Sentence Pattern in English (fundamentos de la estructura bsica del

Ingls)Lesson 1 (Basic)
Cuando tenemos una oracin es bueno saber su estructura para poder entendernos mejor durante el
proceso de aprendizaje.
En las clases que siguan me referir a los trminos de la oracin para hacer correcciones o para enfatizar algunos puntos. Es algo
que muchos profesores no dan mucha importancia pero que crea una uniformidad y orden entre alumnos y el profesor.

Hablaremos de :
- Nouns / Subjects / adjectives / verbs / adverbs / complement / modifiers

Nouns : (sustantivos)
Names a person, place, thing or idea (Nombra a una persona, lugar, cosa, o idea)
Examples: John, love, world, picture, Madrid
Subject: (Sujeto)
It is the person, place, thing or idea (a noun) that does the action of a sentence and it goes before the
verb. (Es el sustantivo que realiza la accion de la oracion)
Examples of Subjects:
- George likes boats (George and boats are nouns but George is the subject)
- The weather was horrible yesterday.
- The bank closed early.

Verb (verbo)
It shows the action of the subject. Every sentence must have a verb. (Hace la accin del sujeto y toda
oracion necesita de un verbo)
Examples:
- My wife went to France.
- We have studied English all night.
- I am writing a letter.
- She works for IBM company.
Adjective (adjetivo): Describes a noun (califica a un sustantivo) - Examples : Blue house

, old man, interesting book, pretty woman etc

Adverb (adverbio): Describes the verb or adjective. (califica al verbo o adjetivo) Examples: He walks slowly / He studies
quietly (muchas veces acaba en -ly)

Complement:
It completes the verb and it is usually a noun or noun phrase. Every sentence does not require a
complement. The complement answers the question what? or whom? (Es el complemento del verbo y
no es requerido tenerlo en toda oracin).
Modifiers: Tells about the time, place or manner of the action. (Hable del tiempo, lugar y manera de accion del verbo)
Subject

Verb

Complement

Modifier

John and I

ate

a pizza

last week

We

studied

english

last night

Verbo to be en ingles y pronombres leccon gratis (Lesson 2)Today we will talk about PRONOUNS and the verb (to be). It is important to understand perfectly these topics because it will help
us in the future to understand other more complex structures.
Gracias por su visita y espero esta pagina siga creciendo. En esta clase hablaremos de los pronombres de sujeto y el verbo to be
eningles. Esto es fundamental puesto que nos ayudara a comprender mas adelante estructuras mas avanzadas. A continuacin la
clase:Pronouns :
Singular: I , You, He, She It
Plural: We you they
Verb to be (in the present form): am/is/are
Table # 1 (Positive form) Pronouns with the verb to be (am/is/are) and its Contractions

Subject
Pronouns

Verb
(To be)

Contraction

1St

am

Im

2nd

you

are

youre

3rd

He/She/It

Is

hes / shes / its

PLURAL
were

1st

We

2nd

You

you re

3rd

They

theyre

are

Table 2 : (Negative form) Pronouns with the verb to be (am/is/are) and its Contractions
Subject

Verb

Pronouns

(To be)

1St

am + not

Im not

2nd

you

are + not

youre not / you arent

3rd

He/She/It

is + not

hes / shes / its + not

or

Contraction

he/she/it + isnt
PLURAL
were not / we arent

1st

We

2nd

You

you re not / you arent

3rd

They

theyre not / they arent

Are +not

Table # 3 (Questions)
Verb (to be)

Subject

Complement

Pronoun

(optional)

1St

Am

a good student?

2nd

Are

you

married?

3rd

Is

he/she/it

your friend?

PLURAL
1st

Are

we

ready?

2nd

you

at home

3rd

they

tired?

Table 4: Short answers (Yes and no answers)

Positive

Negative

1St

Yes, I am

No. Im not

2nd

Yes, you are

No, you arent

3rd

Yes, he is

No, he isnt / No, hes not

No, she isnt / No, shes not
No, it isnt/ No, its not
PLURAL

1st

Yes, we are

No, were not / No, we arent

2nd

Yes, you are

No, youre not / No, you arent

3rd

Yes, they are

No, theyre not / No, they arent

Observaciones:

Recuerden que en ingles siempre deben poner el Sujeto. En una oracin positiva o negativa debern seguir la formula

(SUBJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENT) en donde el complement es opcional.

Ejemplo :
Es bonita
Is pretty (INCORRECTO) > No hay sujeto y en el ingles es necesario
She is pretty (Correcto)
No se enamoren del verbo to be. Solo quiere decir ser o estar. Algunos creen que siempre lo deben poner pero depende de
que accin haga el sujeto.
Ejemplo
Juega futbol.
He is play futbol (ERROR) > el sujeto no hace 2 acciones a la vez.
He plays football (CORRECTO)
Es decir, el sujeto puede hacer distintas acciones y el verbo to be solo es para expresar acciones de ser o estar. En otras
lecciones aprenderemos como hacer oraciones con otros verbos

Algunos ejercicios de Grammar in Use Basic usando pronombres y el verbo to be en ingles

Question words with the verb to be, preguntas con el verbo to be

(LESSON 3)
In this class we will talk about question words and how we can use them with the verb to be in the present tense: En esta clase
vamos a hablar de los questions words y de como podemos usarlos correctamente con los verbos to be
Question words are those words that may go in the beginning of a question. When we use question words we do not use a yes or
no answer.
Los questions words son las palabras especficas que se deben colocar al inicio de la frase pregunta en ingls. Cuando se
utilizan estos no se responde con las respuestas cortas si o no (Yes, I am por ejemplo) Se responde con una oracin completa (
S+V+C).
Ejemplo :
Whats your name?
Im David Taylor. (The answer is a sentence)
With no question word:
Are you Maria?
No, Im not (The answer is a yes/no because there isnt a question word)
Question words are used to gather specific information. The following table shows the meaning of the question words in Spanish.
Table # 1 Question words en ingles (verb to be practice)
English

Spanish

Where

Donde

Why

Por que

Who

Quien

What / (time)

Que / Cual (a que hora)

Which

Que / Cual

How long

Por cuanto tiempo / para

medidas

How often

Con que frecuencia

Whose

De quien

How many/much

Cuantos

How old

Edad

How

Como

How + adjetivo

Descripciones

How come

Como asi

Table # 2 (Question structure of the verb to be in the present simple with QWs)
Question Word

Verb (to be)

Subject

Complement

What

is

(your) name?

[no complement]

How old

are

you?

[no complement]

Where

is

Juan

from?

Who

is

(the) present

for?

Remember:
In questions with the verb to be, only the question words can go in the beginning. Nothing may go in front of the question words in
full questions.
De donde eres? -> Lo lgico seria : From where are you? (INCORRECTO)
Recuerden que si algo va en su idioma antes del QW entonces lo mandamos al final en el complemento.
Correcto: Where are you from? (QW goes first)
Typical questions with the above properties:

What is this for? (Para que es esto?)

Who are the books for ? (Para quien son los libros?)
What is the movie about? (De que se trata la pelcula?)
Preguntas importantes con sus respuestas para aprender:
Where are you from? Im from Australia
Whats (what + is) your address? Its 876 Snow Road.
Whats your nationality? Im Peruvian.
Whose pencil is this? It is my pencil (Whose = de quien y va antes del sustantivo)
How old is Marcus? Hes twenty years old.
Why are you sad? Because I am sick.
How are you? Im fine, thank you.
Ejercicios Gracias a Basic Grammar in use de los question words en ingles:

Demonstrative pronouns/adjectives, articles a/an and plural nouns

(LECCION 4)
En esta clase hablaremos de los Demonstratives (This, that, these y those) y como estos pueden ser adjetivos o
pronombres. Tambin hablaremos de el articulo a/an y de como formar plurales en cuanto a los sustantivos.
1) Demonstrative pronouns en ingles/adjectives:
Singular

Plural

Distance

This

These

Close to the
speaker

That

Those

Far from the

speaker

Demonstrative Pronouns en ingles: substitute nouns that are understood in context and indicate if they are replacing singular

or plural nouns and give the location of the object.

