CFRP Design Parameters

INTRODUCTION TO THE FRP
STRENGTHENING
GENERAL CONCEPTS AND SIKA SOLUTIONS.
SIKA FRP PRODUCT RANGE

MAIN FRP STRENGTHENING MATERIALS
Prefabricated systems
Manual application systems
Sika Carbodur CFRP plates

Sika CarboShear L-shaped plates
Sika Carbodur range for NSM applications
Sika Carbostress post-tensioned CFRP system
Sikadur structural adhesives
SikaWrap fabrics
SikaWrap FX anchorages
SikaWrap Grid FRP meshes
Sikadur structural adhesives
Prefabricated systems represent 80% of the current applications in Europe, as they are usually considered as a safer
system (lower safety factors and less restrictions regarding the unevenness of the concrete surface, ) and higher
efficiency during the installation process.
November, 2013 CFRP Workshop
CFRP GUIDELINES
SAFETY FACTORS
FIB BULLETIN 14
FRP SAFETY FACTORS ARE RELATED TO THE TYPE OF FIBER AND
APPLICATION METHOD:
ACI 440 2R-08

EXPOSURE CONDITIONS
APPLICATION TYPE A
Application of prefab frp under normal quality

control conditions or wet lay-up systems under high
degree of quality control.
CARBON FIBER: / 1,20
ARAMID FIBER: / 1,25
GLASS FIBER: / 1,30
APPLICATION TYPE B
Application of any system under difficult on-site

conditions, or wet lay-up systems under normal
quality control.
GLASS FIBER: / 1,50
INTERIOR EXPOSURE
CARBON FIBER: x 0,95
ARAMID FIBER: x 0,85
GLASS FIBER: x 0,75
EXTERIOR EXPOSURE
GLASS FIBER: x 0,65
AGRESSIVE ENVIROMENT
GLASS FIBER: x 0,50
INTRODUCTION
FRP STRAINS: ULTIMATE VS DESIGN
CFRP
Design strain
Glass
Basalt
Aramid
PBO
Carbon
Steel
GLASS
SHEAR : 0,3%-0,6%
CONFINEMENT: 0,5%-0,95%
FLEXURAL: 0,5%-0,9%
ARAMID
INTRODUCTION
MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF FRP SYSTEMS
ULTIMATE STRENGTH
5000 Mpa
4000 Mpa
3000 Mpa
2000 Mpa
1000 Mpa
Glass
Basalt
Aramid
Carbon
INTRODUCTION
E-MODULUS
High-Modulus
500 GPa
400 GPa
300 GPa
Low-Modulus
200 GPa
100 GPa
Glass
Basalt
Aramid
Carbon
INTRODUCTION
NECESSARY CROSS SECTION TO SUPPLY 100KN (1% STRAIN)
E-MODULUS
CARBON
234 GPa
AREA
42.7 mm2
1x
GLASS
76 GPa
131.6 mm2
3.07x
ARAMID
100 GPa
100 mm2
2.34x
INTRODUCTION
CARBON FIBER
STIFFNESS
STRUCTURAL
STRENGTHENING
SEISMIC
GLASS FIBER
PRICE
MASONRY
STRENGTHENING
SEISMIC
ARAMID FIBER
TENACITY
IMPACT
BLAST MITIGATION
INTRODUCTION
CARBON FIBERS
STRENGTHENING
FIBERS
EPOXY RESIN
Human hair (0,08mm diameter)
Carbon fiber(0,007mm diameter)

FRP COMPOSITE
9
INTRODUCTION
THE ORIGINS OF THE CARBON FIBER
I havent failed 999 times, Ive found 999 ways not to make the electric light bulb.
The origin of carbon fiber is located in the late 1800s. Famous inventor, Thomas Edison,
developed incipient bamboo-based carbon fibers as filaments for the first light bulbs.
10

