01

JUNE 18 2011

Different type of Electric Circuits

Circuit Elements

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

01
JUNE 18 2011

Electric Circuit
An electric circuit consist of a voltage source, a load,
a path for current between the source and the load.
A load is a device on which work is done by the
current through it.
Electric Circuit Types:
1.
2.
3.

Closed
Open
Short

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

01
JUNE 18 2011

Voltage (V)
It is the potential energy in an electrical circuit that makes things happen.
It is sometimes called Electromotive Force or EMF.
The basic unit (measurement) of EMF is volt.
V=

W
Q

where

W = energy in Joules (J)

Q = charge in Coulomb (C)

Electric Potential. The amount of work required in moving a unit charge.

Potential Difference. The rise and fall (gain or loss) of potential energy in
moving a charge from one point to another.
Absolute Potential. Potential developed in moving a charge from infinity to a
point.
Relative Potential. Potential developed in moving a charge from one point to
another point.

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

01
JUNE 18 2011

Current (I)
It is the flow of electrons in a conductor (wires) from the negative end to the positive end.
It is measured in amperes (amps)
I=

Q
t

where

Q = charge in Coulomb (C)

t = time in sec (s)

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

01
JUNE 18 2011

Resistance (R)
It is the opposition to the flow of current.
It is measured in ohms ().
R=

l
A

where

l = length in meter (m)

A = cross-sectional area in m2
R = resistance in ohms ()
= resistivity or specific resistance
in ( m)
= resistance per unit length and
cross-sectional area

Notes:
Resistivity for Annealed Cu at 20C
20C = 1.72 x 10-8 m (for annealed Cu)
= 10.37 -cmil per ft
Cross sectional area in terms of square mils
1 cmil =

sq. mils

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

01
JUNE 18 2011

Conductance (G)
It is the ability for electricity to flow in a certain path
It is measured in sigma ()
A
A
where
G=
=
= conductivity or specific conductance in siemens per meter (S/m)
l
l
Notes:
Annealed Cu posses 100% conductivity
Less than 100% conductivity mean a poor conductor
Greater than 100% conductivity means a better conductor

% conductivity =

% conductivity =

material
annealed Cu
Cu
material

x 100% =

material
1/ Cu

1/

x 100%

x 100%

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

01
JUNE 18, 2011

Thank You for

listening!

Lets discuss the Circuit Elements..

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

01
JUNE 18 2011

Different type of Electric Circuits

Circuit Elements

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

01
JUNE 18 2011

An electrical network is an interconnection of circuit element as follows:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Voltage Source
Resistors
Inductors
Capacitors
Transmission Lines
Switches

3. Inductor
Inductor is a passive electrical component formed by a coil of wire that
exhibits the property of inductance.
Inductance is a measure of a coils ability to establish an induced voltage
as a result of a change in its current, and that induced voltage is in a
direction to oppose that change in current. Unit is Henry.
Is can store energy in a magnetic field created by the electric
current passing through it.
An Inductive load lags the applied voltage.
Example of Inductive loads are hair dryers, fans, blenders, vacuum
cleaners, and many other motorized devices.

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

01
JUNE 18 2011

4. Capacitor
Capacitor is a passive electrical component that stores electrical charge and a
property of capacitance.
It is device made of two metal conductors separated by an insulator called dielectric.
Capacitance is the amount of charge that a capacitor can store per unit voltage across
its plate. Units is farads.
A Capacitive load leads the voltage.
Example of capacitive loads are TV picture tubes, long
extension cords, and components used in electronic devices.

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

10

01
JUNE 18 2011

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

11

01
JUNE 18 2011

5. Transmission Line
Transmission Line transfers bulk
electrical energy, from generating
power plants to substations
located near population centers.

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

12

01
JUNE 18 2011

6. Switches
Switches are commonly used for controlling
the opening or closing of a circuits,
interrupting current or diverting it from
one conductor to another.
Type of Switch
1. Mechanical Switches

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

13

01
JUNE 18 2011

SPST --- Single-Pole-Single-Throw

DPST --- Double-Pole-Single-Throw
DPDT --- Double-Pole-Double-Throw
Push Button --- PB
Rotary

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

14

01
JUNE 18 2011

2.

Electrical Switches (Relay)

It is an electromagnetic switch that is used to open or close electrical contacts
rather than to provide mechanical movement.

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

15

01
JUNE 18, 2011

Thank You for

listening!

Lets discuss factors affecting Resistance of the Conductors..

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

16

01
JUNE 21 2011

Resistance of the Conductors

Factors affecting the Resistance

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

17

01
JUNE 21 2011

Resistance of the Conductor

Recall

R=

where

l = length in meter (m)

A = cross-sectional area in m2
R = resistance in ohms ()
= resistivity or specific resistance
in ( m)
= resistance per unit length and
cross-sectional area

Notes:
Resistivity for Annealed Cu at 20C
20C = 1.72 x 10-8 m (for annealed Cu)
= 10.37 -cmil per ft
Cross sectional area in terms of square mils
1 cmil =

sq. mils

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

18

01
JUNE 21 2011

Factors affecting the Resistance

1.
2.
3.
4.

Type of materials (conductor)

Length of wire
Cross-sectional area of wire
Temperature

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

19

01
JUNE 21 2011

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

20

01
JUNE 21 2011

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

21

01
JUNE 21, 2011

Thank You for

listening!

