoundwithcobalt.Cobalt
becamethefirstmetaltobediscoveredsincetheprehistoricalperiod,duringwhichalltheknown
metals(iron,copper,silver,gold,zinc,mercury,tin,leadandbismuth)hadnorecordeddiscoverers.[28]
Duringthe19thcentury,asignificantpartoftheworld'sproductionofcobaltblue(adyemadewith
cobaltcompoundsandalumina)andsmalt(cobaltglasspowderedforuseforpigmentpurposesin
ceramicsandpainting)wascarriedoutattheNorwegianBlaafarvevrket.[29][30]Thefirstminesforthe
productionofsmaltinthe16thto18thcenturywerelocatedinNorway,Sweden,SaxonyandHungary.
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WiththediscoveryofcobaltoreinNewCaledoniain1864theminingofcobaltinEuropedeclined.
WiththediscoveryoforedepositsinOntario,Canadain1904andthediscoveryofevenlargerdeposits
intheKatangaProvinceintheCongoin1914theminingoperationsshiftedagain.[25]WiththeShaba
conflictstartingin1978,themainsourceforcobalt,thecopperminesofKatangaProvince,nearly
stoppedtheirproduction.[31][32]Theimpactontheworldcobalteconomyfromthisconflictwas
howeversmallerthanexpected.Cobaltbeingararemetalandthepigmentbeinghighlytoxic,the
industryhadalreadyestablishedeffectivewaysforrecyclingcobaltmaterialsandinsomecaseswas
abletochangetocobaltfreealternatives.[31][32]
In1938,JohnLivingoodandGlennT.Seaborgdiscoveredtheradioisotopecobalt60.[33]Thisisotope
wasfamouslyusedatColumbiaUniversityinthe1950stoestablishparityviolationinradioactivebeta
decay.[34][35]
AfterWorldWarII,theUSwantedtobesureitwasnevershortoftheoreneededformilitarycobalt
uses(astheGermanshadbeenduringthatwar)andexploredforcobaltwithintheU.S.border.Agood
supplyoftheoreneededwasfoundinIdahonearBlackbirdcanyoninthesideofamountain.Thefirm
CaleraMiningCompanygotproductionstartedatthesite.[36]
Occurrence
Thestableformofcobaltiscreatedinsupernovasviatherprocess.[37]Itcomprises0.0029%ofthe
Earth'scrustandisoneofthefirsttransitionmetals.
Freecobalt(thenativemetal)isnotfoundinonEarthduetotheamountofoxygenintheatmosphere
andchlorineintheocean.OxygenandchlorineareabundantenoughintheupperlayersoftheEarth's
crustsoastomakenativemetalcobaltformationextremelyrare.Exceptasrecentlydeliveredin
meteoriciron,purecobaltinnativemetalformisunknownonEarth(seebelow).Thoughtheelement
isofmediumabundance,naturalcompoundsofcobaltarenumerous.Smallamountsofcobalt
compoundsarefoundinmostrocks,soil,plants,andanimals.
Innature,cobaltisfrequentlyassociatedwithnickel,andbotharecharacteristiccomponentsof
meteoriciron,thoughcobaltismuchlessabundantinironmeteoritesthannickel.Aswithnickel,
cobaltinmeteoricironalloysmayhavebeenwellenoughprotectedfromoxygenandmoistureto
occurasthefreemetal,[38]astatewhichotherwiseisnotseenwitheitherelementintheancient
terrestrialcrust.
