Microcontroller Programs

10ESL47
Microcontrollers Lab
I. Programming Using 8051
1. Write an assembly language program to transfer N = ___ bytes of data from

location A:_______h to location B:_______h (without overlap).
Dept. of ECE, B.I.T., Mangalore
2012-13
10ESL47
Let N = 05h,
A: 30h
B: 40h
mov r0,#30h
//source address
mov r1,#40h
//destination address
mov r7,#05h
//Number of bytes to be moved
back: mov a,@r0

mov @r1,a
inc r0
inc r1
djnz r7,back
//repeat till all data transferred
end
Result:
Before Execution:
After Execution:
2. Write an assembly language program to exchange N = ___h bytes of data at

location A : _____h and at location B : _____h.
2012-13
10ESL47
Let N = 05h,
A: 30h,
mov r0,#30h
mov r1,#40h
mov r7,#05h
back: mov a,@r0
mov r4,a
mov a,@r1
mov @r0,a
mov a,r4
mov @r1,a
inc r0
inc r1
djnz r7,back
end
Result:
B: 40h
//source address
//destination address
//count, the number of data to be exchanged
Before Execution:
After Execution:
3. Write an assembly language program to find the largest element in a given

array of N =___ h bytes at location 9000h. Store the largest element at
location 4062h.
2012-13
10ESL47
Let N = 06h
mov r3,#6
mov dptr,#4000H
movx a,@dptr
mov r1,a
nextbyte: inc dptr
movx a,@dptr
clr c
mov r2,a
subb a,r1
jc skip
mov a,r2
mov r1,a
skip: djnz r3,nextbyte
mov dptr, #4062H
mov a,r1
movx @dptr,a
end
//length of the array

//starting address of array
//reset borrow flag

//next number in the array
//other Num-Prev largest no.
// JNC FOR SMALLEST ELEMENT
//update larger number in r1
//location of the result-4062h
//largest number
//store at #4062H
Result:
Before Execution:
After Execution:
4. Write an assembly language program to sort an array of N =____ h bytes of

data in ascending/descending order stored from location 9000h.
(Using bubble sort algorithm)
2012-13
10ESL47
Let N = 06h
mov R0,#05H
loop1:mov dptr, #9000h
mov r1,#05h
loop2:movx a, @dptr
mov b, a
inc dptr
movx a, @dptr
clr c
mov r2, a
subb A, b
jnc noexchg
mov a,b
movx @dptr,a
dec dpl
mov a,r2
movx @dptr,a
inc dptr
noexchg: djnz r1,loop2
djnz r0,loop1
end
//count (N-1)
array size = N
//array stored from address 9000h
//initialize exchange counter
//get number from array and store in B register
//next number in the array
//reset borrow flag
//store in R2
//2nd-1st No.,since no compare instruction in 8051
// JC - FOR DESCENDING ORDER
//exhange the 2 noes in the array
//DEC DPTR - instruction not present
//decrement compare counter

//decrement pass counter
Result:
Before Execution:
After Execution :( Ascending order)
Note :
Analyze the bubble sort algorithm for the given data. Also try with different sorting
algorithms.
5. Write an assembly language program to perform the addition of two 16-bit
numbers.
mov r0,#34h //lower nibble of No.1
1234
2012-13
10ESL47
mov r1,#12h
mov r2,#0dch
mov r3,#0feh
clr c
mov a,r0
add a,r2
mov 22h,a
mov a,r1
addc a,r3
mov 21h,a
mov 00h,c
end
//higher nibble of No.1
//lower nibble of No.2
//higher nibble of No.2
//
+f e d c
----------11110
-----------
Result:
6. Write an assembly language program to perform the subtraction of two

bit numbers.
mov r0,#0dch //lower nibble of No.1
mov r1,#0feh //higher nibble of No.1
16-
f edc
-1 2 3 4
2012-13
10ESL47
mov r2,#34h //lower nibble of No.2

mov r3,#12h //higher nibble of No.2
clr c
//
mov a,r0
subb a,r2
mov 22h,a
mov a,r1
subb a,r3
mov 21h,a
mov 00h,c
end
-----------ec a8
-------------
Result:
Note: Try with different data. Ex: (Smaller number) (larger number).
7. Write an assembly language program to perform the multiplication of two

16-bit numbers.
mov r0,#34h
mov r1,#12h
mov r2,#78h
// 5678*1234
2012-13
10ESL47
mov r3,#56h
mov a,r0
mov b,r2
mul ab
mov 33h,a
mov r4,b
mov a,r0
mov b,r3
mul ab
add a,r4
mov r5,a
mov a,b
addc A,#00h
mov r6,a
mov a,r1
mov b,r2
mul ab
add a,r5
mov 32h,a
mov a,b
addc a,r6
mov 00h,c
mov r7,a
mov a,r3
mov b,r1
mul ab
add a,r7
mov 31h,a
mov a,b
addc A,20h
mov 30h,a
end
Result:
Note: Write the logic of the program. Try with some other logic.
8. Write an assembly language program to find the square of a given number N.
Let N = 05
mov a,#05
mov b,a
// a=N=05
2012-13
10ESL47
mul ab
mov 30h,a
mov 31h,b
end
// result is stored in 30h and 31h
Result:
Input:
Output:
9. Write an assembly language program to find the cube of a given number.

