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T dS c dT c v dT R T dv v cp dT R T dp p
And the entropy finite difference can be calculated through a proper integration
dS C dT T Cv dT T m R dV V Cp dT T m R dp p
dS C dT T C v dT T R dV V
Cp dT T R dp p
T
T
V
T
p
S SB SA C ln B C v ln B m R ln B Cp ln B m R ln B
TA
TA
VA
TA
pA
and also:
dS c dT T c v dT T R dv v cp dT T R dp p
dS c dT T c v dT T R dv v
c p dT T R dp p
A
T
T
v
T
p
S SB SA c ln B c v ln B R ln B cp ln B R ln B
TA
TA
vA
TA
pA
THERMODYNAMICS - TDS-02/03
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Relationship between the generic specific heat "c" and the polytropic power index ""
c dT T c v dT T R dv v cp dT T R dp p
pv R T
p v constant p v v 1 R T v 1 =>
T v 1 constant
d T v 1 0 v 1 dT T 1 v 2 dv
=>
dT T 1 dv v 0
dv
1 dT
v
1 T
c dT T c v dT T
c cv
R
dT T
1
R cv
k 1
R
c v 1
c v 1
1
1
Therefore:
c cv
k
1
cp c
cv c
*****
NOTES
For an unsteady flow process with constant pressure (over time):
U + Le = ... = H
For a steady flow process wrapped by still walls (even if the pressure changes point to point):
U + Le = H + Li = H
Therefore, generally speaking:
a steady-state flow process (also combustion) at constant pressure can be handled with the same
equations of an unsteady-state flow process which is in contact with fixed walls (that is without moving
parts of a machine).
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THERMODYNAMICS - TDS-02/03
THERMODYNAMICS - TDS-02/03
Basic relationships:
2
DEF = |Lic| Lwc = gHc = A + C
|Lic| = |Lis,c| + Lwc + CR = A + B + C
Definitions
Lis,c
A
is,c
Lic
A BC
2is
1T
DEF Lic L wc
AC
Lic
Lic
ABC
yc
= |Lis,c| = A
= |Lwc| = B
= CR = C
is, c
Lis, c
Lic
S
Therefore:
yc > is,c
h is
L L wc
A
; y c ic
h
A B CR
L ic
v dp
1
L ic L wc
L ic
A CR
A B CR
is, c yc
"Downstream" energy of the fluid (DEF), corresponding to the "operating head" H12 = DEF/g = Hc
DEF = gHc = |Lic| Lwc = yc|Lic|
The thermal counter-recovery of the compression is
CR = |Lic| (|Lis,c| + Lwc ) = DEF |Lis,c|
Therefore:
|Lic| = DEF + Lwc = |Lis,c| + (Lwc + CR)
Putting c = p2/p1 one can obtain:
R T2 T1
c p T2 T1 c
1
k 1
1
is,c
k 1 k
; yc
c p T2is T1 c
c p T2 T1
1 k
1
Upstream, at the starting point of the process (1), the fluid contains the "gross" energy "|Lic|" (per unit
mass), which is the incoming mechanical work (from the external driving motor).
Downstream, at the ending point of the process (2), the fluid contains the "net" energy "|Lic| Lwc" (per
unit mass), because it must consume the "Lwc" amout through the machine, to overcome the viscous
resistance to the motion (that is, the internal drag of the actual fluid).
"Upstream the PGM" means: "at the inlet, before the fluid will operate on the machine".
"Downstream the PAM" means: "at the outlet, after the fluid was operated by the machine".
*****
THERMODYNAMICS - TDS-02/03
Basic relationships:
Lis,t = A + B
Lwt = B + C
UEF = Lit + Lwt = gHt = A + B + C
Lit + Lwt = Lis,t + RC = A + B + C
4T
4
4is
Definitions
is,t
= Lit = A
= Lis,t Lit = B
= RC = C
is, t
yt
Lit
A
Lis,t A B
Lit
Lit
A
UEF Lit L wt A B C
Therefore:
yt < is,t
L
L it
Lit
h
A
; y t it
UEF Lit L wt
Lis, t h is A B
v dp
A
A B RC
is, t yt
"Upstream" energy of the fluid (UEF), corresponding to the "head" H34 = UEF/g = Ht
UEF = gHt = Lit + Lwt = Lit/yt
The thermal recovery of the expansion is
RC = (Lit + Lwt) Lis,t = UEF Lis,t
Therefore :
Lit = UEF Lwt = Lis,t (Lwt RC)
Putting t = p3/p4 one can obtain:
c p T3 T4 1 t 1
c p T3 T4
1 k
is,t
; yt
k 1 k
c p T3 T4is 1 t
k 1
R T3 T4
1
Upstream, at the starting point of the process (3), the fluid contains the "gross" energy "Lit + Lwt" (per
unit mass).
Downstream, at the ending point of the process (4), the fluid contains the "net" energy per unit mass "L it"
(per unit mass), which is the outgoing mechanical work (available for the external utilizer), because it
must consume the "Lwt" amout through the machine, to overcome the viscous resistance to the motion
(that is, the internal drag of the actual fluid).
*****