Cobaltincompoundformoccursasaminorcomponentofcopperandnickelminerals.Itisthemajor
metalliccomponentincombinationwithsulfurandarsenicinthesulfidiccobaltite(CoAsS),safflorite
(CoAs2),glaucodot((Co,Fe)AsS),andskutterudite(CoAs3)minerals.[9]Themineralcattieriteissimilarto
pyriteandoccurstogetherwithvaesiteinthecopperdepositsoftheKatangaProvince.[39]Upon
contactwiththeatmosphere,weatheringoccursandthesulfidemineralsoxidizetoformpinkerythrite
("cobaltglance":Co3(AsO4)28H2O)andspherocobaltite(CoCO3).[40][41]
Production
Seealso:Cobaltextractiontechniques
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Themainoresofcobaltarecobaltite,erythrite,glaucodotandskutterudite(seeabove),butmost
cobaltisobtainednotbyactiveminingofcobaltores,butratherbyreducingcobaltcompoundsthat
occurasbyproductsofnickel
andcoppermining
activities.[42][43]
Cobaltore
In2005,thecopperdepositsin
theKatangaProvince(former
Shabaprovince)ofthe
DemocraticRepublicofthe
Congowerethetopproducerof
cobaltwithalmost40%world
share,reportstheBritish
GeologicalSurvey.[44]The
politicalsituationintheCongo
influencesthepriceofcobalt
significantly.[45]
Cobaltoutputin2005
TheMukondoMountainproject,operatedbytheCentral
Worldproductiontrend
AfricanMiningandExplorationCompanyinKatanga,maybethe
richestcobaltreserveintheworld.Itisestimatedtobeableto
produceaboutonethirdoftotalglobalproductionofcobaltin2008.[46]InJuly2009CAMEC
announcedalongtermagreementunderwhichCAMECwoulddeliveritsentireannualproductionof
cobaltinconcentratefromMukondoMountaintoZhejiangGalicoCobalt&NickelMaterialsof
China.[47]
Severalmethodsexistfortheseparationofcobaltfromcopperandnickel.Theydependonthe
concentrationofcobaltandtheexactcompositionoftheusedore.Oneseparationstepinvolvesfroth
flotation,inwhichsurfactantsbindtodifferentorecomponents,leadingtoanenrichmentofcobalt
ores.Subsequentroastingconvertstheorestothecobaltsulfate,whereasthecopperandtheironare
oxidizedtotheoxide.Theleachingwithwaterextractsthesulfatetogetherwiththearsenates.The
residuesarefurtherleachedwithsulfuricacidyieldingasolutionofcoppersulfate.Cobaltcanalsobe
leachedfromtheslagofthecoppersmelter.[48]
Theproductsoftheabovementionedprocessesaretransformedintothecobaltoxide(Co3O4).This
oxideisreducedtothemetalbythealuminothermicreactionorreductionwithcarboninablast
furnace.[9]
Applications
Themainapplicationofcobaltisasthefreemetal,inproductionofcertainhighperformance
alloys.[42][43]
Alloys
Cobaltbasedsuperalloysconsumemostoftheproducedcobalt.[42][43]Thetemperaturestabilityof
thesealloysmakesthemsuitableforuseinturbinebladesforgasturbinesandjetaircraftengines,
thoughnickelbasedsinglecrystalalloyssurpasstheminthisregard.[49]Cobaltbasedalloysarealso
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corrosionandwearresistant.Thismakesthemusefulinthemedicalfield,wherecobaltisoftenused
(alongwithtitanium)fororthopedicimplantsthatdonotweardownovertime.Thedevelopmentof
thewearresistantcobaltalloysstartedinthefirstdecadeofthe19thcenturywiththestellitealloys,
whicharecobaltchromiumalloyswithvaryingtungstenandcarboncontent.Theformationof
chromiumandtungstencarbidesmakesthemveryhardandwearresistant.[50]Specialcobalt
chromiummolybdenumalloyslikeVitalliumareusedforprostheticpartssuchashipandknee
replacements.[51]Cobaltalloysarealsousedfordentalprosthetics,wheretheyareusefultoavoid
allergiestonickel.[52]Somehighspeedsteeldrillbitsalsousecobalttoincreaseheatandwear
resistance.Thespecialalloysofaluminium,nickel,cobaltandiron,knownasAlnico,andofsamarium
andcobalt(samariumcobaltmagnet)areusedinpermanentmagnets.[53]Itisalsoalloyedwith95%
platinumforjewelrypurposes,yieldinganalloythatissuitableforfinedetailedcastingandisalso
slightlymagnetic.[54]
Batteries
Lithiumcobaltoxide(LiCoO2)iswidelyusedinlithiumionbatterycathodes.Thematerialiscomposed
ofcobaltoxidelayersinwhichthelithiumisintercalated.Duringdischargingthelithiumintercalated
betweenthelayersissetfreeaslithiumion.[55]Nickelcadmium[56](NiCd)andnickelmetalhydride[57]
(NiMH)batteriesalsocontainsignificantamountsofcobalt;thecobaltimprovestheoxidation
capabilitiesofnickelinthebattery.[56]
Catalysts
Severalcobaltcompoundsareusedinchemicalreactionsasoxidationcatalysts.Cobaltacetateisused
fortheconversionofxylenetoterephthalicacid,theprecursortothebulkpolymerpolyethylene
terephthalate.Typicalcatalystsarethecobaltcarboxylates(knownascobaltsoaps).Theyarealsoused
inpaints,varnishes,andinksas"dryingagents"throughtheoxidationofdryingoils.[55]Thesame
carboxylatesareusedtoimprovetheadhesionofthesteeltorubberinsteelbeltedradialtires.