Examples:
Whats that? (that se refiere a algo en singular y que se encuentra alejado de la persona)
That is a book. (That es el sujeto pues va antes del verbo to be)
En estos casos sonDemonstrative Pronouns pues renombran a un sustantivo (noun)
Demonstrative Adjectives: these describe nouns and there position. In this case, you need to put a noun after the

demonstrative adjectives.
Examples:
Whose is this umbrella? (el sustantivo es umbrella y this esta describiendo la localizacin)
That umbrella is Juans. (De igual forma that describa la localizacion de el paragua pero umbrella es el sujeto y sustantivo)
En ingles es mas simple que en espaol asi que recomiendo aprender la estructura sin necesidad de traducir pues en espanol hay
mas reglas.
2) Article (a/an)

Como vemos a/an se utiliza para decir un pero a va antes de consonantes y an antes de vocales o sonidos de vocales. (En
pre-intermedio veremos las reglas de cuando usar a/an)
Ejemplos
Whats that? This is my book What are those? These are cookies.
Whats this? Thats your pen What are these? Those are guitars.
Whats that? Its a book. What are those? They are computers.
* Tambien se puede usar para personas:
Whos that? Thats Joe.
Who are those? They are my friends (Those are my friends)
Ejercicios:

3) How to make plural nouns (como formar la forma plural de los sustantivos)

Ejercicios / Exercises

Possessive forms: Possessive nouns and possessive adjectives

(LECCION 5)
En esta clase vamos a discutir acerca de la forma possesiva de los sustantivos y a como usar correctamente los possessive
adjectives
I) POSSESSIVE NOUNS
In this class we will discuss about how to form the possessive form for nouns and how to use the possessive adjectives correctly.
To form the possessive for a noun we must add to the noun an apostrophe () and then the letter s.
Examples of regular nouns:
The boys name. (El nombre del chico) - The boys toys. (los juguetes de los chicos)
The girls pen. (el lapicero de la chica) -The girls pen. (el lapicero de las chicas)
Example of irregular nouns:
The mans car is in the garage. (el carro del hombre esta en el garaje) The mens cars are in the garage. ( los carros de los
hombre estan en el garaje)
* Como ven, en los sustantivos regulares tienen que saber donde poner el apostrophe () para dejar el claro si es possesin de
singular y plural > boys (singular) boys (plural).
En los irregulares es mas simple por que simplemente se agrega el apostrophe mas la letra s.
> mans (singular) mens (plural) , childs childrens etc.
FIGURA # 1

Possessive nouns with names:

With names we add the apostrophe plus the letter s before the noun or nouns that we want to show possession.
Examples:
Juans brother is sick. (El hermano de Juan esta enfermo)
Miguels house is very far. (La casa de Miguel esta muy lejos)
Carlos girlfriend is at the party. (La novia de Carlos esta en una fiesta)
* Noten que con nombres que acaben con s no se le agrega otra s sino simplemente el apostrophe ().
OBSERVATIONS:
We normally use (s) for people.
I went (fui) to my brothers house. (NOT the house of my brother)
This is my moms sister.
We use of for things, places etc
What is the name of the movie.
Lima is the capital of Peru.

II) POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

Figura # 2

We can use the possessive adjectives BEFORE the nouns to show possession.
> This is my BOOK. Thats her pencil. (Possessive adjectives need to be followed by a noun)
* En conclusin podemos utilizar los possessive nouns o los possesseive pronouns pero estos tienen que ser seguidos por
un sustantivo. Los possessive pronouns son usados para especificar. En cambio, los possessive adjectives son usados
cuando ya se sabe de quien estamos hablando.

Figura # 3

There is there are (LECCION 6)

In this lesson we will talk about there + the verb to be in the present simple. (Vamos a hablar del verbo haber en el presente
indicativo)
Structure and Use (there is/are)
There are and there is are forms used to express existence of. The structure is:
There + verb to be (is for SINGULAR nouns ; are for PLURAL nouns)
Examples:
There is a guitar in my room. (A guitar exists in my room)
There are two chairs in my room. (Two chairs exist in my room)
The following chart is the forms of there is/are in positive (+), negative (-), and questions (?)
Singular

Plural

(+) There is a {chair, book,

There are [some] {chairs, books,

man}

men}

(-) There isnt a {laptop,

bathroom}

There arent [any] {laptops,

bathrooms}

(?) Is there a {problem, shirt}

Are there [any] {problems, shirts}

NOTES:
This table is only for COUNTABLE NOUNS. In the future we will talk about uncountable nouns. For this level when you use there
is use the article a. In the plural there are you can use some for positive and any for negative and questions (some/any) is
optional.
Nota: Estas reglas son para los sustantivos contables (aquellos que se pueden contar o poner en singular y plural). Por
ejemplo chair es contable porque uno puede decir chairs. Un ejemplo de no contable es water o rice.
Some more examples:
FIGURA # 1

Problems with there is/are

- Be careful when you translate from Spanish into English. Remember, follow the Structure in English.
Problemas con there is/are
Esta es una de las primeras veces en que vemos que tenemos que tener cuidado en traducir ya que las estructuras del Espaol u
otro idioma pueden ser distintas. En este caso SIGAN LA ESTRUCTURA DE INGLES.
Un ejemplo:
Como se dice: Hay algn restaurante cerca de aqu?
ERROR: Is there any restaurant near here?
Es un error pues restaurant es singular pero any va con plural.
Correct:
-Is there a restaurant near here?
- Are there any restaurants near here?
El problema es que ustedes quieren decir algn pero en ingles algn o algunos es some/any pero se usa solo en PLURAL. As
que por favor cuando traduzcan hganlo pero siempre teniendo en cuenta la estructura correcta. ESTO ES, EMPECEMOS A
PENSAR EN INGLES. No es necesario traducir aunque es inevitable pero es un paso que se da despus de saber y respetar las
estructuras de el Ingles.

Exercise/ Ejercicios de there is y there are

Completar: Recuerden There is (a) -> singular, There are -> Plural (se puede usar some/any)

Observaciones:

Respuestas cortas

Is there a TV in your room?

(+) Yes, there is .(-) No, there isnt.
Are there (any) books?
(+) Yes, there are. (-) No, there arent.

There tambin es usado para decir all.

Ejemplo : My brother is (over) there. (Mi hermano esta all) Over es opcional. En este post solo estamos estudiando el there + to
be pero recuerden que tiene otros significados.

Dar ordenes e insturcciones en Ingles, Giving commands and orders

with the Imperative form (LECCION 7)
In this lesson we will talk about how to give commands and orders and to use please with the imperative.
The Imperative pattern
It is used to give instructions, commands and orders. It is a very simple structure because we do not need to use the subject. The
sentence is started with the verb or verb phrase and dont is used for the negative form.
Positive form:
Verb: Example: (to write / to ask / to read / to bring / to take / to give / to be)
(+) Write your name on the sheet. {There isnt any subject because it is an order)
(+) Read chapter 5 for tomorrow.
(+) Be quiet!
Negative form:
To use the negative form add the word dont before the infinitive without to
(-) Dont write on the table.
(-) Dont read that book.
(-) Dont bring food to the class.
Example: (figure # 1)

NOTE:
* We can use the word please to make a request or petition. We put it at the beginning or end of the imperative sentence (positive
or negative).
Use a comma if please is at the end of a request. Dont use a comma if please is at the beginning of a request.
Examples:
(+) Please be quiet.
(-) Dont make noise, please.
(+) Bring me my sweater, please.
Apuntes del Profesor:
Como vemos, es una estructura simple pero es una buena forma de empezar a ver otros verbos adems del verbo to be.
Recuerden de que tienen que empezar a pensar en ingles as que cuando requieren dar una orden, instruccin o peticin (con
please) pueden utilizar la forma imperativa afirmativa o negativa. Si no saben el verbo basta con buscarlo en el diccionario y
simplemente ponen la forma infinitiva sin el to antes.
Ejemplo:
No saben como decir No saltes Vas al diccionario y buscas y encuentras que saltar viene del infinitivo to jump. Por ende se
dice Dont jump

Practice with the verbs and pictures (Figure # 2)

EXERCISES:
Complete the sentences using the imperatives (positive or negative). Look at the pictures for help.

Present continuous en ingles progressive tense Uso y estructura

Leccion 8 gratis con audio
In this lesson we will cover the present continuous tense (the use and structure). Recuerden de votar por InglesTotal AQUI (bajo
EDUCACION)

The Present Continuous or present progressive tense

Structure: S + verb to be (AM/IS/ARE) + -ing form of a verb+ Complement.

Use: To describe actions that are happening at the moment (NOW).
La estructura consta del uso del verbo mas el gerundio. se usa para describir acciones que suceden en el momento. Se
usa para explicar lo que uno esta haciendo ahora.

I) The positive form of the present continuous.

- Remember to use the Subject (this can be a subject pronoun or a noun -LESSON 1 Click AQUI) plus (+) the verb to be in the
present tense (am/is/are) and complement (optional).
The following is the table of the positive form of the present continuous / progressive.
Table #1 :Positive Form

Common mistakes:
Students forget to use the verb to be
Example:
a) My father working (INCORRECT) > My father IS working. (Correct)
- Sometimes students do not use the -ing form.
b) Robert is play with my sister (INCORRECT) > Robert is playING with my sister. (CORRECT)
Recuerden de no omitir el sujeto. En espaol Esta comiendo esta usando un sujeto tcito. En ingles siempre debemos
decir quien hace la accin (salvo en el imperativo) Entonces en esta comiendo el sujeto puede ser el, ella, o ello.
En ingles seria He/she /it is eating dependiendo del contexto.

II) The negative form of the present continuous

The negative form is used by adding not after the verb to be in the present tense form. You may use contractions.
Table # 2:The negative form.