mov r0,#0fh
mov a,r0
mov b,r0
mul ab
mov r1,b
mov b,r0
mul ab
mov 32h,a
mov r2,b
mov a,r1
mov b,r0
mul ab
add a,r2
mov 31h,a
mov a,b
addc A,#00h
mov 30h,a
end
// ro=given number to find the cube of it.
//result is stored in 30h, 31h, 32h
Result:
Input:
Output:
10. Write an ALP to compare two eight bit numbers NUM1 and NUM2 stored in
external memory locations 8000h and 8001h respectively. Reflect your result
as: If NUM1<NUM2, SET LSB of data RAM location 2FH (bit address 78H).
If NUM1>NUM2, SET MSB of location 2FH (bit address 7FH). If
NUM1 = NUM2, then Clear both LSB & MSB of bit addressable memory
location 2FH.
mov dptr,#8000h
2012-13
10ESL47
movx a,@dptr
mov r0,a
inc dptr
movx a,@dptr
clr c
subb a,r0
jz equal
jnc small
setb 7fh
sjmp end1
small:setb 78h
sjmp end1
equal: clr 78h
clr 7fh
end1:
end
Result:
1) Before Execution: X: 8000h =
After Execution: D: 02FH =
&
X: 8001 =
&
X: 8001 =
&
X: 8001 =
11. Write an assembly language program to count number of ones and zeros in a
eight bit number.
mov r1,#00h
mov r2,#00h
mov r7,#08h
mov a,#97h
again: rlc a
jc next
inc r1
sjmp here
next: inc r2
here: djnz r7,again
end
]
Result:
Input:
// to count number of 0s
// to count number of 1s
// counter for 8-bits
// data to count number of 1s and 0s
Output: Number of zeros = r2 =

Number of ones = r1 =
12. Write an assembly language program to find whether given eight bit number
is odd or even. If odd store 00h in accumulator. If even store FFh in
accumulator.**
mov a,20h
jb acc.0, odd
// 20h=given number, to find is it even or odd
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2012-13
10ESL47
mov a,#0FFh
sjmp ext
odd: mov a,#00h
ext: end
Result:
Input:
Output:
a:
20h:
13. Write an assembly language program to perform logical operations AND,

OR, XOR on two eight bit numbers stored in internal RAM locations 21h,
22h.
MOV A, 21H
ANL A, 22H
MOV 30H, A
MOV A, 21H
ORL A, 22H
MOV 31H, A
MOV A, 21H
XRL A, 22H
MOV 32H,A
END
//do not use #, as data ram 21h is to be accessed

//logical AND operation
//AND operation result stored in 30h
//logical OR operation
//OR operation result stored in 31h
//logical XOR operation
// XOR operation result stored in 32h
Result:
1) Before Execution: D: 21H =
After Execution:
22H =
D: 030H =
//AND operation
D: 031H =
//OR operation
D: 032H =
//XRL operation
14. Write an assembly language program to implement (display) an eight bit

UP/DOWN binary (hex) counter on watch window.
MOV a,#00
BACK: ACALL DELAY
INC a
JNZ BACK
//MOV a, #0ffh for DOWN COUNTER

//DEC a for binary DOWN COUNTER
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2012-13
10ESL47
HERE: SJMP HERE

DELAY: MOV r1,#0FFH
DECR1:MOV r2,#0FFH
DECR: MOV r3,#OFFH
DJNZ r3,$
DJNZ r2,DECR
DJNZ r1,DECR1
RET
END
RESULT: Accumulator A is incremented in binary from
00, 01, 0209,0A, 0B,,0F,10,11,FF
Note: To run this program, after selecting DEBUG session in the main menu use
View-> Watch & call Stack window, in the Watches select watch 1(or 2) and press
F2 and enter a (for accumulator A)
15. Write an assembly language program to implement (display) an eight bit

UP/DOWN decimal counter on watch window.
MOV a,#99H
//MOV a, 00H for decimal UP COUNTER
BACK:ACALL DELAY
ADD a,#99H
//ADD a,#01H for decimal up counter
DA A
JNZ BACK
HERE:SJMP HERE
DELAY:MOV r1,#0FFH
DECR1:MOV r2,#0FFH
DECR:MOV r3, #0FFH
DJNZ r3,$
DJNZ r2, DECR
DJNZ r1, DECR1
RET
END
RESULT: Accumulator A is incremented in BCD from 99,98,97,.,00.
**Note: Show the Delay Calculations and measure on the system.
16. Write an assembly language program to convert a BCD number into ASCII.
mov a, #09h
mov r0,a
swap a
mov dptr,#9000h
//the BCD number to be converted to ASCII

// output will be in 9000h and 90001h
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2012-13
10ESL47
acall ascii
mov a,r0
acall ascii
sjmp $
ascii: anl a,#0fh
add a,#30h
movx @dptr,a
inc dptr
ret
end
Result:
17. a. Write an assembly language program to convert a ASCII number into

Decimal.
mov dptr,#9000h
movx a,@dptr
subb a,#30h
mov 50h,a
end
//ASCII number to be converted to decimal is stored in

// 9000h
//Converted decimal data will be in 50h
Result:
Input: 9000h:
Output: 50h:
17.b. Write an assembly language program to convert a decimal number into

ASCII.
mov dptr,#9000h
movx a,@dptr
add a,#30h
mov dptr,#9002
movx @dptr,a
end
//Decimal number to be converted to ASCII is store in

// 9000h
// ASCII will be saved in 9002h
Result:
Input:
Output:
18. a. Write an assembly language program to convert a binary (hex) number
into decimal.
mov a,#0feh
mov b,#0ah
div ab
//binary number to be converted to decimal
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2012-13
10ESL47
mov r0,b
mov b,#0ah
div ab
mov 30h,a
mov a,b
swap A
orl a,r0
mov 31h,A
end
Result:
Input:
Output:
18.b. Write an assembly language program to convert a decimal number

into binary(hex).
mov a,#95h
mov b,#10h
div ab
mov r1,b
mov b,#0ah
mul ab
add a,r1
mov 30h,a
end
//a = Decimal number to be converted to the binary
Result:
Input:
Output:
19. Conduct an experiment to configure 8051 microcontroller to transmit