Cobaltbasedcatalystsarealsoimportantinreactionsinvolvingcarbonmonoxide.Steamreforming,
usefulinhydrogenproduction,usescobaltoxidebasecatalysts.CobaltisalsoacatalystintheFischer
Tropschprocess,usedinthehydrogenationofcarbonmonoxideintoliquidfuels.[58]The
hydroformylationofalkenesoftenrelyoncobaltoctacarbonylasthecatalyst,[59]althoughsuch
processeshavebeenpartiallydisplacedbymoreefficientiridiumandrhodiumbasedcatalysts,e.g.
theCativaprocess.
Thehydrodesulfurizationofpetroleumusesacatalystderivedfromcobaltandmolybdenum.This
processhelpstoridpetroleumofsulfurimpuritiesthatinterferewiththerefiningofliquidfuels.[55]
Pigmentsandcoloring
Beforethe19thcentury,thepredominantuseofcobaltwasasapigment.SincetheMiddleAges,ithas
beeninvolvedintheproductionofsmalt,abluecoloredglass.Smaltisproducedbymeltingamixture
oftheroastedmineralsmaltite,quartzandpotassiumcarbonate,yieldingadarkbluesilicateglass
whichisgroundaftertheproduction.[60]Smaltwaswidelyusedforthecolorationofglassandas
pigmentforpaintings.[61]In1780,SvenRinmandiscoveredcobaltgreenandin1802LouisJacques
Thnarddiscoveredcobaltblue.[62]Cobaltpigments,suchascobaltblue(cobaltaluminate),cerulean
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blue(cobalt(II)stannate),varioushuesofcobalt
green(amixtureofcobalt(II)oxideandzinc
oxide),andcobaltviolet(cobaltphosphate)are
usedasartist'spigmentsbecauseoftheir
superiorstability.[63][64]Aureolin(cobaltyellow)
isnowlargelyreplacedbymorelightfastyellow
pigments.
Cobaltblueglass
Radioisotopes
Cobalt60(Co60or60Co)isusefulasagammaraysourcebecauseitcanbe
producedinpredictablequantityandhighactivitybybombardingcobalt
withneutrons.Itproducestwogammarayswithenergiesof1.17and
1.33MeV.[19][65]
Itsusesincludeexternalbeamradiotherapy,sterilizationofmedical
Cobaltcoloredglass
suppliesandmedicalwaste,radiationtreatmentoffoodsforsterilization
(coldpasteurization),[66]industrialradiography(e.g.weldintegrity
radiographs),densitymeasurements(e.g.concretedensitymeasurements),andtankfillheight
switches.Themetalhastheunfortunatehabitofproducingafinedust,causingproblemswith
radiationprotection.Cobaltfromradiotherapymachineshasbeenaserioushazardwhennotdisposed
ofproperly,andoneoftheworstradiationcontaminationaccidentsinNorthAmericaoccurredin
1984,afteradiscardedradiotherapyunitcontainingcobalt60wasmistakenlydisassembledina
junkyardinJuarez,Mexico.[67][68]
Cobalt60hasaradioactivehalflifeof5.27years.Thisdecreaseinactivityrequiresperiodic
replacementofthesourcesusedinradiotherapyandisonereasonwhycobaltmachineshavebeen
largelyreplacedbylinearacceleratorsinmodernradiationtherapy.[69]
Cobalt57(Co57or57Co)isacobaltradioisotopemostoftenusedinmedicaltests,asaradiolabelfor
vitaminB12uptake,andfortheSchillingtest.Cobalt57isusedasasourceinMssbauerspectroscopy
andisoneofseveralpossiblesourcesinXrayfluorescencedevices.[70][71]
Nuclearweapondesignscouldintentionallyincorporate59Co,someofwhichwouldbeactivatedina
nuclearexplosiontoproduce60Co.The60Co,dispersedasnuclearfallout,createswhatissometimes
calledacobaltbomb.[72]
Otheruses
Otherusesofcobaltareinelectroplating,owingtoitsattractiveappearance,hardnessandresistance
tooxidation,[73]andasgroundcoatsforporcelainenamels.[74]
Biologicalrole
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Cobaltisessentialtoallanimals.Itisakeyconstituentofcobalamin,alsoknownasvitaminB12,which
istheprimarybiologicalreservoirofcobaltasan"ultratrace"element.[75][76]Bacteriainthegutsof
ruminantanimalsconvertcobaltsaltsintovitaminB12,acompound
whichcanonlybeproducedbybacteriaorarchaea.Theminimum
presenceofcobaltinsoilsthereforemarkedlyimprovesthehealthof
grazinganimals,andanuptakeof0.20mg/kgadayisrecommendedfor
them,astheycanobtainvitaminB12innootherway.[77]
Intheearly20thcenturyduringthedevelopmentforfarmingofthe
NorthIslandVolcanicPlateauofNewZealand,cattlesufferedfromwhat
wastermed"bushsickness".Itwasdiscoveredthatthevolcanicsoils
lackedcobaltsalts,whichwasnecessaryforcattle.[78]Theailmentwas
curedbyaddingsmallamountsofcobalttofertilizersintheformof
Superphosphate(atthetimederivedfromCanadiansources).