Common mistakes:
-Some students place the negative first. REMEMBER TO USE THE S+V+C !!!
a) Not working my father (INCORRECT) > My father isnt (is + not) working (CORRECT)
- Students use the dont/doesnt to do the negative:
b) She doesnt playing (INCORRECT) > She isnt playing (CORRECT)

III) The question form of the present continuous.

We have to put the verb to be + the subject + -ing form + the complement.

Are you watching TV?

Remember that we can use the Question words before the structure:
Examples:
What are you doing? Answer: I am studying English with my virtual teacher.
Where is Pedro going? Answer: He is going to the shopping mall.
Table # 3: Question form

Common mistakes:
Students do not change the order of the verb to be with the subject:
a) He is working? (INCORRECT) > Is he working? (CORRECT)
Students use do or does in questions:
b) Do you studying? (INCORRECT) > Are you studying? (CORRECT)

IV) Lets practice ! (Ejercicios de practica)

V) Exercises (ejercicos) TAREA HOMEWORK:

Prepositions of place on in at, Preposiciones de lugar en ingles (on in

at) LECCION 9
En esta leccin veremos como utilizar la preposicin en (on, in, at) en el idioma ingles. Recuerden de participar con sus
comentarios, email o manden un archivo mp3.

Preposition of place (at, on, in)

Part 1: Uses of at, in, and on

In: We use in to specify that a noun (object, person etc) is inside.

Figura #1:

Examples:
- Where is your father? Hes in the kitchen.
- Who is in the room?
- Brian was swimming in the ocean.
- Bogota is in Colombia.
* IN es usado para decir y explicar que un objeto, animal o persona se encuentra dentro de un lugar, objeto o sitio.

At: We use at to refer to a general location.

Figura # 2

Examples:
- Maria is at the window talking on the phone.
- Juan is at the table with his girlfriend.
- Please read the paragraph at the top of the page.
- The restaurant is at the end of German Avenue.
*AT: es usado para explicar que un objeto animal o persona se encuentra en el sitio de forma general. Es decir, si uno quiere
decir: Mi padre esta en la puerta uno no puede utilizar in puesto que in es usado para decir que algo se encuentra dentro de
otro y una persona no puede estar dentro de una puerta. Es por eso que en estos casos uno habla de forma general. Por ende
seria de la forma siguiente: My father is at the door.

On: We use on when we want to say that an object or person is on the surface of
another object.

Figura #3:
Examples:
- Your books are on the shelf.
- Dont put your hands on my head.
- There is an orange on the table.
We always say : on a horse, on a bike (bicycle) , on a motorcycle and we usually say on a plane.
*ON:Es usado para explicar que un objeto esta sobre la superficie de otro.

Lets Practice !!! (Part 1)

Figura 4:

Part 2 rules to use (at, in, on)

- Reglas para usar (at, in, on). En los siguientes cuadros vemos frases comunes que van con at, in y on.

Lets Practice !!! Figure 5:

Homework Tarea
Parte 1: Uso de (in on at) Write the correct preposition (on in at)

Parte 2: Reglas (in on at) Write the correct preposition (on in at)

Simple present positive form La forma positiva de el presente simple

en ingles (LECCION 10a-grammar)
Welcome to lesson 10a (1st of two parts) where we will talk about the present simple tense with other verbs that are not the verb to
be. We are going to look at the structure and the use of the simple present tense.The present simple tense (with verbs that are not
TO BE)

Structure / form:

The forms (or conjugations) of the present simple tense are two. Remember that with the verb to be there are three forms (am, is,
are). To form the present simple conjugations we first need to have the verb. In this example we will use the verb to play.
Verb to play
One conjugation is formed by eliminating the to > play
The other conjugation is formed by adding s or es. >plays
So you can now form the conjugations of any verb in the present simple!
to work: work / works
to study: study / studies
to watch : watch / watches
to bring : bring / brings
to get : get / gets
to dance: dance / dances

Note : With the verb to have the conjugations are > have / has (NOT haves)
Now we learned to conjugate and form the verbs. Lets learn what pronouns go with the correct form.
He / she / it > with the s form (plays)
I / you / we / you / they -> normal form without the to (play)
*Como vemos, en el present simple existen solo dos conjugaciones con los verbos que no son to be (con los to be son tres
conjugaciones : am, is, are). Estas dos conjugaciones son formadas muy fcilmente. Una es formada con solo quitarl
e el to (play) y la otra forma es agregndole la letra s o es. Cuando comparamos con el espaol vemos que esto es mas
sencillo puesto que con el verbo jugar las conjugaciones son: juego, ju
egas, juega, jugamos, jugis, y juegan. Entonces si hablan el espaol el ingles vanlo como algo mas simple y sencillo.
Figure #1: The positive form of the simple present tense

Use (uso del presente simple)

Now that we know the structure/form it is IMPORTANT to understand when we use the simple present. This will help us talk and
participate in conversations. Without knowing the use, we will have problems expressing ourselves.
We use present simple in the following situations:
- To express habits and routines.
Juan plays football on Saturday.
I go to work everyday at 8:00 am.
- General, mathematical and scientific truths:
English people drink a lot of tea
Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
NOTE: THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE IS NOT USED TO DESCRIBE SITUATIONS THAT ARE HAPPENNING AT THE
MOMENT (NOW)
**La forma y estructura es importante pero es indispensable saber el uso. Es decir, tenemos que entender cuando y en que
situaciones utilizamos el simple present tense. Estas es la nica forma de empezar a pensar en ingles. Cuantas veces me
encuentro con alumnos que saben rellenar un examen pero no saben hablar. Esto es porque no prestan atencin al uso. El uso les
permitir usar el tiempo correcto en la situacin correcta y les ayudara a tener conversaciones fluidas. Olvdense de traducciones
antes de hablar ingles. Esto les traer problemas y les har hablar lento. Simplemente piensen y practiquen el uso de los tiempos.
Como vemos usamos el tiempo present simple cuando queremos expresar, rutinas, hbitos, y verdades generales, matemticas
cientficas. NO SE UTILIZA EL PRESENT SIMPLE PARA EXPRESAR UNA ACCION QUE ESTA SUCEDIENDO EN EL
MOMENTO:
Figure #1: The positive form of the simple present tense
Common errors:
Remember that when we use other verbs we DO NOT use the verb to be:
Im have two sisters (INCORRECT) I have two sisters (Correct)
She is plays in the park (INCORRECT) She plays in the park (Correct)
*Recuerden de no usar el verbo to be cuando quieran expresar otra accin. I va con am solo cuando ustedes quieran decir
estoy o soy. SI quieren decir: Yo juego, no es posible decir I am play puesto que estn diciendo que yo soy/estoy jugar.

Figure # 2: Lets practice

Figure # 3 (Look at the pictures and practice)

HOMEWORK

The Present Simple, forma negativa y preguntas interrogativa- Question

and negative form (LECCION 10b)
Este es la segunda parte de la leccin 10 que es llamada leccin 10b. En la primera leccin (10a) vimos la forma positiva de los
verbos que no son to be y aprendimos como conjugarlos. Ahora veremos y estudiaremos juntos la forma negativa y de pregunta.
Esta clase de ingls gratis viene con audio que est al comienzo de esta publicacin.

Negative form
The structure of the negative structure is formed by adding the auxiliaries do or does plus the negation not
Do + not > dont
Does + not > doesnt
These auxiliaries are used TO HELP you. When you use the auxiliary the verb is always in its simple.
Remember:
In positive we had 2 conjugations for every verb (not to be)
play/plays , work/works, study/studies, watch/watches, etc
The conjugation is simple: HE / SHE / IT - with the s form and I / WE / YOU / THEY - simple form
Examples:
My brother works for IBM.
My parents live in Paris.
IN THE NEGATIVE FORM THE AUXILIARY CHANGES FORM AND NOT THE VERB.
He / she / it + doesnt + verb (simple form)
I / We / You / They + dont + verb (simple form)
Figura #1:

Lets Practice

Nota del profesor:Como vemos, lo que se conjuga en la forma negativa es el auxiliar y no el verbo. Es decir, uno va elejir entre
dont y el doesnt pero el verbo SIEMPRE estara en su forma simple (sin la terminacin s)

Question form

The question structure is formed by following the following structure

Question word + [do / does + SUBJECT + Verb (simple form)] + Complement
We use the auxiliaries do and does in the question form and they have to agree with the subject
The conjugation is the following:
Does > he/she/it
Do -> I/we/you/they
The verb ALWAYS stays in the simple form (not with the s form)

Short Answers

Las respuestas cortas son con los auxiliares do y does con la forma positiva y dont y doesnt con la forma negativa. La respuesta
corta se refiere a cuando responde solo si o no.
Do you study English for free in InglesTotal? -> Yes, I do
Yes, (I, you, we, you, they) do. No, ( (I, you, we, you, they) dont.
Yes, (he,she,it does)- No, (he,she,it )doesnt
Figura #2

Figura #3

Lets Practice

Conclusion:
The auxiliaries appear in the negative and question form with the verbs that are not to be.
Example:
(+) Juan plays soccer.
(-) He doesnt play soccer.
(?) Does he play soccer?
*VERB TO BE (NO AUXILIARIES!!!)
(+) She is a teacher
(-) She isnt a teacher.
(?) Is she a teacher?