BASIS OF THE PULTRUDED PLATES
Impregnation with thermoset resin
Pulling through heated die
1 CarboDur S512 plate approx. 1.2 Mio fibers
Fibers parallel, fiber volumetric content > 68%
Perfect alignment of the fibers. E-modulus and
strength are optimized and ensured.
11
SIKA CARBODUR
INSTALLATION PROCEDURE
Sikadur-30
Primer
Putty
Adhesive
CarboDur CFRP plate

Simple
Fast
Safe
12
SIKA CARBODUR
INSTALLATION PROCEDURE
13

SIKAWRAP DRY APPLICATION
14

SIKAWRAP DRY APPLICATION
Sikadur-330
Primer
Putty
Adhesive
SikaWrap
15
Saturant
Top coat

SIKAWRAP WET APPLICATION
16

SIKAWRAP WET APPLICATION
Sikadur-330
Primer
Putty
Sikadur-300
SikaWrap
17
Saturant

SIKADUR STRUCTURAL ADHESIVES
1966: Sikadur Adhesive for Segmental Bridge Construction
Viaduc de Chillon, Switzerland

18

SIKADUR30: LONG-TERM DURABILITY
1967:
Sikadurrange developed as steel plate bonding for Structural Strengthening
1970
Long Term Test at EMPA

Sikadur -30 (not finished yet)
Steel: long-term durability is critical as resulting of the risk of corrosion. From 90s, steel plates were
progressively substituted by CFRP systems.
19

SIKADUR30: >40 YEARS CREEP TEST
Steel plate strain
Concrete strain
20

CFRP RANGE DEVELOPMENT
1982: Tests of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Plates for Structural
Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete
Cyclic Load Test
Climatic Test (heat+humidity)

>50 test beams
1989
21
PhD Thesis H.-P. Kaiser, EMPA, Switzerland

FIRST APPLICATION OF SIKA CFRP PLATES
22
1991:
First Application of CFRP plates for Structural Strengthening of a bridge
1991:
Ibach Bridge, Switzerland
SIKA CFRP PRODUCT RANGE

NATIONAL APPROVALS
23
EUROCODE AND FIB BULLETIN 14

INTRODUCTION TO THE EUROPEAN GUIDELINES
WHAT IS THE EUROCODE

INTRODUCTION
The Eurocodes are a set of harmonized technical rules developed for the structural design
of construction works. The Eurocodes are divided into 58 parts, grouped in 10 packages:
Regarding the reinforced concrete

design, the main packages are:
Eurocode 0: Basis of structural
design
Eurocode 1: Actions on
structures
Eurocode 2: Design of concrete
structures
25

COUNTRIES USING THE EUROCODES
EC is also promoted in:
Northern&South Africa
Russia
Balkan Countries
Asia
Australia&New Zealand
Middle East, etc.
26

SAME EUROCODE FOR ALL THE COUNTRIES?
Eurocodes are supposed to be harmonized technical rules .
Additionally, each country is expected to issue a National Annex to the Eurocodes which
will need referencing for a particular country.
The national annex includes the NDP (Nationaly Determined Parameters). This annex may
modify or limit the original values as shown originally in the Eurocode. The main changes
are related to:

27
Safety factors
Maximum strains
Coefficients
Geometrical limits
CFRP GUIDELINES
OVERVIEW
28
FIB Bulletin 14
(2001)
Externally bonded FRP reinforcement for RC structures
ACI 440.2R
(2002, 2003,
2006, 2008)
Guide for the design and construction of externally

bonded frp systems for strengthening concrete structures
Canadian
Standard
Association
(2002)
Design and Construction of Building Components with FibreReinforced Polymers
Concrete Society
(UK)
(2004)
Design Guidance for

Strengthening Concrete Structures Using Fibre Composite Material
CSLLPP Italia
(2009)
Linee guida per la Progettazione, lEsecuzione ed il Collaudo di

Interventi di Rinforzo di strutture di c.a., c.a.p. e murarie mediante
FRP
CFRP GUIDELINES
GUIDELINES COMPARISON
FIB BULLETIN 14
YEAR
2001
2008
CONTENT
FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING:
EXTERNALLY BONDED
CONFINEMENT
DUCTILITY ENHACEMENT
PURE AXIAL
SHEAR
TORSION
FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING:
-EXTERNALLY BONDED
-NSM
CONFINEMENT
-DUCTILITY ENHACEMENT
-PURE AXIAL
-AXIAL + BENDING
SHEAR
ADVANTAGES
COMPLETE THEORETICAL BACKGROUND.