characters MICROCONTROLLERS LAB BIT to a PC using the serial
port and display on the serial window. ******
14
2012-13
10ESL47
Note: To use result of this program, after selecting DEBUG session in the main menu
use View-> serial window #1. On running & halting the program, the data is seen in
the serial window.
mov tmod,#20h
mov scon,#70h
mov th1,#-3
setb tr1
again: mov r0,#03h
mov dptr,#8000h
nextchar: movx a,@dptr
acall transfer
inc dptr
djnz r0,nextchar
sjmp again
transfer: mov sbuf,a
wait: jnb ti,wait
clr ti
ret
end
//setting Timer-1 in mode-2
RESULT:
MICROCONTROLLERS LAB BIT is printed on the serial window each
time the program is executed.
Theory:
In serial transmission as opposed to parallel transmission, one bit at a time is
transmitted. In serial asynchronous transmission, the data consists of a Start bit (high),
followed by 8 bits of data to be transmitted and finally the stop bit. The byte character
to be transmitted is written into the SBUF register. It transmits the start bit. The 8-bit
character is transferred one bit at a time. The stop bit is transferred. After the
transmission, the TI flag = 1 indicating the completion of transmission. Hence in the
subroutine wait until TI is set. Later clear the TI flag and continue with transmission
of the next byte by writing into the SBUF register. (The program can also be written
in interrupt mode). The speed of the serial transmission is set by the baud rate which
is done with the help of timer 1. Timer1 must be programmed in mode 2 (that is, 8-bit,
auto reload).
Baud rate Calculation: Crystal freq/ (12*32) = (11.0592MHz)/(12*32) = 28800.
Serial communication circuitry divides the machine cycle frequency (11.0592MHz)/
(12) by 32 before it is being used by the timer to set the baud rate.
To get 9600, 28800/3 is obtained by loading timer1 with -3 (i.e., FF 3 = FD) for
further clock division. For 2400 baud rate, 28800/12 => -12 = F4 in TH1.
20. Conduct an experiment to generate 1second delay continuously using on chip
timer.
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2012-13
10ESL47
mov tmod,#02h
mov th0,#00h
clr P1.0
clr a
setb tr0
again: mov r7,#0ffh
loop: mov r6,#14d
wait: jnb tf0, wait
clr tf0
djnz r6,wait
djnz r7,loop
cpl P1.0
sjmp again
end
RESULT:
Accumulator A is incremented in binary from 00, 01,0209,0A, 0B, , 0F,
10, 11, FF every 1 second (for 33MHz clock setting & every 3 seconds for
11.0598MHz)
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2012-13
10ESL47
II. Programming Using

MSP430
21. Write an assembly language program to transfer N = ___ bytes of data from
location A:_______h to location B:_______h (without overlap).
17
2012-13
10ESL47
A=0x8000, B=0x9000, N=5

#include "msp430.h"
; #define controlled include file
NAME main
; module name
PUBLIC main
; make the main label visible outside this module
ORG 0FFFEh
DC16 init
; set reset vector to 'init' label
RSEG CSTACK
; pre-declaration of segment
RSEG CODE
; place program in 'CODE' segment
init: MOV #SFE(CSTACK), SP
; set up stack
main: NOP
; main program
MOV.W #WDTPW+WDTHOLD,&WDTCTL ; Stop watchdog timer
MOV.W #0x8000, R5
MOV.W #0x9000,R6
MOV.B #5,R7
again: MOV.W @R5+,0(R6)
INCD.W R6
DEC R7
JNZ again
JMP $
END
Result:
Input:
Output:
22. Write an assembly language program to exchange N = ___h bytes of data at

location A : _____h and at location B : _____h.
18
2012-13
10ESL47
A=0x8000, B=0x9000, N=5

#include "msp430.h"
NAME main
; module name
PUBLIC main
ORG 0FFFEh
DC16 init
RSEG CSTACK
RSEG CODE
; set up stack
main: NOP
; main program
MOV.W #0x8000, R5
MOV.W #0x9000,R6
MOV.B #5,R7
again: MOV.W @R5,R8
MOV.W @R6,0(R5)
MOV.W R8,0(R6)
INCD.W R6
INCD.W R5
DEC R7
JNZ again
JMP $
END
Result:
Input:
Output:
23. Write an assembly language program to perform the addition of two 32-bit
numbers.
19
2012-13
10ESL47
#include "msp430.h"
NAME main
; module name
PUBLIC main
ORG 0FFFEh
DC16 init
RSEG CSTACK
RSEG CODE
; set up stack
main: NOP
; main program
MOV.W #0X9000,R4
MOV.W #0XFFFF,R7
ADD.W R4,R7
MOV.W #0XFFFF,R5
MOV.W #0XFFFF,R6
ADDC R5,R6
JMP $
END
//NUM1:FFFF9000
//NUM2:FFFFFFFF
Result:
Input:
Output:
24. Write an assembly language program to perform the subtraction of two

bit numbers.
32-
#include "msp430.h"
NAME main
; module name
PUBLIC main
ORG 0FFFEh
DC16 init
RSEG CSTACK
RSEG CODE
; set up stack
main: NOP
; main program
MOV.W #0X9000,R4
MOV.W #0XFFFF,R7
SUB.W R4,R7
MOV.W #0XFFFF,R5
MOV.W #0XFFFF,R6
SUBC R5,R6
JMP $
END
Result:
Input:
Output:
25. Write an assembly language program to perform the multiplication of two
16-bit numbers.
20
2012-13
10ESL47
#include "msp430.h"
NAME main
; module name
PUBLIC main
ORG 0FFFEh
DC16 init
RSEG CSTACK
RSEG CODE
; set up stack
main: NOP
; main program
MOV.W #0XFFFF, R4
MOV.W R4, R8
MOV.W #0X1234, R7
MOV.W #00, R5
MOV.W #00, R10
MOV.W #00, R9
CLRC
INC.W R5
UP:
ADD.W R4, R8
JNC COPY
INC.W R9
COPY:INC.W R5
CLRC
CMP.W R5, R7
JNE UP
MOV.W R8, R10
JMP $
END
; R4= FFFF
; R7= 1234, (FFFF x 1234)
; PRODUCT LOWER 16 BIT (DB98)
; PRODUCT UPPER 16 BIT (1233)
; SUCCESSIVE ADDITION
(endless loop)
Result:
Input:
Output:
Note: For square of a number give both the numbers same value.
Assignment: Find the cube of a number.
26. Write an assembly language program to perform the division of two 16-bit
numbers.
21
2012-13
10ESL47
#include "msp430.h"
NAME main
; module name
PUBLIC main
ORG 0FFFEh
DC16 init
RSEG CSTACK
RSEG CODE
; set up stack
main: NOP
; main program
UP:
COPY:
DONE:
MOV.W #0XFFFF, R4
MOV.W #0XAA01, R7
MOV.W #00, R5
MOV.W #00, R9
CLRC
MOV.W R4, R10
SUB.W R7, R4
JNC DONE
INC.W R9
CMP.W R5, R4
JNZ UP
JMP $
END
; 16 BIT DIVIDEND
; 16 BIT DIVISOR (FFFF/AA01)
; R9 IS QUOTIENT
; Clear Carry Flag
; R10 IS REMAINDER
; SUCCESSIVE SUBSTRACTION
; (endless loop)
Result:
Input:
Output:
27. Write an assembly language program to sort an array of N =____ h bytes of