Nota: Recuerden que cuando usen el verbo to be (es decir cualquier conjugacion de ser o estar en el presente) no se usan los
auxiliares puesto que estos se usan solo con los demas verbos y en negativo y en pregunta)

Tarea / Homework
I) Cambie las oraciones de formpositiva a forma negativa

II) Escriba la forma de pregintas de las siguientes oraciones

III) Llene los vacios con la forma correcta de los auxiliares.

Prepositions of place Preposiciones de lugar (LESSON 11)

We will talk about moreprepositions of place. Remember that we studied the prepositions of place in lesson Propositions of
place
Clase muy sencilla pues veremos algunas prepociciones de lugar. Estudiaremos los siguientes next to, between, in front of, behind
(in back of), across from, by (beside), under, below and above)
FIGURA # 1

Examples:
- Adam is next to Bob
Bob is between Don and Adam,
-Don is in front of Bob and Carla
- Carla is behind (in back of) Don
Figura # 2

Examples:
Anne is across from (opposite) Christa
FIGURA # 3

Example:
- The man is by (next to) the window
FIGURE # 4

Example:
- The Cat is under the table.
The girl is under the tree.

FIGURA #5

Examples:
- A is above B and B is below A
** NOTA: SIEMPRE SE DICE ON THE LEFT y ON THE RIGHT

Lets Practice (FIGURA # 6)

Exercices (oral) IN AUDIO

FIGURA #7

Exercices
1) The cat is ________ the table
2) Theres a big tree ________ the house
3) The plane if flying _______ the clouds
4) Shes standing __________ the piano.
5) The movie theater is _________ the right
6) Hes sitting _________ the phone
7) The calendar is __________ the clock
8 ) The cabinet is ________ the sink.
9) There are some shoes _________ the bed.
10) The plant is _________ the piano.
11) Paul is sitting _________ Anna.
12) In Japan people drive ________ the left.

Object Pronouns Pronombres de objeto en ingls (LECCION 12)

En esta leccin hablaremos de los object pronouns y para esto es importamte que entiendan bien los subject / subjective pronouns
(LECCIN 2)

Object Pronouns:
Definition:: It is a pronoun that is used as an object in the sentence.
Remember: A subjective or subject pronoun does the action and goes BEFORE the verb while object pronouns go AFTER the
verb.
OBJECT PRONOUNS :
SINGULAR: > Me (first person) You (2nd) Her / him / it (third person)
PLURAL > Us (1st) You (2nd) Them (3rd)
Figura 1

** No confundir con los possessive adjectives : my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their (VER LECCION 5 AQUI)
Figura # 2

* Como vemos los object pronouns reciben la action del verbo y pueden ser direct or indirect objects. EN espaol esto se entiende
como me, le, se, nos, os etc.. En ingles siempre que hay un object pronoun hay que colocarlo en la oracin (al igual que con el
subject pronoun).
Otros Ejemplos:
Imaginense que ven unos zapatos y dicen Me gustan. Esto en ingles no es I like o peor Me like. Primero que I like esta
incompleto puesto que no se dice elo objeto. Me like es una patada a mi higado puesto que los object pronouns nunca hacen
la accin. Lo corrcto es. I like them. (them por que se refiere a zapatos)
- La oracion: Quiero darleun beso. > I want to give her a kiss. (suponiendo que el objeto es una mujer)
Ejemplo:
Le quiero mucho. >> Quien quiere (subject) a quien quiere (object)
I love him/her. (Como vemos no hay tcito y se debe poner el I y tambien el objecto (en este caso indirecto) him her o tambien it
deacuerdo al contexto.

Lets Practice
Circle the correct pronouns
1) We/Us usually see they/them.
2) I/Me write to she/her everyday.
3) He/Him loves her/she very much but she/her doesnt love he/him.
4) Please dont wait for she/her.
5) Do you like he/him?

Homework / Tarea

Adverbs of frequency Adverbios de frecuencia (LECCION 13)

We use adverbs of frequency to say how often we do things. Adverbs of frequency go
before all verbs EXCEPT the verb to be.
De menos a mas:
Never hardly ever rarely (seldom) sometimes usually (often)- always
Note 1: Remember that with never and hardly ever we use POSITIVE sentences.
Example:
We dont never smoke. (INCORRECT)
We never smoke.
Note 2: With dont and doesnt we use the adverb of frequency after these and before the verb.
Example:
We dont usually travel.
Note 3: Sometimes can go at the beginning of the sentence. (Sometimes puede ir al comienzo de una oracin)
The adverbs of frequency answer the typical question starting with How often.
Examples:
1) How often do you brush your teeth?
I always brush my teeth
2) How often does your mother cook?
She seldom/rarely cooks.
3) How often is Claudio late for class.
He is never late for class
** How often = Con que frecuencia. Para decir la horas exacta uno tambien puede preguntar (What time?) Para responder la hora
exacta utilizamos la preposicion at antes de la hora.
Ejemplo:
What time do you wake up?
I wake up at 7:00 am.

Lets Practice
Before we practice we need to learn some common verbs that we do everyday.
FIGURA # 1

_________________________________________________________________

Ejerccicios:
Complete the sentences with an adverb of frequency
1) They _________ drive. They dont have a car.
2) I _______ eat turkey. (Only at Christmas)
3) She doesnt have a watch so shes _________ late.
4) We __________ get up at 8:00, except Saturdays and Sundays.
5) I ________ play tennis (when I have time)

Homework (Tarea)

Modal verb Can and Could Ability (LECCION 14)

We can use can (for present) and (could) for past to talk about abilities. The form of the modal verbs are very simple. All the verbs
go with the same modal verb plus the infinitive without to.
Example:
Maria can play the piano very well. (Maria has the ability of playing the piano)
They can play soccer.
I can speak English.
** Can y Could se utiliza para describir acciones referentes a habilidades. La forma es muy simple ya que va con una sola
conjugacin para todoas las personas. Can es para describir habilidades en el tiempo presente y Could para habilidades en el
pasado.

Positive and Negative form (Modal Verb Can/could)

Figura 1

Modal Verb

Subject

Infinitivo without to

I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they

|
|
VERB Simple
form (DANCE)
|
|

|
|

CAN / COULD
|
|
|

Ejemplos:
1) Can you play the guitar?
2) Can your sister speak French?
3) Can they dance salsa?
**BONUS
En el bsico solo quiero que se enfoquen en usar can y could para describir habilidades pero can y could tambien pueden
ser usadospara pedir favores. En este caso Can = Could
Ejemplo:
1) Can / Could you open the door please?
2) Can /Could they bring more beers?

Short Answers
Yes, ( I you he she it we they) can/could No ,( I you he she it we they ) cant/couldnt

Exercises / Ejercicios (Figura 3)

Simple Past: Verb To be El Pasado de ser o estar (LECCION 15)

Vamos a estudiar por primera vez el pasado (pretrito indefinido en espaol) con el verbo to be (ser / estar) Es muy parecido al
presente asi que como referencia tomare las clases anteriores.

The Simple Past Tense (with the verb to be)

Similar to the Present simple tense, The simple past is divided in two main parts. The form with the to be and with other verbs
Quiero que quede claro que esta regla que vamos a aprender a continuacin es solo para las conjugaciones del verbo ser y estar.
Si utilizan otros verbos llevar otra forma. Es muy similar al Present Tense Si recuerdan bien, con los verbos to be la regla era
distinta que con los demas verbos. Por favor si esto no esta claro visiten las siguientes lecciones:
Forma del PRESENT TENSE (VERBO TO BE)
- LECCION 2 : The present tenes Verb To be (Positive and Negative)
LECCION 3 : The present tense Verb To be (Question form)
Forma del PRESENT TENSE (Other Verbs)
- LECCION 10a : The present simple tense OTHER VERBS (Positive)
LECCION 10b : The present simple tense OTHER VERBS (negative form and questions)
Lets remember the Simple Present Tense with the verb to be
FIGURA 1

It is quite simple. We DO NOT use auxiliaries (do, does, dont and doesnt) To form the negative we just add the not and for
questions we just switch the SUBJECT and the VERB TO BE.
We do EXACTLY THE SAME with the Past Simple tense: PLEASE LOOK AT THE FIGURE:
FIGURA 2 LA FORMA SIMPLE PAST TENSE VERB TO BE (WAS / WERE)

In present tense we used: Am / Is / Are

NOW IN PAST TENSE WE USE ONLY 2 CONJUGATIONS! >>> WAS & WERE
I/He / she / it was (Positive) Wasnt (Negative)
we / you / They were (Positive) Werent (Negative)

Short Answers
Look at the next table. This is how we answer yes/no questions

Lets Practice

Homework

Leccion de Simple Past Tense en ingles- Gramatica (LECCION 16a)