FRP KNOW-HOW
PRACTICAL EXECUTION ON SITE
QUALITY CONTROL (PRODUCTION, ON-SITE)
ENVIROMENTAL EFFECTS
PRACTICAL ORIENTATION.
SIMPLIFIED DESIGN METHODS
DESIGN EXAMPLES INCLUDED
COMPLEX CALCULATION PROCEDURES

PEEL-OFF APPROACHS
UNDEFINED CALCULATION PROCEDURES
(CONFINEMENT)
TOO SIMPLIFIED APPROACH (SHEAR
STRENGTHENING)
CONSERVATIVE CALCULATIONS (SAFETY FACTORS

OVERLAP)
TOO SIMPLIFIED APPROACH
PEEL-OFF AND END ANCHORAGE
HANDICAPS
29
ACI 440 2R-08
MORE RESTRICTIVE ASPECTS (e.g. FRP strain limits)
CFRP GUIDELINES
GUIDELINES COMPARISON
FIB BULLETIN 14
APPLICATION METHOD:
ACI 440 2R-08

EXPOSURE CONDITIONS
APPLICATION TYPE A
Application of prefab frp under normal quality

control conditions or wet lay-up systems under high
degree of quality control.
GLASS FIBER: / 1,30
APPLICATION TYPE B
Application of any system under difficult on-site

conditions, or wet lay-up systems under normal
quality control.
GLASS FIBER: / 1,50
30
INTERIOR EXPOSURE
GLASS FIBER: x 0,75
EXTERIOR EXPOSURE
GLASS FIBER: x 0,65
AGRESSIVE ENVIROMENT
GLASS FIBER: x 0,50
LOADS VS STRENGTHS
STATES ACCORDING TO EUROCODE
Any structural member should meet 2 different criteria:
It should not collapse under the expected
combination of loads:
ULS (Ultimate Limit State) check
Even when not collapse is expected, structure must remain

functional for its intended use subject to routine loading,
and as such the structure must not cause occupant
discomfort.
SLS (Serviceability Limit State) check
Different aspects of the structure are checked under different possible load combinations
31
STRENGTHS
DETERMINATION OF THE STRENGHTS

CONCRETE
Concrete is a very heterogeneous material. Hence, the expected strength for a certain
concrete batch is not completely homogeneous, as many variables affect its performance.
strength: 95% of the samples are expected to show a greater strength. Used for SLS check.
IfCharacteristic
testing different
samples from the same concrete batch, we can expect:
Mean strength: estimated average strength, used for certain verifications
Strength
Design strength = characteristic strength,

divided
by a safety
factor.I This
one is commonly
for ULS calculations
What
strength
must
consider
for theused
calculations?
Mean strength
Characteristic strength
SAFETY FACTOR
Design strength
33
STRENGTH, STRAIN AND STRESS

CONCRETE
The development of the strain in the concrete is not linear. Therefore, a parabola-rectangle stress
block is used for the determination of the strains and stresses.
This method is the most accurate procedure. However, the complexity regarding the determination of
the area, strains distribution and positioning of the parabola difficult the use of simple equations.
Rectangular
Bilinear
Hence, alternative simplified methods are commonly used.
34
DETERMINATION OF THE STRENGHTS