data in ascending/descending order stored from location 9000h.(use bubble
sort algorithm)
22
2012-13
10ESL47
#include "msp430.h"
NAME main
; module name
PUBLIC main
ORG 0FFFEh
DC16 init
RSEG CSTACK
RSEG CODE
; set up stack
main: NOP
; main program
MOV.W #04,R4
UP:
MOV.W #0x9000,R10
MOV.W #00,R11
MOV.W R4, R5
REPEAT:
MOV.W @R10+, R6
MOV.W R6, R8
MOV.W @R10, R7
MOV.W R7, R9
SUB.W R7, R6
JNC NOEXCHG
MOV.W R8, 0(R10)
DEC.W R10
DEC.W R10
MOV.W R9, 0(R10)
INCD.W R10
NOEXCHG: DEC.W R5
CMP.W R11, R5
JNE REPEAT
DEC.W R4
CMP.W R11, R4
JNE UP
JMP $
END
; count (N-1) ARRAY SIZE=N

;array stored from address 9000h
; initialize exchange counter
; Get 1st Number from Array
; Get 2nd Number from Array
; JC - FOR DESCENDING ORDER
; //Exchange The 2 Nos In The Array
; (endless loop)
Note: For smallest number take the first element in the ascending order sorted array
and for largest number take the first element in the descending order sorted array
28. Write an assembly language program to implement (display) an 16 bit

UP/DOWN binary (hex).
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2012-13
10ESL47
#include "msp430.h"
NAME main
; module name
PUBLIC main
ORG 0FFFEh
DC16 init
RSEG CSTACK
RSEG CODE
; set up stack
main: NOP
; main program
AGAIN: MOV.W #0X0000,R5
REP: CALL #DELAY
ADD.W #0X0001,R5
JNZ REP
JMP AGAIN
JMP $
//For DOWN Counter, MOV.W #0XFFFF, R5

//For DOWN counter, ADD.W #0XFFFF,R5
DELAY:
MOV.W #0X50,R6
LOOP1: MOV.W #0X50,R7
LOOP: DEC R7
JNZ LOOP
DEC R6
JNZ LOOP1
RET
END
RESULT: R5 is incremented in binary from 0000, 0001,00020009,000A, 000B,
,000F,0010,0011,FFFF,0000,0001, .
29. Write an assembly language program to implement (display) an 16 bit

UP/DOWN Decimal counter.
#include "msp430.h"
NAME main
; module name
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2012-13
10ESL47
PUBLIC main
ORG 0FFFEh
DC16 init
RSEG CSTACK
RSEG CODE
; set up stack
main: NOP
; main program
AGAIN: MOV.W #0X9999,R5
REP: CALL #DELAY
CLRC
DADD.W #0X9999,R5
JNZ REP
JMP AGAIN
JMP $
//For UP Counter, MOV.W #0X00, R5

//For UP counter, DADD.W #0X0001,R5
DELAY:
MOV.W #0X50,R6
LOOP1: MOV.W #0X50,R7
LOOP: DEC R7
JNZ LOOP
DEC R6
JNZ LOOP1
RET
END
RESULT:
R5 is decremented in BCD from 9999, 9998, , 0000, 9999, 9998
30. Write an assembly language program to convert a 8-bit BCD number into
ASCII.
#include "msp430.h"
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2012-13
10ESL47
NAME main
; module name
PUBLIC main
ORG 0FFFEh
DC16 init
RSEG CSTACK
RSEG CODE
; set up stack
main: NOP
; main program
MOV.B #0X12, R5
MOV.B R5,R6
AND.B #0X0F,R6
ADD.B #0X30,R6
AND.B #0XF0,R5
RRA.B R5
RRA.B R5
RRA.B R5
RRA.B R5
ADD.B #0X30,R5
MOV.B R5,R7
JMP $
END
Result:
Input:
Output:
31. A. Write an assembly language program to convert a ASCII number into

Decimal.
#include "msp430.h"
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2012-13
10ESL47
NAME main
; module name
PUBLIC main
ORG 0FFFEh
DC16 init
RSEG CSTACK
RSEG CODE
; set up stack
main: NOP
; main program
MOV.B #0X35, R5
SUB.B #0X30,R5
MOV.B R5,R6
JMP $
END
Result:
Input:
Output:
31. B. Write an assembly language program to convert a Decimal number into