Syntax (POSITIVE FORM):
I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they + VERB (PAST FORM) +
Complement
ESTO QUIERE DECIR QUE PARA TODAS LAS PERSONAS HAY UNA SOLO CONJUGACION . Lo nico que hay que aprender
es a formar esta conjugacin. Esto depende si es REGULAR o IRREGULAR verb.
The verb in the past simple form can be REGULAR or IRREGULAR
Regular Verbs:
To from the irregular from we need to add ed to the infinitive form.
For example:
to watch -> watched | to talk -> talked | to wash -> washed
(FIGURA 1)

REGLAS DE DELETREO

PRACTICE (Regular verb spelling) FIGURA 2

EXAMPLES: NO IMPORTA CUAL ES EL SUJETO: SIEMPRE LLEVARA LA MISMA CONJUGACION

1) Maria played soccer last week.
2) Pedro and Juan watched TV yesterday
3) We studied for the test but we all failed.
4) They talked on the phone for two hours last night.
Irregular verbs

The past forms of the irregular forms DO NOT end in -ed. They have different forms and we need to learn them gradually. Here is
a list to begin with: (FIGURA 3)

Exercises : ASI SEA REGULAR O IRREGULAR TODAS LAS PERSONAS LLEVARAN LA MISMA CONJUGACION
1) We went to the movies last weekend
2) Theywere hungry and ate the whole chicken.
3) She went to the mall and spent a lot of money.
4) Diego got up very late.
5) I came home early yesterday.
PRACTICE del Simple Past Tense en INGLES

Lets Practice
Complete the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in the past simple tense

Homework (Tarea)

CONCLUSION
Hemos aprendido la forma del SIMPLE PAST con los demas verbos (que no son to be) pero solo en la forma affirmativa.
RECUERDEN:

Simple Past Negative and question form LECCION 16b

The past simple tense (NEGATIVE FORM)
Remember:
To form the past simple in the positive we need to conjugate the verb to the past form. This past form may be in the regular and
irregular form.
Regular : verbs that end in -ed
worked / studied / finished / stayed / liked / watched / worked / lived etc
Irregular: verb change form
ate / went / bought / read (pronunciado como red) / got up / woke up / spent etc
To form the positive: S +V +C
I / you / he / she / it / we / you /they - went - to the park
** RECUERDEN QUE TODAS LAS PERSONAS USAN 1 SOLA CONJUGACION

NEGATIVE FORM:
In the negative form we need to use the auxiliary did + not (didnt). remember that when we use the auxiliary we put the verb in the
INFINITIVE form. The auxiliary didnt is used in the negative form with verbs that are not to be. DO NOT USE DIDNT WITH WAS
OR WERE!!!
TABLE # 1
Auxiliary (did) + not

Subject

Infinitive

Study

You
She

Work
Play

He
It

Go
Eat

Did not (didnt)

We
They

Arrive
Live

Ejemplos (TABLE # 2):

Positive form

Negative form

I went to school

I didnt go to school

She studied all night

She didnt study all night

They ate a lot

They didnt eat a lot

We had lunch

We didnt have lunch

Simple Past (QUESTION FORM) TABLE # 3:

In the question form we need to use the auxiliary Did and we have to write the verb in the INFINITIVE form
Auxiliary (Did)

Subject

Infinitive

||||

IYou
He

StudyWork
Play

|
|

She
It

Go
Eat

We
You

Arrive
Live

They

Sleep

Did

We can also place the question word before this structure.

QW + DID+ Subject+ Verb (Infinitive)

Examples:
- What did you do yesterday?
Where did Maria go last week?
What time did Pedro leave the party?
When did Sarah get married?
How many bottles of beer did they drink?

Lets compare present simple with past simple

TABLE: 4
Present Simple

Past Simple

(-) I dont study

I didnt study

(-) She doesnt work

She didnt work

(?) Does she study?

Did she study?

(?) Do you like movies?

Did you like the movie?

*** Como vemos en esta comparacin, lo nico que cambia es el auxiliar. Recuerden que el auxiliar DID (ademas de do y
does)APARECEN EL LA FORMA NEGATIVA E INTERROGATIVA CON VERBOS QUE NO SON TOBE.
Short Answers (respuestas cortas)

Examples:
Did you see Pam yesterday? No, I didnt.
Did it rain on Sunday? Yes, it did.
Did Helen come to the party? No, she didnt.
Did your parents have a good trip? Yes, they did.
MARCADORES DE TIEMPO DEL PASADO: TABLE 5

Examples:
- I studied English last night.
She finished school 3 years ago.
Martin wanted to go to the movies yesterday.
We went to New York 5 months ago.

Lets Practice

HOMEWORK / TAREA

Going to Future LECCION 17 Expresar planes y futuro

Hoy les presentamos un nuevo tiempo que esta relacionado al futuro. Se trata de la estructura going to. Es muy similar
al PRESENT CONTINUOUS ya que requiere del verbo to be y going es el verbo go mas la terminacin ing conocido como
GERUND.
Tengo que hacerles recordar que para que ustedes hablen en ingls no solo es importante saber la estructura sino saber en que
momento usarla. Esto se logra por analizar la situacion y saber el uso correcto de las estructuras aprendidas. Por ejemplo, cuando
necesitamos hablar de rutinas usamos el PRESENT SIMPLE (How often do you go to the dentist?) Usamos el PRESENT
CONTINUOUS para hablar de acciones que estan sucediendo en el momento (What are you doing?). Para expresar habilidades
usamos CAN y para hablar de tiempos definidos del pasado el PAST SIMPLE.
As que recuerden que no es necesario traducir porque esto les traera problemas. Es mejor PENSAR en Ingls y esto solo se logra
con prctica.

FUTURE GOING TO > PLANS

Syntax:

Subject + to be + going to + infinitive

USE:
We use the future with GOING TO to talk about plans
POSITIVE FORM
Subject

Verb To be

Am

Going to

Infinitive
dance

Going to
He / She / It

Is

Study

We / You / They

Are

Go shopping

Examples:
Marias going to travel this holiday.
Theyre going to go to a very expensive restaurant.
Im going to come home late.
NEGATIVE FORM
Subject

Verb To be + not

Am not

He / She / It

Is not (isnt)

We / You / They

Are not (arent)

Going to

Infinitive
Clean

Going to
Cook
travel

- Im not going to go to the party.

Juan isnt going to work today.
They arent going to stay at that hotel.
QUESTION FORM
Question Word

Verb To Be

Subject

Going to

Infinitive

What

Am not

Where

Is not (isnt)

He / She / It

Go

Are not (arent)

We / You / They

travel

Do
Going to

Ejemplos:
What are you going to do later?
What is she going to cook?
Are they going to attend the meeting?
Where is Maria going to study?
Short answers are with the to be verb
- Yes, I am Yes, you are No, he isnt No, they arent ETC

Errores tpicos
Recuerden de NO USAR el do/does (para preguntas) & el dont y doesnt (para negativos). NO SE USAN porque usamos el verbo
to be.
- INCORRECTO: I dont going to study.
CORRECTO: Im not going to study.
- INCORRECTO: Where do you going to go?
CORRECTO: Where are you going to go?
Recuerden de NO OLVIDAR de poner el verbo TO BE
- INCORRECTO: Juan going to buy beer.
CORRECTO: Juan is going to buy beer.

Verbo Gustar Like Como Expresar Preferencias (LECCION 18)

Present Simple (verb to like)
USE (Think in ENGLISH!)
We use the verb to like in the present simple to talk about PREFERENCES or to express interest about something or someone.

Subject + verb to like + NOUN

When we talk about nouns (what is a noun?) after the verb to like we talk about things in general therefore we use THE PLURAL
FORM for countable nouns.
EXAMPLES:
- I like mangoes. ( NOT: i like a mango)
Do you like dogs or cats?
What kind of movies does your friend like?
NOTE:
With nouns that are UNCOUNTABLE (nouns you cannot form in plural e.g. RICE, WATER, MUSIC) we DO NOT put it in a plural
form obviously.
Examples:
- Maria likes beer. (NOT: Maria likes beers because beer in an uncountable noun in English)
What kind of music do you like?
I like Italian food.

Subject + verb to like + verb GERUND FORM (-ing)

When we want to use a verb as a complement we use the verb in the gerund form (-ING ENDING e.g dancing, going out, running,
swimming etc)
Examples:
- I like going to the disco.
My wife likes cooking.
What do you like doing?
NOTE:
In American English you can use the gerund OR the infinitive form after the verb to like.
Example:
Carlos likes teaching English OR Carlos likes to teach English.
*** Notas del profesor.
Vemos que el verbo to like es para hablar de preferencias y de gustos en el PRESENT SIMPLE. Si el complemento es un
sustantivo usamos la forma plural a no ser que sea un sustantivo no contable. Cuando se use el verbo en el complemento usamos
la forma gerundia que es el verbo mas la terminacin ING.
En en ingls americano se puede usar en infinitivo (to dance) en vez de el gerundio. En InglesTotal vamos a recomendar usar la
forma gerundio porque los mejores libros lo recomiendan y en muchos examenes tendrn que usar la forma de gerundio.