STEEL
Steel is a very homogeneous material, as a consequence of an industrial process. Hence, the
expected strength for a certain steel grade is predictable.
The characteristic strength is taken as the characteristic yielding strain, any additional strength further the yielding
point is not commonly taken in account.
Strength
Design strength = characteristic strength, reduced by a safety factor. Due to the small variability of its properties as a
consequence of the industrialized production, the safety factor is commonly small.
Characteristic strength
SAFETY FACTOR
Design strength
35

STRAIN IN STEEL
The development of the strain in the concrete is linear until yielding. From that moment, the strength
does not increase any longer.
The yielding point of the steel corresponds to a low strain (0,2-0,3%)

However, the ultimate strain can exceed 10%. Some local regulations limit the strain that can be used
for the calculation, beyond the yielding point.
For example: in Spain, 1% strain is the maximum acceptable for the calculation
36

SOME DEFINITIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS
CONCRETE
fcm is the MEAN compressive strength of the concrete
fck is the CHARACTERISTIC compressive strength. fcm = fck + 8Mpa according to Eurocode.
The concrete class s defined as Cxx/yy; both figures concern to the characteristic compressive
strengths (cylinder or cubic specimen)
For ULS determination, the design strength fcd. is used. fcd = fck/yc
The crashing of the concrete under compression is reached when the strain equals 0,35%. Its
maximum strength is reached when the strain equals 0.2%.
Concrete contribution to tensile is negligible.
STEEL
fyk is the CHARACTERISTIC yielding strength of the steel.
The concrete grade is defined by this value. Independently from the value, all the steel are
assumed to have 200Gpa as E-modulus.
For ULS determination, the design strength fyd. is used. fyd = fyk/ys
The collapse of the steel under tension does not apply for most of the cases.
Steel bars can be assumed to work under tension or under compression. In case of compression,
a certain diameter and/or a certain confinement (stirrups) degree is necessary to avoid their
buckling and take them in account the bars under compression.
37
LOADS
LOADS INVOLVED IN A CALCULATION

LOADS IN SIKA SOFTWARE
OK ?
OK
???
???
39
As resulting of a inadequate definition of

the loads, the final quantity of laminates
can show unrealistic values!!!

HOW TO CLASSIFY (AND MANAGE) THE LOADS
Most the forces are gravity loads, that can be classified into 2 groups:.
Permanent actions (dead loads, )
40
Variable actions (live loads)

COMBINATIONS OF ACTIONS
In a real calculation, the determination of
the loads is not simple
ULS
Persistent or transient design situation
Accidental situation
SLS
Characteristic combination
Quasi-permanent combination
41

HOW TO CLASSIFY (AND MANAGE) THE LOADS
For a certain element (e.g. a column), we must determinate the expected loads, in order to
design it with the sufficient strength. However, this can result extremely complex
If we analyze the loads within a certain period of time, this is the result:
Variable load
What load must I use to design my column?
Load >
Permanent load
Variable +
permanent
Time >

EUROCODE PROCEDURE (SIMPLIFICATION)
Quasi-permanent
load checks
average load
What the engineer
is: 100% permanent load + reduced percentage of variable loads
Characteristic load value with an expected probability not to be exceed during normal use of the structure 100%
permanent load + significant percentage of variable loads
Design load (ULS) = characteristic load increased by a safety factor
Load >
1-The structure does not collapse under this load.

Design load (ULS)
2-The structure does not experiences uncontrolled cracking

or deformation under this situation
SAFETY
FACTOR
Characteristic load (SLS)
3-The deformation of the structural components is limited under

usual loadings
Var. + per. combination

Quasi-permanent load (SLS)
Variable load
Permanent load
Time >
43

COMBINATION OF ACTIONS
Example: load combination under ULS
Gk is the characteristic value of a permanent action

P is the force corresponding to the presstressing
Qk,1 is the characteristic value of the predominant variable
action
Qk,i is the characteristic value of the non-predominant
variable actions
are the safety factors for the acting loads -larger for the
variable (1,50), smaller for the permanent (1,35).
are the reduction factors for the variable actions when
combined
44
x 1,35
x 1,5
x1
x 0,7