ASCII.
#include "msp430.h"
NAME main
; module name
PUBLIC main
ORG 0FFFEh
DC16 init
RSEG CSTACK
RSEG CODE
; set up stack
main: NOP
; main program
MOV.B #0X05, R5
ADD.B #0X30,R5
MOV.B R5,R6
JMP $
END
Result:
Input:
Output:
32. A. Write an assembly language program to convert a binary (hex) number

into decimal.
#include "msp430.h"
NAME main
; module name
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10ESL47
PUBLIC main
ORG 0FFFEh
DC16 init
RSEG CSTACK
RSEG CODE
; set up stack
main: NOP
; main program
MOV.B #0XFE,R5
MOV.B #0X0A,R6
CALL #AA
MOV.B R5,R9
MOV.B R7,R5
CALL #AA
AND.W #0X00FF,R7
SWPB R7
RLA.B R5
RLA.B R5
RLA.B R5
RLA.B R5
ADD.W R5,R7
ADD.W R9,R7
JMP $
AA:
MOV.B #0XFF,R7
LOOP: INC R7
SUB.B R6,R5
JC LOOP
ADD.W #0x0A,R5
RET
END
Result:
Input:
Output:
32. B. Write an assembly language program to convert a decimal number into

binary(hex).
#include "msp430.h"
NAME main
; module name
28
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PUBLIC main
ORG 0FFFEh
DC16 init
RSEG CSTACK
RSEG CODE
; set up stack
main: NOP
; main program
MOV.B #0X99,R5
MOV.B #0X10,R6
MOV.B #0XFF,R7
LOOP: INC R7
SUB.B R6,R5
JC LOOP
ADD.B #0x10,R5
AND.W #0X00FF,R7
MOV.B #0X00,R8
AGAIN:ADD.B #0X0A,R8
DEC R7
JNZ AGAIN
ADD.B R5,R8
JMP $
END
Result:
Input:
Output:
33. Write an assembly language program to perform logical operations AND,

OR, XOR on two 16 bit numbers.
#include "msp430.h"

29
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10ESL47
NAME main
; module name
PUBLIC main
ORG 0FFFEh
DC16 init
RSEG CSTACK
RSEG CODE
; set up stack
main: NOP
; main program
MOV.W #0X1234, R5
MOV.W #0XABCD,R6
MOV.W R6,R7
MOV.W R6,R8
AND.W R5,R6
XOR.W R5,R7
INV.W R8
INV.W R5
AND.W R8,R5
INV.W R5
JMP $
END
//R6=R5 AND R6
//R7=R5 XOR R7
//R8=NOT R8
//R5=R8 OR R5
30
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10ESL47
III. Interfacing
34. a. Write a C program to generate square wave of amplitude ___ V of

frequency _________Hz using DAC. Display the waveform on the CRO.
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35. a. Write a C program to generate square wave of amplitude ___ V of

frequency _________Hz using DAC. Display the waveform on the CRO.
Circuit Diagram for wave form generation:
Dual DAC
U5
8
0
5
1
P0.0
.
.
P0.7
B1
.
.
B8
DAC
0800
out
CRO
U3
P1.0
.
.
P1.7
B1
.
.
B8
32
DAC
0800
Ch1
Yout
Ch2
2012-13
10ESL47
Program:
#include <REG51xD2.H>
void delay(unsigned int x)
{
for(;x>0;x--);
}
/* delay routine */
main()
{
unsigned char on = 0x7f,off=0x00;
unsigned int fre = 230;
while(1)
{
P0=P1=on;
delay(fre);
P0=P1=off;
delay(fre);
/* write apmlitude to port */

/* clear port */
}
}
DESIGN:
Let f = 2 kHz, Therefore T = 1/f= 0.5msec,
Count value for the delay is (T/ 1clock cycle period) = 0.5 x 10-3sec/1.085 x 10-6sec
Hence Count value is =460. Hence for 50% Duty cycle the Count value is half of the
Count value=230.
Note: Delay produced by the program will depend on the microcontroller you are
using, so frequency of the waveform generated may not match with the given
frequency.
34. b. Write a C program to generate ramp wave of amplitude ___ V using DAC.
Display the waveform on the CRO.
Program:
main()
{
unsigned char amp = 0xff;
unsigned char i=0;
P0=P1=0x00;
while(1)
{
{
for(i=0;i<amp;i++)
P0=P1=i;
}
}
/* P0 as Output port */
/* Generate ON pulse */
}
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34.c. Write a C program to generate triangular wave of amplitude ___ V using

DAC. Display the waveform on the CRO.
Program:
main()
{
unsigned char i=0;
P0=P1=0x00;
while(1)
{
for(i=0x00;i<0xff;i++)
P0=P1=i;
for(i=0xff;i>0x00;i--)
P0=P1=i;
}
/* P0 as Output port */
/* Generate ON pulse */
/* Generate OFF pulse */
}
34.d
Program for dual DAC interfacing to generate sine waveform.
To generate a sine wave, we first need a table whose values represent the
magnitude of the sine of angles between 0 360 degrees. The values for the sine
function vary form -1.0 to +1.0 for 0- to 360- degree angles. Therefore, the table
values are integer numbers representing the voltage magnitude for the sine of theta.
This method ensures that only integer numbers are output to the DAC by the 8051
microcontroller. Table below shows the angles, the sine values, the voltage
magnitudes, and the integer values representing the voltage magnitude for each angle.
To generate table, we assumed the full-scale voltage of 10 V for DAC output. Fullscale output of the DAC is achieved when all the data inputs of the DAC are high.
Therefore, to achieve the full-scale 10 V output, we use following equation.
Vout=5V+(5V*Sin)
Angle
in degrees
0
10
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
350
360
Sin
Vout=5V+(5V*Sin)
34
Values sent to
DAC(decimal) Vout*25.6
2012-13
10ESL47
Program:
void main()
{
unsigned char i,
wave[36]={128,148,171,192,209,225,238,245,253,255,253,
245,238,225,209,192,171,128,104,82,64,43,28,15,07,01,00,0
1,07,15,28,43,64,82,104};
P0 = 0x00;
while(1)
{
for (i=0; i<36; i++)
P0=P1=wave[i];
}
}
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35. Write a C program to interface stepper motor.