Como ofrecer algo LECCION 19

How do we offer something in English?
Now that we know the structure of some tenses (e.g Present simple, continuous, past, modal verb can, going to) it is important that
we focus on PRODUCING and in thinking in English. Remember that we need to look at the situation and use the correct form and
structure in English and AVOID TRANSLATING. We do not need to translate because this can be confusing.
** Ahora que sabemos algunas estructuras bsicas es importante que sepamos que estructura usar en la situacin indicada.
Debemos EVITAR traducir oraciones completas ya que en Espaol muchas veces se utilizan distintas estructuras que en el
INGLES. Veamos entonces como ofrecer algo en INGLES.

Using the verb WANT

We use the verb want to offer something in English. When we use the verb to want we to offer something we will use the present
simple.
Example:

a) What do you want to drink?

b) I want a glass of water.
a) Do you want to eat anything?
b) Sure. What is there?
a) There is some chicken.
b) Yeah, I want some chicken.
When we use want it is considered not very formal.
OBSERVATIONS WITH THE VERB TO WANT:
When we use a verb after the verb like, we will use TO +INFINITIVE
TABLE 1
Subject

Vern to want

Infinitive

I/we/you/they

Want

To study

He/she/it

Wants

To be famous

*** Recuerden que hay verbos a los cuales le siguen el infinitivo con el to por delante (como want) y hay verbos que son seguidos
por el gerindio o forma -ing (como like)

Using WOULD YOU LIKE ?

We use would you like to offer something. It is a FORMAL WAY to offer. The structure of would is the same as the structure of
can.
*** Como utilizar el would: Es muy simple. Lo usamos igual que el CAN. Si no saben como usar el can ir a LA LECCION 14
CLICK AQUI
Examples:
a) What would you like to drink?
b) Id (I + would) like some beer.
a) I am sorry, We dont have any beer. Would you like some wine?
b) Yes, I would.
a) And what would you like to eat?
b) Id like a sandwich.
Similar to want, when we use a verb after WOULD LIKE we will use the TO + INFINITIVE.
TABLE 2
Subject

Would like

Infinitive

I/we/you/they

Would like

To travel

He/she/it

Would like

To drink

*** recuerden que despues de would like va la forma to + infinitive. WOULD LIKE no es lo mismo que LIKE

DO YOU LIKE? VS-WOULD YOU LIKE?

Do you like?:
We use the verb like to talk about preferences (If you have questions READ LESSON 17)
Example:
a) Do you like apples? (Do you like it in GENERAL We use the plural form if it is a countable noun)
b) Do you like dancing? (we use the gerund form after the verb to like)
Would you like?:
We use would like to offer.
Example:
a) Would you like an apple? ( we are offering an apple at the moment we use singular if it is a countable noun
b) Would you like to go to the cinema? (We some TO + INFINITIVE after WOULD LIKE)

Possessive Pronouns LECCION 20

The Possessive pronouns are:

MINE / YOURS / HIS / HERS / ITS / OURS / YOURS / THEIRS

To understand these pronouns it is important to review the pronouns that we already know.
TABLE 1:
Subject

Object

Possessive

Possessive

Pronouns

Pronouns

Adjectives

Pronouns

Me

my

mine

You

You

Your

Yours

He

Him

His

His

She

Her

Her

Hers

It

It

Its

Its

We

Us

Our

Ours

You

You

Your

Yours

They

Them

Their

Theirs

These are the pronouns that we know so far. Remember that the Subject and Object pronouns refer to people, places and things
(nouns) and the Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns refer to possessions.
Como vemos estos son todos los pronombres aprendidos hasta la fecha. Les hago recordar que es importante aprenderlos y saber
las diferencias que existen entre ellos. Los Subject y object pronouns van a tomar el lugar de sustantivos y los possessive
adjectives y possessive pronouns se utiliza para expresar posesin. Les recomiendo escuchar bien el audio para despejar dudas.

Si tienen an dudas visitar la leccin 12 de object pronouns AQUI o tambin ver la leccon 5
de posessive adjectives AQUI
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS vs POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
We use both to talk about possession but they have different rules. LETS COMPARE
Possessive Adjectives (my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their)

When we use the possessive adjectives IT IS NECESSARY TO PUT A NOUN AFTER the possessive adjective.
Example:
I didnt take my book. (YOU NEED TO PUT BOOK)
Maria went to her house.
We need to put the noun after the possessive adjective my.
Possessive Pronouns (mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs)
When we use the possessive pronouns WE DO NOT PUT THE NOUN AFTER the possessive pronoun.
Example: We are talking about a book
- That is mine.
Maria didnt take hers.
It is not necessary to put book because possessive pronouns can stand alone.
*** Entonces entendemos que con los possessive adjectives es necesario que sea seguido por un sustantivo pero los possessive
pronouns pueden ir solos. Cuando usamos los possessive pronouns se tiene que tener claro de que uno esta hablando sino lo
correcto es usar los possessive adjectives.
EJEMPLO DE COMO SE USAN LOS POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES Y LOS POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
Whose book is this? (Usar el question word whose para hablar de posesin y de usar el sustantivo book despues del QW)
a) It is my book. (Here we use the possessive adjective my followed by the noun book)
b) It is mine. (Here we use the possessive pronoun mine and we do not need to put the noun after it).
NOTE: It is also possible to use the POSSESSIVE NOUNS (Ver leccin 5 AQUI)
Ejemplo usando el POSSESSIVE NOUN
- It is Juans book. (Se utiliza el sustantivo propio aumentandole apostrofe y s).

My telephone is out of order, but ________ is working.

? your
? our
? his
? their
________ pencil is broken. Can I borrow ________?
? Mine, yours
? Your, mine
? My, yours
? Yours, mine
We gave them ________ telephone number, and they gave us ________.
? ours, their
? our, their
? ours, theirs
? our, theirs
These grammar books are different. ________ has 278 pages, but ________ has only 275.
? Yours, mine
? Your, my
? Yours, my
? Your, mine
Jody has lost ________ book.
? mine
? her
? hers
? theirs
________ computer is a Mac, but ________ is a PC.
? Your, mine
? Yours, mine
? Your, my
? Yours, my
You can't have any chocolate! It's ________!
? your
? its
? her
? mine
Junko has eaten her lunch already, but I'm saving ________ until later.
? hers
? her
? my
? mine
Was ________ grammar book expensive?
? your
? yours
? your's
? you

Comparative Form of Adjectives LESSON 21

We use the comparative form to compare and contrast different objects or people in English. Use the comparative form to
show the difference between two objects or people and we use THAN before what or who we are comparing to.
Remember that is it VERY IMPORTANT to know and learn adjectives because we will need to use them to form this structure. If
you need a list please CLICK HERE.
Example:
Maria is taller than Juan -> RECUERDEN DE UTILIZAR THAN DESPUES DE LA FORMA COMPARATIVA
Miami is more modern than Lima.
*Entonces, usamos The comparative form para comparar y contrastar sustantivos usando ADJETIVOS en INGLES. Es vital
aprenderadjetivos asi que se necesitan una lista ir ac (HACER CLICK).

Reglas para formar la forma comparativa en INGLES

In this following table we can learn the rules TABLE #1
Adjective

Rule

Adjective with one syllable

|
ADD r

Ending in e

1.

Example
a)

Wide
Safe
2.Consonant Vowel
Consonant

|
Double the consonant

one.

c)

|
|
My house is bigger than yours.

d)

Joe is thinner than Mary.

e)

|
John is taller than Brian

|
|

Thin

ADD er

3. All others
Tall
Adjectives with two or more
syllables
1.

chevrolete
b)
A big car is safer than a small

and add -er

Big

Ending in y

Pretty
Noisy

|
Change the y to i and f)

|
Ana is prettier than Nina

add er

A motorcycle is noisier than a

g)
car

|
Use more (or less)
before the adjective

2.All others
Beautiful

|
The Honda is wider than the

h)

|
Marisu is more beautiful than

Elena
i)
The shirt is more

Expensive

expensivethan the trousers

Size

Touch

Shape

Time

Quantity

IRREGULAR FORMS (TABLE 2)

Sound

good - better
bad worse
far -further /farther
Remembre to use THAN after the comparative form. Recuerden de usar than (y nunca what) despues de la forma
comparativa.
EXAMPLES: My house is more expensive THAN my car John is funnier THAN Tim

LETS PRACTICE (TABLE 3)

ADJECTIVE

Comparative

ADJECTIVE

Comparative

ADJECTIVE

Happy

Cheap

Honest

Difficult

Strong

Busy

Clean

Interesting

Young

Early

Hot

Near

Beautiful

Warm

Funny

Soft

Expensive

Easy

Comparative

Intelligent

fresh

Bad

Dirty

Kind

Late

Good

Boring

Dangeerous

Careful

Cold

weak

Exercises
1)