EXAMPLE
G
(Permanent)
Q1 (variable,
predominant)
10 kN/m2
5 kN/m2
Qi (variable,
non predominant)
3 kN/m2
Sum
18 kN/m2
ULS:
1,35 x 10 kN/m2=
13,5 kN/m2
1,50 x 1 x 5 kN/m2=
7,5 kN/m2
1,50 x 0,7 x 3 kN/m2=

3,15 kN/m2
24,15 kN/m2
0,7 x 3 kN/m2=
2,10 kN/m2
17,10 kN/m2
0,3 x 3 kN/m2=
0,9 kN/m2
12,40 kN/m2
SLS, characteristic combination

10 kN/m2
5 kN/m2
SLS, quasi-permanent combination

10 kN/m2
0,3 x 5 kN/m2=
1,5 kn/m2
Values in blue concern to safety factors. Values in red concern to reduction factors as a consequence of the combination
of loads. Those values are indicated in the Eurocodes. This sample is a simplification, hence the figures and factors do
not correspond to a real situation.
45
STRENGTHS INVOLVED IN A CALCULATION

LIMITS UNDER ULS
ULS
TARGET: AVOID THE COLLAPSE

Loads are FACTORED (x )
Materialsstrengths are REDUCED (: )
Limit 1: Concrete crush
Limit 3: Max. steel strain (some countries)

Limit 2: CFRP debonding
46

LIMITS UNDER SLS, Q-P LOADS
SLS,q-p
TARGET: AVOID HIGH LEVELS OF CREEP

Real loads combination (no factored)
Real strengths ( no reduction factors)
Creep is taken in account for the calculation
< 0,45 fck
< 0,80 fyk
47
Limit 1: Concrete stress
Limit 2: Tensile steel stress

LIMITS UNDER SLS, CHARACTERISTIC LOAD
SLS,k
TARGET: AVOID EXCESSIVE CRACKING AND

DEFORMATION
Real loads combination (no factored)
Real strengths( no reduction factors)
Creep is NOT taken in account for the calculation
< 0,60 fck
< 0,80 fyk
48
Limit 1: Concrete stress
Limit 2: Tensile steel stress

CFRP Design Parameters

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CFRP Design Parameters

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INTRODUCTION TO THE FRP

SIKA FRP PRODUCT RANGE

Manual application systems

Sika Carbodur CFRP plates

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

ACI 440 2R-08

Application of prefab frp under normal quality

Application of any system under difficult on-site

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

Human hair (0,08mm diameter)

Carbon fiber(0,007mm diameter)

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

SIKA FRP PRODUCT RANGE

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

CarboDur CFRP plate

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

SIKA FRP PRODUCT RANGE

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

SIKA FRP PRODUCT RANGE

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

SIKA FRP PRODUCT RANGE

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

SIKA FRP PRODUCT RANGE

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

SIKA FRP PRODUCT RANGE

Viaduc de Chillon, Switzerland

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

SIKA FRP PRODUCT RANGE

Sikadurrange developed as steel plate bonding for Structural Strengthening

Long Term Test at EMPA

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

SIKA FRP PRODUCT RANGE

Steel plate strain

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

SIKA FRP PRODUCT RANGE

Cyclic Load Test

Climatic Test (heat+humidity)

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

PhD Thesis H.-P. Kaiser, EMPA, Switzerland

SIKA FRP PRODUCT RANGE

First Application of CFRP plates for Structural Strengthening of a bridge

Ibach Bridge, Switzerland

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

SIKA CFRP PRODUCT RANGE

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

EUROCODE AND FIB BULLETIN 14

WHAT IS THE EUROCODE

Regarding the reinforced concrete

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

WHAT IS THE EUROCODE

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

WHAT IS THE EUROCODE

November, 2013 CFRP Workshop

Externally bonded FRP reinforcement for RC structures

Guide for the design and construction of externally

Design and Construction of Building Components with FibreReinforced Polymers

Design Guidance for