Inthe1930s"coastdisease"ofsheepintheNinetyMileDesertofthe
SoutheastofSouthAustraliawasfoundtobeduetonutrient
deficienciesofthetraceelementscobaltandcopper.Thecobalt
deficiencywasovercomebythedevelopmentof"cobalt
bullets",densepelletsofcobaltoxidemixedwithclay,whichare
orallyinsertedtolodgeintheanimal'srumen.[79]
Cobalamin
NonruminantherbivoresproducevitaminB12frombacteriain
theircolonswhichagainmakethevitaminfromsimplecobalt
salts.Howeverthevitamincannotbeabsorbedfromthecolon,
andthusnonruminantsmustingestfecestoobtainthe
nutrient.Animalsthatdonotfollowthesemethodsofgetting
vitaminB12fromtheirowngastrointestinalbacteriaorthatof
otheranimals,mustobtainthevitaminpremadeinother
animalproductsintheirdiet,andtheycannotbenefitfrom
ingestingsimplecobaltsalts.
Thecobalaminbasedproteinsusecorrintoholdthecobalt.
CoenzymeB12featuresareactiveCCobond,whichparticipates
Cobaltdeficientsheep
initsreactions.[80]Inhumans,B12existswithtwotypesofalkylligand:methylandadenosyl.MeB12
promotesmethyl(CH3)grouptransfers.TheadenosylversionofB12catalyzesrearrangementsin
whichahydrogenatomisdirectlytransferredbetweentwoadjacentatomswithconcomitant
exchangeofthesecondsubstituent,X,whichmaybeacarbonatomwithsubstituents,anoxygenatom
ofanalcohol,oranamine.MethylmalonylcoenzymeAmutase(MUT)convertsMMlCoAtoSuCoA,an
importantstepintheextractionofenergyfromproteinsandfats.[81]
Althoughfarlesscommonthanothermetalloproteins(e.g.thoseofzincandiron),cobaltoproteinsare
knownasidefromB12.Theseproteinsincludemethionineaminopeptidase2anenzymethatoccursin
humansandothermammalswhichdoesnotusethecorrinringofB12,butbindscobaltdirectly.
Anothernoncorrincobaltenzymeisnitrilehydratase,anenzymeinbacteriathatareableto
metabolizenitriles.[82]
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10/10/2015
Precautions
Mainarticle:Cobaltpoisoning
Cobaltisanessentialelementforlifeinminuteamounts.The
LD50valueforsolublecobaltsaltshasbeenestimatedtobe
between150and500mg/kg.Thus,fora100kgpersontheLD50
forasingledosewouldbeabout20grams.[83]IntheUS,the
OccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration(OSHA)has
designatedapermissibleexposurelimit(PEL)intheworkplace
asatimeweightedaverage(TWA)of0.1mg/m3.TheNational
InstituteforOccupationalSafetyandHealth(NIOSH)hasseta
recommendedexposurelimit(REL)of0.05mg/m3,time
weightedaverage.TheIDLH(immediatelydangeroustolifeand
Patchtest
health)valueis20mg/m3.[84]
However,chroniccobaltingestionhascausedserioushealthproblemsatdosesfarlessthanthelethal
dose.In1966,theadditionofcobaltcompoundstostabilizebeerfoaminCanadaledtoapeculiarform
oftoxininducedcardiomyopathy,whichcametobeknownasbeerdrinker'scardiomyopathy.[85][86]
Afternickelandchromium,cobaltisamajorcauseofcontactdermatitis.[87]
Cobaltcanbeeffectivelyabsorbedbycharredpigsbones;howeverthisprocessisinhibitedbycopper
andzinc;whichhavegreateraffinitiestobonechar.[88]
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Externallinks
NationalPollutantInventory(Australia)Cobaltfactsheet
(http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance
info/profiles/26.html)
Londoncelebrates50yearsofCobalt60Radiotherapy
(http://www.caro
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dictionary.
acro.ca/caro/educ/publ/vig/vignettes/cobalt/Interactions.pdf)
Cobalt(http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/027.htm)atThePeriodicTableofVideos
(UniversityofNottingham)
CentersforDiseaseandPreventionCobalt(http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/cobalt/)
TheCobaltDevelopmentInstitute(http://www.thecdi.com)
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&oldid=680405440"
Categories: Chemicalelements Dietaryminerals Transitionmetals Cobalt
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