Shes much __________ her husband. (young)

2)
3)

Its a __________ day _____ yesterday. (warm)

The vegetables in the shop are __________ _____ the one ones in the supermarket. (fresh)

4)
5)

The train is __________ _____ the bus (expensive)

The new TV programme is __________ _____ the old one. (funny)

6)
7)

Mrs. Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr. Andrews. (good)

My office is __________ _____ Helens. (near)

8)
9)

The traffic is _______________ it was last year. (noisy)

You have a __________ life _____ I have. (busy)

10) Drivers in this country are _______________________ _____ drivers in my country. (dangerous)
11) The exam today was _______________ _____ last years exam. (difficult)
12) Shes __________ _____ her sister. (smart)
13) Micheal is __________ _____ than Mathew. (Rich)
14) The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before. (intelligent)
15) Her second book is _______________ _____ her first one. (interesting)

Lista de preposiciones mas comunes en INGLES LECCION 22

What are Prepositions?
It is a word used before a noun or pronoun to relate it to the other words. When you form a phrase with the preposition it is called a
prepositional phrase. This consists of a preposition and its object. (thefreedictionary.com)
For example:
My English books are in my house.
in my house is the prepositional phrase. In is the preposition and house is the object of the prepositional phrase.
* Como vemos las preposiciones son importantes para unir y relacionar sustantivos

Why are prepositions and prepositional phrases important?

It is important mainly because they indicate a relationship between the object of the prepositional phrase with the rest of the
sentence
In these examples, we see how the object of the prepositional phrase table is related with the rest of the sentence
The notebook is on the table.
The notebook is under the table.
The book is beside the table.
She held the notebook over the table.
* Cuando usamos las preposiciones y los prepositional phrases unimos ideas y relacionamos sustantivos con el resto de la
oracin. Es decir, damos mas profundidad a nuestras oraciones y somos mas claros al hablar puesto que damos mas infromacin.

List of most Common Prepositions Lista de preposiciones en Ingles mas comunes

Aviso: En esta lista damos las traducciones de preposiciones. Estas palabras tambin pueden ser usados como adverbios,
adjectivos, conjunciones haciendo que su traducin varie. Ac les damos las traducciones de las siguientes palabras como
preposiciones.
PREPOSITION

TRADUCCION

About

Acerca de / sobre

Above

Encima de / por encima de

Across

En frente de / cruzando

After

Despues

Against

contra

Along

Por (una va paralela) Go along this street

Among

Entre (en medio de)

Around

Alrededor de

At

En / a

Before

antes

behind

Detrs de / atrs de

Below

Debajo de / abajo de

beneath

Debajo de / bajo

beside

Al lado de / junto a

Between

Entre (usualmente entre 2 personas u objetos)

By

Por (de autora The book was griten by Dan Brown) / Por (va de
transporte) I go to school by bus

During

durante

Except

Excepto / salvo

For

Para (destinatario / uso / propsito)

From

De (origin / remitente)

In

en

In front of

En frente de

Inside

Dentro de

Instead of

En vez de / en lugar de

Into

En / a / con (movimiento de entrar) Come into my office

Like

Como / parecido / igual que

Near

Cerca de / junto

Of

De (posesivo)

On

Sobre / en on the table , on TV, on Sunday

Outside

Fuera de

Over

Encima de / por encima de

Since

Desde

Through

Atravs

To

A (destinacin)

Toward / Towards

hacia

Under / Underneath

Debajo de

Until

Hasta

With

con

Within

Dentro de (distancia / tiempo) I am going to traval within the next

week

Without

sin

Superlative Form-LECCION 23
The superlative is the form of an adjective or adverb that shows which thing has that quality above or below the level of the others.
It denotes the greatest degree regarding the quality of the adjective used. (usingenglish.com)
To use the superlative form please review adjectives CLICK HERE.
Example:
Brian is the tallest student in the class -> RECUERDEN DE UTILIZAR THE ANTES DE LA FORMA SUPERLATIVA
Paris is the most beautiful city in the world.
*Entonces, usamos The superlative form para comparar establecer la cualidad mxima del adjetivo en uno con relacin al
contexto. Es decir, es la forma del adjetivo o adverbio que espresa su mayor qualidad. SINECESITAS ADJETIVOS(HACER
CLICK).
Por ejemplo:
Mount Everest is the highest mountain quiere decir que el Monte Everest es la montaa mas alta. No hay mas alta que el Everest
y expresa su supremacia con respecto a las demas montaas en cuanto al adjetivo high que es alto.

Reglas para formar la forma Superlativa en INGLES

Superlative Form en ingls
In this following table we can learn the rules TABLE #1
Adjective

Rule

With one syllable

1.

Example

Ending in e

Large
2.Consonant Vowel
Consonant
Hot
3. All others

the + (adjective + st)

|

|
a) Jupiter is the largest planet
|

the +(Double the

|
consonant and add -est) b) The hottest place on earth is
|
Ethiopia.
the + (Adjective + est)

c) The Great Wall of China is

thelongest wall in the world.

long
hard

d) Math is the hardest subject in

school.

Adjectives with two or more

syllables
1.

|
|
the +(Change the y to e) The easiest subject for me is

Ending in y

i and add est)

geography.
the+[Use most (or least)
|
f) The most important thing in life is
before the adjective]

Easy
2.All others
important

Size

love

Touch

Shape

Time

Quantity

Sound

IRREGULAR FORMS (TABLE 2)

good - (the) best
bad (the) worst

far -(the)furthest /farthest

Remember to use THE before the superlative form. Recuerden de usar the antes de la forma superlativa.
TAMBIEN CUIDADO CON LA TRADUCCION CON COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES. En espaol no es igual. Impriman
las 2 tablas de esta leccin y la leccin 21 para que aprendan la regla y no tengan errores.
EXAMPLES:
Brians car is THE most expensive

LETS PRACTICE
1) __________ (large)cucumber weighed 66lbs.
2) __________ (popular) tourist attraction in the United States is Disneyworld.
3) __________ (successful) songwriters are Paul Mccartney and the late John Lennon.
4) __________ (heavy) baby at birth was a boy of 22 lbs. 8 oz. He was born in Italy in 1955
5) __________ (fat) person was a man in New York. He weighed almost 1200 lbs.
6) One of __________ (famous) painters was Pablo Picasso.
7) __________ (long) attack of hiccups lasted 67 years.
8) __________ (big) omelet was made of 54,763 eggs.

Countable and Uncountable nouns Sustantivos contables y no

contables-LECCION 24
A noun renames a person, place or thing. If a noun is viewed as countable if:
A or an can be used in front of it : a table, an egg
It has a plural form : there are two tables
It can be used in a question with how many: How many rooms are there?
A number can be used before it: four computers
If a noun is viewed as uncountable:
a/an cannot be used in front of it: Cereal is healthy
it does not have a plural form: I like butter (NOT BUTTERS)
it can be in a question with how much: How much sugar would you like?
a number isnt used in front of it: It has little caffeine.
it always takes a singular verb: Milk is good for you.
*** En si los sustantivos contables son aquellos que puedes contar (poner un numero antes del sustantivo: una mesa pero no
unaagua Todos los liquidos como agua, leche, cerveza, vino son no contables (EN ESPAOL PUEDE SER DISTINTO). Tambien
las carnes son no contables como pollo, pescado etc.
TABLE
USING THERE IS / ARE WITH COUNTABLE and UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Countable
Singular

Uncountable
Plural

One form

(+)There is a chair.

There are some chairs.

There is some water

(-) There isnt a table.

There arent any tables.

There isnt any cheese.

(?) Is there a bathroom?

Are there any bathrooms?

Is there any coffee?

Conclusions from the table:

With countable nouns we have two forms: singular and plural and when we refer to uncountable nouns we only use one form.
When we use the singular form with countable nouns we use a/an and with plurals we use some/any.
With the uncountable nouns we do not use a/an and we can use some/any
With countable nouns some/any means an indefinite number
With uncountable nouns some/any means a portion of
Conclusiones:
Como vemos cuando un sustantivo es contable hay dos formas: singular y plural pero con los no constables solo hay una forma.
Nunca usen la forma plural cuando usen los no contables. Tambin cabe resaltar que cuando usamos el some /any con
los contablessignifica algunos/algunas o en negativo ningun pero cuando se usa con los no contables quiere decir algo de.
Veamos:
There are some books on the table. (Hay algunos libros)
There arent any books. (No hay ningun lbro) Ojo que en espaol se usa la forma singular de libro pero en ingls no.
Are there any books? (Hay algn libro)
There is milk. (Hay algo de leche)
There isnt any milk. (No hay nada de leche)
Is there any milk? (Hay algo de leche?)

EXERCISES: ojo: se puede repetir la respuesta

1 There ______ enough beer for everyone to have some.
2 There ______ enough seats for everybody. Some people will have to sit on the floor or stand!
isn't
aren't
3 There ______ plenty of sugar but we need some more coffee.
4 No need to hurry. There ______ plenty of time.
is
are
5
6
7
8

How ______ money have you got?