Lets discuss Temperature effect on the Resistance...

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

01
JUNE 21 2011

Temperature Effect on the Resistance

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

01
JUNE 21 2011

Effect of Temperature on Resistance

1.

As temperature increases, Resistance increases (+ temp. coeff.)

eg. Cu, Al, and all metallic conductor

2.

As temperature increases, Resistance decreases (- temp. coeff.)

eg. Insulator and semiconductor

3.

As temperature increases or decreases, Resistance remains fairly constant

eg. Alloy, Mg
R
R2
R1

TX

TX = inferred zero resistance temperature

= inferred absolute zero temperature
= - 234.5C (for Cu)

t1

t2

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

01
JUNE 21 2011

By the law of Geometry,

R2

R1

|Tx | + t2

R2

|Tx | + t1

R1

= R1

R2

|Tx | + t2
|Tx | + t1
TX

Let s get R T curve as shown

R2 - R1
R1

t2 t1

But,

|Tx | + t1

1 =

R2 - R1 = R1

t2 t1

R2 = R1

1+

t2 t1
|Tx | + t1
1
|Tx | + t1

1
|Tx | + t1

t2

R
T1-R1

in per C

= temp. coefficient of resistance at t1 per unit

resistance change per degree (C) change in
temp. referred to a point on the R-T curve.

|Tx | + t1

R2 = R1 + R1

t1

therefore,
(t2 t1)

R2 = R1

1+

1 (t2 t1)

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

01
JUNE 21, 2011

Resistivity VS Temperature

Let m = slope of the linear region of

the T curve
m=

- 1

t2 - t1

2 = 1
2 = 1
but

+ m ( t2 - t1 )

1 + m (t2 - t1 )
1

m
= temp. coeff. of resistivity =
1

t1

t2

therefore,

2 = 1

1+

1 (t2 -

t1 )

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

01
JUNE 21 2011

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

01
JUNE 21, 2011

Thank You for

listening!

Lets discuss on the next Chapter: Ohms Law, Energy, Work, and Power...
TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

01
JUNE 21 2011

Electrical Relevance of Ohms Law

to DC Circuit
Work, Electric Power and
Electrical Energy

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

01
JUNE 21 2011

Ohms Law
States that the current through a conductor between two points is
directly proportional to the potential difference across the two
points, and inversely proportional to the resistance between them.

element

VI
but there is always a constant figure that opposes to
current I, say this is k
V=kxI
V
= k
I

therefore,

V=IxR

where R is the resistance for k who

opposes the current.

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

01
JUNE 21 2011

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

01
JUNE 21 2011

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

01
JUNE 21, 2011

Thank You for

listening!

Lets discuss Work, Electrical Energy, and Electric Power

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

01
JUNE 21 2011

Electrical Relevance of Ohms Law

to DC Circuit
Work, Electric Power and
Electrical Energy

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

01
JUNE 21 2011

Work
Work is the accomplishment of motion against
a force that tends to oppose that motion.
W=Fxd
where,

Note:

F = force in newton
d = distance in meter
W = work in joules

F = ma
weight = mg

Whenever Work is done, there is always

an accompanying energy conversion.

MECHANICAL
ENERGY

ELECTRICAL
ENERGY

HEAT ENERGY

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

01
JUNE 21 2011

Electric Power and Electrical Energy

Power

Energy is the ability to do work.

Power is the rate at which Energy is used

Current itself does not do any real work.

Voltage and Current together can produce real work.
Electric Power is the product of
voltage times current.
Power is used to produce
real work.
Power is the rate of doing
work or energy conversion.
Measurement in watt.
Energy
Electrical Energy is the
product of electrical power
and time.
It is the amount of time a
load is on (i.e., current is
flowing) time the amount
of power used by the load
(i.e. watts).
Measurement is watt-hour
(Wh).
TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

01
JUNE 21 2011

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

01
JUNE 21 2011

where,
P=W
t

W = work done or energy converted in joules

t = time in seconds
P = power in joules/second or watts
Kilowatt-Hour (kWh)

from,
V=

W
Q

P=VxI

and

then

I=

Q
t

1J=1WxS

P=W
t

By Ohms Law, V = I x R

1J=

P=VxI

1 kW
1000 W

1
3.6 x 106

1h
3600 S

kWh

1 kWh = 3.6 MJ

P = I2 x R

Horsepower (unit or mechanical output power)

2
P=V
R

TOPIC TITLE

1 Joule = 1 watt x second or 1 J = 1 W x S

1 Hp = 746 Watts = 0.746 kW

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

1st / 2011-2012
TOPIC TITLE
Ohms Law, Power, and Energy
Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

PREPARED BY

L. Valcos SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

3rd / 2013-2014

PREPARED BY

L. Valcos

#
#

01
JUNE 21, 2011

Percent Power Efficiency, y

y=

Wout
Win

%y =

Pout
Pin

Pout x time
Pin x time
x 100%

where,
Pin = mechanical energy
Pout = heat energy
Overall Efficiency = y1 x y2 x y3
which is always less than the
smallest efficiency.

TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos

01
JUNE 21, 2011

Thank You for

listening!

Lets discuss some sample problems relating to Ohms law, Electric Power and
Electrical Energy
TOPIC TITLE

SY / TERM OF EFFECTIVITY

PREPARED BY

Foundation of DC Concepts, Ohm's Law, Power and Energy

3rd / 2013-2014

L. Valcos