Circuit Diagram:
8
0
5
1
P 0.0
P 0.7
Stepper
Motor
Driver circuit
Stepper
Motor
Theory:
Stepper motor is an electromechanical device which converts electrical pulses
into discrete mechanical movements. The shaft or spindle of a stepper motor rotates in
discrete step increments when electrical command pulses are applied to it in the
proper sequence. The motors rotation has several direct relationships to these applied
input pulses. The sequence of the applied pulses is directly related to the direction of
motor shafts rotation. The speed of the motor shafts rotation is directly related to the
frequency of the input pulses and the length of rotation is directly related to the
number of input pulses applied.
Stepper Motor Advantages:
1. The rotation angle of the motor is proportional to the input pulse.
2. The motor has full torque at standstill (if the windings are energized)
3. Precise positioning and repeatability of movement since good stepper motors have
an accuracy of 3 5% of a step and this error is non cumulative from one step to
the next.
4. Excellent response to starting/stopping/reversing.
5. Very reliable since there are no contact brushes in the motor. Therefore the life of
the motor is simply dependant on the life of the bearing.
6. The motors response to digital input pulses provides open-loop control, making the
motor simpler and less costly to control.
1. It is possible to achieve very low speed synchronous rotation with a load that is
directly coupled to the shaft.
2. A wide range of rotational speeds can be realized as the speed is proportional to
the frequency of the input pulses.
Stepper Motor Disadvantages:
1. Resonances can occur if not properly controlled.
2. Not easy to operate at extremely high speeds.
Open Loop Operation:
One of the most significant advantages of a stepper motor is its ability to be
accurately controlled in an open loop system. Open loop control means no feedback
information about position is needed. This type of control eliminates the need for
expensive sensing and feedback devices such as optical encoders. Your position is
known simply by keeping track of the input step pulses.
Stepper Motor Types:
Variable-reluctance
Permanent-magnet
36
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2012-13
10ESL47
// Program to interface stepper motor

void delay (unsigned int x)
{
for(;x>0;x--);
return;
}
main ( )
{
unsigned char Val, i;
P0=0x00;
while(1)
{
Val = 0x11;
for (i=0;i<4;i++)
{
P0 = Val;
Val = Val<<1;
delay (500);
}
}
}
/* Delay Routine */
/* Val= Val>>1; for clockwise direction*/
Motor Specifications:
Step Angle = 1.8 degrees
Step angle accuracy = 5%
Holding Torque = 40Ncm
Rotor Inertia = 115grcm2
Weight = 0.5Kg
Insulation = Class B
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36. Write a C program to interface LCD and keypad

Block Diagram:
8
0
5
1
P1.0
.
.
P1.7
LCD
KEY
BOARD
P2
P0
Keyboard:
HEX values of the keys:

LABLE ON THE
KEYTOP
HEX
CODE
LABLE ON THE
KEYTOP
HEX
CODE
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
.
+
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0A
0B
*
/
%
AC
CE
CHK
=
MC
MR
M
M+
0C
0D
0E
0F
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
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10ESL47
Program to interface LCD and KEYPAD :

#include "lcd.h"
unsigned char getkey();
void delay(unsigned int);
main()
{
unsigned char key,tmp;
InitLcd();
//Initialise LCD
WriteString("Key Pressed="); // Display msg on LCD
while(1)
{
GotoXY(12,0);
//Set Cursor Position
key = getkey();
//Call Getkey method
}
}
unsigned char getkey()
{
unsigned char i,j,k,indx,t;
P2 = 0x00;
//P2 as Output port
indx = 0x00;//Index for storing the 1st value of scanline
for(i=1;i<=4;i<<=1)
//for 4 scanlines
{
P2 = 0x0f & ~i;
//write data to scanline
t = P0;
//Read readlines connected to P0
t = ~t;
if(t>0)
//If key press is true
{
delay(6000);
//Delay for bouncing
for(j=0;j<=7;j++)
//Check for 8 lines
{
t >>=1;
if(t==0)
//if get pressed key
{
k = indx+j;
//Display that by converting to Ascii
t = k>>4;
t +=0x30;
WriteChar(t);
//Write upper nibble
t = k & 0x0f;
if(t > 9)
t+=0x37;
else
t+=0x30;
WriteChar(t);
//write lower nibble
return(indx+j);
//Return index of the key pressed
} } }
indx += 8;
//If no key pressed increment index
} }
void delay(unsigned int x)
//Delay routine
{ for(;x>0;x--); }
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Additional Programs
1. Program to check whether given number is palindrome or not.
mov 30h,#81h
mov r0,30h
mov r1,#08h
mov 31h,#00h
clr c
back: mov a,30h
rlc a
mov 30h,a
mov a,31h
rrc a
mov 31h,a
djnz r1,back
cjne a,00h,npal
mov a,#0ffh
sjmp next
npal: mov a,#00h
next: sjmp $
end
2. Program to find the average of N eight-bit numbers.
Mov dptr, #9000h
Mov r0, #04h
Mov r1, #00h
Mov r2, #00h
Clr c
Mov r4, #04h
Back: mov a, @dptr
Mov r3, a
Inc dptr
Mov a, r1
Add a, r3
Jnc ahead
Inc r2
Ahead: mov r1,a
Djnz r0,back
Mov r5, #00h
Clr c
Mov a,r1
Again:subb a, r4
Inc r5
Jc next
Sjmp again
Next:cjne r2,#00,loc
Dec r5
Add a,r4
Movx @dptr,a
Mov a,r5
Inc dptr
Movx @dptr, a
Sjmp end1
Loc: dec r2
Sjmp again
End1:lcall 0003h
end
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3. Program to generate first ten Fibonacci numbers.

Mov dptr, #9000h
Mov r3, #08h
Movx a, @dptr
Mov r0,a
Inc dptr
Movx a, @dptr
Back: xch a, r0
Add a,r0
Inc dptr
Movx @dptr,a
Djnz r3,back
Lcall 0003h
4. Program to add multibyte numbers.
Mov dptr,#9000h
Mov r1,#04h
Mov r2,#90h
Mov r3,#91h
Mov r4,#92h
Clr c
Mov dph,r2
Back: movx a, @dptr
Mov r5,a
Mov dph,r3
Movx a,@dptr
Addc a,r5
//Note:For multibyte subtraction put subb a,r5
Mov dph,r4
Movx @dptr,a
Inc dptr
Djnz r1,back
Jnc end1
Mov a,#01h
Movx @dptr, a
End1:lcall 0003h
End
5. Program to search a key element in an array and display its position if it is
found else display 00h to indicate not found.
Mov dptr,#9000h
Movx @dptr,a
Mov f0,#02
Sjmp end1
Mov r1,#0a
Down:inc dptr
Mov r2,#00
Djnz r1,next
Next:movx a,@dptr
Mov a ,#00
Inc r2
Mov dpl,#50
Cjne a,f0,down
Movx @dptr,a
Mov dpl,#50
End1:lcall 0003
Mov a,#ff
End
Movx @dptr,a
Mov a,r2
Inc dptr
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2012-13
10ESL47
Viva Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
What do you mean by Embedded System? Give examples.