How ______ people are coming?
I don't have ______ time to speak to you.
There wasn't ______ traffic on the road.
much

9
10
11

12

Many
There ______ a lot of people who are interested in what you are doing.
______ there a lot of hotels in Berne?
There ______ only a little accommodation available on site at the conference.
is
are
I need ______ information.
a
some

13 How ______ work do you do at week-ends?

14 We haven't heard ______ news of him since he left the company.
much
many
15 The police ______ looking for him.
16 Mathematics ______ not very easy to understand.
17 The children ______ finishing school early today.
18 His clothes ______ very old-fashioned.
is
are
19 Would you like some more meat?
Yes, I'd love ______ .
one
some
20 Cut this off with ______ scissors.
a
some

Prepositions of Time and place - LECCION 25

Before we start presenting more prepositions of place please review Lesson 9 (Link here).
Prepositions of place show where something is in relation to another object or person. They show position and help us describe
where something is located in a sentence.
In lesson #9 we practiced the prepositions of place and today I would like to expand the conceptwith the rollowing rules.

Prepositions of place and time : IN / ON / AT

Use IN before:
- Countries and cities :Colombia, Bogota (Paises y ciudades)
Buildings: a shop, a museum (Edificios)
Months: February, June (Meses)
Seasons: winter, summer (Estaciones del ao)
Years: 1998, 2003 (Aos)
Times of the day: morning, afternoon, evening NOT night (Partes del da)

Use ON before:

- Transport: a bike, a bus, train, plane, a ship NOT car (Transporte)

A surface: the floor, a table, a shelf, the balcony, the roof, the wall (Superficies)
Dates: March 1st (Fechas)
Days: Tuesday, New Years Day, Valentines Day (Dias)

Use AT before:

- The following words: school, home, work, university, the airport, the station, a bus stop, a party, the door, night, the weekend
Times: 6 oclock, half past five, 4:45 pm (Hora)
Festival periods: Christmas, Easter (Festivales)

More Prepositions of time (colaboracin englisch-hilfe.com) Mas preposiciones en ingls

Q2 - She'll be away ...... next week

since
at
until
Q3 - The exam is ...... the tenth of December
Q4 - I always have dinner with my family ..... Christmas Day
Q5 - In Spain, they give each other presents ..... Christmas Eve
Q6 - The lecture finished ..... five thirty
at
on
in
Q7 - I hate it when people telephone ......... I'm having dinner

during
while
for
Q9 - The term is from September ...... December
at
for
to
Q10 - He hasn't worked ....... he lost his job
since
for
by
Q11 - The car won't be ready ..... Friday
until
in
since
Q12 - You must see Paris ..... the Spring
Q13 - He doesn't start work until late .... the afternoon
Q14 - Snow generally falls ..... February
Q15 - People give chocolate eggs as presents ...... Easter
on
in
at
Q16 - Did I miss anything ........ I was on the phone?
while
during
for
Q18 - He didn't do the work ...... his boss got angry
since
for
until
Q19 - She was off work ...... a fortnight
for
at
in
Q20 - Nobody spoke ...... the film
during
since
on

Leccion de Present Perfect- LECCION 26

Today is the last grammar lesson of the basic/elementary course. We are going to study the present perfect tense. Remember that
it is very important to practice and to review.
Como se forma el present perfect?Cuando utilizamos el present perfect?Hoy es nuestra ltima leccin gramatical del curso
bsico/elemental. Vamos a presentar la leccin de present perfect en ingls. Recuerden que es importante practicar y repasar as
que recomiendo que sigan la clase en audio y hagan los ejercicios al final de la leccin
Before we start with this lesson where you are going to read the Present Perfect tense. Lets remember the tenses that we have
studied up to this point:
The Present Simple and Present Continuous
We have studied these two tenses before. These refer to the present tense but in different ways. The present simple is used to talk
about actions that usually happen. These actions describe routines or habits. The present continuous is used to describe actions
that are happening at the moment in which they are spoken.
Present Simple: For routines, habits and current information
I usually get up at 6:00 am.
Tom goes to the gym at weekends.
Sarah has two children.
Present Continuous: for actions happening at the moment
We are studying English at InglesTotal.
I am not watching TV at the moment
** Como vimos estos 2 tiempos gramaticales que hemos estudiado antes (Present tense :LECCION 10 y Present
Continuous:LECCION 8) Usan el nombre present ya que tienen una relacion con ella pero de manera distinta. El present tense se
usa para describir una accin que sucede usualmente como una rutina en cambio el present continuous es utilizado para describir
acciones que suceden en el momento en que se esta hablando. RECUERDEN QUE NO ES LO MISMO EN ESPAOL Y POR
ELLO ES NECESARIO RESPETAR LAS REGLAS GRAMATICALES DEL IDIOMA QUE UNO APRENDE.

Leccion de Present Perfect Tense en INGLES

This tense has the name Present but it has many uses and it is sometimes confusing. Today we are going to study the first use
which is for EXPERIENCES.

The Past Participle form of the verbs

To form the present perfect tense we need to learn a new form of the verb. This is called the past participle.
Regular verbs
When you want to form the past participle of regular verbs, it is the same as the past tense playedwhere we add ed to the base
form.
Examples:
CHART #1
Verb

Past form

Past Particple

Work

Worked

Worked

Talk

Talked

Talked

Study

Studied

Studied

Stay

Stayed

Stayed

Watch

Watched

watched

List of complete regular verbs (enlace con lista completa de verbos regulares):
http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/regular-verbs-list.htm
Irregular verbs
The irregular form of the verbs in past participle change and you have to learn them with practice.
CHART #2
Verb

Past form

Past Particple

be

Was/were

been

eat

ate

eaten

go

went

gone

buy

bought

bought

ride

Rode

ridden

write

wrote

written

List of complete irregular verbs (enlace con la lista completa de verbos irregulares):

http://www.usingenglish.com/reference/irregular-verbs/

The Present Perfect INGLES STRUCTURE / SYNTAX

Positive form
SUBJECT + [HAVE / HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE] + COMPLEMENT
CHART #3

Subject

Auxiliary

Past Participle

Complement

I/we/you/they

have

been

to Brazil

He/She/It

has

Eaten

Sushi

Negative form
SUBJECT + [HAVENT / HASNT + PAST PARTICIPLE] + COMPLEMENT
CHAR T#4

Subject

Auxiliary

Past Participle

Complement

I/we/you/they

havent

been

to Brazil

He/She/It

hasnt

eaten

Sushi

Question form
Question word + [HAVE / HAS + SUBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE] + COMPLEMENT
CHART #5

Question Word

Auxiliary

Subject

Past Participle

Complement

What countries

have

I/we/you/they been

to?

Has

He/she/it

Sushi?

eaten

Contractions:

He/she/it + has = hes/shes/its

I/we/you/they + have = Ive/weve/youve/theyve
Short Answers (Yes/no answers)
CHART #6

Positive

Negative

Yes, I/we/you/they have

No. I/we/you/they havent

Yes, he/she/it has

No, he/she/it hasnt

USE of the Perfect Tense

In this class we are going to learn the first use of the present perfect. REMEMBER that there are other uses and we will study these
in the pre-intermediate level.

We use the present perfect tense to talk about: AN INDEFINITE TIME IN THE
PAST: EXPERIENCES
When we want to talk about an experience we can use the present perfect tense. An experience is something that happened in
the time but WE DO NOT KNOW WHEN. Lets look at the chart.
CHART #7

To emphasize this use of the present perfect we use the word ever. More examples:
Have you ever been to Peru?
In this question we are asking for information about his life experience. We DO NOT CARE or WANT TO KNOW WHEN. It is a
question without a definite point in the past.
I have been to Mexico three times.
We say that in our life we went to Mexico but we DO NOT SAY WHEN.
Has Laura ever eaten Paella?
We want to know if Laura has eaten paella once in her life. WE DO NOT WANT TO KNOW WHEN.
*** Cuando usamos el present perfect? El present perfect se usa para describir acciones que pasaron antes y sin decir cuando.
Es un tiempo indefinido del pasado y se usa para expresar experiencias sin determinar el tiempo en que se dieron. Esto es muy
util ya que la pueden usar para pedir informacion en general. Ever se utiliza para emfatizar este uso.
Present Perfect vs Past Simple
As we have seen, we can talk about the past with present perfect but we need to learn the differences with the past simple tense.

Present Perfect : Indefinite time in the past

Past Simple: Definite time in the past
Maria has been to Spain (Present Perfect: we do not know when)
Maria went to Spain last year (Past simple: A definite time last year other phrases: three days ago, last week, yesterday etc.)
*** Como sabemos, tambien podemos usar el past simple para hablar del pasado pero es cuando es un tiempo definido; es decir,
un tiempo exacto. Ya en pre-intermedio ampiaremos este tema
Ejercicios y refuerzo:
Hacer los siguientes ejercicios (las respuestan estan en el audio)