Why are embedded Systems useful?
What are the segments of Embedded System?
What is Embedded Controller?
What is Microcontroller?
List out the differences between Microcontroller and Microprocessor.
How are Microcontrollers more suitable than Microprocessor for Real Time
Applications?
What are the General Features of Microcontroller?
Explain briefly the classification of Microcontroller.
Explain briefly the Embedded Tools.
Explain the general features of 8051 Microcontroller.
How many pin the 8051 has?
Differentiate between Program Memory and Data Memory.
What is the size of the Program and Data memory?
Write a note on internal RAM. What is the necessity of register banks? Explain.
How many address lines are required to address 4K of memory? Show the
necessary calculations.
What is the function of accumulator?
What are SFRs? Explain briefly.
What is the program counter? What is its use?
What is the size of the PC?
What is a stack pointer (SP)?
What is the size of SP?
What is the PSW? And briefly describe the function of its fields.
What is the difference between PC and DPTR?
What is the difference between PC and SP?
What is ALE? Explain the functions of the ALE in 8051.
Describe the 8051 oscillator and clock.
What are the disadvantages of the ceramic resonator?
What is the function of the capacitors in the oscillator circuit?
Show with an example, how the time taken to execute an instruction can be
calculated.
What is the Data Pointer register? What is its use in the 8051?
Explain how the 8051 implement the Harvard Architecture?
Explain briefly the difference between the Von Neumann and the Harvard
Architecture.
Describe in detail how the register banks are organized.
What are the bit addressable registers and what is the need?
What is the need for the general purpose RAM area?
Write a note on the Stack and the Stack Pointer.
Why should the stack be placed high in internal RAM?
Explain briefly how internal and external ROM gets accessed.
What are the different addressing modes supported by 8051 Microcontroller ?
Explain the Immediate Addressing Mode.
Explain the Register Addressing Mode.
Explain the Direct Addressing Mode.
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2012-13
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44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
Explain the Indirect Addressing Mode.

Explain the Code Addressing Mode.
Explain in detail the Functional Classification of 8051 Instruction set
What are the instructions used to operate stack?
What are Accumulator specific transfer instructions?
What is the difference between INC and ADD instructions?
What is the difference between DEC and SUBB instructions?
What is the use of OV flag in MUL and DIV instructions?
What are single and two operand instructions?
Explain Unconditional and Conditional JMP and CALL instructions.
Explain the different types of RETURN instructions.
What is a software delay?
What are the factors to be considered while deciding a software delay?
What is a Machine cycle?
What is a State?
Explain the need for Hardware Timers and Counters?
Give a brief introduction on Timers/Counter.
What is the difference between Timer and Counter operation?
How many Timers are there in 8051?
What are the three functions of Timers?
What are the different modes of operation of timer/counter?
Give a brief introduction on the various Modes.
What is the count rate of timer operation?
What is the difference between mode 0 and mode 1?
What is the difference Modes 0,1,2 and 3?
How do you differentiate between Timers and Counters?
Explain the function of the TMOD register and its various fields?
How do you control the timer/counter operation?
What is the function of TF0/TF1 bit
Explain the function of the TCON register and its various fields?
Explain how the Timer/Counter Interrupts work.
Explain how the 8051 counts using Timers and Counters.
Explain Counting operation in detail in the 8051.
Explain why there is limit to the maximum external frequency that can be
counted.
Whats the benefit of the auto-reload mode?
Write a short note on Serial and Parallel communication and highlight their
advantages and disadvantages.
Explain Synchronous Serial Data Communication.
Explain Asynchronous Serial Data Communication.
Explain Simplex data transmission with examples.
Explain Half Duplex data transmission with examples.
Explain Full Duplex data transmission with examples.
What is Baud rate?
What is a Modem?
What are the various registers and pins in the 8051 required for Serial
communication? Explain briefly.
Explain SCON register and the various fields.
Explain serial communication in general (synchronous and asynchronous). Also
explain the use of the parity bit.
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2012-13
10ESL47
Explain the function of the PCON register during serial data communication.
How the Serial data interrupts are generated?
How is data transmitted serially in the 8051? Explain briefly.
How is data received serially in the 8051? Explain briefly.
What are the various modes of Serial Data Transmission? Explain each mode
briefly.
95. Explain with a timing diagram the shift register mode in the 8051.
96. What is the use of the serial communication mode 0 in the 8051?
97. Explain in detail the Serial Data Mode 1 in the 8051.
98. Explain how the Baud rate is calculated for the Serial Data Mode 1.
99. How is the Baud rate for the Multiprocessor communication Mode calculated?
100. Explain in detail the Multiprocessor communication Mode in the 8051.
101. Explain the significance of the 9th bit in the Multiprocessor communication
Mode.
102. Explain the Serial data mode 3 in the 8051.
103. What are interrupts and how are they useful in Real Time Programming?
104. Briefly describe the Interrupt structure in the 8051.
105. Explain about vectored and non-vectored interrupts in general.
106. What are the five interrupts provided in the 8051?
107. What are the three registers that control and operate the interrupts in 8051?
108. Describe the Interrupt Enable (IE) special function register and its various
bits.
109. Describe the Interrupt Priority (IP) special function register and its need.
110. Explain in detail how the Timer Flag interrupts are generated.
111. Explain in detail how the Serial Flag interrupt is generated.
112. Explain in detail how the External Flag interrupts are generated.
113. What happens when a high logic is applied on the Reset pin?
114. Why the Reset interrupt is called a non-maskable interrupt?
115. Why do we require a reset pin?
116. How can you enable/disable some or all the interrupts?
117. Explain how interrupt priorities are set? And how interrupts that occur
simultaneously are handled.
118. What Events can trigger interrupts, and where do they go after getting
triggered?
119. What are the actions taken when an Interrupt Occurs?
110. What are Software generated interrupts and how are they generated?
111. What is RS232 and MAX232?
112. What is the function of RS and E pins in an LCD?
113. What is the use of R/W pin in an LCD?
114. What is the significance of DA instruction?
115. What is packed and unpacked BCD?
116. What is the difference between CY and OV flag?
117. When will the OV flag be set?
118. What is an ASCII code?
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
44
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10ESL47
MICROCONTROLLER- LAB QUESTION BANK

1. a) Write an ALP to move a Block of N-data starting at location X to location Y.
b) Write a C program to interface stepper motor to 8051.
2. a) Write an ALP to exchange two blocks of data present at location X and Y
respectively.
b) Write a C program to generate Sine waveform using DAC. Display the
waveform on CRO.
3. a) Write an ALP to arrange a set of N 8-bit numbers starting at location X in
ascending/descending order.
b) Write a C program to generate triangular wave of amp = ____ using DAC.
Display the waveform on CRO.
4. a) Write an ALP to perform 16-bit addition/subtraction.
b) Write a C program to interface DC motor to 8051.
5. a) Write an ALP to perform 16-bit multiplication.
b) Write a C program to generate Ramp wave of amp = ____ using DAC. Display
the waveform on CRO.
6. a) Write an ALP to find square/cube of given 8-bit data.
7. a) Write an ALP to count number of 1s and 0s in the given 8-bit data.
b) Write a C program to interface Elevator to 8051.
8. a) Write an ALP to find whether given number is even or odd.
b) Write a C program to interface LCD panel and Hex keypad to 8051.
9. a) Write an ALP to implement a binary/decimal ______ counter.
10. a) Write an ALP to convert given ASCII number to its equivalent Decimal
number.
b) Write a C program to interface Elevator to 8051.
11. a) Write an ALP to convert given Decimal number to its equivalent ASCII.
b) Write a C program to interface LCD panel and Hex keypad to 8051.
12. a) Write an ALP to convert given Hexadecimal number to its equivalent Decimal
number.
13. a) Write an ALP to convert given Decimal number to its equivalent Hexadecimal.
14. a) Write an ALP to convert two digit BCD number to its equivalent ASCII value.
b) Write a C program to generate square wave of amp = ____ using DAC. Display
the waveform on CRO.
15. a) Write an ALP to find the largest / smallest element in an array.
45
2012-13
10ESL47
46
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Instruction set
47
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10ESL47
48
2012-13
10ESL47
Practice does not make perfect. Only

perfect practice makes perfect.
49
2012-13

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10ESL47

I. Programming Using 8051

1. Write an assembly language program to transfer N = ___ bytes of data from

//Number of bytes to be moved

back: mov a,@r0

//repeat till all data transferred

2. Write an assembly language program to exchange N = ___h bytes of data at

3. Write an assembly language program to find the largest element in a given

//length of the array

//reset borrow flag

4. Write an assembly language program to sort an array of N =____ h bytes of

Dept. of ECE, B.I.T., Mangalore

//decrement compare counter

After Execution :( Ascending order)

6. Write an assembly language program to perform the subtraction of two

mov r2,#34h //lower nibble of No.2

7. Write an assembly language program to perform the multiplication of two

Dept. of ECE, B.I.T., Mangalore

Dept. of ECE, B.I.T., Mangalore

// result is stored in 30h and 31h

9. Write an assembly language program to find the cube of a given number.

// ro=given number to find the cube of it.

//result is stored in 30h, 31h, 32h

Output: Number of zeros = r2 =

Dept. of ECE, B.I.T., Mangalore

// 20h=given number, to find is it even or odd

13. Write an assembly language program to perform logical operations AND,

//do not use #, as data ram 21h is to be accessed

14. Write an assembly language program to implement (display) an eight bit

Dept. of ECE, B.I.T., Mangalore

//MOV a, #0ffh for DOWN COUNTER

HERE: SJMP HERE

15. Write an assembly language program to implement (display) an eight bit

//the BCD number to be converted to ASCII

Dept. of ECE, B.I.T., Mangalore

17. a. Write an assembly language program to convert a ASCII number into

//ASCII number to be converted to decimal is stored in

//Converted decimal data will be in 50h

17.b. Write an assembly language program to convert a decimal number into

//Decimal number to be converted to ASCII is store in

//binary number to be converted to decimal

Dept. of ECE, B.I.T., Mangalore

18.b. Write an assembly language program to convert a decimal number

//a = Decimal number to be converted to the binary

19. Conduct an experiment to configure 8051 microcontroller to transmit

Dept. of ECE, B.I.T., Mangalore

//setting Timer-1 in mode-2

Dept. of ECE, B.I.T., Mangalore

Dept. of ECE, B.I.T., Mangalore

II. Programming Using

Dept. of ECE, B.I.T., Mangalore

A=0x8000, B=0x9000, N=5

22. Write an assembly language program to exchange N = ___h bytes of data at

A=0x8000, B=0x9000, N=5

Dept. of ECE, B.I.T., Mangalore

24. Write an assembly language program to perform the subtraction of two

Dept. of ECE, B.I.T., Mangalore

Dept. of ECE, B.I.T., Mangalore

27. Write an assembly language program to sort an array of N =____ h bytes of

Dept. of ECE, B.I.T., Mangalore

; count (N-1) ARRAY SIZE=N

28. Write an assembly language program to implement (display) an 16 bit

Dept. of ECE, B.I.T., Mangalore

//For DOWN Counter, MOV.W #0XFFFF, R5